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THE GREAT CONTEST: 
A HISTORY 



OF 



Military and Naval Operations 

DUEIl^G THE CITIL WAR 



IN TUB 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 

1861-1865. 



By WILLIS C. HUMPHREY, 

Assistant Adjutant-General Michigan. 



'LIBERTY AND UNION, NOW AND FOREVER, ONE AND INSEPARABLE."— WEBSTER. 



IN ONE VOLUME. 



DETROIT: 

c. H. simith: & CO. 



^roPWiGH';^*^ / 







COPYRIGHTED, 1886, BY 

C. H. SMITH & CO. 



ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 



TO 

THE MEMORY 

OF 

OUR FALLEN COMRADES, 

THIS BOOK 

IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED 

BY 

THE AUTHOR. 



Letters of Approval. 



pOR letters testimonial, given after an examination of the work, 
the pluthor acknowledges obligations, with feelings of grati- 
tude, to the following persons : — 

Brevet Major-General R. :^. :>1LGER, Governor of Michigan ; 
Brigadier-General JOEK R0BERT80K, Mjutant-General of 
Michigan ; Brigadier-Generals L. S. TROWBRIDGE and MMES 
H. KIBD ; Colonel E. M. DUFFIELB ; Colonel GE ARIES 
D. LOJ^G, Past-Commander Grand sirmy of the Republic, De- 
partment of Michigan ; and Captain L. J. :^LLE}{,— all veterans 
of the late war. 



Executive Mansion, 

Michigan. 

July 15, 1886. 

Having examined the manuscript copy of this work, I take 
pleasure in recommending it. Its entirely new presentation of 
the military operations during our late civil ^uar, is excellent. 




Military Department, Michigan, 

ADJUTANT -general's OFFICE. 

Landing, July 19, 1880. 

I cheerfully recommend this work. The author has been my 
(assistant for many years, and I can say that he does ivell tvhat he 
undertakes. I gladly repeat from r)iy Preface to " Michigan in 
the War," that his assistance ivas valuable in connection with that 
work. 




Office of the 

state military board, 

Detroit, July 34, 1886. 
It is an excellent ^vork. We take pleasure in recommendincf 
it to our conirades. Having examined the manuscriiDt, %ve do not 
hesitate to say that the entirely neiu aiTangement of the military 
operations in the fighting territory of our late tvar, is superior. 



'C^f'Uc^ 9u. 




^..cA^ 




fcP^nrh^<^ 




^ ^il^ 





P R E B^ A <2) 1^ . 



I^HE purpose of this work is to present the military and naval opera- 
tions in the United States during the Southern Rebellion of 1861 
to 1865 as fully and yet as briefly as possible, necessarily avoiding 
much detail, glowing descriptions of battle, and accounts of personal 
deeds of valor. The determination to produce this volume was arrived 
at from a strong desire to present to the old soldier, and to the mem- 
bers of the Grand Army of the Republic and their families, first, a 
plainly written history of the war in a convenient and inexpensive 
form, for a sum within the reach of all. 

The histories that have been given to the public are in two, three, 
four, or more volumes, and are expensive; and the military and 
naval operations narrated in them are so interlaced with civil and polit- 
ical history that it becomes tedious to the reader to follow the thread 
of the story. Every family that is able should have such a history as 
Greeley, Lossing, Dkaper, De Paris, or Badeau has written. They 
are certainly valuable; and to those who possess either, it is believed 
that this work will prove an excellent auxiliary. To the majority of 
people, however, simply the facts connected with the military and naval 
movements are of special interest, or "what was going on at the 
front; "and for this class this book is more particularly written. 

Two years of hard labor and thorough search have been spent upon 
this work in the endeavor to make it as nearly correct as possible ; yet 
errors will no doubt appear, perhaps many of them. Dat(js of battles 
are easily obtained, but it is not always easy to ascertain the exact 
number engaged upon each side, or the exact losses in battle. In this 
work, in most instances, approximate round numbers are given. 

The arrangement of this volume originated with a desire to enable 
the reader to follow each army, or the operations in any one section, 

( vii ) 



viii PREFACE. 

through to the end, instead of having to wait a month, as in a magazine, 
for the continuation of the story. In giving the navy a separate place, 
considerable repetition became necessary, as in many instances its 
operations are inseparably interwoven with those of the land forces. 
Yet a history of the navy is necessary to the plan adopted. 

For want of space, many things will be abbreviated. Generally, 
there were four pieces of artillery to 1,000 men in the movement of 
an army. This being understood, the artillery force in campaigns 
will not always be given. A brigade usually consisted of from four 
to six regiments, or about 3,000 men. Sometimes, if the regiments 
were large, three comprised a brigade. Divisions were formed of from 
two to four brigades, generally three, according to the strength of the 
brigades. Army corps in the larger armies were usually formed of 
three divisions. Sometimes two, and sometimes four, divisions were 
placed in one corps. Divisions had from two to six batteries, of six 
field-pieces each. In the later organization of the Army of the Poto- 
mac, the artillery of each army corps was united under one com- 
mander, and designated the Artillery Brigade. Each army always 
had a strong artillery reserve. The cavalry force increased as the wai" 
progressed from regiment to brigade, to division, and to corps. 

This work will be criticised : that is expected and desired ; candid 
and proper criticism tends to perfection ; but it is hoped the critic will 
be generous minded. 

With the folloAving quotation from the preface of Horace Gree- 
ley's " American Conflict," the author will leave the book in the 
hands of an "intelligent, and discriminating people": — 

" If any of my numerous fellow-laborers in this field is deluded 
with the notion that he has written the history of our gigantic Civil 
War, /, certainly, am free from like hallucination." 

The author wishes to express his sincere appreciation of the credit- 
able manner in which Messrs. Charles H. Smith and Hubert H. 
Humphrey (C. H. Smith ..t Co.) have brought out this work. 

W. C. H. 



PART FIRST. 
CHAPTER I. 

CAUSES AND PREPARATIONS FOR THE WAR, . . . 13-32 

ARMY OF THE POTOMAC. 

April, 1861, to May, 1864. 

Section Fi rst. 
CHAPTER II. 

BULL RUN TO MALVERN HILL, 33-63 

CHAPTER III. 

CEDAR MOUNTAIN TO CHANTILLY, "THE ARMY OF 

VIRGINIA," 64-76 

CHAPTER IV. 

SOUTH MOUNTAIN AND ANTIETAM, 77-86 

CHAPTER V. 

FREDERICKSBURG, ... 87-92 

CHAPTER VI. 

CHANCELLORSVILLE TO LEE'S SECOND INVASION OF 

MARYLAND 93-117 

CHAPTER VII. 

GETTYSBURG TO MINE RUN 118-174 

(ix) 



X CONTENTS. 

CENTRAL DEPARTMENTS. 

Cumbertand, Tennessee, and' Ohio. 



CHAPTER VIII. 

BELMONT TO PITTSBURG LANDING, 1T5-191 

CHAPTER IX. 

CORINTH TO PERRYVILLE, ........ 192-201 

CHAPTER X. 

CORINTH TO ARKANSAS POST 202-212 

CHAPTER XI. 

STONE RIVER, • 213-221 

CHAPTER XII. 
VICKSBURG, 222-240 

CHAPTER XIII. 

THOMPSON'S STATION TO CHICKAMAUGA, .... 241-261 

CHAPTER XIV. 

CHATTANOOGA AND KNOXVILLE, 262-279" 

CHAPTER XV. 

FRANKLIN AND NASHVILLE, 280-291 

SHERMAN'S GREAT MARCH. 

Atlanta, the Sea, and Richmond, 

CHAPTER XVI. 

CHATTANOOGA TO ATLANTA, . 292-305 

CHAPTER XVII. 

ATLANTA TO THE SEA, 306-320 



CONTENTS. 



XI 



CHAPTER XVIII. 

THROUGH THE CAROLINAS, 321-32& 

ARMY OF THE POTOMAC. 

May, 1864, to April, 7865. 

Section Second. 
CHAPTER XIX. 

PREPARATIONS FOR THE FINAL ADVANCE, . . . 330-340 

CHAPTER XX. 

WILDERNESS TO COLD HARBOR, 341-363 

CHAPTER XXI. 

PETERSBURG AND RICHMOND, 364-378 

CHAPTER XXII. 

FIVE FORKS TO APPOMATTOX, 379-399 

CHAPTER XXIII. 

DEATH OF GENERAL GRANT, 400-40T 

CHAPTER XXIV. 

OPERATIONS IN VIRGINIA OUTSIDE OF THE ARMY OF 

THE POTOMAC, 408-446 

CHAPTER XXV. 

WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI, ........ 447-472 

CHAPTER XXVI. 

COAST OF NORTH CAROLINA, 473-485 

CHAPTER XXVII. 

COAST OF SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA, 4.S6-495 

CHAPTER XXVIII. 

DEPARTMENT OF THE GULF, 496-.521 



xii CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER XXIX. 

CONCLUSION, 522-5^2 

PART SECOND. 

THE UNITED STATES NAVY. 

1S61-18G5. 



CHAPTER XXX. 

OPERATIONS DURING 1861-62, 51:3-563 

CHAPTER XXXI. 

OPERATIONS DURING 1862-63, 564-575 

CHAPTER XXXTI. 

OPERATIONS DURING 1863-61:, 576-595 

CHAPTER XXXIII. 

OPERATIONS DURING 1861:-'65, 596-610 



GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC, 611-614 

TOPICAL INDEX, 615 

INDEX TO BATTLES 616-620 

INDEX TO NAVAL ENGAGEMENTS, ...... 620-621 

INDEX TO NAMES MENTIONED, 622-632 

PART THIRD. 



GENERAL OFFICERS, REGULAR AND VOLUNTEER, . . 635-652 

OFFICERS UNITED STATES ARMY, 1860 653-671 

LIST OF BATTLES DURING THE WAR, .... 672-691 

STEEL FLilTES, 

ABRAHAM LINCOLN, Frontispiece. 

ULYSSES S. GRANT, 330 

DAVID G. FARRAGUT, ..... .... 513 

MAP — THEATER OF THE WAR, 13 




10 longitude "Wei 



81 Longitude West 19 from. Greeirwich. T7 




from. "Wkahingion. 6 



O Longitude East 



THE GREAT CONTEST. 



PART FIRST. 



CHAPTER I. 

CA USES AND PREPARA TIONS FOR THE WAR. 



A 



T the period of the Revolutionary War, slavery 
existed in all the States except Massachusetts, slavery in 
There were at that time about 500,000 slaves in the states.''' ^ 
United States. By the census of 1790 it appears that 
there were 158 slaves in New Hampshire, 17 in Ver- 
mont, 952 in Rhode Island, 2,759 in Connecticut, 21,- 
324 in New York, 11,423 in New Jersey, and 3,737 
in Pennsylvania ; but slavery was gradually abolished 
in the Northern and Middle States, except Delaware, 
which had, in 1790, 8,887 slaves ; and it was excluded 
from the new States. Before this had been fully ac- 
complished, however, the North and the South had en- 
tered upon a struggle, each endeavoring to maintain the 
balance of power. In 1821 Missouri was admitted to 
the Union as a slave State, with a compromise that in compro" 
future no slave State should exist north of the paral- ™'^®- 
lei of 36° 30' north latitude. This measure was hotly 
opposed by Southern members, and rumbling threats of 
dissolution were heard. 

(13) 



14 



CAUSES OF THE WAR. 



The following is the number of slaves held by each 
State in 1860 :— 



states' 
-Rightb. 



Secession 
threaten- 
inos. 



Alabama, 

Arkansas, 

Delaware, 

Florida, 

Georgia, 

Kentucky, 

Louisiana, 

Maryland, 

Mississippi, 

Missouri, 



435,132 
111,104 

1,798 
61,753 
462,230 
225,490 
332,520 
87,188 
436,696 
114,965 



North Carolina, 


331,081 


South Carolina, 


402,541 


Tennessee, 


275,784 


Texas, 


180,388 


Virginia, 


490,887 


Nebraska Territory, 


10 


Utah Territory, 


29 


New Mexico Territory, 24 


District of Columbia, 3,181 



Total, 



3,952,801 



The principle of States' Rights held by one party 
at the time of the adoption of the Constitution, was 
never relinquished by individuals. The legislature of 
Kentucky, led by Jefferson, first formulated the doc- 
trine of nullification and secession in a series of reso- 
lutions, in 1798, and the legislature of Virginia, led by 
Madison, did the same in 1799. This was a political 
move on the part of both Jefferson and Madison. 
Neither was a warm advocate of slavery. The resolu- 
tions, although directly intended as protests against cer- 
tain laws of Congress, had an eye upon the question of 
slavery ; and these gentlemen, desiring the defeat of the 
Federal party, were striving to aid the opposition. Pe- 
titions had been sent into Congress, urging action 
against the traffic in slaves, which stirred up sectional 
debate. Men took sides, not with the party to which 
they had belonged, but with their section ; and this 
was the first time the North and the South were ar- 
rayed against each otlier on a question that many 
then saw must soon become partisan. Some of the 
Southern debaters, protesting against Northern interfer- 
ence, at this time threatened civil war. Jefferson, as 



caUjSes of the war: 15 

a Republican (the party changed its name to Democrat 
in 1805), was elected President in 1804, over Chailes 
C. Pinckney, Federalist; and before the close of his 
administration he succeeded in having an act passed 
prohibiting the African slave trade after January 1, 
1808. 

In a debate in the United States Senate, during the 
session of 1829-30, Senator Hayne, of South Caro- 
lina, ^ho became involved in a warm discussion with tj^^ ^^^_ 
Senator Webster on the question of nullification, or ^™"' °^ 

■^ ' Nulliflca- 

whether a State had a right to annul an act of the gen- tion. 
eral Government, speaking of his own section, said, 
" They will look to the Constitution ; and when called 
upon by the sovereign authority of the State to pre- 
serve and protect the rights secured to them by the 
charter of their liberties, they will succeed in defend- 
ing them, or perish in the last ditch." Webster replied, 
"When my eyes shall be turned to behold for the last 
time the sun in heaven, may I not see him shining on 
the broken and disfigured fragments of a once glorious 
Union ; on States dissevered, discordant, belligerent ; 
on a land rent with civil feuds, or drenched, it may be, 
in fraternal blood. Let their last feeble and linoerina- 
glance, rather, behold the gorgeous ensign of the Re- 
public, now known and honored throughout the earth. 
* * * * Liberty and union, now and forever, one and 
inseparable." These two great minds thus depicted our 
Civil War thirty years in advance. 

But it was not altogether the slavery question that 
kept alive secession threatenings. The tariff question The Turin 
was a cause of dissension from 1820 to 1832, it being *^''^^'*'°"- 
claimed by the South that the North was too much fa- 
vored in the matter of duties, giving Northern manufac- 
turers an advantage over Southern agriculturists. This 
agitation reached its hight when, in 1832, the legislature 



CAUSES OF THE WAR. 



of South Carolina, led by Calhoun, then Vice-President 
of the United States, passed a nullification ordinance, 
setting at defiance the acts of Congress relative to du- 
ties, and began organizing troops for the purpose of re- 
sisting Federal authority. But the prompt and firm 
action of General Jackson, then President, averted the 
threatened insurrection. 

At the time of the admission of Missouri, threats of 
secession were heard from the South. John C. Cal- 
houn, of South Carolina, a leading character in the South 
from 1820 to the time of his death, which occurred in 
his sixty-ninth year, in Washington, in 1850, was an 
advocate of State sovereignty, and did more than any 
other one man to keep alive the existing agitation. In 
the United States Senate, 'in 1838, he delivered his fa- 
mous speech on slavery, and continued to agitate the 
question in behalf of the slave-holding interests, and for 
the dissolution of the Union. 

The election of Franklin Pierce, in 1852, over Gen- 
eral Scott, was a triumph of the States' Rights party. 
Slavery, now exclusively a Southern institution, became, 
in 1854, the central point on which differences of opinion 
as to the relative supremacy of Federal and State govern- 
ments were to be decided, the test question being the 
right of slave-holders to emigrate with slave property to 
portions of the public domain, for the purpose of organ- 
izing new slave States. 

The bloody struggle in Kansas Territory between 
the border ruffians and free-State men, from 1855 to 
1859, will be long remembered. Congress repealed the 
Missouri Compromise, May 25, 1854. This restriction 
removed, the slave power at once attempted to gain con- 
trol over that territory. Kansas was organized as a 
Territory in 1854, and soon afterward became the 
scene of fierce contests between liberty and slavery. 



CAUSES OF THE WAR. 17 

The war reached Congress in heated debate?. May 
22, 1856, Representative Brooks, of South Carolina, 

' ' '■ ' ^ Brooks's 

committed a brutal assault upon Senator Charles Sum assault up- 
ner, of Massachusetts, while in the Senate chamber, .s„n,„',,,' /„ 
knocking him from his seat, and beating him when help- ^""src^^- 
less and unconscious. Senator Sumner had just fin- 
ished a two days' speech in behalf of Kansas and lib- 
erty. But liberty was at last triumphant ; and on Jan- 
uary 21, 1861, a bill for the admission of Kansas as a 
free State passed the Senate, — the very day that Jeffer- 
son Davis abandoned his seat in that Chamber — a re- 
markable incident. Kansas was admitted to the Un- 
ion, January 29, 1861. 

In 1856 James Buchanan was elected President over 
John C. Fremont, the Pv,epublican nominee, which was a 
triumph for the slave power. 

Still the asfitation continued. In 1859, John Brown, 

~ ' John 

otherwise known as Ossawattomie Brown (receiving that Brown. 
appellation from his heroic defense of a town of that 
name in Kansas), a brave and determined free-State 
leader in the Kansas struggle, planned, and in October 
led, an expedition to Harper's Ferry, Virginia, for the 
purpose of liberating slaves. He captured the arsenal 
there, but was soon surrounded by Virginia militiamen, 
and taken prisoner, being afterward tried, and found 
guilty of treason. He was executed, Dec. 2 of that year, 
by the authorities of Virginia. 

In 1860, dissensions in the Democratic party caused 
the withdrawal of a part of the delegates from the Dem- 
ocratic National Convention, which met at Charleston, for the 

Presidency. 

S. C, April 23, 1860. The Convention unanimously 
resolved not to ballot for President until the platform 
was adopted. A Committee on Besolutions, consisting 
of one member from each State, was appointed ; but the 
members fjiiled to agree. Finally, on the sixth day the 



18G0. Party 
nominees 



18 PREPARATIONS FOR THE WAR. 

Committee made two reports, which conflicted on the 
subject of slavery in the Territories, one party claim- 
ing the protection of slave property, the other resolving 
to leave the question to be decided by the people. An 
effort to harmonize the two factions failed, and on April 
30, the first-named party withdrew from the Conven- 
tion. The second then struggled on until May 3, en- 
deavoring to make a nomination for President, but with- 
out success, when it adjourned to meet at Baltimore. 
Both factions met in that city on June 18, and the 
lirst nominated John C. Breckenridge, the second, 
Stephen A. Douglas. Thus the Democratic party had 
two candidates in the field. 

The Republicans nominated and elected Abraham 

Election of '■ 

Abraham Liucolu, who rcccived the electoral vote of every free 
State except New Jersey. A fourth candidate for 
the Presidency, John Bell, of Tennessee, was nom- 
inated b};^ the Constitutional Union party. At the 
electoral college, Lincoln received 180 votes, Douglas, 
12, Breckenridge, 72, and Bell, 39. Mr. Douglas after- 
ward nobly stood by Lincoln and the Union, and was 
the leader of the war Democrats. 

Lincoln having been elected on the platform of the 
non-extension of slavery, the South lost no time in 

„ . acting upon what her statesmen had declared would be 

Beginning ^ '■ 

of seces- the sigual of its withdrawal from the Union. South 
Carolina inaugurated the long-impending struggle, by 
adopting an ordinance of secession, Dec. 20, 1860. 
Other States seceded as follows : Mississippi, January 
9, 1861; Florida, January 10; Alabama, January 11 ; 
Georgia, January 19 ; Louisiana, January 26 ; Texas, 
February 1; Virginia, April 17; Tennessee, June 8; 
Arkansas, May 6; and North Carolina, May 21. The 
States of Kentucky, Missouri, and Maryland did not 
formally secede ; but their population was half in 



PREPARATIONS FOR THE WAR. 19 

sympathy Avith the movement. This placed about one one haif of 
third of the area and about one thh"d of the population directly or 
of the Union in oi)position to the National Government, j^'^l.^^'j!'!^ 
If, however, the "fire in the rear" is considered, one io°- 
half of the people of the United States were arrayed 
against the other half. 

Several of the rebellious States, in regular and extra 
legislative session, had authorized the raising of volun- 
teers for State defense some time before actually seced- preparing 
ing, South Carolina taking such action as early ^s ^°'" ^'^^ "'"'■ 
November 10, 1860. Her United States Senators 
resigned their seats, James Chestnut on the 10th, and 
James H. Hammond on the 11th of November, her 
Representatives in Congress resigning their seats on 
December 24. 

On November 18, Major Robert Anderson was 
ordered by Secretary of War Floyd to the command of 
Fort Moultrie, Charleston Harbor. After the secession 
of South Carolina, Major Anderson became satisfied ^^"J"'" ^"" 

derson oc- 

that the authorities of that State intended to seize Fort cupies rort 
Sumter, and on the night of Dec. 26 he quietly removed 
his troops, stores, etc., to that fort. This was a strong 
fortification, built upon a shoal in Charleston Harbor, 
and midway between Morris and Sullivan's Island in 
the ship channel, surrounded on all sides by water. It 
was designed to mount 136 guns in three tiers ; but this 
project was not completed. Anderson's force consisted 
of ten officers, including himself, fifty-five artillerists, 
and a band nundiering fifteen men. The officers were 
Major Robert Anderson, Commandant ; Captains Abner 
Doubleday, T. Seymour, and J. G. Foster ; First Lieu- 
tenants, Theo. Talbot, Jefferson C. Davis, and G. W. 
Snyder; Second Lieutenants, J. N. Hall and R. K. 
Meade ; Surgeon, S. W. Crawford. 

Great was the rage in Charleston the morning fol-:- 



20 FREPARATIONS FOR THE WAR. 

lowing Major Anderson's removal. The writer happened 
to be in the city, and during that day Charleston 

All oxcitod. 

city. seemed to be populated with mad men and women, the 

latter in the door-ways and windows and upon the 
streets, calling all men cowards if they did not go at 
once and take Sumter from those accursed, usurping 
Yankees. Even the dogs caught the infection, and such 
confusion was never before known to usually orderly 
Charleston. The militia were under arms, — in fact, the 
militia were under arms the night before, and toward 
morning had reached the vicinity of the Fort, intending 
to take possession, wdien they discovered that Anderson 
was a few hours ahead of them. It was their return 
with the news that threw the city into the spasms just 
noted. Vigilance committees were oro;anized, all North- 
ern people Avere watched, and on the least suspicion, 
were thrown into prison, and many were ordered out of 
the State. 

December 3 President Buchanan, in his message to 
Buchanan the Thirty-sixth Congress, denied the right of States to 
amii'i- iL secede. On Nov. 14 Honorable Alexander H. Stephens, 
Stephens ^f Qeorgia, afterward elected Vice-Presi.dent of the 

against se- '-' ' 

cession. seceding States, made an able and eloquent speech 
against separation before the Georgia legislature at 
Milledgeville. Among the many truths he uttered wns 
this forcible question : " What right has the North 
assailed ? Can any of you to-day name one governmental 
act of Avrong, deliberately and purposely done by the 
Government at Washington, of which the South has a 
right to complain? I challenge the answer." 

On December 20, the day of the passage of the Seces- 
sion Ordinance, Honorable Caleb Cushing arrived in 
Charleston w^ith a message from the President in the in- 
terests of peace. The Convention then in session refused 
to make any promise. Mr. Cushing remained in Charles- 



PREPARATION.'^ FOR THE WAR. 21 

ton but five hoai-s. Soon after, South Carolina sent com- 
missioners to Washington to treat with the National „,i„a «,,i,ds 
Government, and on Dec. 30 they souc;ht a formal «"»""^- 
audience with the President, who declined to receive was^iung- 
them, and on January 3, 1861, these commissioners 
brushed the dust from olT their sandals, and retui-ned to 
the dominion of South Carolina. On January 16, 
Colonel J. W. Hayne, as special envoy from South 
Carolinn, demanded of the President the surrender of 
Fort Sumter, but received no satisfaction. 

December 10, 1860, Howell Cobb, of Georgia, Unit-noweii 

' ' ■' o / Cobb. 

ed States Secretary of the Treasury, resigned, and was 
succeeded by Philip F. Thomas, of Maryland. Dec. 12, 
1860, Lewis Cass, being dissatisfied with Mr. Buchanan's 
inaction, resigned as Secretary of State, and was suc- 
ceeded by Jeremiah S. Black, of Pennsylvania. The 
latter was succeeded as Attorney-General, on the 17th, 
by Edwin M. Stanton. 

December 29, John B. Floyd, United States Secretary JohnB. 

. Floyd. 

of War, resigned, having previously used the power of his 
office to disperse the United States ai-my and navy to 
distant and far separated stations, and to transfer large 
quantities of arms, ammunition, and ordnance from 
Northern to Southern arsenals. On January 80, 1861, 
he was indicted by the Grand Jury of the District of 
Columbia as being privy to the withdrawal of a large 
amount of Indian bonds from the Department of the In- ^*"'''" ^"" 

i dian Bonds. 

terior, and for conspiring against the Government. He 
was soon afterward commissioned by Jefferson Davis to 
a high position in the military service of the Confederacy. 
Joseph Holt, of Kentucky, succeeded Floyd as Secretary 
of War, January 18, 1861, and was succeeded as Post- 
master-general by Horatio King, January 8, 1861. 
Jacob Thompson, Secretary of the Interior, resigned, 
being in sympathy with the enemy. He had been 



22 Preparations for the war. 

to North Carolina the month previous, to pursuade the 
legislature of that State to vote for secession. 
star of the Jauuarv 9, the steamer Star of the West, havins; left 

West fired "^ ' -^ . 

into. New York on the 5th of that month with supplies and 

reinforcements for Fort Sumter, arrived off' Charleston, 

where she was fired upon by the enemy's batteries of 

Morris Island and Fort Moultrie. She returned to New 

York with two shot holes in her hull. January 11, 

ThomaJ' IS^lj Philip F. Thomas was succeeded as Secretary of 

John A. ^^^^ Treasury by John A. Dix, of New York. This 

^'^- appointment was made at the earnest solicitation of the 

capitalists in New York, and in other parts of the 

country. 

On February 4, 1861, a convention of delegates of 

the seceding States was held at Montgomery, Alabama, 

for the purpose of organizing a government. Howell 

organiza- Cobb was choscu chaimian. On the 8th the convention 

enem°V'' '^^^^pted a constitutiou, modeled after that of the United 

Govern- Statcs, but wlth somc alterations, chiefly relative to 

ment. ^ ^ J 

slavery and States' rights. Jefferson Davis, of Missis- 
sippi, and Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, were 
chosen provisionally, as President and Vice-President, 
on the 9th, and were inaugurated on the 18th. Slavery 
was their corner-stone. Stephens said, in a speech at 
Savannah, Georgia, March 21, that slavery should be 
the corner-stone of communities, and that the founders 
of their constitution, because of its slavery foundation, 
had achieved a revolution fruitful of beneficial results 
for the future of civilization. 

January 12, 1861, Representatives in the United 
Congress- Statcs Cougross froui Mississippi — Singleton, Barkesdale, 
Davis, McRae, and Lamar — withdrew ; and on January, 
21, Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, Benjamin Fitzpatrick, 
and C. C. Clay, Jr., of Alabama, also David L. Yulee 
and Stephen R. Mallory, of Florida, withdrew from the 



men with- 
draw from 
the U. S. 
Congress. 



PRSFARATIOA'S FOlt THE WAR. ^3 

United State Senate. On the same day the Alabama 
members of Congress — Moore, Clopton, Pugh, Curry, 
and Stallvvorth — left their seats. January 23 the Geor- 
gia members — Love, Crawford, Hardeman, Gartrell, 
Underwood, Jackson, Jones, and Hill — also left the 
House. February 5, United States Senators John Sli- 
dell and Judah P. Benjamin, of Louisiana, and Repre- 
sentatives Taylor, Davidson, and Landrum, of that State, 
withdrew. 

While the Federal Government was still inactive, 
hoping for a peaceful solution of the difficulties, the 
Southerners had seized United States forts, arsenals, 
etc., as follows : — 

December 28, 1860, in South Carolina, Charleston Har- 
bor, Fort Moultrie, and Castle Pinckney ; and in Charles- The south- 
ton the Custom House, post-office, and arsenal: also the <^™s'"s 

' ^ ' ' seize the 

United States Revenue cutter Aiken. forts, arse- 

January 2, 1861, in North Carolina, Fort Macon, at 

Beaufort, the fortifications at Wilmington, and the United 

States arsenal at Fayetteville. 

January 2, in Georgia, Forts Pulaski and Jackson in 

the harbor of 'Savannah, and the United States arsenal 

at Savannah. 

January 4, in Alabama, Fort Morgan, at the mouth 

of Mobile Bay, and the United States arsenal at Mobile. 
January 8, in North Carolina, Forts Caswell and 

Johnson on Cape Fear River. 

January 11, in Louisiana, Forts St. Philip and 

Jackson on the Mississippi, Fort Pike on Lake Pont- 

chartrain, and the United States arsenal and barracks 

at Baton Rouge. 

January 13, in Florida, Fort Barrancas and the 

United States navy yard at Pensacola. 

January 24, in Georgia, the United States arsenal at 

Auo;usta. 



PREPARATIONS FOR THE WAR. 



January 30, in New Orleans, Louisiana, the United 
States Revenue cutters Cass and 3IcClelland, and on 
February 1, the United States Mint, with $500,000, and 
the Custom House. 

February 8, at Little Rock, Arkansas, United States 
arsenal. 

February 19, in Kansas, Fort Kearney. 

March 2, in Texas, at Galveston, United States Rev- 
enue cutter Dodge ; and Fort Brown, March 6. 

By the end of May the United States flag floated at 
the South only over Fort Pickens, Fortress Monroe, and 
the fortresses on Key West and the Tortugas, off the 
Florida coast. About $40,000,000 worth of property 
belonging to the United States had thus been seized by 
the enemy before the Federal Government had struck a 
blow. February 16, General David E. Twiggs, com- 
mander of the ITnited States forces in Texas, with head- 
quarters at San Antonio, treacherously surrendered his 
troops, which numbered about 2,500 men, together witli 
a large quantity of arms, ammunition, ordnance, horses, 
wagons, etc., valued at |1, 500, 000, to the Texas Militia 
under Ben McCulloch. The troops, stationed at differ- 
ent points, were paroled by McCulloch, after their arms 
had been taken from them. The ship Star of the West 
arrived April 20 at Indianola, laden heavily with val- 
uable stores for the army. Unsuspicious of the change 
in affairs, she became an easy prey to the enemy. Twiggs 
was, for a short time, in the service of the Confederacy. 
He died at Augusta,. Georgia, Sept. 15, 1862. 

The Confederate Government began its existence by 
organizcfor a, provisioual Congress, made up of delegates appointed 
resistance. ^^^ State couventions. This Congress met February 4, 
at Montgomery, Alabama. On February 9, as before 
stated, Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, was chosen pro- 
visional President, and Alexander H. Stephens, of 



PREFARAflONS FOR THE WAR. S5 

Georgia, provisional Vice-President. They were inan- 
giirated February 18. Their Congress was busy organ- 
izing the insurgent government until March 16, when it 
adjourned. It had adopted a flag, which w^as displayed 
in seven States on March 4. March 6, Davis issued a 
call for 100,000 volunteers. 

By reference to the Army Register of 1861, it will 
be seen that 269 officers resigned and 26 were dismissed 
from the U. S. Army in the early part of 1861. Un- 
doubtedly the greater part of them were sons of the 
South, and joined the enemy. 

President Lincoln's preparations to enforce Federal 
authority, caused Davis to re-convene his Congress on 
April 29, for the purpose of organizing a resistant force. 
Nov. 6, 1861, an election was held in the seceding 
States, under their permanent Constitution, Davis and 
Stephens being confirmed as President and Vice-Pres- 
ident by a unanimous electoral vote, their terms of office 
extending over six years. The provisional Congress 
gave way to a permanent Congress, and the President 
was inaugurated February 22, 1862. During the ex- 
istence of the rebellion, Davis had the following-named 
as Cabinet officers : — 

Secretary of State — Robert Toombs, of Georgia, Feb. 

•^ ' Jefferson 

21, 1861 ; R. M. T. Hunter, of Virginia, July 30, 1861 ; Davis's 
and Judah P. Benjamin, of Louisiana, Feb. 7, 1862. 

Secretary of the Treasury — Charles G. Memminger, 
of South Carolina, Feb. 21, 1861 ; and James L. Tren- 
holm, of South Carolina, June 13, 1864. 

Secretary of War — Leroy Pope Walker, of Missis- 
sippi, Feb. 21, 1861; J. P. Benjamin, of Louisiana, 
Nov. 10, 1861; James A. Seddon, of Virginia, March 

22, 1862; and John C. Breckenridge, of Kentucky, 
Feb. 15, 1865. 



Cabinet. 



2(] PUEFAkATlONS FOR THE WAR. 

Secretnry of the Navy — Stephen R. Mallory, of 
Florida, March 4, 1861. 

Attorney-general — J. P. Benjamin, of Louisiann, 
Feb. 21, 1861; Thomas H. Watts, of Alabama, 
September 10, 1861; Geo. Davis, of North Carolina, 
November 10, 1863. 

Postmaster-general — John II. Reagan, of Texas, 
VjJHt March 6, 1861 ; Henry #. BffiTTf, of Mississippi, February 
^^ 21, 1S65. 

A briof bi- Abraham Lincoln, sixteenth President of the United 
Sham"' States, was born Febrnary 12, 1809, in Hardin Co., Ky. 
i.imoiu. ixig ancestors were Quakers. His parents were born in 
Virginia, his grandfather, Abraham Lincoln, emigrating 
from Rockingham County, that State, to Kentucky, 
about 1781. In 1817 Lincoln's father removed with 
his lamil}' to Indiana. ''Abe" went to Illinois at the 
age of 21, worked on boats on the Mississippi River, 
clerked in stores, worked on a farm, split rails, etc., for 
a livelihood, meanwhile employing all his spare time in 
prosecuting his studies. He was elected to the Illinois 
legislature in 1831, 1836, 1838, and 1810. In 1837 he 
was admitted to the bar, and in 1846 he was elected to 
• the lower house of the U. S. Congress. He was six 
feet and nearly four inches in bight, lean in flesh, and 
weighed 180 lbs. He had black hair, a dark complexion, 
and grey eyes. 
A deep Lincoln left his home at Springfield, 111., February 



cnse of 



ruture re- 11, sad aud dejected. Dreadful trials and enormous 
ties"^ "' responsibilities were about to fall upon him, and he felt 
it. It had been declared at the South that he should 
never live to be inaugurated. Trouble was expected at 
Baltimore. While en route, he was cheered by immense 
crowds at Indianapolis, Cincinnati, Columbus, Pittsburg, 
Cleveland, Buffalo, Albany, New York, Philadelphia, 
and Itarrisburii-, arriving at the latter citv on the 22d. 



frMparations for the war. 21 

That evening, at the earnest solicitation of friends, he 
quietly passed through Baltimore, and entered Wash- 
ington the next morning, at about the hour that he was 
expected to leave Harrisburg. 

In his inaugural address, March 4, 1861, Lincoln 
assured the Southern people that they had no cause for 
apprehension because the present administration was 
Republican, that he should do whatever he could to 
arrive at a peaceful solution of the present trouble ; but 
that at the same time he should endeavor to have all 
the laws executed in all the States as was required by 
the Constitution, 

President Lincoln formed his Cabinet as follows: — 

Secretary of State, Wm. XL. Seward; Secretary of ^'.^.t's 
the Treasury, Salmon P. Chase, succeeded by Hugh •^'•''^'"^t- 
McCulloch June 30, 1864; Secretary of War, Simon 
Cameron, succeeded by Edwin M. Stanton January 13, 
1862 ; Secretary of the Navy, Gideon Welles ; Secretary 
of the Interior, Caleb B. Smith, succeeded by John P. 
Usher in Januar}^, 1863 ; Postmaster-general, Mont- 
gomery Blair; Attorney-general, Edward Bates. 

March 12, John Forsyth, of Alabama, and xVIartin 
J. Crawford, of Georgia, arrived in Washington, as. southern 
agents of the so-called Confederate Government, with sioners. 
instructions to make overtures to the Federal Govern- 
ment for the adjustment of all questions growing out of 
secession; but they were not received by either Seward 
or the President, nor recognized as such agents. They 
remained in Washington several days, but failed to 
negotiate, and finally departed, moving South, and mak- 
ing dire threats, forgetful that they could have been 
seized as traitors, and tried for their lives. 

The Confederate Government was at that time mak- 
ing extensive preparations for war. Their President 
had given the Northern people to understand that if the 



OS Ph'/:j\iRATIOX^ FOR THE WAR. 

South \Yn8 not allowed to \vitlulr;i\v })0;uH>alily, slio 

^^•o\ll(l lay tluMr cities in ashes, and devastate their rich 

valh\vs. 

Apr. v<; •(•.!, I'Ih'' 1^'ederal Ciovernnient. and the peopie of the 

';:"'- \""'" Northern States oeuorallv. had lioned tor a. peaceful set- 

lort Sum- ^ • f "^ 

">'• tleuient of the ditticulties ; hot when, on the morning of 

April 12, 18G1, firing hegan upon Sumter, intense indig- 
nation aroused those who were h\yal. 

Edmund Ruflin, of Yiriiinia, a man seventv-five 
years old. who had by his speeches at public meetings 

Thowi.rbo- j^^^^^^ more than any other man to ''fire the Southern 
heart," fired the first gun upon Fort Sumter. (He 
committed suicide in 1865.) 

The war had now actually commenced ; all hope of 
peace was lost. Anderson, with his eighty men, fought 
bravely ; but the enemy, unmolested, had been building 
heavy batteries on every side, and now opened with a 
terrible cannonade. At the end of thirty-four hours the 
fort had become so badly damaged, and its supply of 
provisions and ammunition was so nearly exhausted, that 
Anderson deemed it best to surrender. On Sunday 

April II. afternoon, April 14, 1861, he marched out of the fort 
o.t sum- ^^.^1^ oolors Hying and drums beating, saluting his Hag 
with fifty guns, the terms of the capitulation allowing 
him to march out with the '' honors of war." President 
Lincoln had endeavored to reinforce Anderson, and a 
fieet o'i eight ships had just arrived off the harbor with 
troops and [u-ovisions ; but it was too late. The Fed- 
eral (loverument did not wish to begin the war, hence 
the enemy was allowed to build batteries within easy 
range undisturbed : otherwise Beauregaid could have 
been kept at a respectful distance, and Avith a proper 
reinforcement and provisioning of the fort, it is doubtful 
if it could have been taken. 

President Lincoln now called for 75,000 volunteers. 



ti'i- suiTon- 
dorod. 



VUEPAUATIONH FOR THE WAR. 29 

The call was received with universal enthusiasm through- Lincoln » 

first call for 

out the North, many more troops responding than were troops. 
icquired. On April 10, the first volunteers arrived in 
Washing! on, coming from Pennsylvania. April 19, the 
6th Massachusetts reached Baltimore, and in passing 
from the Philadelphia to the Washington depot, they 
were attacked by a mob of secession sympathizers. The 

r, 1 • ^ TIL, April 10. 

soldiers were quiet until one of their number had been Baltimore 
killed, when they turned and fired, killing eleven and Ztt^T 
w^ounding as many more of their assailants. They were sett^troops. 
compelled to fight their way to the Washington cars, 
losing eleven men, — three killed and eight wounded. 
Some Pennsylvania troops arriving on the same train, 
being unarmed, were taken back to Philadelphia. 

April 19, the National capital was virtually cut off Washington 
from the North. The Treasury building and the Capitol ^^"'"''^''• 
had been barricaded, and howitzers plac(3d in the pas- 
sages. The Senate and the House became barracks. 
The only guard was a few companies of Pennsylvania 
volunteers, a company of regular troops, and a company 
of Washington volunteers under Cassius M. Clay. 

General B. ¥. Butler arrived at the Susquehanna 
with a brigade of Massachusetts troops April 20, and 
finding the bridges burned, he seized a steamboat at the 
ferry " Havre de Grace," and transported his troops to 
Annapolis. On the 24th he marched toward Washing-^ ^, 

I *-" Butler rc- 

ton, repairing bridges and railroads as he went. At neves 
Annapolis Junction they mot the New York 7th, the ton. 
latter taking the advance, and the whole force arrived at 
Washington on the 25th, and the capital was safe. 

May 14, General Butler, with the same Massachu- 

•' -^ ' _ _ Butler cn- 

setts regiment that had been attacked in its streets, en-ter? Baiti- 
tered Baltimore, and encamped on Federal Hill. 

April 18, the enemy took possession of Harper's ^^^^^^^,^ 
Ferry. The Federal officer in command being unable Ferry evac- 



30 pr£:parations for the war. 

aatwibytheto resist the approacliin^^ force, lie blew up the arsenal 

Federals. ^ ^ o 7 i 

and the work-shops, re-treating to Pennsylvania. 
The Gos- April 20, the enemy took possession of the Gosport 

port navy '■■'./ l l 

yard disas- navy yard near Norfolk, Va. The officer in command 
had ample time and means to save the twelve war ves- 
sels and a part, at least, of the 2,000 cannon and the im- 
mense quantity of powder and machinery, altogether 
valued at over $10,000,000 ; but the vessels were all 
scuttled except one, the Cumherland, which was taken 
away to Newport News. The guns were spiked with 
cut nails so poorly that the enemy found them very lit- 
tle injured. It appears probable that there were too 
many officers in the United States army and navy in 
. sympathy with the South. 

January 13, when the enemy took possession of Pen- 

Gaiiantryof sacohi uav}^ J^^^, Lieutcnant Slemmer, who was in 

sieK.mer."* ^^'^^^ McRao with about seventy-five men, did a valiant 
deed. He had been ordered by his immediate superior 
to surrender to the enemy; but he disobeyed. He 
spiked his guns, and quickly entered and garrisoned 
Fort Pickens, — a powerful work. He was just in time 
to save to his government a valuable fort. One half of 
his pluck, honor, and faithfulness would have saved the 
ships and stores at Gosport. 

The North The North is now aroused. The seceding States 

at last . ° 

aroused, have defied the United States Government, and have 
fired upon and taken Fort Sumter by military force. 
Massachusetts volunteers have been murdered in the 
streets of Baltimore. The capital of the nation is 
threatened. A large number of officers of the army 
and navy have deserted the flag they swore to defend. 
United States forts, arsenals, ships, etc., have been 
seized. The Government must be defended, the Union 
preserved. 

The legislatures of the loyal States were called in 



PREPARATIONS FOR THE WAR. 31 

extra session, and A'oted large sums of money, and 
offered large numbers of men. April 15, the New York 
legislature voted to supply $3,000,000 and 30,000 men ; 
and on the 22d, New York City appropriated |1 ,000,000 
to equip volunteers, and |)50,000 for the support of the 
families of those who enlisted. April 25, the Vermont 
legislature voted $1,000,000 for the equipment of vol- 
unteers. April 29, Indiana voted $500,000 ; and on 
May 8, Connecticut voted $2,000,000. 

May 8 the Governor of Ohio called out 100,000 
militia. May 15, Massachusetts offered the Government 
$7,000,000. Iowa and Michigan, and in fact all the 
loyal States, followed with proffers of men and money. 
Altogether more than $30,000,000 were thus offered in 
aid of the Union cause within one month of the fire upon 
Sumter. 

April 19 the President issued a proclamation, declar- ^^^^ ^,j^^^_ 
ing a blockade of the ports of South Carolina, Georgia, "'^^''• 
Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas ; 
and on the 27th he included those of Virginia and North 
Carolina, these States having seceded since the 19th. 

May 3 the President called for 42,000 additional 
volunteers for a three years' service, 22,000 for the 
regular army, and 18,000 seamen. 

In the latter part of May, Jefferson Davis removed his jefEerron 
headquarters to Richmond, and his capital was trans- p^'^g * Rich. 
ferred to that city. The Southern Congress adjourned ™°°J|^j'^''^'' 
May 21, to meet at Richmond July 20. Davis reached 
Richmond May 29, and the Southern leaders, as did 
also the people generally who lived down that way, 
expected soon to possess Washington. They claimed 
it, and made preparations to take it. 

May 24, 1861, United States volunteers took pos- ais^nter '' 
session of the hills from Georgetown to Alexandria, "^^^s™^- 
having crossed the Potomac into Virginia the night 



32 



PREPARATIONS FOR THE WAR. 



before. In taking possession of Alexandria, Colonel 
Ellsworth, of the New York Fire Zouaves, removed the 
enemy's flag which was floating on the Marshall Plouse. 
On coming down the stairs of the hotel with the flag, 
the proprietor, whose name was Jackson, shot and killed 
Death of Ellsworth, wlien one of the Zouaves instantly shot 
Ellsworth. Jackson dead. Ellsworth's body was taken to Wash- 
ington, where funeral services were held, the President 
attending as one of the mourners. 

The Federals now made strong intrenchments cov- 
The enemy erluff Washingtou, as the enemy was gatherins; at 

gatheringat • O 7 J n O 

Manassas. MauaSSaS. 



ARMY OF THE POTOMAC. 

April, 1861, to May, 1864. 



Section First. 



CHAPTER TI. 

BULI^ RUN TO MAT.VERN HILL. 

MCDOWELL— MCC LE LLAK 

WASHINGTON, the seat of the United States isoi. 
Government, stands upon a commanding site 
on the left bank of the Potomac River, between two 
small tributaries, the one on the east being called East Brief de- 

scription of 

Branch, and the one on the west. Rock Creek, the latter washing- 
separating Washington from Georgetown. Fifteen miles i^.'Jtf" 
south of Washington, on the Potomac, is Mount Vernon, ^^gjif^j' 
once the home and now the tomb of General Washing- 
ton. Thirteen miles above Georgetown are the Great 
Falls of the Potomac, from which the capital city is 
supplied with water. 

Distances in miles from Washington to important 
cities are as follows : Baltimore, 38 : Philadelphia, 136 ; scnmofdis- 
New York, 220; Boston, 432; Chicago, 763; San 
Francisco, 2,000 (in an air-line) ; St. Louis, 856 ; Rich- 
mond, 100 in a straight line, 122 by the roads ; Freder- 
icksburg, 50; Charleston, 544; Mobile, 1,033 ; New 
Orleans, 1,200; Nashville, 714; Louisville, 663; Athmta, 
646; Memphis, 929. 

Alexandria lies on the right bank of the Potomac, 

3 (33) 



54 M<^DOWjELL. 

IS 61. seven miles below Washington. The river at this point 
is about one mile wide. 

The battle ground in Virginia is briefly described as 
follows : — 

The Alleghany Mountains extend from the south- 
west to the north-east through Virginia, and stretching 
on, pass through Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, 
and into New York State. The Shenandoah Valley, 
which extends from the James River to the Potomac, 
lies between two parallel chains of these mountains. 
The Blue Ilidge is the eastern barrier of the valley. 
West of the mountains lies West Virginia, which was a 
part of Old Virginia at the beginning of the war. The 
people of that section, protesting against secession, 
created a new State, which was formall}^ admitted into 
the Union June 20, 1863. The principal battle fields 
were east of the Blue Ridge, and in the valley. The 
battles of the Army of the Potomac were between 
Washington and Richmond, except those of the Antie- 
tam and Gettysburg campaigns. 

The Blue Ridge Range is intersected by numerous 
gaps, through which wagon roads and railroads pass. 
There were but few railroads at this time. Two lines 
ran from the Potomac to Richmond, one from Acquia 
Creek through Fredericksburg, the other from Alexandria 
to Gordons ville. (The latter place is ninety-five miles 
south-west of Washington and seventy-six miles north- 
west of Richmond.) Here the road forks, one branch 
connecting with the Tennessee line at Lynchburg, the 
other turning eastward and southward to Richmond. 
Two branches of the Alexandria and Lynchburg line 
enter the valley of Virginia, one from Charlottesville to 
Staunton, near the source of the Shenandoah River, the 
other from Manassas Junction through the Blue Ridge 
at Manassas Gap. 



MCDOWELL 35 

A multitude of the smallei^ water courses run web- i«6-i. 
like through the country between the Blue Ridge and 
Chesapeake Ba3% eventually forming large rivers, the 
most impoi'tant of wliich are the Rappahannock, the 
York, the Chickahominy, and the James. All of these 
rivers run nearly parallel, and empty into the Chesapeake 
Bay, except the Chickahominy. which joins its waters 
with the James twenty-two miles below City Point. 
These streams, together with the numerous ravines and 
marshes and the easily muddied clay soil, make Virginia 
an exceedingly difficult country for offensive operations. 

The first great battle of the war was fought at Bull 
Run, about 30 miles west of Washington. From Wash- 
ington to Fairftix Court House is 20 miles. Groveton Further de- 
ls 32 miles west of Alexandria ; Gainesville, 36 miles ; the'^ g'"]" 
Manassas, 27 miles. Sudley Sprinsrs is 8 miles north R"" ^''"'^ 

^ ./ 1 o ground. 

of Manassas. Bull Run River, flowing to the south- 
east, reaches the Potomac through the Occoquan. Sud- 
ley Springs, on Bull Run, is about three miles north of 
Groveton ; Stone Bridge, on that stream, is about three 
miles east of Groveton ; and the battle field was in the 
triangle of which the three last-named places form the 
points. 

The battles, marches, and hardships of the Army of 
the Potomac date from the battle of Bull Run, although 
the army in Virginia had not yet received that designa- 
t i on . 

The enemy had collected an army of about 22,000 
men at and near Manassas, having detachments at Cen- 
treville and Fairfax Court House, with cavalry pickets 
within sight of Washington. They also had, within 
supporting dislance, about 10,000 men under General 
J. E. Johnston, at Winchester, — a city situated in the 
valley of Virginia, about thirty-five miles from Harper's 
Ferry. General R. Patterson had crossed the Potomac 



36 MCDO WELL. 

18G1. ^\\\y 2, with about 15,000 men, and bad defeated Jack- 
son's brigade at Falling Waters that day ; then following 
his retreat, had rested at Martinsburg, which is about 
thirteen miles from Winchester. General Patterson was 
jenerai directed by General Scott to engage Johnston vigorously, 
and thus hold him there while a force from Washington 
should attack the Confederates at Manassas. 

On July 15, General Irvin McDowell, a graduate of 
West Point and a veteran of the Mexican War, who was 
in command of the Federal forces about Washington, 
was ordered by General Scott to make a forward move- 
ment, preparations for which having been going on since 
the 9th. The army was composed mostly of three 
months' men, whose term of service would soon close. 
These troops must be used soon, if at all. For that 
reason, and to satisfy the popular cry, " On to Rich- 
mond ! " it was decided to move against the enemy. 

General McDowell put his army in motion July 16. 
It then numbered about 30,000 men ; but some 2,000, 
whose term of service had expired, turned back before 
the battle began, leaving but 28,000. The battle was 
fought, on the Federal side, by about 18,000 men. The 
army was in four divisions, officered as follows : — 

1st Division : Daniel Tyler; Brigades, E. D. Keyes, 
R. C. Schenck, W. T. Sherman, I. B. Richardson. 

2d Division: (1.) David Hunter, wounded, (2.) 
Andrew Porter ; Brigades, Andrew Porter, A. E. Burn- 
side. 

3d Division: S. P. Heintzelman ; Brigades, W. B. 
Franklin, 0. B. Willcox, 0. 0. Howard. 

5th Division : D. S. Miles ; Bi'igades, Louis Blenker, 
T. A. Davies. 

The 4th Division, under General Theodore Runyon, 
remained behind to guard Washington and the position 
the arm}^ had just left. 



MCDOWELL. 37 

Hunter, Hemtzelman, Miles, Keyes, Sherman, Per- ism. 
ter, and Franklin were colonels in the regular army. 

The Confederate forces ^Yel■e commanded by General 
G. T. Beauregard, who had under hiui Generals Ewell, 
Early, Longstreet, Evans, Holmes, D. R. Jones, P. S. 
Cocke, and M. L. Bonham as brigade commanders. 
DiAqsions had not been formed in this army at this time. 
The brigade commanders under General Johnston were 
Jackson (who was afterward called " Stonewall," because 
he stood firm at this battle). Bee, F. S. Bartow, A. 
Elzey, and Wilcox. Thus it will be seen that each side 
had its best officers to fight the first great battle of the 
war. 

The enemy fell back as the Federals advanced, finally 
taking up a defensive line behind Bull Run, extending 
from Union Mills (some four miles in advance of Manas- 
sas Junction) to the Stone Bridge. 

On July 18, Tyler's division being in advance atJi;iy/i8- 
Centre ville, Richardson's brigade was sent to reconnoitre 
Bhickburn's Ford, which Longstreet was guarding, where 
Richardson became engaged. Sherman was sent to his 
sui^port, but finding the enemy in strong force, and 
advantageously posted, Tyler withdrew to Centreville, 
having suffered a loss of about 90 men. The loss of the 
enemy was reported as 68. 

The march of the Federals had been slow. General 
McDowell was greatly disappointed, as he had hoped to 
attack by the 19th; but his troops w^ere raw. They 
had been improvident with their rations, Avere unused to 
marching, and the supply trains were tardy, causing a 
delay of at least two whole days, thus giving the enemy 
ample time to make preparations, and to be reinforced 
by Johnston. 

On the 19th, McDowell caused a reconnaissance to 
be made, which discovered the enemy's position. Cov- 



Black- 
burn's 
Ford. 



58 MO DO WELL. 

1861. ered by the stream of Bull Run, his left was found at 
Stone Bridge, his center at Blackburn's Ford, and his 
right at Union Mills Ford. The Federal commander at 
once made his dispositions, Tyler to move against Stone 
Bridge ; Hunter and Heintzelman to cross at Sudley 
Springs, about two miles above the bridge, and move 
down upon the enemy's left flank and rear; Miles in 
reserve to make a demonstration upon Blackburn's Ford. 
The attack was to begin at early dawn, July 21. 

General McDowell had at first intended to make his 
main attack upon the enemy's right flank ; but finding 
that position difficult to assail, decided upon the move- 
ment just described. 
r^^j gj Unfortunately, the Federals were late in getting 

juii Run. started on the morning of the 21st. McDowell had 
planned well, but this was the first battle of the war, 
and his commanding officers did not seem to see the 
necessity of quick action. The battle opened about 10 
A. M., and fighting soon became hot. The flanking force 
making the detour met with success. Hunter's division 
being in advance. Beauregard had been making prepa- 
rations to cross Bull Bun on his right, and attack 
McDowell's left, and had already weakened his own 
left; thus McDowell, attacking first, had the advantage. 
Burnside was first engaged. The Federals pressed 
forward. Porter becoming engaged on Burnside's left. 

Beauregard's brigades were posted from left to^ right, 
as follows : Evans, Cocke, Bonham, Longstreet, Jones, 
Early, Holmes, and Ewell. 

At Stone Bridge, Evans was taken by surprise by 
Burnside, and Cocke, being nearest, was hastened to his 
aid. The battle was fierce, the enemy resisting with great 
determination ; but Heintzelman soon coming into line, 
they were forced rapidly back. Beauregard now became 
convinced that he could not cross Bull Run to attack 



MODO WELL. 39 

Centreville as he had planned. Bee and Bartow were ism. 
hastened to the left, and soon after Hampton's Legion, Buir^mi 
which had arrived from Richmond, also went there. The 
opposing forces now had five brigades each, all engaged, 
and the enemy, being on the defensive, had the advan- 
tage ; but the Federals, under the impetus of their suc- 
cess against Evans and Cocke, dashed forward. At this 
moment Sherman, who had forced his way across the 
stream, took the enemy in flank. The Stone Bridge was 
uncovered, and Keyes crossed. The enemy was routed. 
The day should have remained with the Federals. 

General Patterson had been instructed by General 
Scott to keep General Johnston in sight, but he had 
allowed himself to be deceived. Johnston had displayed 
a- small force, well stretched out, and slipped away 
through Manassas Gap to the aid of Beauregard, and the 
latter began to receive these reinforcements early in the 
morning. 

Up to this time, a little after noon, the Federals had 
met with continued success; but they were now checked. 
The flying brigades of the enemy rallied around Jackson, 
who had just arrived on the ground, and stood " like a 
stone wall." Bonham and Holmes also arrived from the 
right. The Confederates had formed a new line behind 
a house belonging to the Widow Henry, at the southern 
line of the triangle running from Grove ton to Stone 
Bridge. 

The Federals now received a fire that staggered 
them. There came a lull, and both sides reformed for 
another struggle. Several fresh regiments had by this 
time arrived from Richmond to reinforce the enemy. 

At 2 p. M. jMcDowell again opened the battle w^ith 
his whole force that had crossed Bull Bun. Miles's 
division, with the brigades of Richardson and Schenck, 
w^ere still upon the other side, and did not become en- 



1:0 MO DO WELL 

1S6 1. gaged, except in demonstrations against Longstreet and 
51111^111. P'^i't of Bon ham's brigade, at Blaekbnrn's and Mitchell's 
fords. 

All other troops on both sides are again engaged in 
deadly combat. The position taken by the enemy is a 
strong one, and they now outnumber the Federals. First 
the Federal attack is repulsed, and some of their batter- 
ies are captured ; then the Confederates are forced back, 
and the lost guns recaptured. The battle becomes ter- 
rific, both sides fighting with fearful determination. It 
is difficult to decide upon which side lies the advantage, 
when at the supreme moment Kirby Smith, with nearly 
2,000 fresh troops of Elzey's brigade, the rear of John- 
ston's army, and Early's brigade just brought up from 
the enemy's extreme right, arrive upon the field, and 
charging upon the Federal right flank, the day is lost. 
It is about 3 : 30 p. m. 

McDowell, Sherman, Keyes, in fact all the ofiicers, 
heroically endeavored to save the rout of the army ; but 
the soldiers were not veterans, and they could not resist 
the enemy's fresh troops which were continually arriv- 
- ing, and now largely outnumbered them. They cer- 
tainly did nobly for their first encounter. If Patterson 
could have come up when Kirby Smith did, the result 
would no doubt have been different. Burnside's brigade, 
which had been held in reserve when the last attack 
w^as made, together with the brigades of Bichardson and 
Schenck, and Miles's division, covered the rear. The 
Federals retreated to the defenses of Washington. The 
enemy had been so severely handled, and were so 
nearly defeated that they could not pursue. The Fed- 
eral loss was 481 killed, 1,011 wounded, and 1,210 miss- 
ing. The loss of the enemy, as reported, was 387 killed, 
1,582 wounded, and 12 prisoners. Among the Federals 
who w^ere killed were Colonel James Cameron, of the 



M'WOWELL. 41 

79th New York, brother of the Secretary of War ; Col- ism. 
oiiel Slocum, of the 2d Rhode Ishind, and Colonel DcauTof 
Ilaggerty, of the 69th New York. Among the wounded cameron, 
were Generals Hunter and Ileintzelman, and Colonel 0. siocum, 

' ami Hag- 

B. WiHcox, the latter being taken inisoner. Colonel M. gerty. 
Corcoran, of the GOth New York, was also wounded and 
taken prisoner. Among the Confederates who were 
killed were Generals Bee and Bartow. General Bee ueat'i of 

Generals 

resigned as Captain of the 10th United States infantry Bee and 
March 3, 1861. ''"'°"- 

July 22, 1861, the day after the Bull Bun disaster, Juiy 22. u. 

1 S. Congress 

had been fixed b}^ Congress as the time to vote upon the caiis for 
President's call for 400,000 men. The defeat of the army, s«''Ooomen. 
instead of retarding it, accelerated the passage of a reso- ^ 
lution for the ample support of the Government. In- 
stead of the 400,000 which was called for, the Resolution 
provided for 500,000 men for three years' service, and 
also authorized the enlistment of 25,000 more men for 
the regular army, and the increase of the navy to the 
fullest needs of the Government. Congress also raised 
the pay of soldiers from $11 to |13 per month, adding a Pay of soi- 

•^ , . diers. 

bounty of $100 to be paid after two years ot service. 
(The Thirty-eighth Congress — 1863-64 — raised the pay 
of enlisted men to $16 per month.) 

Arms and ammunition were needed at once, and in 

^ Arms pnr- 

larffer quantities than home manufacturers could pro- chased in 

• Europe. 

duce. Agents were dispatched to Europe, and purchases 
were made of all serviceable arms that could be found in 
England, Germany, and other countries. But the best 
of them proved to be poor arms. The capacity of the 
Springfield and other armories was increased, and the 
importation ceased as soon as American factories could 
furnish the needed supplj^ 

General Geo. B. McClellan was called to the com- 
mand of the army in Virginia July 22. This army was 



42 



MCGLELLAN. 



180 1 



General 
Scott re- 
tires. 



McClellan 

succeeds 

Scott. 



186'^. 



" All quiet 
on the Po- 
tomac." 



now to grow to huge dimensions, and to be designated 
the "Army of the Potomac." General Scott retained 
command as General-in-Chief until Oct. 31, when he 
was pLiced on the retired list at his own request. When 
McClellan took command, he found an army of about 
50,000. Recruiting, drilling, and organizing began at 
once ; but this required much time and hard work. The 
Northern people knew nothing of military science, and 
were wholly "green" at the beginning. (The writer 
asked his captain, when he enlisted as a private in May, 
1861, if he could take along a 150-pound trunk.) The 
Southern people, on the contrary, had been drilling and 
preparing for war since the days of Calhoun. 

On November 1, McClellan succeeded Scott as 
General-in-Chief. The Army of the Potomac now num- 
bered 168,000 men; this included, however, the troops 
at Baltimore and Annapolis, and in Virginia. About 
150,000 men were present for duty, of whom some 
15,000 were not yet armed. The organizing and pre- 
paring for active service of so large an army was a huge 
undertaking, and it is admitted on all sides that it was 
well done by General McClellan. November passed 
away, but the General did not feel that the army was 
yet fully prepared for the field. December passed, and 
so on till the spring of 1862, before McClellan could be 
prevailed upon to move. He overrated the numbers of 
the enemy in his front, placing the figures at 150,000, 
when in fact there were scarcely one half that number, 
and he could have moved at any time after November 1 
with 100,000 men. When the question was asked, 
"What's the news?" the well-remembered reply was, 
" All quiet on the Potomac." 

By February 1, the army in the neighborhood of 
Washington numbered in the aggregate 222,000 men ; 
there were present for duty 190,000. The enemy in 



MCCLELLAN. 43 

front numbered about 60,000, under the command of isoa. 
General Joseph E. Johnston. 

On March 8, the President issued an order in which 
the Army of the Potomac was organized into four corps, 
under Generals McDowell, Sumner, Heintzelman, and 
Keyes (numbered in the order named), and a fifth corps 
under General Banks formed of his own and General 
Shields's divisions, 

Division commanders were : 1st Corps, Generals 
Franklin, McCall, and King; 2d Corps, Richardson, 
Sedgwick, and Blenker ; 3d Corps, Porter, Hooker, and 
Hamilton; 4tli Corps, Couch, W. F. Smith, and Casey; 
Banks's Corps, Williams and Shields. 

The enemy evacuated Manassas March 9, falling 
back to the Rappahannock. The Army of the Potomac the enemy 
moved forward on the 10th, occupying Centreville that™°^®*' 
day and Manassas Junction the 11th. McClellan was Mccieiian 
relieved of command as General-in-Chief on the last- Generaiin-^ 
named day, and placed in command of the Army of the ^*'®^' 
Potomac, his whole attention being required by that 
army, which was about to start on a campaign planned 
by himself and his corps commanders in council on 
March 13. The 2d, 3d, and 4th corps were concentrated 
near Alexandria by March 16, and on the 18th began to 
embark on transports for Fortress Monroe. By April . 
6, McClellan, with 110,000 men, had arrived at that 
point. 

Two letters addressed to General McClellan, one by 
the Secretary of War and one by the President, are 
here inserted as a partial explanation of military mat- 
ters about Washino;ton at that time : — 



M MCCLELLAN. 

I g(}2 , War Department, March 13, 1862. 

— To Major General George B. McClellan: — 
Letter from ^^^^ President, having considered the plan of operation? 
Secretary of agreed upon by yourself and the commanders of army corps, 
cieiian. makes no objection to the same, but gives the following direc- 
tions as to its execution: — 

1. Leave such a force at Manassas Junction as will make it 
entirely certain that the enemy shall not repossess himself of 
that position and line of communication. 

2. Leave Washington entirely secure. 

3. Move the i-eniainder of the force down the Potomac, 
choosing a new base at Fortress Monroe, or anywhere between 
here and there ; or at all events, move such remainder of the 
army at once in pursuit of the enemy by some route. 

Edwin M.. Stanton, 

tiecretary of War. 

Washington, April 9, 1862. 
Major General McClellan: — 
President's My dear Sir, Your dispatches complaining that you are not 
properly sustained, while they do not oti'end me, do pain me 
very much. Blenker's division was withdrawn from 3^ou 
before you left here, and you know the pressure under which I 
did it, and, as I thought, acquiesced in it — certainly not with- 
out reluctance. After you left I ascertained that less than 
20,000 unorganized men, without a single field battery, were 
all you designed to be left for the defense of Washington and 
Manassas Junction, and part of this, even, was to go to General 
Hooker's old position. General Banks's corps, once designed for 
Manassas Junction, was diverted and tied up on the line of 
Winchester and Strasburg, and could not leave it without again 
exposing the Upper Potomac and the Baltimore and Ohio 
Railroad. This presented (or would present when McDowell 
and Sumner should be gone) a great temptation to the enemy 
to turn back from the Rappahannock, and sack Washington. 
My explicit order that Washington should, by the judgment of 
all the commanders of the army corps, be left entirely secure, 
had been neglected. It was precisely this that drove me to de- 
tain McDowell. 



letter to Mc- 
Clellan. 



M^GLELLAN. 45 

I do not forget that I was satisfied with your arrangement is an. 
to leave Banks at Manassas Junction ; but when that arrange- 
ment was broken up, and nothing was substituted for it, of 
course I was constrained to substitute something for it myself ; 
and allow me to ask, Do you really think I should permit the 
line from Richmond via Manassas Junction to this city to be 
entirely open, except what resistance could be presented by less 
than 20,000 unorganized troops ? This is a question which 
the country will not allow me to evade. 

And once more let me tell you it is indispensable to you 
that you strike a blow. / am powerless to help this. You 
will do me the j ustice to remember I always insisted that going 
down the bay in search of a field instead of fighting at or near 
Manassas was only shifting, and not surmounting a difficulty ; 
that we should find the same enemy, and the same or equal in- 
trenchments at either place. The country will not fail to note 
— is now noting — that the present hesitation to move upon an 
intrenched enemy is but the story of Manassas repeated, 

I beg to assure you that I have never written to you or 
spoken to you in greater kindness of feeling than now, nor 
with a fuller purpose to sustain j^ou as far as in my most anx- 
ious judgment I consistently can. But you must act. 

Yours very truly, 

A. Lincoln. 

McDowell's corps had been ordered to move with 
the army, but was stopped by order of the President, as cieuan'^'' 
explained in the above letter ^^""'° 

On April 4, the first half of the army having arrived 
at Fortress Monroe, the movement toward Yorktown 
was begun, and on the 5th, McClellan, with about 
50,000 men, arrived before the enemy's fortifications at 
that place, when the pickets of the contending armies 
came in collision. 

The enemy's works lay along Warwick Creek, which 
runs from near Yorktown to the James River; thus 
McClellan's further progress was barred, and he must 
take these works before he could move another step 



46 Mf^GLELLAN. 

i8G'4. toward Richmond. Magruder had constructed several 
dams in this stream, which, by backing the water, 
caused inundation. Besides this valuable defense, the 
position was naturally a very strong one, and had 
McClellan no more than 20,000 men, no doubt Magruder 
could have successfully resisted, if determinedly attacked; 
but 100,000 men ought to have dried up Warwick Creek^ 
surmounted the enemy's dams, and pushed on. 

On McClellan's approach, Magruder had been ordered 
to withdraw ; but he was obstinate, and disobeyed. His 
Government afterward forgave him. 

At this time the enemy defending Yorktown and its 
outlying fortifications, — a portion of which were the 
old works built by Lord Cornwallis in 1781, and were 
now repaired — numbered about 11,000 men under Gen- 
eral Magruder. McClellan decided not to attack with 
the force present, but waited for the whole army of 
110,000 men. Magruder was not reinforced until the 
7th, and then lightly, and on the 12th had only about 
23,000 men to defend a line of works fourteen miles in 
length. 
April 16. On the 16th, McClellan ordered an attack on a part 

Leo 8 Mills. ^£ |.j^g enemy's works at Lee's Mills, which was about 
the center of their line ; but only a few hundred troops 
took part in it, and they were repulsed after a severe 
engagement, with a loss of 200 killed and wounded. 
The assault was made by the 3d, 4th, and 6th Vermont, 
who carried the enemy's works across the creek, but 
they were not supported, and Magruder, hastening re- 
inforcements, forced them back after an hour's hard 
fighting. 

McClellan then began a regular sieore, making exten- 

April 5 to . . . . 

May4.siege sivc preparations, bringing up heavy siege guns, and 
town. using up a month in building batteries, etc.; but the 
enemy left before he was ready to bombard. 



MCGLELLAN. 47 

On April 30, Johnston, Lee, and Jefferson Davis isg-^, 
held a conference with Magruder, and decided to with- 
draw from Yorktown. Magruder evacuated on the Yoiktown 
morning of May 4 unmolested, joining General Johnston, ''"''•'''''^^^^• 
who retired with his whole array toward Richmond. 
Franklin's division had joined McClellan on the 22d of 
April, giving him about 120,000 men. Pursuit at once 
began, with Stoneman's cavalry in advance. The enemy 
was overtaken near Williamsburg. Hampton's cavalry 
and some infantry forming his rear guard halted at this 
point, and took possession of Fort Magruder and adjoin- 
ing works. 

On the evening of the 4th, Stoneman's advance was 
checked by Hampton, a severe engagement took place, 
when Stoneman retired a short distance, and waited for 
the infantry to come up. Hooker's division arrived first; 
but it was dark, and he could not attack until morning. 
Longstreet, who had gone on, learning of Hampton's 
success in checking the Federals, returned with his 
whole corps to the defenses of Williamsburg. Hooker 
attacked Longstreet on the morning of the 5th, but for j^^ 5 
some unaccountable reason he received no assistance wmiams- 

burg. 

from the other divisions near at hand. Although largely 
outnumbered. Hooker's troops, with great pluck and 
determination, fought a hard fight. The battle was a 
severe one, and lasted all day, Hooker barely holding his 
ground. 

At 4 p. M., Kearny arrived with his division. He 
had heard Hooker's guns, and hastened to his aid. Up 
to this time the enemy had been bold, coming out of their 
works and sorely pressing the Federals ; now the tide 
changes, Kearny's men go in with a will, the Confeder- 
ates catch " Hail Columbia," and after a long and stubborn 
resistance are driven back into their fortifications, when 
night stops operations. Hancock, in command of a brj- 



48 M^CLELLAN. 

186H. gade, did some fine work on the enemy's left flank in 
— repulsing Early. Peck's brigade of Couch's division also 
came up soon after the arrival of Kearny, and did some 
good work on the Federal right. On the morning of the 
6th, it was found that the enemy had silently retired 
during the night. 

In the battle of Williamsburg, the Federal loss was 
about 2,000 killed and wounded, and 600 taken pris- 
oners ; the loss of the enemy was about 3,000 killed 
and wounded, and 600 taken prisoners. Hooker's divis- 
ion sustained fully two thirds of the Federal loss. This 
battle was fought by Hooker and Kearny, aided by the 
brigades of Hancock and Peck. McClellan arrived after 
the battle was over, and ordered the army forward, the 

May 17. eucmy slowly retreating. May 17, the enemy was 



Bottom's 
Bridge. 



rlriven across the Chickahominy at Bottom's Bridge. 



Franklin's division, followed by three other divisions, 
left Yorktown on transports, arriving at the mouth of 
the Pamunkey River on the 6th, landing on the 7th on 
the right bank of York River, opposite West Point, 
which is about twenty-five miles from Yorktown and 
thirty-five miles by rail from Richmond, at a place 
called Eltham. This interfered somewhat with the 
west^Mnt I'etreat of Johnston, who sent Whiting's division to attack 
Franklin on the 8th ; but they were repulsed, and hastily 
retired. McClellan used this point, together with the 
White House, as his depot for supplies. At this time, 
General McClellan reformed his army, dividing it into 
five corps, and giving Franklin and Fitz John Porter the 
two new corps. 

He had by letter, on May 9, asked of the President 
permission to do this, and also authority to relieve incom- 
petent corps commanders. The President replied that 
he was informed that he (McClellan) did not consult 
^yith Sumner, Heintzelman, or Keyes, in fiict with no- 



M(^'GLELLAN. 49 

body but Fitz John Porter and perhaps Franklin, and iso-^. 
asked, " Do the corps commanders disobey your orders?" 
He also gave McClellan a little friendly advice, intimating 
that he had better let the corps commanders remain. 
McClellan took no action, except to appoint the two 
new corps commanders as noted. 

As reorganized, the division commanders were as 
follows : 2d Corps (Sumner), Richardson and Sedgwick; 
3d Corps (Heintzelman), Hooker and Kearny; 4th 
Corps (Keyes), Couch and Casey; 6th Corps (Franklin), 
Slocum and Smith; 6th Corps (Porter), Morrell and 
Sykes; independent divisions of Pennsylvania Reserves, 
McCall. 

The other forces in Virginia were at this time dis- 
tributed as follows : when Frajiklin's division was taken 
from McDowell and sent to McClellan, Shields's division 
was taken from Banks and sent to McDowell, who is 
now . at Fredericksburg. A new division has been 
formed and added to this corps, under General Ord. 
General Geary, with a few regiments, is stationed at 
Manassas. Banks is in the Shenandoah, entertaining 
Jackson; and General Fremont, with about 13,000 men, 
is in West Virginia. Blenker's division, taken from 
Sumner, is with him. 

The advance of the Federal army caused the evacua- May s. 
tion of Norfolk, the enemy retiring from that place May "^^^^!^ 
8, and on the 10th the Federal troops took possession, evacuate 

' ^ ^ Norfolk. 

A delegation of citizens came out and met the troops, 
surrendering the city and navy yard. President Lincoln 
was present on this occasion. 

On May 20, the army reached New Bridge, eight JJ^^^ -^'^ 
miles from Richmond, and on the 23d the enemy was Bridgp. 
driven from Mechanics ville. On the 24th, there was 
skirmishing at Ellison's Mills and Cold Harbor, the en- 
emy retreating. 
4 



50 MCGLELLAN. 

180-^. On May 24, the Federal left, composed of the corps 
of Kej^es and Heintzelman, was on the right bank of 
the Chickahominy, reaching from Bottom's Bridge to 
Seven Pines, the latter point about seven miles from 
Richmond. The rest of McClellan's array was on the 
left bank, Sumner being at Railroad Bridge, and Porter 
and Franklin near Gaines's Mill and Mechanicsville. 
The Chickahominy rises a few miles north of Richmond, 
and runs south-east to the James. It is about seventy 
miles long. 
May 27. Qj^ |-j^g 27th, Portor, with Morrell's division and 

Hanover ^ ' 

Court Warren's brigade and a brigade of cavalry, in all about 
10,000 men, left his camps, and attacked a division of 
the Confederates of equal force, under General Branch, 
near Hanover Court House, which is about fourteen 
miles to the north. The attack was gallantly made; 
and after a severe engagement, the Confederates were 
driven from their position. They soon after rallied, and 
attempted to make a stand, but were again put to flight, 
retiring in great disorder southward. The Federal loss 
was about 400 killed, wounded, and missing ; the loss 
of the enemy, about 1,200, of whom 800 were prisoners. 
Porter returned to his camps on the 29th. 

On the 30th of May the Commander-in-Chief of the 
enemy's forces. General Johnston, determined to attack 
and crush the Federal left, which was in a difficult and 
dangerous position, before the right could cross to its 
aid. His army in and about Richmond numbered about 
80,000 men, in six divisions, under Generals Magruder, 
A. P. Hill, Longstreet, G. W. Smith, D. H. Hill, and 
Huger. The latter had just arrived from Norfolk, hav- 
ing evacuated that place on the 8th. 

The enemy began the attack about 1 p. m. on the 
31st, with the divisions of Longstreet and D. H. Hill. 
A> P- Hill's division was stationed on the left bank, 



moglellan: 51 

Magruder's was held in reserve. Huger's division did ise-^. 
not, as intended, get up in time to take part in this 
day's battle. Keyes's corps, in two divisions under 
Casey and Couch, was the first to receive the blow, and May 31 and 

, ' June 1. 

a bloody battle was fought at Fair Oaks and Seven seven Pines 
Pines. Keyes was outnumbered, he having about 12,000 oaks. '""^ 
men, and Longstreet and Hill about 25,000 ; but his 
men heroically resisted the terrible charges of the enemy 
until 3 : 30 P. M., when Kearny came to his aid Phil 
Kearny knew no obstacles at such a time. But now 
Johnston, who had been waiting at Old Tavern with 
Smith's division for the booming of Longstreet's cannon, 
— which he failed to hear because of a strong contrary 
wind, — became impatient, and pushing Smith forward 
rapidly, fiercely attacked the Federal right,- forcing it 
back. His object was to get possession of Bottom's 
Bridge, and thus cut off McClellan's left. 

At 6 p. M. the battle was terrific. Smith was gain- 
ing ground. Up to this time the bnttle was fought 
between Casey, Couch, and Kearny, numbering about 
16,000 men ; and Longstreet, Hill, and Smith, with 
40,000 men. The Federals, greatly outnumbered, seemed 
destined to defeat; but Sumner had not been idle. With 
great difficulty he succeeded in getting Sedgwick's di- 
vision across the river, which had been swollen by a 
tremendous rain the night before, and now, just in the 
nick of time, the old man dashes upon the exultant 
enemy. Johnston is astonished to find Sumner before 
him. He did not know of the bridge, and felt sure of 
victory. Sedgwick's men fight with intrepidity, each 
one a hero. Their impetuosity cannot be resisted. The 
enemy is checked, maddened, yet still holding his ground 
with great determination ; but he is finally driven back 
upon Fair Oaks Station. It is now night, and darkness 
puts an end to the terrible battle. 



52 M^GLELLAN. 

18 62. Johnston was wounded in front of Sumner's troops 
General wliile leading Smith's men to the charge, and was carried 
Johnston \^\^q Richmoud, General Smith assuminsr command tem- 

wounded. _ ^ 

porarily. 

The morning of June 1 found Hooker's and Richard- 
son's divisions at the front. The latter had made all 
haste to follow Sedgwick across the Chickahominy ; hut 
owing to high water and defective bridges, he was unable 
to reach the field until after the battle of May 31 was 
over. Before the battle. Hooker had been guarding the 
passes of White Oak Swamp, and Kearny was with 
Heintzelman at or near Savage Station ; but when 
Kearny was sent to iiid Keyes, Hooker was recalled to 
occupy the position he had vacated. 

The battle of June 1 was opened by the Federals. 
The enemy had received a strong reinforcement, Huger's 
division having at last gotten into position. The troops 
of Sumner, Keyes, and Heintzelman moved steadily for- 
ward, driving the enemy back at all points ; and by 
noon all the ground lost the day before had been recap- 
tured. The fighting was marked by brilliant charges 
by the Federals, especially by the brigades of Sickles, 
and Meagher. Towards evening the crest-fallen enemy 
retreated in haste and confusion, and returned to the 
defenses of Richmond. The Federal loss in the two 
days was 890 killed, 3,627 wounded, and 1,222 prison- 
ers, — total 5,739, Keyes's corps losing over 3,100 of the 
total. The loss of the enemy is variously estimated, 
" according to who tells the story ; " but the experience 
of the whole war shows that in all such battles the loss 
on each side in killed and wounded was about the same. 
The prisoners vary according to the fortunes of the day. 
In this battle the Federals took about 1,300 prisoners. 
The losses of the enemy fully equaled those of the 
Federals; and as they attacked the Federals behind 
breastworks, were probably greater. 



MCGLMLLAN. 53 

McClellan was now reinforced with about 10,000 isoa. 
men from Fortress Monroe. McCall's division of Mc- 
Dowell's corps also joined him on June 12. The con- 
tending forces then took a brief rest. It had rained so 
much that the Federal soldiers were continually in mud, 
water, or on damp ground, causing much sickness ; and 
this, together with losses in battle, reduced McClellan's 
army to about 100,000 effective men, notwithstanding 
reinforcements. There were about 12,000 present sick, 
and 30,000 absentees at this time, according to the 
official report. 

General Robert E. Lee, formerly an officer in the General r.ce 
regular army, and a veteran of the Mexican War, had commamiof 
been placed in command of the enemy's forces in Yir- t^'e enemy's 
ginia, in place of General Johnston, wounded. He was 
a noble type of the American soldier, a member of one 
of the most honorable families of Virginia. No doubt it 
was with the deepest regret that he drew his sword 
against the flag of his country. • j 

On June 13 a brigade of the enemy's cavalry under 
General Stuart left Richmond at the North, having a 
short engagement with two Federal squadrons of cavalry 
at Hanover Court House on the 14th, in which Captain Ju»e u. 

r-i 1 in ^• Hanover 

Royall, commandmg one of the squadrons, greatly dis- court 
tinguished himself, and was severely wounded. The °'^*'^' 
Federals were finally pushed aside, and Stuart passed 
on, making a circuit of the Federal army; but being 
closely pursued, he destroyed but little property, and 
with difficulty escaped McClellan's cavalry at Jones's 
Bridge on the Chickahominy, returning to Richmond 
from the South. The raid accomplished nothing. 

June 25, McClellan, wishing to extend his left, junc 25. 
pushed Hooker's division forward to Oak Grove, within 
five miles of Richmond. The enemy attacked fiercely, 
but Hooker held his ground, and a severe battle followed. 



54 McCLELLAK 

186^. McClellan sending forward the divisions of Kearny and 
Couch, and portions of the divisions of Casey and 
Richardson, to Hooker's aid, the enemy was defeated 
and driven off, and Hooker was j&rmly established 
there. The Federal loss was 50 killed, 400 wounded, 
and 64 taken prisoners. 

The Federal army, now numbering about 115,000 
men for duty, lay from Old Tavern to White Oak Svv^amp, 
with the divisions of Morrell, Sykes, and McCall, under 
Porter, still on the left bank of the Chickahominy. The 
corps from right to left were posted as follows : Porter, 
Franklin, Sumner, Heintzelman, and Keyes, and all were 
partially intrenched except Porter, w^ho had no breast- 
works, as McClellan expected soon to withdraw from 
that side of the river. 

The enemy under Lee numbered 60,000 in five 
divisions, under Longstreet, A. P. Hill, Huger, Magruder, 
and D. H. Hill. Jackson, arriving in haste June 26, 
coming by way of Charlottesville, Gordonsville, and" 
Beaver Dam Station to Ashland from Port Republic, 
where Fremont had left him, brought 30,000 men, giv- 
ing Lee a force of 90,000. 

f McClellan, having decided to move his army to 
James River, began transferring his supplies from White 
House by boats on the night of June 25, taking eight 
days' rations in wagons for supplying his army until 
he could reach that river. 

Lee was making great efforts to collect a large force 
Beaver^ wlth whlch to crush the Army of the Potomac. June 26 
Dam Creek }^q bcgau a movemcut against McClellan's right, expect- 

or Median- . '^ . ° D 7 r 

icsviiie. ing to demolish Porter. A. P. Hill was to cross at 
Meadow Bridge, Longstreet and D. H. Hill at Mechan- 
icsville Bridge, Jackson to come from the North, Huger 
and Magruder to entertain the balance of McClellan's 
army, and detain reinforcements to Porter as much as 



MoCLELLAN. 55 

possible. McCall, with about 6,000 men in three ise^i. 
brigades, under Seymour, Reynolds, and Meade, was at 
Beaver Dam Creek, near Mechanicsville, well intrenched. 
Jackson, who it was intended should open the battle, 
and thus, by taking McCall in the rear, render Lee an 
easy victory, found a difficult country to march over, 
and failed to come up as intended. Lee became impa- 
tient. Jefferson Davis was there to witness the Federal 
defeat, and at 3 p. m. Lee ordered the attack upon McCall's 
position by the divisions of the two Hills. A. P. Hill's 
division was over 12,000 strong, and led in the attack. 
Assault after assault was made, the hottest of the en- 
gagement being at Ellison's Mills, where the Confeder- 
ates attempted to cross the creek. The Federals, having 
a strong position, suffered but little, but caused terrible 
destruction in the ranks of the enemy. Lee was disap- 
pointed, and ordered another charge, which was desper- 
ately made and terribly repulsed, when darkness closed 
the conflict which had resulted in defeat to the enemy, 
and a loss of about 3,000 men. McCall's loss was 
scarcely 350, which seems incredible ; nevertheless, the 
statement appears to be a fact. 

At daylight on the 27th, McCall withdrew from the 
position he had so well defended, and joined Porter at 
Gaines's Mill. Two brigades of Morrell's division had 
come to his aid the night before, and remained to cover 
the rear. They were savagely attacked before leaving 
the works ; but the enemy was repulsed with severe 
loss, when the retreat was made in good order. Porter 
had discovered the gathering storm, and was concentrat- 
ing his forces. At noon on the 27th, Porter's corps, j„ne 27. 
numbering about 25,000 men, lay, quietly waiting the Minorcoid 
foe, from Po white Creek — a stream running at right Harbor, 
angles with the Chickahominy, and upon which stands 
Gain-es's Mill — to New Cold Harbor, and stretching to 



56 MOCLELLAM 

isdj. the right across McGee's farm, turns again to the rivei', 
"~ or rather to its swampy border. MorrelFs division lay 
on the left, facing the west along Powhite Creek, and to 
New Cold Harbor. Sykes's division, forming the center 
and right, faced north and east. McCall's division, held 
in reserve for a short time, was soon called into action. 
Lee had deployed his divisions, Longstreet on his 
. right, next A. P. Hill, then D. H. Hill, who was to be 
joined by Jackson on the extreme left; but the latter, 
following his instructions, had gone too far in the direc- 
tion of White House. Lee supposed that McClellan 
would extend Porter's right to protect that supply 
depot, not dreaming that the Federal commander was 
already preparing to change his base to the James 
River. 
,, „ At 1 p. M., while marchino- into his assio-ned position, 

Cold Har- " o o ± 7 

^^^r. A. P. Hill's troops came in contact with MorrelFs right 

and Sykes's left, and the battle of Gaines's Mill or Cold 
Harbor opened, — a little sooner than the enemy had 
intended. Hill brought up his artillery within short 
range to support the fierce attacks of his infantry ; but 
it was of no avail. The Federal troops stood firm, and 
repulsed each assault with heavy loss to the Confederates. 
Durino- the battle, two of McCall's brio-ades were called 
to reinforce Morrell's right. 

General Lee, arriving on the field, discovered his 
error. Instead of throwing so much force to the defense 
of White House, McClellan had concentrated his troops, 
on that side of the Chickahominy, about Gaines's Mill ; 
and although still unable to fathom McClellan's inten- 
tions, Lee immediately recalled Jackson upon Cold 
Harbor. Without waiting his arrival, however, he re- 
newed the attack at about 3 : 30 p. m. Longstreet was 
sent against Morrell and McCall, and A. P. HOI against 
Sykes ; for he feared Porter would soon be reinforced, 
and felt that he must act at once. 



M(^GLELLAA\ 57 

The attack is general along the whole line. The isoa. 
assaults of the enemy are furious and determined at ~ 
every point. Resolved to avenge the defeat of Beaver 
Dam Creek, they savagely rush upon the Federal guns. 

The battle rages for one hour and a half with terri- Jan. 27. 

..,,., Gaines's 

ble losses on both sides, each side using all its reserves, mui, con- 
Now a brigade of the enemy charges a point in the 
Federal hne, which under the sudden shock bends 
inward, then, reinforced, the Federals return the charge, 
driving the enemy beyond its first starting-point. Thus 
the whole line of combatants moves in broken waves 
amid sheets of flame and shot. Porter, outnumbered, 
has sent to his chief for aid, and just as Longstreet is 
making an almost resistless charge, Slocum's division 
of Franklin's corps arrives, part going to Morrell's aid 
and part to Sykes's. Slocum has come in good time, the 
line i« saved and disaster thwarted; but the battle 
rages furiously until 5 p. m., when, repulsed on all sides 
and at all points, the enemy fall back, and for a brief 
time desist; for their troops are exhausted. Lee is 
greatly dissatisfied. He has met a bloody check, and 
has f^iiled to break the Federal line. 

At about 5 p. M., Jackson arrives near the field, new 
arrangement of troops is made, D. II. Hill going to the 
extreme left of the enemy's line. A. P. Hill's division 
had boen badly cut up and disorganized, and Jackson's 
troops, with what there was left of that division, formed 
the center of the line, with Longstreet still on the right. 
And now 70,000 men will attack Porter, whose troops 
have been fiohtino; for five hours. McClellan is informed 
of the situation, but declines to send more reinforcements, 
with the exception of two brigades, which have been 
offered by Sumner, as he fears Huger and Magruder. 
He has more than 75,000 men across the river, but 
imagines that the enemy menacing him number 100,000, 



58 M^aLELLAN. 

18 62. when in reality there are but two small divisions. But 
Magruder shows his teeth once in awhile, and McClellan 
keeps his 75,000 men well in hand. Porter now has 
about 35,000 men, nearly worn out with fatigue, to 
oppose double his number, one half of whom are fresh 
troops. 

At about 5 : 30 p. M., Lee again advances to the 
attack with overwhelming force. Almost like a flash 
the battle again breaks forth along the whole line. The 
Federals steadily deliver a terrible fire, their artillery 
opening great gaps in the ranks of the advancing foe. 
The first assaults are repelled with much slaughter, 
although it is with the greatest effort that the Federals 
can maintain their line against such odds. Lee and 
Jackson call for their reserves. Porter has no reserves; 
he has had every available man in action since 4 o'clock, 
and at last the Federals, largely outnumbered and ex- 
hausted, are crowded back. A rout seems inevitable, but 
they know that they must defend Alexander Bridge, 
Desperate their ouly moans of crossing the Chickahominy. Nobly 
^''"^" do the Union soldiers withstand the almost resistless 
tide. Vainly do they look for assistance from their 
brothers just across the river. A little before dark the 
two brigades from Sumner's corps arrive — French's and 
Meagher's L^sh brigade. The tired soldiers are revived; 
they rally around these fresh troops, reform their lines, 
and await the enemy, who is preparing for a final assault. 
But Lee, seeing the firm stand taken, imagines that 
heavy reinforcements have arrived, and it being now 
night, the day's struggle is ended. 

The battle of Gaines's Mill has been fought with a 
loss in killed and wounded of 14,000 Americans, 7,000 
on each side. The enemy have captured twenty-two 
pieces of artillery, and the position held by the Federals 
at the beginning of the battle. During the night, the 



MCGLELLAN-. 59 

Federals crossed to the other side of the river, after is on. 
which they burned Alexander Bridge. 

The 28th was occupied by McClellan in getting his 
trains started for the James River, and his army ready 
to follow. He believed that Lee had an army of 200,- 
000, and so impressed the President of his needs for 
reinforcements that General lialleck was directed to 
send at once, with all dispatch, 25,000 men from Corinth; 
but this order was countermanded before the troops had 
started. On the other hand, Lee fell into an error by 
supposing that McClellan was about to retreat to White 
House ; and on the 28th, Jackson's troops were deployed 
along the Chickahominy, a portion reaching to Bottom's 
Bridge, to prevent the crossing of the Federals. Thus 
Lee lost and McClellan gained a whole day, which the 
latter made good use of by hastening his immense trains 
to the James. About noon Magruder thought he saw 
evidences of evacuation in his front, and sent a brigade 
under Toombs against some fortifications occupied by 
Hancock's brigade at Grolding. Toombs found • the '^'"''^ ^• 

^ . ^ . Gokling's 

Federals alive, and received a handsome repulse, with a farm. 
loss of about 250 in all — killed, wounded, and prisoners. 

During the 28th, the evacuation of the Federal 
works was continually going on. Sumner's corps and 
Smith's division were to cover the rear, assisted by 
Heintzelman's corps. On the afternoon of the 29th, June 29. 
Sumner's corps and Smith's division were fiercely attacked station. 
by two divisions under Magruder at Savage's Station. 
Heintzelman, misunderstanding his orders, had gone on. 
The assault was violent and spiteful, and the result hung 
in the balance for an hour; but Sumner was equal to 
the emergency, and toward evening succeeded in giving 
Magruder a severe repulse. 

Meantime the chiefs of the contending armies were 
making all haste, one to reach the James, the other to 



60 mCL^LLA]^. 

i8c>ii. overtake him. Lee was unable to get his army over the 
Chickahominy until the 29th. His organizations had 
been terribly torn up by the fierce battle of Gaines's 
Mill, and the troops needed rest. The corps of Keyes 
and Porter had nearly reached Malvern Hill. 

June 30, Franklin, with Smith's and Richardson's 
divisions and Naglee's brigade, were left to guard the 
pass of White Oak Swamp at Frazier's Farm. Jackson, 
with his four divisions, arrived at this point about 11 
A. M.; but the pass was narrow, and his superior num- 
bers availed him nothing. He attacked with artillery 
only, and Franklin defended with artillery. The battle 
with cannon continued all day. Jackson was held in 
check, and darkness found him still unable to force a 
passage. There had been severe loss on both sides. 
McClellan was lucky once ; for Franklin had held nearly 
one half of Lee's army in check while a fierce battle 
Giendaie/ ^^s raffiusi; a short distance away at Glendale, or Charles 

or Charles O o J -> 

City Cross City Cross Road, where McClellan had stationed about 
Road. 18,000 men, composed of McCall's, Kearny's, and parts 
of Hooker's, Sedgwick's, and Slocum's divisions, to de- 
fend the line of retreat until his trains should reach the 
James. At 3 p. m. the Confederates attacked with the 
divisions of Longstreet and A. P. Hill, numbering about 
22,000 men. 

The Federals were stationed as follows : Slocum on 
the right of the Charles City road, his left touching that 
road, facing north, and Kearny on his left, facing north- 
west. Next were McCall's Pennsylvanians, facing Rich- 
mond, and a little to the rear and left of the latter was 
Hooker, making a gap, behind which and covering it 
was Sedgwick. The first assault, prefaced by a heavy 
artillery fire, was terrific, and fell upon McCall's noble 
veterans, who were in three brigades, commanded by 
Meade, Reynolds, and Seymour. The enemy was 



MCGLELLAK 61 

repulsed severely, with a loss of many prisoners. The isoj. 
charge was renewed, this time upon Hooker and McCall's 
left (Seymour's brigade). The latter is nearly over- 
powered, and is driven back upon Hooker, who now 
orders a charge, and in turn the enemy is driven home, 
Meade and Reynolds giving them a terrific volley as 
they pass, Sedgwick sending forward his men to take 
the place made vacant by Seymour's worn-out troops. 
But Lee again returns to the charge. He is desperate. 
He must break the Federal line. He next attacks 
Kearny and McCall's right. Kearny repulses the 
assault, but Meade has already met several determined 
charges, and his men, exhausted, are compelled to fall 
back before a fresh Virginia brigade. They retire but a 
short distance, however, still obstinately contesting their 
ground. Two batteries were taken by the enemy in 
McCall's line, but were soon after recaptured. 

The battle raged fierce and bloody till night, the f^^J!°f ^ 
enemy being finally completely repulsed, and with fear- 
ful loss. The Federal loss was also heavy, McCall's 
division being terribly cut up, losing one fourth of its 
numbers in killed and wounded. General McCall was 
himself taken prisoner in the evening, having lost his 
way in the woods. Jefferson Davis was with Lee to 
witness the complete overthrow of the Yankees, but he 
was again disappointed. Magruder and Huger were 
expected to aid in this attack, but failed to reach the 
field in time. Porter's corps, having reached Malvern 
Hill, was this day attacked by a force under Wise, 
which was easily repulsed. Wise had come down the 
James to take possession of Malvern Hill and Turkey 
Bend, but was too late. During the night of the 30th 
the retreat was continued, and on the morning of July 
1, the whole Federal army had arrived at Malvern Hill, 
and were posted from left to right in this order : Por- 



Malvern 
HilL 



62 ^ MCGLELLAN. 

186 2. ter, Heintzelman, Sumner, Franklin, and Keyes, each 

flank reaching nearly to the James. 
July 1. On July 1, Lee finally succeeded in getting his 

forces together under Longstreet, Hill, Jackson (D. H. 
Hill had been with Jackson since June 27), Magruder, 
and Huger, moving rapidly after McCIellan with Jackson 
in the advance. The Federals also were now all together 
for the first time since the left wing first crossed the 
Chickahominy (May 24), and were well prepared to re- 
ceive the now concentrated force of the enemy. Jack- 
son, arriving upon the ground first (about 2 p. m.), does 
not wait for the others, but pushes forward the divisions 
of Whiting and D. H. Hill and a part of E well's division. 
At once opening with his artiller}^, he launches Ander- 
son's brigade against the Federal center. His artillery 
is soon silenced by McClellan's powerful guns, which 
can now be used to advantage for the first time in this 
campaign ; for he has them all together in a most com- 
manding position. Anderson's men cannot reach the 
Federal lines, so terrible is the fire of the Union soldiers. 
The}^ falter, and instantly the Federals charge, driving 
the Confederates back. Lee now orders Jackson to 
desist until all the troops are up. Magruder arrives in 
front of the Federal right at about 4 p. m., and at once 
opens with his artillery. But his guns are quickly 
silenced by Porter's cannon. He then charges with 
infantry, but to no avail. Charge after charge is re- 
pulsed. Huger comes up with his fresh division, and 
the battle continues along the line. Longstreet and 
A. P. Hill have just reached the battle field, but being 
exhausted by the march and their recent terrible ex- 
periences at Gaines's Mill and Glendale, they are placed 
at rest behind Jackson, and do not engage in this battle. 
This was a deadly conflict of arms, and terribly de- 
structive to the enemy, who became furious in their 



MCGLELLAN. 63 

determination to crush the Federals. At 6 p. m., with i8G3. 
great heroism they charge in the face of a withering 
fire. Repulsed, they charge again and again in desi^er- 
ation, but finally go back before a sheet of flame, and 
the victory is with the Federals. The loss of the Con- 
federates was frightful, many times greater than that of 
the Federals. Lee's efforts were mainly against McClel- 
lan's center and left. The battle lasted till 9 p. m., 
when Lee withdrew out of range of the Federal guns. 

During the night of the 1st, although worn out with 
constant marching and fighting, staggering through the juiy 2. 
mud, the Federal soldiers retreated to Harrison's Land- ^J'^^J^''"^" 

-' at hill rri- 

ing unmolested. Some little skirmishing occurred on ^""^'^ ^^'^'i- 

the 2d, but no engagement. Lee withdrew his army to 

the Richmond fortifications, and McClellan fortified at ^""^ ""' 

Harrison's Landing. Federal loss since the battle of 

Oak Grove, June 25, had been about 15,000; that of 

the enemy, for the same time, about 25,000.. 

We will now let the Army oif the Potomac rest for a 
short time, and follow the misfortunes of the Army of 
Virginia. 



CHAPTER III. 

CEDAR MOUNTAIN TO CHANTILLY. 

''ABMY OF VIBGINIAy — FOPE. 

18 a -4. Qj HORTLY after the army of the Potomac had settled 
w>3 down at Harrison's Landing, President Lincohi 
Lincoln vis- came to visit it (July 8), to look over matters, and he 
army. again visited McClellan at his camps on July 25. 
Changes were being made in the military management. 
Haiieck ap- Major-Geueral Halleck was appointed General-in-Chief 
pointed Qf r^w ^i^g Federal armies on Jnly 11, 1862. On July 

General-in ^ . 

Chief. 14, General John Pope, a graduate of West Point and a 

veteran of the Mexican War, was appointed to command 

July 14. r^Q armv in Yire;inia, to be called the " Army of Vir- 

"Army of " ^ 

Virginia." ginia." General Pope came from the Western army, 
and had recently met with success at New Madrid and 
Island Number Ten on the Mississippi River. He at 
once assumed command of the newly organized army, 
which was made up of the corps of Fremont, McDowell, 
and Banks, numbering about 45,000 men ; but these 
troops were badly scattered. Fremont and Banks were 
at Middletown, and McDowell's corps at Fredericksburg 
and Manassas. Pope at once began preparations for a 
movement toward Richmond. Fremont, desiring to be 
relieved, was replaced by General Sigel. Burnside, 
with the 9th corps, recently from New Berne, North 
Carolina, was now at Acquia Creek. Two divisions of 
this corps, under Reno and Stevens, were added to 
Pope's army, but did not join him until Angnst 14, 
Burnside being left in command at Acquia Creek. More 

(64) 



FOFE. 65 

volunteers were now wanted, and on August 4 the Presi- iso-^. 
dent issued a call for 300,000. Ang^ 4. 

Early in August, Lee determined upon an offensive '^^'^ ^""^f" 

*''-'• ^ iclcnt cjills 

campaign, and at once put a part of his army in motion for 300,000 

, . more vol- 

northvvard. muecrs. 

General Jackson was now at Gordonsville with about 
25,000 men in three divisions, under Ewell, AYinder, and 
A. P. Hill, sent thither by Lee to oppose Pope. Lee 
feared Pope might reach and destroy the railroads about 
Gordonsville, and had sent Jackson there with the first 
two divisions named. They arrived on July 19. But 
Jackson became satisfied that he was too weak to resist 
Pope, and asked for reinforcement. As soon as Lee 
became satisfied that McClellan would not proceed far- 
ther in the direction of Richmond, he sent the division 
under A. P. Hill to Jackson, which arrived July 27. 
On July 25 there had been a sharp cavalry skirmish at 
Orange Court House, resulting in the defeat of the 
enemy, the Fedei'als taking some prisoners. 

Jackson started his forces on the 7th of August to 
march upon the Army of Virginia at Culpepper. On 
the morning of the 8th, the Federal cavalry under Gen- 
eral Bayard met the enemy's advance near the Bapidan, 
and by splendid maneuvering. General Bayard suc- 
ceeded in delaying the march of Jackson's army consid- 
erably. 

Pope's division commanders were, in Sigel's corps, 
Generals Schenck and Schurz, and an independent bri- 
gade under General Mili'oy ; in Bank's corps. Generals 
A. S. Williams and Augur ; in McDowell's corps. Gen- 
erals Bicketts and King; in Burnside's corps, Generals 
Reno and Stevens, with General Reno in command. The 
cavalry division was under General Cox, in two bri- 
gades, commanded by Generals Buford and Bayard. 

August 8, Pope occupied Culpepper and Sperryvilie. 
5 



66 FOFE. 

isfin. On the 9th, Banks moved forward, with the divisions of 
Ancv^ 9. Williams and Augur, about seven miles to Cedar Mount- 
*^«'^=^'' ain, where one of his brioades under General Crawford 

Mountain, _ ° 

or siaiigh- had preceded hirn the night before for the purpose of 
ain. supporting Bayard. As Banks approached Cedar Mount- 

ain, he learned that he was confronted by Jackson, and 
at once made dispositions preparatory to a battle. Au- 
gur having the left and Williams the right, Banks com- 
pleted his line at 4 : 30 p. m., at which time the battle 
was opened by Jackson with the divisions of Ewell and 
Winder, numbering about 15,000 men. The Federals 
numbered scarcely 7,500, but had a strong position. 

The Confederates advanced to the assault with 
determination, maintaining a terrible infantry and artil- 
lery lire ; but the Federals stood firm, delivering their 
fire with great precision. First Ewell, then Winder, 
was driven back wilh severe loss, when Jackson re- 
formed his lines, and decided to await the arrival of 
Hilfs division, which was some distance away when the 
battle began. Meanwhile the enemy's batteries were 
continuing a destructive fire. Banks became impatient, 
and at once charged the foe alono; the whole line, when 
the battle became terrific. The ranks of the enemy 
were soon thrown into "Teat confusion, and forced to 
retire. Success seemed about to crown the efforts of 
the Federals when Hill's division reached the field, and 
they were checked. It was then nearly six o'clock. 
' Gallantly did the Federal soldiers resist the onslaught 
of nearly four times their number. After a stubborn 
battle, there came a lull, when Banks drew back to his 
former position, where he was reinforced by the arrival 
of Ricketts's division. Soon after, Jackson pushed for- 
ward his whole force, but seeing the Federals drawn up 
in excellent order, and imagining a much larger force be- 
fore him, he decid-ed not to attack them. It was now 
dark, and the battle over, • 



POPE. 67 

The Federal loss was 314 killed, 1,445 wounded, and isa-^. 
622 missing — total, 2,381. Ricketts arrived just as the 
battle was closing, his part of the loss being 163. This 
heavy loss attests that the conflict had been severe. 
The loss of the enem}' wms reported at about 1,300, but 
was no doubt much larger. Generals Augur and Geary 
were among the Federal wounded. General Geo. S. 
Greene assumed command of Augur's division. General 
Prince, of Augur's division, was taken prisoner. General 
Winder was among the enemy's dead. Sigel's forces Death of 

n , -. • -ri n • ^ ^ Gc-neral 

were last approaching. Jackson soon after withdrew to winder. 
the south side of the Rapidan, to await reinforcements. 

McClellan's army was ordered back to Acquia Creek, 
except Keyes's corps, which was to be left to garrison 
Fort Monroe and vicinity. On August 16 he evacuated 
Harrison's Landing, where his army had remained en- 
camped since July 2, and stai'ted overland for Newport 
News via Williamsburg and Yorktown, crossing the 
Chickahominy at Barnett's Ferry.. McClellan arrived 
in person at Acquia Creek on the 24th. In compliance 
with orders, he had already sent about 22,000 men 
under Porter and Heiiitzelman to join Pope. 

As soon as Lee learned that McClellan was leaving 
Harrison's Landing, he started to reinforce Jackson. 
Taking command himself, he formed his army into two 
large corps, under Longstreet and Jackson, numbering 
about 75,000 men, Jackson had the same three divis- 
ions with which he attacked Banks ; Longstreet, the 
divisions of McLaws, Anderson, Hood, and Walker. 
He had left D. H. Hill with his corps to guard llich- 
mond. On August 20 he crossed the Rapidan at Som- , 

"^ A August 20. 

merville and Raccoon fords to again attack Pope. The i^'=e cmss.s 
latter had retired from the Rapidan to the left bank of an loi- an 
the Rappahannock on the 18th, placing Reno at Kelly's tZ^gn. 
Ford, Banks at Rappahannock Station, McDowell' at 



68 rOPE. 

1862. Rappahannock Ford, and Sigel higher up the river, 
forming the right of the army. 

On the 21st, Lee appeared on the right bank, oppo- 
site the Federal position. Cannonading began at once, 
August 32. r^y^^ ^vas continued all day by both armies. On the 22d, 

Freeman's . 

Ford. maneuvering commenced on both sides, each seeking for 
an opportunity to gain an advantage. Several days 
vs^ere thus spent in marches and counter-marches. Lee, 
spreading out Longstreet's corps to deceive Pope, sent 
Jackson up the river. He reached Waterloo Bridge on 
the 22d, where he remained until the 25th, endeavoring 
to cross. High water at first detained him, and soon 
after Sigel appeared opposite him on the left bank of 

General Great liun. General II. Bohlen, of Sigel's corps, was 
killed in action at Freeman's Ford on the 22d wdiile re- 



killcd. 



sis ting Jackson's attempt to cross the Rappahannock at 
that point. Jackson now moving on up the river, 
crossed at Hinson's Ford, and mai'ched to Salem via 
Orleans, where he rested the night of the 25th. On the 
following morning he passed through Thoroughfjire Gap, 
arriving at Bristoe Station that evening. During the 
nio-ht, movino' rapidly, Jackson marched upon Manassas, 

August 27. *= ' O 1 J 7 1 -r. -, , • n 

jacksou and by daybreak had captured the Federal garrison of 
pop'iiTsup- about 500 men there, and Pope's depot of supplies. An 
plies at immense quantity of stores for the subsistence of the 

Manassas. i- "^ 

Army of Virginia had been gathered here, and as all 
that the enemy could not carry off was destroyed, this 
was a serious loss to Pope, and the Washington folks 
were greatly alarmed. 

On the 26th, Porter and Heintzelman joined Pope. 
Porter came from Acquia Creek, and Heintzelman from 
Alexandria. McCall's division of Pennsylvania Reserves 
under Pueynolds had rejoined McDowell on the 23d, 
which increased the strength of Pope's army to about 
60,000 men. On the evening of this day he massed his 



POPE. 69 

army between Warrenton, Fayette ville, and Warrentoii isr,-i. 
Junction. As yet he had not suspected that Jackson 
was marching upon his rear, but during the night of the 
26th he received information of the fact. He had been 
engaged in marching and counter-marching, endeavoring 
to get at Longstreet's corps, wliich was now on the oi)- 
posite bank, about Sulphur Springs. Early on the 
morning of the 27th, he put his army in motion, sending 
McDowell, followed by Sigel's corps and Reynolds's 
division of McDowell's corps, in the order named, to 
Gainesville, which tlicy reached that night; Kearny 
and Reno to Greenwich, a village a little to the south 
of Gainesville ; Porter and Banks to follow, while he, 
with Hooker and Heintzelman, moved in the direction of 
Manassas. His object was to catch Jackson before 
Longstreet could join him. About 3 p. m. Hooker came 
upon Ewell's division which Jackson had left at Catlett's 
Station, and was now moving to rejoin the main body. 
He attacked Ewell near Bristoe Station on Kettle Run, August 27. 
and after a sharp engagement drove him upon Broad 
Run, Hooker encamping at Bristoe that evening. 

General Pope now changed his plans, and instead of 
retaining control of Thoroughfare Gap, where Longstreet 

^ _ '=' '^^' ° Pope look- 

must come through to aid Jackson or whence JacksOn ing foi- 

could easily escape, he ordered McDowell, and in fact "' ""^ 
all his forces, to converge on Manassas. Troops com- 
pletely worn out with marching by day and by night, 
who did not reach their encampments until last midnight, 
must again start at daylight on the 28th for Manassas. 
On that day Pope, with the troops under Hooker, 
Kearny, and Reno, arrived at Manassas to find Jackson 
gone. The latter had moved to the old battle ground 
of Bull Run, his left at Catharpin Creek near Sudley 
Springs and his right near Groveton. Learning that 
Hill had crossed Bull Run at Blackburn's Ford, and 



70 POPE. 

iso^. was moA'irio: upon Centreville, Pope conjectured that 
Jackson was marching for Aldie, and so ordered his 
troops to change the direction of their march toward 
Centreville, pushing on -at once, with the corps of 
Heintzelman and Reno, for that point. Kearny reached 
Centreville in advance. Hill was now rapidly moving 
off to rejoin Jackson, when Kearny attacked his rear, 
and heavy skirmishing continued until dark. 

When McDowell first reached Gainesville, he had 
placed Ricketts, with his division, in Thoroughfare Gap, 
and did not call him away until he received Pope's order 
to change direction from Manassas to Centreville. About 
the time that Ricketts received the order to join Mc- 
Dowell, Longstreet's advance had arrived at the Gap. 
There was some skirmishing and artillery firing ; but as 
Ricketts had been ordered away, he did not make much 
effort to hold his position. His division was compelled 
to march the whole night in order to join McDowell as 
directed. 

Upon receiving Pope's order to proceed to Centre- 
ville, McDowell turned northward, and with King's 
division a considerable distance in advance of Sigel and 
Reynolds, he came upon some of Jackson's forces sta- 
tioned near Grove ton about 6 p. m. An artillery battle 
at once began, Jackson at the same time hurrying for- 
August 28. ward the divisions of Ewell and Taliaferro (Winder's 
Gaines- clivisiou) for the purpose of crushing King before friendly 
troops could arrive. King's troops were at once placed 
in line, and awaited the onset. The eneni}^, with more 
than double their numbers, charged furiously upon the 
brigades of Gibbon and Doubleday. The fight was stub- 
born on both sides, but King held his ground, and dark- 
ness ended the battle without the least advantage having 
been gained by the enemy. Ewell and Taliaferro were 
both wounded, the former losing a leg. 



ville. 



FOFE. Yl 

During the evening, King, feeling that he could no i-v«y. 
longer alone maintain his present position, withdrew to 
the rear, and the close of this day found Ileintzeliiian 
and Reno at Centreville, Porter near Bristoe Station, 
Banks at Cedar Run, King in the direction of Manassas, 
and Sigel and Reynolds in front of Jackson and near 
his center. Ricketts did not rejoin McDowell until the 
following morning. 

On the mornino- of the 29th, Pope, still hoDing; to ^^''^"'^t 2^- 

'^ 5 15 1 O Groveton. 

prevent a junction between Longstreet and Jackson, 
ordered his arni}^ to move upon the hitter's position, — 
Heintzelman and Reno toward Jackson's left, Sifrel's 
and Reynolds's divisions and Milroy's brigade were al- 
ready at his center, and IMcDowcll and Porter against 
his right. Porter to get upon Jackson's right flank be- 
fore Longstreet could arrive. Sigel and Reynolds, aided 
by Milroy, opened the battle about 6 : 30 a. m., and the 
combat at once became fierce along the whole line. But 
they were unsupported, the others being too far away 
to render assistance. 

At the beginning of the battle the Federals gained 
ground, but Jackson, whose divisions were now com- 
manded by Hill, Lawton, and Starke, soon learned that 
their support was yet fir off, and rapidly concentrated 
his strength upon them, and they alone sustained tjjie 
fierce attacks of his whole corps for nearly four hours, 
when again Phil Kearny came to the rescue, taking 
position upon Sigel's right. Soon afterward Hooker 
came into line upon Kearny's right, and the advance of 
the almost triumphant enemy was checked. Reno now 
arrived upon Sigel's left. Meantime, the fighting had 
gradually ceased, except artillery firing. Jackson was 
waiting for Longstreet, and the Federals delayed the 
attack until their several corps should be united. 

At about 2 : 30 p. m., General Pope, believing that 



Y2 POPE. 

i8r,.i. McDowell and Porter must have reached the positions 
assigned them, ordered Hooker and Kearny to open the 
battle. The troops of these two corps advanced in splen- 
did order, and, charging, drove the enemy on the right 
from their position ; but again there was a miscalculation. 
Neither McDowell nor Porter has attacked, which en- 
ables Jackson to reinforce his left, and drive the Federals 
back. McDowell, with the divisions of King and E,ick- 
etts, is hastening toward the center, where he hears the 
roar of the battle, urging Porter to attack as directed ; 
but still Porter delays. 

At 4 : 30 p. M. Pope sends Porter an order to attack, 
and waiting an hour or more to give him time to get the 
order, a little before 6 p. m. he again attacks Jackson's 
left and center. McDowell arrives at this time, and at 
once leads King's division, now under General John P. 
Hatch, King being relieved on account of illness, against 
Jackson's right. The fighting is fierce and determined; 
but it is discovered that Longstreet is there. Porter 
does not attack. He has about 12,000 good men, but 
does not lead them against the enemy. Longstreet 
arrived on the field with three divisions about noon 
(Anderson's division was not up yet), and got his troops 
into position unmolested during the afternoon, perfecting 
tli^ junction by joining his left to Jackson's right, his 
right extending toward Gainesville. He soon became 
satisfied that Porter would not afford him any entertain- 
ment, and sent Hood's division to Jackson's aid, whose 
troops McDowell came in contact with. Pope was now 
largely outnumbered. The Federals gallantly main- 
tained the battle until dark ; but were unable to drive 
the enemy at any point. Kearny's and Reno's men 
made heroic charges in the face of a terrible fire, and at 
one time threw Jackson's left into confusion ; but he, 
being reinforced by Longstreet, was enabled to strengthen 



POPE. T6 

it, and thus steadying his ranks he hehl his giounil, ex- isc-i. 
cept that his left had been somewhat forced back. 

The morning of the 30th was spent by the opposing Angu.i, 30. 

^ . ..,!.. p ,1 , 1 The second 

torces in reorganizing their troops lor anotlier struggle, 1^^,,,^ ^f 
and taking care of the wounded and dying. Lee's army ^"'^ ^''"• 
was now fully united by the arrival of Anderson's divis- 
ion, which gave him much superiority in numbers over 
his antagonist. Pope was still determined to attack, 
although by waiting or withdrawing to Centreville he 
Avould soon have been reinforced by the arrival of Banks 
and Franklin, and other troops from McClellan's army or 
from Washington. Heintzelman was still on his right. 
Reno now joined him, then King, Sigel, and Reynolds 
in the order named from right to left, Reynolds being 
some distance in advance of Bald Hill. Porter had been 
brought to the right and rear of King and Sigel. 

At about 1 p. M. the Federals opened with a sharp 
musketry fire, which w^as continued for some time, when 
Porter w\as moved to the front, with orders to assault 
tlie enemy's center. His divisions were led by their old 
commanders, Sykes and Morrell. The soldiers of these 
divisions made the charge with great gallantry; but 
they ^vere enfiladed by Longstreet's batteries, which 
loaned their aid to Jackson with a will, and the Federal 
ranks suffered fearfully. They were rapidly thinned, and . 
l)ut few were able to reach the enemy's position. With 
stubbornness they continued the fight until about four 
o'clock, when they were at la^t compelled to retire, 
though with great reluctance. They were not supported 
by a charge from any of the other troops, which again 
enabled Jackson to reinforce one wing from the other. 

Lee now sees his opportunity, and at once assumes 
the offensive. Porter has f\illen back behind Sigel, 
whose soldiers, with King's division, are now called upon 
to resist a furious charge from Jackson. P^icketts is 



74 FOFE. 

18 a 'J. hurried from the right to their aid, and at the same time 
Longstreet assaults Ileynolds, who has been drawn back 
upon Bald Hill, and has been reinforced to some extent 
hy Ricketts and Sigel. Jackson is checked, and the con- 
flict at this point is reduced to a heavy musketry fire; 
but the battle increases to a terrible combat on the 
Federal left, where Longstreet is pressing forward for 
the capiure of Bald Hill. Milroy is sent to Reynolds; 
but together they are too weak in numbers to check the 
assailants who now in overwhelming force charge and 
capture the Hill, at the same time menacing Stone 
Bridge. (The reader will recollect this Stone Bridge, 
in the first battle of Bull Bun, where Slierman w^as 
posted.) 

The Federal left is compelled to fall back to the 
protection of their line of retreat. Longstreet, now sure 
of victory, pushes vigorously forward; but tlie soldiers 
of the Federal left see the necessity of defending the 
Bridge, and they gallantly resist the onslaught. Long- 
street is checked. The brigade of regulars under Bu- 
chanan, Tower's brigade of Rickett's diAdsion, and the 
brigades under Meade and Sejaiiour, stand before a 
terrific fire without faltering. The battle rages fiercely 
till dark, but the Federals hold their ground. Pope's 
right has held Jackson back, thus eainine; some advan- 
tage ; but now he finds it necessary to withdraw it a 
short distance to conform with the left. Night ends the 
terrible conflict. The losses on both sides have been 
heavy. Generals Schenck, Hatch, and Tower are 
among the Federal wounded. During the night the 
Federals retreat across Bull Run to Centreville. 

On the morning of the 31st, Lee again put his army 
in motion, crossing Bull Run for the purpose of forcing 
Pope back upon Washington. Jackson was sent upon 
Pope's rear, reaching Chantilly, some eight miles north 



POPE. 75 

of Centre ville, that evening. Pope found Franklin's iso^i. 
corps just arrived at Centreville, it having been sent to 
reinforce him. Sumner also arrived with his corps on 
the afternoon of the 31st. Banks, who had remained at 
Bristoe with the trains, crossed the river at Union 
Mills, and joined Pope that morning. Jackson's move- 
ment, which threatened Fairfax, having been discovered, 
the Federal army was put in motion Sept. 1 to thwart 
him. 

Centreville, Ciiantilly, and Fairfax Court House 
form a triangle, the latter place being east of the two 
former about ten miles. Germantown lies on the road 
running from Fairfax to Chantilly. On the morning of 
Sept. 1, Pope fell back to about half way between Cen- 
tre\ille and Fairfax, placing Hooker a little forward of 
Germantown, to the right of the road, forming his right. 
Stevens and Beno Avere stationed on Hooker's left, 
Kearny next, Sumner, Sigel, and Porter still farther to 
the left, covering the road from Centreville, and Mc- 
Dowell and Franklin in reserve. 

Hooker first encountered the enemy between Ger- sept. i. 
mantown and Chantillj^ at Ox Hill. The divisions of ox'mn/' 
Beno and Stevens were on Hooker's left. At about 5 
p. M., after some artillery firing with the latter, Jackson 
passed him, and furiously attacked Beno and Stevens. 
The assault was gallantly received, and the enemy 
driven back in disorder; but being reinforced, the Con- 
federates again charged, and the Federals w^ere foi'ced 
back, when Kearny arrived with his division and 
plunged into the thickest of the fight. The exultant 
enemy was again driven back, when darkness ended the 
conflict. 

At this battle the Federals met with a sad loss in 
the death of Phil Kearny. He proved one of the besti>p«<'^ of 

•^ ^ Phil 

fighting generals in the Federal army, always at the Kearny. 



t<3 fopM. 

isiifi. breach where the bullets were the thickest. He had 

served with great distinction in the Mexican war. 

Death of General Isaac I. Stevens was also amono; the killed. 

General ° 

stev He was a graduate of West Point, and served with dis- 

tinction in the Mexican war. 

On the morning of Sept. 2, General Pope withdrew 
the Army of Virginia to the fortifications around Wash- 
ington, and again the people of the capital cit}^ were 
filled with alarm. His campaign had been an unfortu- 
nate one. Impartial histor}^ will credit him with being 
an honest soldier, and an officer of superior talents, and 
will attribute his fidlure in the main to unfortunate 
circumstances. On every important collision with the 
enemy, the troops that he had upon the ground were 
largely outnumbered ; still he had to contend with the 
same enemy that had just before forced McClellan off 
his track, and pushed him upon James River, and Mc- 
Clellan had more than double Pope's numbers. 

During this campaign. Pope's losses were about 
14,000 in killed, wounded, and missing, and the losses of 
the enemy were about the same. 

The battle of the 28th of August is called the battle 

of Gainesville, and was the one fought so gallantly by 

V King's division. General Reynolds's division had a 

End of sharp engagement on the morning of the 28th. while 
proceeding from Gainesville toward Manassas, and before 
McDowell received the order to turn toward Centreville. 
The battle of the 29th is known as the battle of Grove- 
ton, and that of the 30th as the second battle of Bull 
Run. 



Pope's 
campaign 



CHAPTER IV 

SOUTH MOUNTAIN AND ANTIETAM. 

M^VLELLAN. 

AFTER the close of his campaign in Virginia, is 02. 
General Pope resigned his command, and was popT^ives 
again placed on duty in the Western army, and the JJ'J[^^j*° ^^''" 
Arni}^ of Virginia was known no more forever. The 
Army of the Potomac again arose to importance, with 
McClellan still in command. 

Immediately after Pope's retreat to Washington, Lee 
began preparations to invade the Noith. He was not 
sure how far he could go, but would proceed until he 
heard from the '' Yanks." On Sept. 3, Jackson left Ox 
Hill for Maryland, crossing the Potomac at White's Ford, 
near Leesburg, on the 5th, and entering Frederick on 
the 6th. Lee arrived at that place with the rest of his gept. 5. 
army on the 8th. It had been the desire of the South- ^;^^°7'"f* 
ern leaders for a long time to carry war and devastation 
into the North, and for several reasons, probably the 
greatest being revenge and the effect of such a move, if 
successful, in Europe. Plunder, also, or the prospect of 
plunder, no doubt gave elasticity to the step of Lee's 
soldiers. 

McClellan at once reorganized his army, and leaving 
the 3d Corps under Heintzelman and the 11th Corps 
under Sigel, with some other troops to defend Washing- 
ton, he started after Lee with six corps, the 1st Corps 
under Hooker, the 2d under Sumner, the 5th under 
Porter, the 6th under Franklin, the 9th under Reno, 

(77) 



78 MCCLELLAN. 

186-i, the 12th under Mansfield. Conch's division of the 4th 
Corps was added to Franklin's. His army numbered in 
the aggregate about 90,000 men, moving in three grand 
divisions : I'ight wing, 1st and 9th Corps under General 
Burnside ; center, 2d and 12th Corps under Sumner; 
left Aving, 5th and 6th Corps under Franklin. The 
division commanders were as follows : 1st Corps, Meade, 
Doubledny, and Ricketts ; 2d Corps, Richardson, Sedg- 
wick, and French; 5th Coi'ps, Morrell and Sykes ; 6th 
Corps, Slocum, Wm. F. Smith, and Couch; 9th Corps, 
Sturgis, Rodman, and Colonel 0. B. Willcox ; 12th 
Corps, A, S. Williams and Geo. S. Greene; and a divis- 
ion of cavalry under General Pleasonton. 
' McClellan reached Frederick, Md., with the greater 
portion of his army, on' the 13th, Lee having just left 
for the other side of South Mountain, undoubtedly 

South . . . 

Moautain. fecliug that he must have something between himself 
and the freshly recruited Union army. McClellan had 
moved very slowh^ while endeavoring to penetrate Lee's 
plans. He had been a week at least in advancing thus 
far from Washington, a distance of about forty-five 
miles. The road from Frederick to Hagerstown runs 
through Turner's Gap, and to Sharpsburg through Cramp- 
ton's Gap, South Mountain. McClellan, learning that 
Lee had divided his armv, one half beino; at Haoerstown 
and the other gone to invest Harper's Ferry, resolved to 
move upon him before he could unite his forces ; and on 
the morning of the 14th he pushed forward with his 
right wing toward Turner's Gap, with General Cox's 
Tunier^s " K^nawha " division (which had joined Reno's corps) 
<^^p- in advance. When Cox arrived near the Gap, he found 

D. H. Hill's division of Longstreet's corps in possession, 
and at once opened with his artillery, soon after follow- 
ing with an assault with infantry. 

The conflict at once became severe. The Federal 



MCfJLELLAK 79 

soldiers, having to climb steep and nigged acclivities, i*«». 
suffered heavy loss ; but their efforts Avere crowned Avith 
success in capturing a conimanding position. The enemy 
made strenuous efforts to retake the lost ground, but 
Cox held out till Reno came u[), who arrived opportunely 
with Willcox's division, as the situation was becoming 
critical. It was 2 p. ^r. when Hooker, with the 1st 
Corps, reached the scene of action. Willcox had come a 
little before him. At this time the Confederates savagel}^ 
renewed the assault upon Willcox's division, the sudden 
attack causing some disorder in the Federal ranks. The 
artillery -men were driven from their guns, which were 
about to be taken possession of by the enemy, when the 
79th New York and 17th Michigan made a gallant 
charge, rescued the guns, and repulsed the enemy. The 
last-named regiment had been in service but two weeks. 
Meantime Burnside, having his troops now all in 
hand, arranged for a general assault. Lee, appreciating 
the importance of holding the gap, hastened Longstreet 
back with the balance of his corps from Hagerstown. 
At about 4 p. M., the Federals again opened the battle, 
and a general engagement followed, the enemy defending 
their "round with great determination. The fmhtin'T 
lasted until dark, when Longstreet was compelled to 
yield, and Turner's Gap was in the hands of the Feder- 
als, at a heavy cost, however, for they had lost many 
brave soldiers. They also met a severe loss in the death ^^^^"^ °^ 

General 

of General lleno, who was killed at the moment ofReno. 
victory. He was a graduate of West Point. The 
center, under General Sumner, joined the right wing a 
little after dark. Burnside's loss in killed and wounded 
numbered about 1,600, 312 of whom were killed. But 
few of his men were captured by the enemy. Long- 
street's loss in killed and wounded fully equaled that of 
the Federals. His loss in prisoners was about 1,500. 



80 



M^^GLELLAN. 



Sept. 14. 

Cramptou'i 

Gap. 



Sept. 13. 

Maryland 
Heights. 



Sept. I'l. 
HurpL'i-'s 
Ferry. 



Sept. 15. 
Death of 
Colonel 
Miles. 



At daylight on the 14th, when Burnside was ordered 
to move upon Turner's Gap, Franklin with his own 
corps was directed to go to the relief of Harper's Ferry, 
which was being invested by Jackson. Franklin arrived 
at Crampton's Gap, through which he must pass, about 
noon. The distance between Crampton's and Turner's 
gaps is about six miles. Tire enemy, under command 
of Howell Cobb, were in possession in strong force. 
Franklin at once attacked, and after a severe action of 
three hours, the pass was captured, the enemy hastily 
retreating. The loss on each side in killed and wounded 
was about 500, the enemy also losing about 400 pris- 
oners. The battles of these two gaps are known as the 
" Battle of South Mountain." 

When Lee left Frederick, he sent Jackson to capture 
Harper's Ferry if possible, after which he was to rejoin 
his chief. About noon on the 13th, Jackson reached 
the vicinity of Bolivar Heights, sending a force under 
McLaws against Maryland Heights. McLaws attacked 
the Federal detachment at that point in the forenoon of 
that day, driving it before him, and during the night the 
Federals retired to Harper's Ferry, leaving McLaws in 
quiet possession. On the 14th, Jackson having his 
batteries well established on the heights about Harper's 
Ferry, opened a heavy fire upon the Federals. The 
14,000 troops there under Colonel Dixon S. Miles made 
very little defense ; and during the night of the 14th 
about 2,000 Federal cavalry under Colonel B. F. Davis 
made their escape. The infantry remained, however, and 
about 8 o'clock on the morning of the 15th, Colonel Miles 
surrendered. About 11,500 Federals thus became pris- 
oners. Colonel Miles was killed by one of the last bul- 
lets fired by the enemy. McClellan had sent Miles word 
that he would have relief there by the evening of the 
15th, and Miles had replied that he would hold out.- 



M(^CLELLAN. 81 

If he could have resisted a few hours more, Jackson iso^. 
would have been compelled to raise the seige. 

On Sept. 17 occurred the battle of Antietam near 
Sharpsburg, Md. Lee had taken position there on the 
risrht bank of Antietam Creek on the 15th. His inten- ';'''^- J®' ^'^• 

° Antietam, 

tion was to invade Pennsylvania ; but the prompt move or sharpa- 
of the Federal army had stopped his mad career. The 
Antietam enters the Potomac eight miles above Har- 
per's Ferry, its course being nearly south. Mc- ^ 
Clellan arrived on the opposite, or eastern, side of the 
creek with a part of his army on the afternoon of the 
loth; but delayed attacking until more of his divisions 
should arrive. The 16th was spent in arranging his 
forces for the coming battle. At the same time Lee was 
making preparations for defense. The Federal right 
wing was divided, Hooker being sent to the right, while 
Burnside, with the 9th Corps — under command of Gen- 
eral Cox since Reno's death, — was placed upon the left. 
McClellan sent Hooker across the creek about 4 p. m. to 
feel of the enemy's left, which was defended by Hood, 
and was posted a short distance to the northeast of 
Hunker Church. The church was the enemy's center, 
and from that point his left was drawn away from the 
Antietam toward the Potomac. 

It was nearly dark when Hooker attacked, and the 
battle for that day was of short duration. Hood was 
pressed back a short distance, when both the antagonists 
rested for the night. Mansfield came to the support of 
Hooker during the night. Early the following morning 
this terrible battle began in awful earnestness. Hooker 
opening the combat. Jackson had arrived from Harper's 
Ferry, taken Hood's place, and now Hooker and Stone- 
wall Jackson, like gladiators, struggle for the mastery. 
The Federal soldiers gradually force the Southerners 
back. The forces are about equal in numbers, and both 



82 M^CLELLAN. 

18 'J. leaders are terrible fio-hters. The Federal left has not 
yet attacked, thus Lee is enabled to reinforce Jackson, 
who now is forcing Hooker back. The contestants have 
nearly annihilated each other when Mansfield reaches 
the battle-ground. It is 7 : 30 a. m. The advance of 
the enemy is checked, and then they are driven back 

Death of f^^'ther th§n before. Mansfield falls mortally wounded. 

General jjg ^y^^g r^ crpaduatc of Wost Polnt, and had served in the 

Mansfield. . "^ ' 

Mexican war. (He died on the 18th from the effects of 
the wound.) Hooker is wounded and carried from the 
field. General Williams assumes command of the 12th 
Corps, and General Crawford, commanding a brigade in 
Williams's division, takes charge of the division. It was 
scarcely necessary for any one to take Hooker's place, 
his corps was so reduced and exhausted. There followed 
a brief lull in the bnttle, when both sides hurried rein- 
forcements forward. Sumner with Sedgwick's division 
arrived upon the field at 9 a. m., and again the conflict 
became furious. Sedgwick forced the enemy back beyond 
Dunker Church, and captured that position ; but Mc- 
Clellan strangely sent his troops forward by detachments, 
and Sedgwick, not reinforced, was compelled to retire 
before fresh troops, and relinquish the ground that had 
cost so much blood. Now Sumner's two other divisions 
under Richardson and French have arrived, and they 
again turn the tide of the battle, recapturing the lost 
ground. 

At 8 A. M., McClellan orders Burnside to attack the 
enemy's right, which was commanded by Longstreet ; but 
he does not get the order until 9 o'clock, when difticul- 
ties arise, and he is delayed. He sends a brigade to cap- 
ture the Stone Bridge in his front, over which he must 
pass, but is repulsed. Burnside is unable to get ready for 
a second assault until about 1 p. m., which enables Lee to 
reinforce his left more and more, as first Hooker, then 



MOGLELLAN. 83 

Mansfield, and then Sedgwick have made it necessary, iso-,'. 
And now he takes more troops from Longstreet, as 
Bnrnside does not attack, to oppose French and Rich- 
ardson. Meagher is there with his Irish l)rigade, and 
they do excellent work. Meagher is wounded, and 
Colonel Burke takes his place. The Federals now drive 
the enemy, and come nearly to the town of Sharpsburg. 
It. is noon. Richardson wants help; he can scarcely 
maintain his ground. Franklin has arrived from Har- 
per's Ferry, and goes at once to aid the Federal right. 
At 1 p. M., Richardson and French still hold the ground 
they have so heroically won. At this hour the brave 
Richardson falls, mortally wounded. (He died Nov. 3, Genera" 
1862, at Sharpsburg, Md.) This was a severe loss. He ^''^i^^'"^" 
was a graduate of West Point, and had served with dis- 
tinction in the Mexican war. Burnside pushes forward 
at 1 p. M., and after a severe struggle captures the Stone 
Bridge and crosses over. Unlooked-for delays again 
occur, and he is unable to send Cox forward until 3 
o'clock, when the brave boys of Cox's division gallantly 
advance, and force Longstreet back to the vicinity of 
Sharpsburg. At this time A. P. Hill's corps, arriving 
from Harper's Ferry, where it had remained to parole 
the 11,500 prisoners captured by Jackson, at once en- 
tered the fight. The battle had ceased on the right. 
Porter arrived with his corps about noon, but was held - 
in reserve. The 9th corps were the only Federal t loops 
now engaged, but at this point the conflict becomes 
furious and destructive. Cox holds his ground till near 
night, when, seeing the right still inactive, he retires to 
the borders of the Antietam. The enemy do not follow, 
and the battle of Antietam is ended. General Rodman, ^ ,, , 

' Death of 

commanding a division in the 9th Corps, received a o™erai 

, Rodman. 

mortal wound during the engagement, and died from its 
effects soon after. Generals Geo. B. Anderson and R, 



Generals j^.^|g|g|^^ j^_ Q_^ Q^.^_ ^g^ lg62. GeiiGrals Stark and 
stark and Jjawreiice O'C Branch were among the enemy's dead. 



84 M(^GLELLAN. 

ISO -J. S. Ripley were among the enemy's wonnded. The for- 

mer was a graduate of West Point, and left the United 

Death of States army in April, 1861. He died of his wounds at 

Generals t> 1 • 1 
Anderson, Raleigh, 
Stark 1 
Branch. 

This was the bloodiest battle, so far, in this war. 
McClellan's army considerably outnumbered that of his 
adversary ; but he fought by detachments, in detail, 
which enabled Lee to meet him man for man ; he there- 
fore gained nothing by his numerical superiority. The 
Federal loss was 2,000 killed, 9,400 wounded, and 1,000 
prisoners. The loss of the enemy was about .10,000 
killed and wounded, and 4,000 prisoners. The Feder- 
als actually engaged, numbered about 70,000 ; the en- 
emy, 55,000. 
Sept.. 19. During the 18th, both armies remained quiet. Mc- 

u^^vSnia! Clellau was reinforced during the day by two divisions 
under Couch and Humphreys. The following night, 
Lee, baffled, returned to Southern soil. On the morning 
of the 19th, Porter's corps in pursuit captured five can- 
SupherdV noi"' fi'om Lee's rear guard at Shepherdstown Ford, the 
town Ford, g^^g^jjy retiring toward Martinsburg. A portion of Por- 
ter's corps crossed on the morning of the 20th in 
reconnaissance. Jackson savagely attacked this force, 
and being largely outnumbered, it was driven back 
across the Potomac with severe loss. 

McClellan now moved his army to Harper's Ferry, 
encamping near there on the left baiik of the Potomac 
on the 22d. x\fter his retreat from Maryland, Lee took 
a position on the Opequan, between Winchester, Mar- 
tinsburg, and Charlestown. 

On Oct. 10, 1862, Lee sent Stuart's cavalry, which 

October 10. 77 j ? 

Chambers- -^yas composcd of three brigades under Hampton, Fitz- 
hugh Lee, and Jones, on a raid across the Potomac. 
They crossed on the morning of the day named at 



MCCLELLAtr. 85 

McCoy's Ferry, and by r.-ipid travel arrived at Cliam- i*«y. 
bersbiirg, Pa., that evening. They did but little damage 
to the town, but helped themselves to a large number of 
valuable horses. Early the following morning they 
hastened away on their return march for Virginia. Re- 
entering Maryland, and passing through Emniittsburg, 
they hurried on, only giving time for rest sufficient to 
feed. The aroused Federals seemed to have Stuart 
surrounded and cut off from the Potomac. Cavalry and 
inffintry from several directions pursued him ; but Stuart 
finally managed to elude the Federals, and recrossed 
the Potomac at White's Ford on the 12th, about 1 p. m., 
re-joining Lee on the 13th. lie accomplished nothing 
except stealing horses. 

The battle of Antietiim had caused some changes in 
division and corps commanders in the Federal army. 
Reynolds had taken Hooker's place ; Willcox was 
placed in command of Reno's Corps ; Couch was given 
the 2d Corps, and Slocum the 12th. There w^ere also 
two divisions under Stoneman and Whipple which were 
not attached to any corps. The arni}^ having obtained 
supplies of clothing and other needed stores, as well as 
the required rest for the fatigued soldiers, began cross- 
ing the Potomac into Virginia at Berlin and Harper's 
Ferry on the 25th of October. Slocum, with the 12th 
Corps, was left at Harper's Ferry. The crossing was 
completed on Nov. 2. 

McClellan was already pushing forward the heads of 
columns in the track of Lee, who was retiring toward 
the Rappahannock. Longstreet reached Culpepper on 
the 3d. Jackson and Stuart's cavalry moved back more 
slowly. The Federal cavalry under Pleasonton and 
Averill were clearing the way for the National army. ^■»'- 2. 

° -^ , . . -^ Union Vil- 

Pleasonton had a sharp fight at Union Village with a lage, or 
brigade of the enemy's cavalry, which was speedily dis- f.l^_ 



86 M(-CLELLAN. 

isez. lodged. On the following day, Averill havino- joined 

Novr^ Pleasonton, they came upon Stuart's division at Upper- 

upperviiie. yQig^ wheve he was drawn up, determined to defend the 

pass of Ashby's Gap. The Federals charged him, and 

after a sharp engagement the enemy was thrown into 

disorder and driven through Upperville, the Federals 

taking possession of Ashhy's Gap on the 4th. 

On November 5, Pleasonton with his brigade, still 
Nov. 5. . ' . , r . . 

Baibee's pushiug forward, again met Stuart's whole division at 

RoTds and Barbee's Cross Roads and Chester Gap, and fouglit for 
Chester ^j-^g possessiou of this gap. The struggle was fierce, 

but brief; the enemy was beaten, and retired in disorder. 

Averill at the same time took possession of Manassas 
^.nabs.s ^^^ after a short contest. Bayard's cavalry, and Sigel 

with the 11th Corps, com'ing from Washington, joined 

McClellan about this time, who was now concentrating 

his army on Warrenton. 



CHAPTER y. 

FREDERICKSBURG-. 

BURNS IDE. 

NOVEMBER 7, the President removed General i«6v, 
McClellMn, and placed General Burnside in coni- ' ~" 
mand of the Army of the Potomac. McClellan was at Nov, 7. 
Salem when he was relicA^ed. The army, liowever, pr^- reuIS" 
ceded toward Warrenton, and on the 9th was assembled 
about that point, as previously ordered by McClellan. 

General Burnside continued the army formation in 
three grand divisions, of two corps each, selected and 
arranged as follows : — 

Right, under E. V. Sumner — 2d Corps, D. N. Couch; 
divisions, W. H. French, W. S. Hancock, 0. 0. Ilowiird : 
9th Corps, 0. B. Willcox ; divisions, Geo. W. Getty, S. 
D. Sturgis, W. W. Burns. 

Left, Wm. B. Franklin — 1st Corps, J. F. Reynolds ; 
divisions, Geo. G. Meade, John Gibbons, Abiier Double- 
day : 6th Corps, W. F. Smith ; divisions, John Newton, 
W*. T. H. Brooks, A. P. Howe. 

Center, Joseph Hooker — 5th Corps, Daniel Butter- 
field ; divisions, Geo. Sykes, A. A. Humphreys, Charles 
Griffin: 3d Corps, Geo. Stoneman ; divisions, Daniel E. 
Sickles, D. B. Birney, A. W. Whipple. Two divisions 
of cavalry were under Alfred Pleasonton and Geo. D. 
Bayard. 

Burnside put his army in motion on the 15th of Nov. 15. 
November for Fredericksburg. Sumner reached Fal- f,"™*'fjf ' 
mouth on the 17th, and by the 20th the whole army mof^""- 

(87) 



88 BURNS] DE. 

1862. was encamped in the vicinity of that place. XJnfortu- 
nately, Burnside was compelled to halt for his pontons, 
Avhich were sent from Washington via Acquia Creek, 
• and did not arrive until the 25th. The enemy had 
remained encamped at Culpepper until the 17th, when 
Lee, learning of Burnslde's movement, started his army 
for Fredericksburg also, and the heights commanding the 
town were in Longstreet's possession on the 22d. This 
was very mortifying to Burnside. His pontons did 
not arrive, and he could not cross the river without them; 
so although a powerful army was at his command, he 
was unable to prevent Longstreet from taking quiet 
possession of those formidable positions. Jackson, with 
the rest of Lee's army, arrived on the 28th. 

Lee's army, now numbering about 90,000 men, was 
posted along the river some distance back, reaching from 
Marye's Hill, just back of the town, down the river 
to Prospect Hill. This position at the hill was im- 
pregnable, and a stone wall running from it toward 
his center formed a natural breastwork which had been 
strengthened with the spade. The Confederates had 
been busy all along their line fortifying their positions, 
which were already formidable in themselves. 

Burnside's army, numbering about 110,000 men, 

moved to the Rappahannock opposite Fredericksburg on 

the night of the 10th of December, and at once began the 

construction of bridges at that point, and also lower 

down, toward the enemy's right, opposite Smithfield. 

The Confederate sharpshooters delayed this operation 

Dec. 11. ' opposite Fredericksburg until the afternoon of the 11th. 

fnTbeguu Franklin, on the Federal left, was to cross with the 1st 

at Fred- ^-^^ g|^]^ Corps at Smithficld, and was ready some hours 

ericksburg. ■•• ' _ *' _ 

before Sumner, who was to. cross at the city with the 2d 
and 9th Corps. Hooker was to remain on the north bank, 
and to send his divisions across afterward at the points 



BURNSWJi. 89 

most needed. The Federal artillery endeavored to dis- is a a. 
lodge Lee's troublesome sharpshooters, but were unsuc- 
cessful, and during this cannonade the town was set on 
fire in many places, causing much ruin among the build 
ings. Volunteers were called for to cross in ponton boats. 
The 7th Michigan and the 10th and 20th Massachusetts 
passed over in the face of a murderous fire, and " drove 
the rascals out." Sumner then completed his bridges, 
and about 4 p. m. sent Howard's division over to occupy 
Fredericksburg. On the morning of the 12th, Sum- 
ner and Franklin passed over with their commands. 
Couch was placed on the right, Willcox at his left, 
touching Franklin's right under Smith, and Reynolds's 
corps on the extreme left. The principal part of the 
struggle in this battle was on the right and left. 

Franklin began the attack betw^een 9 and 10 a. m. 
on the 13th, Hejniolds sending Meade's division against Dec. i3. 
Prospect Hill, followed by Gibbon on his right, and pl^eddcks- 
Doubleday on his left. These three divisions were soon ^'"'°- 
hotly engaged. Meade advanced rapidly. The divis- 
ions of Birney and Sickles had been sent over by 
Hooker to reinforce Franklin, and were alread}^ on the 
ground. Smith's left division, under Howe, was pressed 
forward at the same time. Birney was alreadj^ engaged 
when Meade gave his men the order to charge, and with 
a rush they drove the enemy from his first line of w'orks, 
and took possession ; but they lost heavily, and must have 
support or give up the ground they have won. Meade's 
veterans have outstripped their comrades, and have got- 
ten too far in advance. Gibbon and Doubleday are both 
hotly engaged, and can afford them no assistance, and now 
the reinforced enemy compel them to retire. Birney at 
last comes to their aid, but it is too late ; he can only aid 
them in making their retreat more easy. 

It was about 2 p. m. Jackson had repulsed Frank- 



90 BUEmiDM:. 

isaa. lin's attack. General Conrad F. Jackson, of Meade's 

DeatiTof division, was among the killed. General Geo. D. Bay- 

jaTkson ^^'^' tsommanding the cavalry division, received a mortal 

and Gen- wound, of wlilch he died the next day. On the Federal 

eral Baj'- •iii ? •• n r : 

aid. right the attack on the enemy s position from Marye s 

Hill to Deep Run was made at the same time that 
Reynolds attacked his left. Sumner directed the 2d 
Corps against the slopes of Marye's Hill and the stone 
wall. French's division led the attack, receiving a ter- 
rible fire. His ranks were rapidly thinned, but the sur- 
vivors moved steadily forward, and approached the ene- 
my's works. Longstreet's artillery and musketry poured 
forth incessant waves of fire and ball, which the Federals 
could not withstand, and those that had not already fallen 
were compelled to retire. The enemy, well sheltered, suf- 
fered comparatively little. 

Hancock now dashes forward. His division reaches 
and even passes the point reached by French ; but they, 
too, cannot reach that terrible wall, and soon melt away. 
One third of the division is either killed or wounded. 
Howard pushes his division into the fight on the right 
of Hancock, while the divisions of Getty and Sturgis join 
in the battle on the left ; but all are repulsed. Burns's 
division of the 9th Corps has become engaged on the 
other side of Deep Run on Smith's right. Hooker has 
brought forward his remaining divisions, and Whipple, 
Griffin, Humphreys, and Sykes have all taken part in 
the action. 

Burnside ordered a new assault. In vain the im- 
pregnable position of the enemy was explained to him^ 
and between 3 and 4 p. m. Humphrey's division was 
directed against that death-dealing wall. The gallant 
Humphreys, who knew no fear, led hig men forward into 
that sheet of flame. The slaughter was dreadful. They 
nearly reached the wall, but with ranks so decimated 



Maxcy 



BURNSIDE. 91 

that it was useless to go farther, and Humphreys with- isu-j. 
drew what there was left of his division. Sykes's 
di\ ision had been sent to his support ; but the repulse 
was so terrible and decisive, that these troops were used 
only to co^'er the retreat. 

About 3 p. M. Jackson made an olfensive movement 
against Franklin, but was so hotly received that he de- 
sisted. The battle of Fredericksburg ended with the day. 
The Federal loss was 1,180 killed, 9,028 wounded, and 
2,145 missing ; total, 12,353. The loss of the enemy 
in killed and wounded was about 5,000. Generals 
Thomas R. R. Cobb and Maxcy Gregg were among Death of 

. ^ ° . Generals 

their killed. During the 14th and 15th, both armies cobb and 
rested, with the exception of skirmishing. On the night q^ 
of the 15th the Federals returned to the left bank of 
the Rappahannock, and to their old c[uarters at and near 
Falmouth. 

On the morning of the 16th, the enemy discovered 
the disappearance of the Federal army, and again ex- 
tended their outposts to the town of Fredericksburg, 
now an almost ruined city. On the 15th Burnside had 
been granted opportunity by Lee to bring oif the Federal 
wounded, and on the 16th Lee also granted permission 
to Federal detachments to come and bury the several 
hundred dead, their fallen comrades, victims of this ter- 
rible battle, who lay at the foot of that dreadful wall. 
They were buried at the foot of Marye's Hill. 

The Federal army had exhibited great valor in this 
battle, had advanced and retired under the most terrible 
fire known in the w^ar up to this time, without the least 
disorder, and only fell back when it was foinid utterly 
impossible to proceed farther. 

Both armies now remained quiet for a month, watch- 
ing each other, except some slight skirmishing, and one 
or two inoffensive cavalry raids. 



92 Birjx\VSlD£. 

ISO 3. About the middle of Janiiavy. 1863, Burnside made 

Jan., i8ii;3. pi'eparatioiis for a new movement against the enemy, 
nttemus i pi't)posing to cTOss the Rappahannock cat Banks's Ford, a 
new cam- fg^y mlles aboA^e Frederieksbnro-. Leavins: Sio-el's corps, 

paign. . . . . *" *". *" 

which had recently joined him, to guard his communica- 
tions with Falmouth, and Couch's corps to draw the 
attention of the enemy down the river. Burnside put his 
troops in motion, arriving at Bankss Ford January 20. 
with the grand divisions of Hooker and Franklin. ■ The 
ponton boats were brought along, as the river was 
swollen and the ford impassable. For a few days the 
weather had been all that the Federals could desire ; but 
fortune was not with General Burnside. A heavy 
storm broke forth on "the night of the 20th, and the 
morning of the 21st found the soil soft, the mud deep, 
and the rain still pouring down in torrents. This con- 
tinued all day, and it was yet raining on the 22d. It 
was nearly impossible to move artillery. The bridges 
could not be completed. The delay gave the enemy, 
now apprised of Burnside's intention, time to bring up a 
force to dispute the passage of the river. The fates 
were against General Burnside, and with great reluctance 
he gave the order to his army to return to its camps 
about Falmouth, where, after the severe task of marching 
through the mud, it went into winter quarters on 
the 23d. 



CHAPTER VI. 

CHANCELI.ORSVILI.E TO LEE'S SECOND 
INVASION OF MARYLAND. 

IIOOKEE. 

JANUARY 25, 1863, General Burnside, at his own ises. 
O request, was relieved, and General Hooker placed jamiary. 
in command of the Army of the Potomac. General Bomside 

•^ relieved by 

Sumner was also relieved on account of old age, and atnooker. 
his own request. General Sumner died at Syracuse, Death or 

• Gciicriil 

N. Y., March 21, 1863. He had been long in the service, smimcr. 
having served in the Black Hawk and Mexican wars, win- 
ning fcime in the latter. General Hooker reorganized 
the army, dropping the organization of grand divisions, 
and forming it into seven corps, which were numbered 
and officered as follows :^ 

1st Corps, John F. Reynolds ; divisions, James S. 
Wadsworth, John C. Robinson, Abner Doubleday. 2d 
Corps, Darius N. Couch ; divisions, Winfield S. Hancock, 
John Gibbon, Wm. H. French. 3d Corps, Daniel E. 
Sickles; divisions, David B. Birney, Hiram G. Berry, 
Amiel W. Whipple. 5th Corps, George G. Meade; 
divisions, Charles Griffin, Geo. Sykes, Andrew A. Hum- 
phrej'^s. 6th Corps, John Sedgwick; divisions, Wm. 
T. H. Brooks, Albion P. Howe, John Newton. 11th 
Corps, Oliver 0. Howard ; divisions, Charles Devens, 
Adolph von Steinwehr, Carl Schurz. 12th Corps, 
Henry W. Slocum; divisions, Alpheus S. Williams, John 
W. Geary. Cavalry Corps, Geo. Stoneman ; divisions, 
Alfred Pleasonton, Wm. W. Averill, David McM. Gregg, 
and John Buford. 

(93) 



9i HOOKEE. 

18 63. March 21, 18G3, General Hooker adopted corps 
badges, by which the several corps were afterward 
Corps known. The badge system was first introduced by 
adopted, ^^^i^ Kearny, in order to distinguish officers from en- 
listed men in his division. Fiekl and staff officers were 
to wear a red patch on the top of the cap, line officers, a 
red patch on the front of the cap. When Birney suc- 
ceeded the lamented Kearny, he continued the badge, 
and added a red patch on the side of the cap for all en- 
listed men who had been engaged in action. General 
Hooker, upon taking command of the Army of the Po- 
tomac, ordered a badge for each corps, — the 1st Corps a 
disk ; the 2d, a trefoil ; the 3d, a lozenge ; the 5th, a 
Maltese cross ; the 5th, a plain cross ; the 11th, a cres- 
cent; the 12th, a star. 

Following this the other corps of the several armies 
adopted badges as follows : — 

4th Corps, (April, 1864) an equilateral triangle. 
7th Corps, (in Arkansas) a crescent encircling the 
upper rays of a star. 

8th Corps, a star wdth six rays. 
9th Corps, a shield with anchor and cannon. 
10th Corps, a trace of a four-bastioned fort. 
14th Corps, an acorn. 

15th Corps, a cartridge box marked "Forty Kounds." 
16tk Corps, a circle with four minie-balls. 
17th Corps, an arrow. 
18th Corps, a cross with foliate sides. 
19th Corps, a fan-leaved cross with octagonal center. 
20th Corps, the 12th Corps was broken up, and this 
corps adopted the star. 

22d Corps, five leaves with a circle in the center. 

23d Corps, a plain shield. 

24th Corps, a heart. 

25th Corps, a square with a smaller one inside. 



HOOKER. 95 

Sheridan's Cavalry Corps, gold crossed sabres on ;in isos. 
oblong blue field, surrounded by silver rays. 

Wilson's Cavalry, a carbine from which, suspended by 
chains, was the red sw^allow^-tail guidon of cavalry, bear- 
ing two gilt crossed sabres. 

The Confederates remained in their position after the 
battle of Fredericksburg, extending their lines, however, 
from Banks's Ford above Fredericksburg down to near 
Port Conway, Longs treet's forces being at Fredericks- 
burg and vicinity, Jackson's below them. Both armies 
remained in their camps for over three months, reorgan- 
izing, recruiting, drilling, and otherwise preparing for 
another great struggle. Meantime numerous small 
battles and skirmishes were going on between detach- 
ments of the contending forces. 

Moseby did a clever thing during the night of March 
8, 1863, at Fairfax Court House. The village was in March 8. 

JMosd^v 

possession of the Federals, and surrounded by Federal captures 
troops. Favored by darkness and accompanied by st°ou"hton. 
some thirty men, he managed to elude the Federal 
guards, and entering the town, captured Colonel Stough- 
ton, a brigade commander, in his bed. He also captured 
several other officers and men, making in all thirty-five 
prisoners, and succeeded in taking them through the 
Federal lines to the enemy's camp, 

February 10, 1863, the enemy's cavalry undeV Gen- GLicester 
eral W. H. F. Lee was repulsed at Gloucester Point on ^°"'*- 
York River. Feb. 25, the Confederate cavalry under Feb. 35. 
General Fitzhugh Lee surprised a Federal post at Leeds- ^'^"*'^°^^"- 
town, capturing about one hundred prisoners. On the 
17th of March about 2,000 Federal cavalry, under March ir. 
Averill, crossed the Rappahannock at Kelly's Ford, in Ford. 
the face of a heavy fire from Fitzhugh Lee's skirmishers, 
and captured -a number of prisoners. Averill had 
advanced only about one mile from the river when he 



96 HOOKEl;. 



1803. 



met Fitzhugh Lee, who had hastened forward with his 
cavalry brigade to oppose his further progress. A ter- 
rible battle followed, becoming at once a general engage- 
ment. Lee's, men charged with great fierceness, bring- 
ing the combatants close upon one another. The fight- 
ing was with pistols and sabres, the enemy being finally 
repulsed. The Federals then gallantly returned the 
charge, throwing Lee's men into disorder, who hastily 
retired. The Federals pursued the retreating foe some 
eight miles to Brandy Station, where Lee made a stand, 
and fighting w^as renewed; but it was now night, and 
General Averill, knowing that Lee could soon be rein- 
forced by inffintr}^ returned to Kelly's Ford, and re- 
crossed that evening. The Federal loss was 6 killed, 
50 wounded, and 24 missing. The enem^^'s loss was 
11 killed, 88 wounded, and 34 prisoners. 

Early in April, General Hooker decided on a move- 
ment against the enemy. Possibly he may not have 
been quite ready, or the time may not have been the 
most opportune ; but nearly 25,000 men of the Army of 
the Potomac were about to be discharged in consequenee 
of expiration of term of service, and he must use them 
at once if at all. Lee's army was considerably weakened 
by the absence of Longstreet with three divisions, he 
having gone to attack the Federals at Suffolk, Va., but 
he was soon to return. Hooker's army now numbered 
about 100,000 effective men in infantry and artillery and 
,13,000 in cavalry. 

To deceive Lee, demonstrations were made on the 
Lower Rappahannock, Doubleday's division proceeding 
as far as Port Conway, twenty-one miles below Freder- 
icksburg, where the 24th Michigan infantry crossed the 
river, and entered the town of Port Ptoyal. The enemy's 
attention was thus taken away from Hooker's real 
movement. April 27, Hooker put his right wing in 



HOOKER. 97 

motion, uiid ou the morning of the 29th this wing, com- isas. 
posed of the 5th, ilth, and 12th corps, with Slocum by Apni a-. 
seniority in command, crossed the Rappahannock at ""^'^'"•'^ 
Kelly's Yo\\\, and on the morning of the 30th had crossed a™y ^^ 
the Kapidan, Slocum and Howard at Germania lord, 
and Meade at Ely's Ford, moving at once toward Chan- 
cellorsville, which is 11 miles from Fredericksburg. 
Hooker dispatched Stoneman with the cavalry divisions stonemair^ 
of Buf'ord and Gregg on a raid upon Lee's communica- 
tions, sending Averill toward Rapidan Station, Pleason- 
ton's ca^'alry remaining to clear the advance of Hooker. 
While the Federals were crossing at Kelly's Ford, 
Staart became aware of Federal activity; but misjiidg- ^ 
ing Hooker's designs, hastily assembled his cavalry 
under W. H. F. and Fitzhugh Lee at Culpepper, and 
moved thence to Brandy Station. Hampton's cavalry 
division was far away, resting and recruiting. Stuart 
soon learned his mistake, and made all haste to get to 
Germania Ford to dispute its passage ; but he was too 
late, and could only harass the Federal rear guard. In 
the afternoon of the 29th he savagely attacked the 
Federal rear near Madden Farm, but was unable to im- Apm so. 

_ Germaina 

pede their march. Stuart now sent W. H. F. Lee with Ford. 
his cavalry in the direction of Gordonsville, as Stoneman 
was threatening the enemy's lines of communication be- 
tween that point and Richmond; and with Fitzhugh 
Lee's cavalry he started in all haste to pass around the 
Fed eraf right, in order to reioin his chief. 

On the morning of the 30th, the Federal right wing, Hooker at 
with Pleasonton's cavalry in advance, approached Chan- J'^'J.g^^jJg^ 
cellorsville, when the enemy's three brigades which had "•'"iTodds 

' ./ o Tavern. 

just been sent there to watch Federal movements, fell 
back to Tabernacle Church. Meantime, the Federal left 
wing had been busy. On the 28th, Wadsworth's division 
crossed at Smithfield, and Brooks's division a little 

7 



98 HOOKER. 

1803. above. This move bothered Lee. With part of the 
Federal army approaching on his left, and the other half 
crossing on his right, he was compelled to do considera- 
ble guessing. 

On the afternoon of the 30th, the Federal 2d Corps, 
under Couch, crossed the Rappahannock at United States 
Ford. This ford, which is about seven miles above Fred- 
ericksburg, had till now been in possession of the enemy ; 
but the march of Slocum had freed it ; Couch therefore 
crossed without hindrance, and reached Chancellorsville 
at 10 p. M. the same day. At the same time. Hooker 
ordered the od Corps to move in the track of Couch, 
leaving Sedgwick \\\i\\ the 1st and 6th corps confronting 
the enemy at Fredericksburg and vicinity. 

Hooker arrived in person at Chancellorsville on the 
oOlh, toward evening. During the night the Federal 
cavalry were busy reconnoitering. The 6th New York, 
under Lieutenant-Colonel McVicar, had reached the 
vicinity of Todd's Tavern. Stuart had just arrived at 
that point after his attack on Slocum's rear. His ad- 
vance, the 2d Virginia, at once charged upon McYicar, 
who stood firm, giving the enemy a cruel fire, which 
stunned them. McVicar now returned the charge furi- 
ously, and the 2d Virginia was scattered to the winds. 
Fitzhugh Lee moved rapidly away toward Spottsylvania 
Court House, believing that he had narrowly escaped 
Death of the whole of Stoneman's cavalry. The brave McVicar 
Vicar. was killed while leading the charge. His regiment now^ 
returned to Chancellorsville. 

Hooker did not get ready to move beyond Chancel- 
lorsville until nearly noon. May 1. About this time, 
Lee, having become satisfied of his intentions, resolved 
to strike first, He had about 70,000 men in sii^ divisions, 
under A. P. Hill, Pvodes, Early, Colston, Anderson, and 
McLaws, The first four composed Jackson's corps, and 



HOOKER. 99 

the last two were a portion of Longstreet's corps. Lee isos. 
at once put his army in motion, leaving Earl}^ with about 
10.000 men to oppose Sedgwick. Ilis advance, under 
Ma hone, met the Federal advance under Sjkes on the May i-i. 
" Old Road," or Turnpike, between Chancellorsville and chancci- 
Fredericksburg. Both made haste to reach the hill, the ^°''''""- 
highest point in the neighborhood, on which stands the 
Newton House. Sykes won, after a severe engagement. Federal 
and secured the hill. The reinforced enemy again ^"^^°*'*- 
attacked, but was repulsed. Sykes held his ground, 
but all to no purpose. Hooker's orders for an advance 
were counteiinanded, and his several army corps were 
directed to return to the vicinity of Chancellorsville, 
where his army had formed line before dark that night, 
with Howard on the right at Dowdall's Tavern, Slocum 
in the center at Fairview and Chancellorsville, with 
Sickles between them. Conch on Slocum's left, Meade's 
corps forming the left of the army. 

The enemy hiid closely followed the Federals in 
their backward movement, and that night Lee's army 
encamped on the Federal front. During the night, 
Jackson conceived a brilliant movement, and played the 
trick upon Hooker the next day. Early on the morning 
of May 2, Jackson started with 30,000 men, about one May 2. 
half of Lee's army, to make a circuit around the Federal t^ck^^^^ 
right for the purpose of striking Howard's right flank 
and rear. The outposts of Sickles's corps discovered 
this body moving apparently in retreat, and artillery 
firing began. Jackson left one regiment, the 23d 
Georgia, to protect his rear, and pressed on. Hooker, 
being deceived, thinking that the enemy was retreating, 
sent Sickles's corps in pursuit. It was about two 
o'clock when Sickles started. The Georgia regiment, 
numbering about 500 men, was captured, but resisted 
long enough to allow the escape of Jackson's trains, 



routed. 



100 HOOKER. 

18 3. Jackson now saw that he must hold the Federals in 
check, or his plan would be revealed. He therefore 
sent back two brigades to bar the way, and hurried on. 
About 3 p. M. two scouts came in to the Federal 
right, and informed General Devens, commanding the 
right division, that the enemy was near at hand in large 
force. Word was at once sent to Hooker, but he was 
too far away for a reply to be received in time. The 
enemy's advance reached Howard's right flank about 5 
p. M. with a rush and the customary yell, and at once 
charged upon Devens's division, which numbered about 
4,000 men. They found the Federals with arms stacked 
light and eating their evening meal. The surprise was com- 
plete. In less than thirty minutes Devens's whole 
division was routed, and flew pell-mell toward the left. 
The troops under Sickles, imagining the enemy to be in 
full retreat, were detained till night by the two brigades 
that Jackson had placed in front of them. 

After the rout of Devens, Jackson came upon How- 
ard's 2d division under Carl Schurz, numbering about 
3,000 men. This division fought w^ell for a time, but 
could not long withstand Jackson's heavy force, and 
finally gave way, losing five pieces of artillery. How- 
ard's next division, under Steinwehr, was then attacked j 
but there was only one brigade here, the other having 
gone with Sickles in pursuit of the retreating enemy. 
Jackson's route had been similar to the trail of a long 
snake; while the front of the Federal army is upon 
its tail, it bites hard in the rear. Howard and Steinwehr 
make every effort to stay the fleeing soldiers of Devens 
and Schurz, and succeed in rallying a portion of them 
around Steinwehr; but it is of little avail. Although 
they check Jackson for a time, they finally follow the 
general rout. In less than one hour the 11th Corps has 
been broken into fragments. 



HOOKER. 101 

The Confederates pass on, next reaching a command- is a 3. 
ing position hastily taken by Pleasontou with his cavahy ~~ 
at Hazel Grove. Pleasonton had been with Sickles, 
but returned at the first warning of disaster. When he 
saw that Jackson's advance must be checked until he 
could establish a battery, he sent the 8th Pennsylvania, sth Penn- 

, ... ... - , sylvaiiia 

cavalry against the enemy, this single regiment bravely cavalry im- 
charging right into the fxce of death. I\Iajor PetJr '""^taiized. 
Keenan, with thirty officers and men, fell at the first Death of 
fire ; but the regiment moved straight forward, scatter- Keenau. 
mg Jackson's advance, and checking the main body long 
enough to allow Pleasonton to plant a battery of 22 
guns, mostly cannon belonging to the 3d corps. The 
8th Pennsylvania having been at last brushed aside, 
Jackson's victorious troops press forward ; but with 
double-shotted guns Pleasonton literally mows them 
down. Their charge is repulsed, but they reform and 
again charge. Fortunately, Sickles has arrived to aid 
Pleasonton, and again, after a fierce encounter, the 
enemy is repulsed. Jackson is at last checked ; his xiie enemy 
troops are exhausted, and need rest. It is now night. ^ '^^ ^ ■ 

During the evening, the enemy met with a great 
misfortune. General Jackson, with a few staff officers, 
passed in front of his own lines for the purpose of 
reconnoitering. As he reached the neighborhood of 
Birney's skirmishers, they fired upon the party, who 
hastily retired toward their own lines, when a body of 
Jackson's own troops fired upon him and his staff, mis- 
taking them for Federal cavalry. The lines of the con- 
tending forces were very near each other at this point, 
and it does not seem to be definitely known who did the 
injury ; but Stonewall Jackson fell, mortally wounded. Jl'i^o,' 
Several of his staff were either killed or wounded. He '""'t'^ny 

wounded. 

had received one ball in his right hand and two in his 
left arm, shattering it at the shoulder. He was carried 



102 HOOK Eli. 

isG.i. to Guiney Stntion, where he died on May 10. The last 
battle fought by this great warrior was one of his great- 
est achievements. General Thomas J. Jackson was a 
graduate of West Point, and had served in the Mexican 
war. In this day's battle the usual finale, " And night 
ended the conflict," cannot be applied. 
sickiess At 9 p. M. Sickles asked Hooker for an order to re- 

Ixittle in 

the night, capture the ground taken by the enemy. At 11 p. m., 
having received the desired order. Sickles attacked with 
Birncy's and Berry's divisions, strong!}^ supported. The 
battle in the night lasted for an hour, the soldiers fighting 

The enemy at closc ordcr. At midnight the enemy had been driven 
back as far as the position lost by Schurz in the after- 
noon, when the firing gradually ceased, both armies 
getting a little rest, but riot much sleep. During the 
attack of Jackson's troops, the balance of the enemy's 
forces under Lee's immediate command had kept up a 
continuous fire upon Slocum's and Couch's front. They 
did not attempt to advance, however. Lee was still 
waiting for news from Jackson Avhen night closed in. 
The first day of the battle of Chancellorsville had ended. 
The fighting had been principally in the vicinity of 
Dowdall's Tavern ; but only a small jDortion of the 
Federal army had been engaged. A. P. Hill had been 
wounded soon after Jackson's misfortune, and Stuart 
was called to command Jackson's corps. 

On the morning of May 3, Howard's corps was on 
the left, where it had been placed that it might recover 
from the disaster of the day before. Couch was next 
on Howard's right, Slocum next, and Sickles on Slocum's 
right. Meade's corps was posted still farther on. The 
1st Corps had arrived by the United States Ford, and 
during the night was placed on the extreme right. The 
Federal line now formed an angle, the center above 
Chancellorsville, the right reaching back to Ely's Ford 



HOOKER. 103 

on the Rapiflan, and the left resting below the United is as. 
States Ford on the Rappahannock. The battle ^Yas 
renewed at about 6 a. m. on the 3d. ^\"^ ^l^^^^^ 

Stuart, now in command of Jackson's corps, expect- reuewed. 
ing to carry the Federal position by storm, attacked 
Sickles savagely. Birney was the first in his way, but 
the battle soon reached the whole Federal front covered 
by Sickles, Slocum, and Couch, Stuart being opposed to 
Sickles and Slocum's right, and Lee, with Anderson's and 
McLaws's divisions, attacking Slocum's left and Couch. 
The principal attack was by Stuart, his troops driving 
the Federals, and then they in turn forced Stuart back. 

The slaughter was fearful, both sides exhibiting 
great bravery. At the beginning of the battle of the 3d, 
the enemy had about 55,000 men present, and the Fed- 
erals about 75,000 ; but the opposing forces engaged 
were about equal. The battle raged with great fury till 
9 A. M. Up to this time neither the 1st nor 5th corps 
had fired a shot. There was now a lull in the battle, j 

Lee, with Anderson's and McLaws's divisions, while 
hotly engaged, had been gradually working to the left, 
so as to connect with Stuart. Stuart had gained no 
ground as yet. For a short time the infantry were 
allowed to rest; heavy cannonading continued, however, 
on both sides. Lee has now joined Stuart, and the 
enemy's forces are again united. The tired soldiers are 
not allowed a very long respite. Lee orders a new 
attack, and the same corps of the Federals have to stand 
the brunt of the battle. Sickles sends to Hooker for 
assistance and ammunition ; but Hooker has been 
stunned by a cannon shot which struck a wooden column iiooker 
of the Chancellor House portico against which he was '''"""'"^' 
leaning, and he is now insensible. His chief of staff is at 
Falmouth, so there is no one present to give an order. 
Consequently, the three Federal corps fight on, resisting 



104 HOOKER. 

1SG3. the fierce charges of the enemy, without the rauch- 
needed assistance and ammunition. 

Before Hooker was injured, he had directed a new 

line to be established, for the three corps engaged, in 

rear of the one upon which they were fighting, which 

was a difficult move in the midst of battle ; but being 

Federals short of ammunition, the Federals were compelled to 

fall back about 10 a. m. to this new line, from which 

Lee in vain attempted to drive them. Again the battle 

subsides to a sharp skirmish fire. General Berry has 

Gen. Beny been killed, Greneral Whipple mortally wounded. Lee 

whipptr is now in possession of the Chancellor House. The 

enemy suffered fearfully, and the losses on both sides 

were terrible. 

Sedgwick, with the 6th Corps and Gibbon's division 
of the 2d Corps, remained at Falmouth menacing Fred- 
ericksburg. Hooker, on the evening of the 2d, sent an 
order to Sedgwick to march upon Chancellorsville, tak- 
ing Lee in the rear ; but during the night he changed 
the order, sending Sedgwick to capture the enemy's 
stronghold held by Early, before proceeding to Chan- 
cellorsville. Sedgwick occupied Fredericksburg before 
daylight on the 3d. Gibbon was brought over and 
Fredericks- placcd ou his right. Sedgwick was not ready to attack 
^'"=, , until 11 A. M., when the order for assault was given, and 

Heights " a 7 

stormed by after a tcrriblo struggle the famous stone wall and 
Marye's Hill were carried, giving them about 400 
prisoners. Early, collecting his troops at the rear, 
moved southward. The Federal loss in this assault in 
killed and wounded was about 1,000 men. 

At 3 p. M. Sedgwick put his corps in motion toward 
Chancellorsville, leaving Gibbon to guard the river at 
Fredericksburg and the Federal depots at Falmouth. 
Gibbon placed one brigade in the town, and moved two 
brigades across to the heights on the left bank, leaving 
only a small detachment on Marye's Hill. 



HOOKER. 105 

WJiile Lee was reforming his troops and nnikini; i8o:i. 
preparations for another assault upon Hooker, he re- 
ceived information of the defeat of Early and the 
approach of Sedgwick. He at once detached four bri- 
gades to delay the march of the latter, who was moving 
rapidly in that direction with Brooks's division in ad- 
vance. A short distance from Salem Church, about 5 sedgwick 

... at Sulfin 

P. M., hrooks came upon the enemy, who had just chmch. 
arrived at that point. One brigade of Early's division, 
under Wilcox, had retired from the defenses of Fred- 
ericksburg in advance of Sedgwick, and now joined the 
four brigades sent by Lee. Brooks attacked at once. 
His artillery silenced the enemy's guns within twenty 
minutes, when he charged with determination. He drove 
the enemy back, capturing their ground and a large 
number of prisoners. Wilcox's brigade was completely 
routed. The enemy gathered for another struggle, and 
charged the Federals in turn; but Newton's division 
had arrived, and the assault was easily repulsed. Fight- 
ing continued till dark ; but the enemy, aided hj HooJrcrs 
silence, succeeded in holding Sedgwick in check. Hooker 
had not recovered from the blow that stunned him; 
'consequently the Federal army was without a head. 

On the 4th both armies remained quiet until noon ; 
but about 1 P. M., Early, whom we saw going southward 
after Sedgwick had captured his stronghold, returned 
and took possession of Marye's Hill without striking May a. 
a blow. He also endeavored to capture Taylor's Hill, takes Ma- 
but was repulsed, losing about 200 men taken prisoners. ""^^^ "'"' 
Lee, learning of this, and Hooker still remaining inactive, 
took three brigades, and passing around Sedgwick, made 
a savage attack upon Howe's division, which formed 
Sedgwick's rear, also occupying Taylor's Hill. Howe Taylor's 
concentrated all his division upon the hill, from which ^^'"' 
position Lee was unable to drive him. Just at night 



106 UOOKEU. 

I Has. the enemy was repulsed with the loss of a considerable 
~~ ^ number of prisoners. 

Lee has failed to drive Sedgwick from his ground ; 
but the latter now finds himself in a critical position. 
Hooker seems to be some one else, and not " fighting- 
Joe " at all. His troops remain quiet all day the 4th, 
with the exception of a demonstration by General Grif- 
fin with his division, who, in reconnoitering Stuart's 
lines, meets fierce resistance, and retires with severe 
loss. Sedgwick, becoming satisfied that Hooker would 
not co-operate with him, falls back upon Banks's Ford, 
which is about three miles above Fredericksburg, during 
Sedgwick the night of the 4th, and the morning of the 5th found 



recrosses 



the Kap- him again across the Rappahannock. Gibbon had also 
' evacuated Fredericksbur'o' the same nio'ht, and returned 



1^ LXIV^ ^JCl...iV^ iil^Xil., 



to Falmouth. The 5th was passed quietly by both 

armies. Durino; the nis-ht. Hooker retreated across the 

The whole ^i^rer and at 8 a. m. of the 6th, his last soldier was safely 

army re- ^ " J 

cross the landed on the left bank of the Rappahannock, and on 

night of ^ ^" ^ . . 

the 5th. the 7th the Army of the Potomac was once more in its 
old camps around Falmouth. Lee again returned to his 
old quarters about Fredericksburg. The Federal loss in 
this campaign was about 12,000 killed and wounded, 
and 5,000 taken prisoners. The loss of the enemy in 
killed and wounded had been fully equal to that of the 
Federals, and about 3,000 prisoners. General Edward 

Death of Y , Paxton was amonar the enemy's dead. He was killed 

General o ♦^ 

Paxton. on the evening of May 2. The troops of the Army of 
the Potomac whose term of service had now expired, 
were mustered out on their return to Falmouth. 

As before stated, when Hooker started for Chancel- 

lorsville, he sent Stoneman with his cavalry under Buford 

and Gregg to raid upon Lee's Richmond communications. 

, Stoneman crossed the Rappahannock on April 29, his 

stoneman s J- - '- ^ 

raid. force numbering about 3,500. AverilFs division was 



HOOKER. 10^ 

directed to liapidan Station to watch the enemy's isos. 
cavaliy in that vicinity. Stnart had sent W. H. F. Lee 
to Gordonsville. The latter reached Rapidan Station 
on April 30, coming from Culpepper. Averill approached 
liapidan Station on the morning of May 1, and at once 
made preparations to attack ; but the day was spent 
before any movement of importance was made, and 
under cover of darkness Lee managed to get away with- 
out a serious fight, and dashed otf to Gordonsville to 
oppose Stoneman. 

Averill being without instructions as to further 
movements, now proceeded to rejoin the Army of the 
Potomac, encamping at Ely's Ford on May 2. Stone- ^^'^y ^■ 
man encamped on the right bank of the Rapidan, near comt 
Raccoon Ford, on the evening of April 30. On May 1 
he started for Louisa Court House, and entered that 
village on the morning of the 2d, destroying the railroad 
there. Lee had reached Gordonsville, and in the after- 
noon of that day came to reconnoitre Stoneman's force. 
After a sharp engagement he- was driven back to Gor- 
donsville. That evening Stoneman encamped at Thomp- 
son's Cross Roads, where two railroads intersect, the 
Fredericksburg to Columbia and the Charlottesville to 
Richmond. Making his headquarters here for a short 
time, he sent out detachments in different directions, 
destroying railroads and bridges. 

On the 5th, with those of the detachments that had 
been ordered to rejoin him there, Stoneman started 
northward, passing through Yanceyville. Lee followed 
him, but did not seriously interrupt his march. Re- 
crossing the Rapidan at Raccoon Ford on the 7th, 
Stoneman on the following day recrossed the Rappahan- 
nock at Kelly's Ford. Two detachments, of one reg- 
iment each, sent out by Stoneman from Thompson's 
Cross Roads, were yet behind ; one under Colonel Kil- 



108 



BOOKER 



1863. 

Kilpatriek 



Mliv 4. 
Uiclimoiid. 



Colonel 
Davis. 



Timstair 
Station. 



June 3. 
Lee starts 
northward. 



patrick had moved toward Richmond. On the morning 
of the 4th lie reached the Acqiiia Creek Railway at Hun- 
gary Station, and tore up the track, burned the depot, 
and cut the telegraph wires ; then pushing on he reached 
the outskirts of Richmond the same day,' when brushing 
the enemy's outposts aside, he dashed into the outer 
works of the city, capturing a number of prisoners. 
Then quickly turning about, he sped away, crossing the 
Chickahominy at Meadow Bridge, destroying the rail- 
\Yiiy bridge there, and moving rapidly he crossed the 
Pamunkey at Hanovertow^n. He mannged to elude the 
enemy, wdio was in hot pursuit, and reached Gloucester 
Point on the 7th. Colonel Davis, with the other de- 
tachment, reached Ashland on the Acquia Creek Railway 
on the 3d, where he destroyed the railroad, and pro- 
ceeding that evening to Hanover Junction he destroyed 
the depots, a number of cars and locomotives, and a 
large quantity of. provisions. He also destroyed the 
bridges over Stony Creek and Machumps Creek. Mov- 
ing on, he reached Tun^tall's Station, White House 
Railway, on the morning of the 4th, where a detachment 
of the enemy's infantry confronted him, but after a 
short engagement he escaped them, and turning north- 
ward, crossed the Pamunkey at Plunkett's Ferry and 
the Mattapony at Walkerton on the 5th, reaching 
Gloucester Point in safety on the follow^ing day. 

The armies of Hooker and Lee had rested in their 
encampments one month, when on June 3 Lee started 
by way of the Federal right for an offensive cam- 
paign. His army now numbered about 90,000 men, 
10,000 being cavahy. His infantry was divided into 
three corps : 1st Corps, Longstreet ; divisions. Hood, 
McLaws, ^Pickett. 2d Corps, Ewell ; divisions. Early, 
Johnson, Rodes. 3d Corps, A. P. Llill ; divisions, An- 



derson, Pender, Heth. 



Cavalry corps, Stuart. 



UOOKEU. 109 

Lon.cstreet took the advance, followed by Ewell, ises. 
while Hill remained to confront and occupy the atteii- 
tion of Hooker until Lee should be well under way. 
Stuart's cavalry had been concentrating at Culpepper. 
Hooker could not long be deceived ; he soon surmised 
that Lcc was movine;. Causing; bridges to be thrown J"ne s. 

'^^ i? 1 C 1 Hooker's 

across the Rappahannock on the afternoon of the 5th, army in 
he sent Howe's division of the 6th Corps over on the°'°^°°' 
morning of the 6th for the purpose of feeling the enemy ; 
but tliis force was not strong enough to make a thoiough 
demonstration against Hill's whole corps, and Hooker 
could not send over more and comply with positive 
orders not to uncover Washington. . He was therefore 
compelled to withdraw Howe without getting the desired 
information. He had already directed Pleasontou, who 
had been given Stoneman's place after the Chanceilois- 
ville campaign, to collect his cavalry, and make a dem- 
onstration towards Culpepper. 

The cavalry numbered about 7,500, in three divisions, 
under Generals Buford and Gregg, and Colonel Dutfie. 
(Avorill had been relieved of his command on May 3.) 
For the purpose of this reconnaissance two brigades of 
infantry, under Generals Ames and llussell, were 
attached to this force. Pleasonton crossed the Rappa- -T'ln^ ^• 
hannock at Beverly Ford on the morning of the 9th crosses tiie 
with Buford's division and Ames's brigade, sending ii't'ir'ar 
Gregg and Duffie with Russell's brigade across at Kelly's J;|J^^'''^ 
Ford. Duflie was to proceed to Stevcnsburg, for the 
purpose of reconnaissance, and to cover the Feileral left. 
Gregg, with Russell's brigade, was to come upon Stuart 
in the rear, while Buford should attack him in front. 
Stuart, whose purpose was to threaten the Federals in 
the direction of Warrenton, in order to conceal Lee's 
movement to the Shenandoah Valley, had moved to, and 
encamped near. Brandy Station on the evening of the 



110 



HOOKER. 



Death of 

Colonel 

Davis. 



June 9. 
Brandy 
Station. 



8th. Pleasonton was advised of this before crossing the 
Rappahannock. Gregg crossed unmolested ; but Bu- 
ford's advance found the enemy's pickets guarding the 
ford. Colonel Benj. F. Davis, of the 8th New York 
cavalry, crossed at once, and put the enemy's outposts to 
flight. Davis pursued them, and came upon a part of 
Jones's brigade. Both charged and became mixed up. 
The combat was with sabres and pistols. Colonel Davis 
fell, mortally wounded. (This was the officer who bravely 
led the brigade of cavalry out of Harper's Ferry the 
night before Miles surrendered. He was a graduate of 
West Point.) The Federals, outnumbered, were driven, 
when the 8th Hlinois coming up, the enemy in turn was 
driven back in disorder, losing a part of Stuart's bag- 
gage. Rallying upon the balance of Jones's brigade, 
they made a stand about two miles from the river, where 
Pleasonton attacked them; but Stuart now arrived with 
the larger part of his force, and the Federals were 
checked. 

Pleasonton now selects a strong position, which en- 
ables him' to keep the enemy at a respectful distance, 
the fighting being continued with artillery and small 
arms. At this moment Gregg is discovered approaching 
Stuart's rear. Leaving two brigades before Pleasonton, 
Stuart hastens with the rest of his troops to oppose 
Gregg, whose advance under Colonel Percy Wyndham 
finds a brigade of the enemy at Brandy Station. Wjaid- 
ham attacks vigorously, forcing the enemy from the 
Station. "The determined foe return the charge, but 
with Kilpatrick's aid Wyndham gives them a severe 
repulse. Stuart now arrives, outnumbering Gregg two 
to one, and the conflict becomes fierce. Russell's bri- 
gade is not up, as the infantry could not keep pace \\\\\i 
the cavalry \ but Gregg bravely maintains his ground. 
Buford has beeu driving the two brigades of the enemy 



HOOKER. Ill 

which were left to oppose him, but too slowly to arrive iso.i. 
in time to aid Gregg, and after a terrible hand to hand 
combat, in which both sides have displayed great valor 
and sustained heavy losses, Gregg retires in a direction 
to unite with Pleasonton, which was soon accomplished. 
Russell now arrived, and Pleasonton's force was united, 
except the cavalry division under Colonel Dunie. This 
division, however, came up a little later, having per- 
formed its errand of putting to flight a strong force of 
the enemy at Stevensburg. 

In Stuart's captured baggage Pleasonton discovered 
the plans of Lee, — information greatly desired by Gen- 
eral Hooker ; ami having accomplished the object of his 
reconnaissance, he ordered a retreat at 5 p. M., and re- Pleasonton 
crossed the Rappahannock without difficulty. The 
losses had been about 600 in killed and wounded on 
each side. Pleasonton was fortunate in retiring across 
the river, as Ewell, sent by Lee in haste, had just 
arrived from Culpepper with a large infantry force. 

Lee now prepared to carry out his proposed plan of 
invading the Northern States. On the 10th, Ewell, at June lo. 
the head of his corps, composed mostly of the soldiers ing for- 
who had served under Jackson, moved forward, passing ^'^"^ ' 
through SperrjMdlle and Chester Gap. He reached the 
banks of the Shenandoah at Cedarville on the evening 
of the 12th. Ewell now planned to capture the Federal 
brigade at Berryville, under McReynolds, and also the 
rest of this division at Winchester, which was commanded 
by General Milroy. Although Hooker had notified 
Halleck of Lee's movements on the 10th, by some 
strange misfortune Milroy received no notice of the 
approach of a large force of the enemy until Ewell 
attacked him on the loth. His scouts, however, on the J™e is-is. 
12th had brought him information of the appearance ofter. 
a strong force of the enemy in that neighborhoodj which 



112 HOOKER. 

1863. he concluded was a cavalry force on a raid. Becoming 
satisfied on the morning of the 13th that a heavy force 
was threatening him, he ordered McHeynolds to Win- 
chester, posting his other two brigades under General 
Elliott and Colonel Ely in good positions outside of the 
fortifications. Toward night Early's division of Ewell's 
corps confronted Elliott, while Johnson's division ap- 
peared before Colonel Ely's position, which was on 
Elliott's left. The enemy at once attacked, and after a 
sharp engagement the Eederals fell back a short dis- 
tance, when the enemy, worn out by a long march, 
concluded to rest until morning. 

General Milroy had taken some prisoners during the 
engagement, from whom he learned that he had been 
fighting the advance of Lee's army, and now had a 
whole army corps of the enemy before him. It was too 
late to retreat ; he therefore made preparations to defend 
his post to the last, and during the night he retired 
within the fortifications. McReynolds with his brigade 
joined him about 10 p. m., having escaped a division of 
the enemy under General Rodes. 

On the morning of the 14th, Ewell sent Early with 
his division to attack from the north, while Johnson 
should occupy the attention of the Federals on the 
south. Early, being obliged to make an extensive 
detour to escape the notice of the Federals, did not get 
ready to attack until 6 p. m., when Milroy was suddenl}^ 
apprised of his proximity. Milroy had weakened the 
force at the north side to resist Johnson, whose attacks 
had been vigorous, and Early captured this part of the 
defenses at the end of half an hom''s struggle. Night 
approaching, the enemy now desisted, feeling sure of an 
easy victory in the morning, 
winciiester Duriug the uight, Milroy evacuated his works, moving 
evacuated. -^^ ^j^^ dircctiou of Harper's Ferry, leaving his sick and 



HOOKER. 113 

wounded behind with the artillery and wagons. To guard is 63. 
agains't the escape of the Federals, Ewell had sent out a 
force of three brigades, whom Milroy found in his path 
about 3 A. M., near Rocktown. Elliott, who was in 
advance, suddenly received a volley of musketry, and 
the conflict at once became fierce. The Federals, deter- 
mined not to surrender, fought desperately. Ewell 
hurried a new force forward, w^iich attacked them in 
the rear. Their organization became broken, and after a 
terrible struggle they succeeded in escaping the toils of 
the enemy, a portion reaching Hancock and a portion 
Harper's Ferry. Milroy's loss was about 3,000 in 
killed, wounded, and prisoners. The loss of the enemy 
was unknown. 

On the 11th, Hooker moved the 3d Corps to a 
position on the Rappahannock near Beverly Ford. The 
following day he ordered the 1st Corps to Bealeton 
Station, and the 11th to Catlett's Station; but on the 
]3th, following the movements of his adversary, Hooker 
put his whole army in motion, which was concentrated 
at Manassas and Fairfax on the 15th. As soon as Hill June is. 
saw that the Federals had left Falmouth, he took up his Manassas. 
march to join Longstreet at Culpepper; and on the loth 
Longstreet moved forward, passing through Upperville 
on the 19th, and on the 20th through Ashby's and 
Snicker's gaps, reaching the vicinity of the Potomac 
that day. Hill had been ordered to follow the route 
taken by Ewell. Ewell had waited at Winchester after 
the defeat of Milroy for the arrival of Lee. He put his 
corps in motion on the 20th, sending Early to Shep- Jnne sn. 
herdstown, Johnson crossed the river and occupied cross the' 
Sharpsburg, Rodes at the same time taking possession p°^°'""'- 
of Hagerstown. Again this j)ersistent enemy is on the 
old Antietam battle-field. 

On the 21st Lee ordered Ewell to push forward to 

8 



114 



HOOKER. 



June 16. 
Chambers- 
burg. 



June 17. 
Aldie, Va. 



Bravery of 
Colonel di 
Cesnola. 



Ilarrisburg, and take possession of the capital of Penn- 
sylvania if possible. 

The Army of the Potomac had been slightly rein- 
forced at Fairfax by a division of cavalry under Stahel 
and a brigade of infantry. Hooker's army now num- 
bered about 85,000 men ; while Lee had an army of at 
least 90,000, having received reinforcements from every 
possible direction. 

On June 16, a body of E well's cavalry under Jenkins 
entered Greencastle, Pa., reaching Chambersburg that 
night, seizing horses, cattle, and provisions. He re- 
turned and joined Hodes at Williamsport on the 17th. 
Hooker, watching Lee's movements, sent Pleasonton's 
cavalry to reconnoitre, with Gregg's division in advance, 
led by Kilpatrick's brigade. The latter came upon a 
brigade of Stuart's cavalry, under General Munford, 
near the village of Aldie, on the 17th. Charging at the 
head of his old regiment, the 2d New York, Kilpatrick 
took possession of the town. Munford hastily sought a 
strong position beyond the town, where he awaited the 
Federals, who at once charged him determinedly. The 
2d New York attacked his right, obliging it to give way, 
with the loss of many prisoners. Munford then con- 
centrated his whole strength to break Kilpatrick's right; 
both sides charged fiercely, and the fighting w^as deper- 
ate with sabre and pistol. Colonel di Cesnola, of the 
4th New Y'ork, being under arrest, charged unarmed at 
the head of his regiment. Kilpatrick, admiring his 
pluck, handed him his own sword in the midst of the 
battle ; but the brave Colonel was soon wounded and 
made a prisoner. The Federals, being reinforced by a 
fresh regiment sent forward bv Greoo- the enemv at 
last were defeated, retiring in haste to Middleburg. 
Kilpatrick remained upon the captured ground. 

Colonel Duffie had been sent with the 1st Rhode 



HOOKER. 115 

Island to Thoronghftire Gap, and was to join Kilpatrick j.v«.v. 
at Middleburg. Duffie reached Middleburg during the j.^TTr 
battle at Aldic. Stnart, with a brigade, attacked him Middrburg. 
there. He had only 280 men, bnt resisted for a time 
with great lieroism. He was at last compelled to retire, 
but his troubles were not over; in retreating, he came 
upon Chanibliss's brigade of Stuart's cavalry, and a 
severe struggle followed. Duffie at last escaped, but 
with heavy loss. 

Hooker sent the 5th corps to Aldie to sustain Pleas- 
onton in his operations against Stuart near the Blue 
Ridge, and on the 18th posted the other corps of his 
army as follows : the 2d at Centreville, the 6th at Ger- 
mantoAvn, the 3d at Gum Springs, the 1st at Herndon 
Station, the 11th near Goose Creek, and the 12th in the 
vicinity of Leesburg. On the last-named day, Pleason- 
ton moved upon Stuart at Middleburg, who not wishing 
an engagement until the return of some of his absent 
brigades, fell back beyond the town, leaving the Feder- 
als in possession. 

Pleasonton had been looking for the promised infan- 
try support, but it did not get up, and without it he 
moved forward on the 19th, finding Stuart strong!}^ June lo. 
posted and awaiting him. The Federals opened the " ""'' 
battle, and a severe engagement followed, with heavy 
losses on both sides. The Confederates were finally 
driven from their position, and again forced to retire. 
On the 20th, the brigades of Hampton and Jones arrived 
within supporting distance of Stuart. Pleasonton was 
also reinforced by Barnes's division of the 5th Corps. 
On the morning of the 21st, Pleasonton advanced, attack- 
ing Stuart, who, after a severe fight, retired toward June 21. 
Upperville. The latter had ordered Munford and "'^'"" "' 
Jones, who were at Union, to join him at once at 
Upperville. Buford's cavalry Avas entertaining them. 



116 HOOKER. 

IS 03. and as they retired in conformity with Stnart's order, 
the Federals repeatedly charged them, inflicting severe 
loss. Meanwhile Stuart had reached Upperville, from 
wdiich place he was soon driven by Pleasonton. Hamp- 
ton, covering the rear, had a savage bout with Kilpatrick, 
as the enemy was leaving. 

Stuart now moved on to Paris, where Munford and 
Jones joined him. The Federal cavalry rested at 
Upperville. Stuart reached Ashby's Gap that evening, 
where he was reinforced by McLaws's division of infan- 
try. Pleasonton, having accomplished all that was in- 
tended in this direction, returned to Aldie on the 22d. 
June j^r. Lee continued to move forward, and on the 2Tth was at 
Chambers- Chambersburg, Pa., with the corps of Longstreet and 
urg, a. jj-jj_ Ewell was nearirig Harrisburg, and the folks in 
Washington were almost scared to death again. On 
the 29th, Ewell had reached the vicinity of Plarrisburg, 
and was preparing to attack, when he received orders to 
hasten back. Lee had learned of the Federal approach. 
On the 24th, Stuart started upon a raid, hoping to 
do some injury in the Federal rear; but he did no dam- 
jniie 2s. .^o-e uutil the 28th. He had crossed the Potomac near 

Rockville, ^ ^ i • -i-» • 

Md. Dranesville the night before, and reaching Rockville, 

Md., he learned of a Federal supply train of 150 wagons 
coming from ^Yashington, and succeeded in capturing the 
whole train, with little opposition, its defenders flying 
to Washington, terrified. Stuart reached Westminster 

June 30. q^ the 29th, and on the oOth moved in the direction of 

Hanover, ^ 

Pa. Hanover, Pa., where he hoped to find Ewell s forces, but 

instead he found Kilpatrick. This olficer had just been 
given a division made up of two brigades of Stahel's cav- 
alry, under Farnsworth and Custer. Stuart at once 
attacked with great vigor, and at first met with success ; 
but the Federals, becoming more concentrated, returned 
the charge, and after a severe fight, drove the enemy 



HOOKER. 117 

from the town. Stuavt retired in the direction of Dover, i s as. 
which place he reached July 1st, after an all-night's 
march. Moving thence to Carlisle, still in search of 
Ewell, he received orders from Lee to hasten to Get- 
tysburg. 



CHAPTER Til. 

GETTYSBURG TO MINE RUN. 

jilEADE. 

ISO 3. r^ ENERAL HOOKER continued to follow his adver- 
V_J sary closely. He constructed two bridges over the 
Potomac at Edwards's Ferry, crossed into Maryland on 
the 25th and 26th, and on the 27th his army lay near 
Middletown andFrederick. Less than 40 miles separated 
the antao'onists. Marchino- orders had been o-iven for 

t^ O Cr 

jnne 28. ^\^q 28th, "whcn an order was received from Washing-ton 

Hooker re- •- 

lieved by relieving General Hooker and placing General Geo. G. 
Meade in command of the Army of the Potomac. 
Hooker had asked to be relieved on the 2Tth. The 
change was a surprise to the new commander. General 
Meade at once put the army in motion, not changing the 
orders for the day. He had been reinforced, and now 
had about 100.000 men. 

General Sykes was given the 5th Corps, and Han- 
cock was placed in command of the 2d, as General 
Couch had been ordered to Harrisburg on the ap- 
proach of Ewell to that place, for the purpose of 
organizing the Pennsylvania militia for defense. Gen- 
eral Meade now decided to move to the neighborhood of 
Westminster and Waynesboro. The 1st Corps encamped 
on the 30th at Marsh Creek, the lltli on the 29th at 
Emmittsburg, and on the 30th the other corps were 
encamped at Taneytown, Frizellburg, Union, and New 
Windsor. The division of cavalry under Buford arrived 

at Emmittsburg on the 30th. Reynolds, in command 
(118) 



MEADE. 119 

of the left wing of the army, at once ordered Buford to /.vc.>. 
push forward and occupy Gettysburg. June 30, Meade 
issued orders for his army to take positions running 
along Pipe Creek from Manchester to Middleburg. 

Lee's army lay between Chambersburg and Cashtown, 
enjoying a rich feast in the sumptuous pastures of Penn^ 
sylvania, levying on towns for provisions, clothing, boots, 
and shoes, and even money ; as, for example, the town 
of York was required to deliver 105 barrels of Hour, 
28,000 pounds of baked bread, 3,500 pounds of sugar, 
1,650 pounds of coffee, 300 gallons of molasses, 1,200 
pounds of table salt, 32,000 pounds of fresh beef, pork, 
or bacon, 2,000 pairs of shoes, 2,000 pairs of socks, 
2,000 hats, and $100,000 in cash. ! " 

At this tiu;e Lee ascended an eminence and was 
listening attentively for a friendly no'sc from the North. 
He expected help now from the " fire-in-the-rear." It 
had been so understood, but the rioters in New York 
were not ready to co-operate. Lee was sadly disap- 
pointed. The enemy's Vice-Pres^lent actually ap- 
proached the gates of Washington expecting Lincoln 
and the Federal Government to be ready to come to 
terms ; but the movements of the Federal army soon 
undeceived them. Buford was just entering Gettysbnrg June so. 
when a brigade of the enemy approached, coming from ciuaTry "en- 
Cashtown with an empty wa^on train, intending- to fill !"'' ^^"y^- 
the wagons, their chief desire being for boots and shoes. 
Buford had arrived in good time. The enemy retired 
with the wagons still empty. Lee, as w^ell as Meade, 
soon after discovered the importance of the position at 
Gettysburg. 

At daybreak on July 1 General Hill ordered Ileth's J»iy i-s^. 
division to move upon Gettysburg, drive Buford out, tie of cet- 
and get the shoes. Soon after Heth's departure, Lee ^1^^° '"'' 
determined that he not only wanted the shoes, but also 



120 MEADE. 

IS 3. the position, and directed Hill to follow with the rest of 

GettJ^urg. liis corps, Rud at once ordered a concentration of his 

whole army at that point. Ewell was not far away, 

having been ordered back from his campaign against 

Harrisburg. General Meade had started the 1st and 

11th Corps, under command of Reynolds, at the same 

time, to aid Buford in holding the place ; and thus by 

accident Gettysburg became a terrible battle field. 

Meade had only intended to hold the enemy in check 

there until he could get into position on Pipe Creek. 

1 About 8 A. M., July 1, 1863, the battle of Gettysburg 

began. Buford had sent word to Meade and Reynolds 

the night before of his encounter with the brigade of the 

enemy, and urged that infantry be hurried forward. 

He then posted his men; numbering about 4,200, west 

of the town, on Willoughby Run, in the best positions 

possible, and rested for the night. At the hour named, 

Heth attacks furiously, but is met by a terrible fire 

Buford and from Buford's men posted as infantry, which checks the 

come he- eucmy's advance. The battle soon becomes a fierce 

'""^*" conflict. Although largely outnumbered, Buford holds 

Heth's force in check, anxiously looking for the arrival 

of Reynolds. He can leave none of his men in reserve ; 

all must fight in the first line; but notwithstanding 

heavy losses, his men nobly hold their ground. Rey- 

Hiirs corps nolds arrives about 9 a. m. in advance of his troops. The 

arrives. ]^g|- Qorps, uudcr Doublcday, begin to arrive at about 10 

wadsw'th-s A. M., but none too soon. The enemy attack Wadsworth's 

division, which is the first to arrive, before it is well 

into position. Reynolds, showing no fear of the shower 

of bullets flying around him, in person leads this division 

forward to the support of Buford's cavalry, who have 

been struggling against an almost overwhelming force 

for two hours. Giving some directions to Doubleday 

about the disposition of other troops about to arrive. 



di^itfion ar- 
rives. 



MEADE. 131 

General Reynolds hurries on to encourage his soldiers isea. 
by his own example, when at about 10:15 a bullet Geuvsu i-. 
pierces his brain, and he expires almost instantly. This Qg,,^,..,, 
was a sad loss to the Federals. General Reynolds was Reynolds 

•^ . killed. 

a graduate of West Point, and a veteran of the Mexican 
war. Doubleday assumed command until the arrival of 
Howard. 

On the left, General Meredith, with his brigade of 
Wadsworth's division, puslies the enemy back across the 
stream, capturing about 1,000 prisoners, including Gen- 
eral Archer, a brio-ade commander. At this time the 
enemy have crowded Wadsworth's right, under General 
Cutler, back some distance, when Cutler, wnth the aid of 
reserves, in turn forces the enemy back in confusion, 
capturing two whole regiments. About 11 a. m. there 
comes a lull in the battle. The enemy is posting 
fresh troops for a new attack ; but the Federals also 
have fresh troops, the other two divisions of the 1st The dms- 
Corps, under Generals Rowley (Doubleday's division) RoM,°on 
and Robinson, havino: arrived, and are placed at once in f"f ^°"^" 

■ ~ ' A Icday ar- 

the battle line. "^e- 

General Howard arrives about noon, in advance of his ^ 

' General 

corps, and assumes command, Doubleday returning to Howard 

.,- ,, assumes 

the command of the 1st Corps. A nerce artillery duel command. 
is indulged in, when the enemy again advance to the 
attack: but they 2;ain no o-round. The 11th Corps 
arrives about 1 p. m., when Howard posts it on the right corps ar- 
of the 1st Corps, with Scliurz in command, that it may 
assist in repelling the fierce assaults of Hill's corps. 
The Federals are now facing west ; but Schurz has no 
opportunity to attend to Hill. Ewell, with Rodes's divis- 
ion, makes his appearance at the north, and the 11th rh-es with 
Corps must bend to the right so as to face this new "^^^^H^ *^'" 
enemy. Rodes at once takes possession of a command- 
ing position at the north-west of the town. 



122 MEADE. 

1863. Jnst before E\v ell's arrival the figlitiiig slackens, 

Getiysbrg. 'j^^t shoi'tly after 2 p. m. the enemy renew the assault all 
along the line. Rodes extends his right to meet Hill's 
left, and opens a terrible artillery fire upon Cutler. 
Doubleday sends Baxter's brigade of Robinson's division 
to fill a space between the 1st and 11th Corps. Rodes 
J A at once throws a brigade, under General O'Neal, upon 
Baxter. O'Neal is repulsed with heavy loss, and retires 
in disorder. Rodes then sends Iverson's brigade upon 
Baxter, Avhen Doubleday pushes forward Robinson's 
other brigade, under General Paul, which arrives in time 
to aid Baxter in checking this assault. At the same time, 
Cutler quickly charges Iverson's flank, whose brigade is 
terribly cut up, and he retires in haste, leaving over 
1,000 23risoners in Federal hands. Meantime Hill has 
been fighting Donbleday's left with Heth's division, sup- 
ported by a division under Pender. It is nearly 3 p. m. 
The conflict has been desperate, but the 1st Corps 
does not yield a foot of ground, although outnumbered 
two to one. The battle has been almost continuous 
since "8 o'clock. Buford's cavalry and the 1st Corps 
have had a terrible time. The greatest eftorts of the 
enemy have been directed against Doubleday's left. 
Meredith with the "Iron Brigade," and Stone with the 
Pennsylvania " Bucktails," together with Biddle's bri- 
gade, have performed wonders. Every oflQcer and man 
must have performed prodigies of valor in so successfidly 
resisting the overwhelming force sent against them. 
The slaughter of the enemy has been fearful in their 
eiForts to drive the Federals from their chosen position. 
At the north, Schurz has been contending with a portion 
of Rodes's division, neither side gaining any material 
advantage. 

Upon Howard's arrival, about noon, he sent word to 
Sickles, wdio was supposed to be at Emmittsburg with 



MEADE. 123 

the 3(1 Corps, requesting him to hurry forward. He is 03. 
also notified Meade at Taneytowu of tlie situation. He GtnT^rg. 
would now (3 P. M.) draw in his lines, and take position 
on Cemetery Hill, which seems imperative ; but unfortu- 
nately he decides to hold on to the present position a lit- 
tle longer, hoping to hear from Meade, and a little later 
Ewell's 2d diA'ision. under Early, appears at the f/^l'^/ ^1' 

^ J 7 L i. Vision ar- 

north-east, and formino; quickly, rushes upon the rio-ht "^'*^'* *'"'i 
of the 11th Corps, whose left is now fiercely attacked schmz 
by Rodes's left. Hill, learning of Early's arriA^al and cemetery 
assault, presses forward vigorously. At 3 : 30 p. m. the ^^"' 
11th Corps yields, and retreats in disorder to Cemetery 
Hill. This leaves the 1st Corps in a critical position. 
Doubleday asks for reinforcements, or orders to retreat. 
Howard hesitates. The 1st Corps is now not only 
struggling against the fierce assaults of Hill's troops, 
but also Rodes's division, which has left Early to take 
care of Schurz. After a half hour's resistance, in which The gai- 
the Confederates are punished terribly, Doubleday orders ie^\y cTm- 
a retreat to Seminary Ilid<>e, which is performed in good ^]^]]^^, \'^'- 

•^ o ■ J- ° lall back. 

order. Here he gives the advancing enemy a serious 
check, and shortly after retires to Cemetery Hill. The 
Federals left about 4,000 men in killed and wounded 
upon the battle field, and as many more had been taken 
prisoners. The most of the latter were of the 11th Corps, 
captured by Early in the streets of Gettysburg. 

At 4 p. M. General Hancock arrives with instructions General 
from Meade to assume command, and Howard returns takerTOm- 
to the 11th Corps. The Federals now make haste to '^^"'i- 
form in their new position, but the battle has ceased for 
the day. Lee lias arrived, but decides not to renew the 
attack until the arrival of Longstreet. General Hancock, 
after viewing the ground, forms his lines, beginning with 
Cemetery Hill and Culp's Hill, extending south over 
Cemetery Ridge to Little Round Top. The 1st Corps 



124 MEADE. 

1803. is posted facing west, except Wadsworth's division, 
Gett^sbig. '^'^'liich takes possession of Gulp's Hill at the north-east 
corner of the Federal position. The 11th Corps facing 
north, is between Wadsworth and Doubleday. 

General Sickles, who had hurried forward at the call 
The 3d of Howard, arrived about 5 p. m. with Birney's division, 
Corps ar j-,jg q^i^qj- divisiou, uudcr Humphreys, coming about mid- 
night. Birney was posted on the left of the 1st Corps. 
The i3tii The 12th Corps, under Slocum, also arrived about 5 
river ^'^ ^- ^^- Slocum now took command, and soon after Han- 
cock proceeded in the direction of Taneytown to join his 
simer ''' corps, which he had left at that place ; but Meade, hav- 
coinmand [^^g- Ordered the concentration of his army at or near 

until 1 A. M. ° . , "^ 

Gettysburg, Hancock met his corps before reachmg 
Taneytown, and returned with it. Only the 5th and 6th 
Corps reached the position that Meade had intended to 
take on Pipe Creek. General Meade arrived upon the 

Jnly 2. ^ . ^ . 

Meade ar- battle field about 1 A. M., July 2, accompanied by his 
staff, and occupied the rest of the night in making him- 
self acquainted with the situation by the light of a 
bright, full moon. The 5th Corps arrived about 6 a. m., 
July 2, and Hancock with the 2d Corps an hour later. 
During the forenoon, advantage was taken of the 
silence of the enem}^, to improve the Federal position. 
Lee was waiting for Longstreet, whose troops had not 
all arrived. The Federal position layabout as Hancock 
had formed it, from Cemetery Hill and Culp's Hill (both 
hills being a short distance directly south of the town of 
Gettysburg) along Cemetery Ridge to Little Round 
Top. The right of the Federal line was on the east 
side, a little south of Culp's Hill, and extended north 
around Cemetery Hill along Cemetery Ridge on the 
west side; the left was at Little Round Top. There 
were three points on the west side where the enemy 
made his greatest efforts to break the Fedral lines; 



rives. 



MEADE. 125 

viz., Ziegler's Grove, near Cemetery Hill, Peach Orch- isnr,. 
arc], a short distance north of Little Round Top, Gettysbrg. 
and Little Round Top itself; also on the east side, 
against Gulp's Hill, and from the north against Cemetery 
Hill. 

At 3 p. M. Meade has his army corps posted as fol- 
lows : Beginning on the right, is the 5th Corps, which 
is held in reserve near the Baltimore road. The 12th 
Corps is next, with A. S. Williams's division on the 
right, Geary's division joining, Slocum being in command 
of the Federal right since Meade's arrival. Williams is 
in command of the 12th Corps, which faces the east. 
At Geary's left is Wadsworth's division. The three 
last-named divisions defend Culp's Hill and its right 
flank. On Cemetery Llill and touching Wadsworth's line 
is the 11th Corps, facing north, northeast, and northwest. 
To the left of Howard is Robinson's division of the 1st 
Corps, with Doubleday in the rear in reserve. General 
Newton has been placed in command of the last-named 
corps. Although Doubleday has commanded the 1st 
Corps with great ability, new arrangements have 
returned him to his division. The 2d Corps joined Rob- 
inson's left in three divisions, — right. Hays ; center. Gib- 
bon; left, Caldwell. The 3d Corps is on the extreme 
left, Humphreys' division joining Hancock, Birney's 
division reaching Little Round Top. Sickles, however, • 
. moves the 3d Corps forward to Peach Orchard and 
Devil's Den, leaving Little Round Top behind him and 
a little to his left. The 6th Corps has not yet arrived. 

The enemy's forces are posted as follows : Johnson's j^j^ ^^ ^^ 
division of Ewell's corps, which reached the battle "<"'^- ^'''^■ 

■"■ enil forces 

ground just at dark the day previous, threatening Culp's aii up but 
Hill ; Early's and Rodes's divisions of that corps before corps. 
Cemetery Hill ; Hill's corps facing east in three divisions 
under Heth, Anderson, and Pender, the last-named 



126 MEADE. 

18 63. ioining Rodes ; and the extreme right under Longstreet, 
Gett^'rg. two of whose divisions, under McLaws and Hood, have 
The ene- recently arrived ; Hood on the extreme right. His 
"]f*„p°'',1|^* third division under Pickett had not arrived when the 
picketfs battle commenced. 

division. 

The battle of July 2 opened in the afternoon, upon 

Tlie battle J I J i 

of July 3 the Federal left. 

Before this, between 6 and 7 a. m.. General H. 
Berdan, commanding a brigade in Birney's division, 
obtained permission from General Sickles to make a 
reconnaissance in front of Little Hound Top; and taking 
100 men from the 1st Berdan sharpshooters, supported 
by 160 from the 3d Maine, he advanced. He found the 
enemy approaching in force. A severe action took 
place, in which his comm'and lost nearly one half of its 
number. The advance of tlie enemy was greatly delayed 
by the desperate resistance of this handful of men. 
General Berdan and his brave men deserve great credit 
for this check given the enemy, which saved, for the 
time. Little Round Top to the Federals. 

About 3 : 30 p. M., Longstreet attacks Peach Orchard 
and Devil's Den Hill. Hill's artillery joins the roar of 
Longstreet's, and the Federal artillery thunders in reply. 
The Federal 6th Corps has arrived, and taken Sykes's 
position, Sykes now bringing the 5th Corps to aid the 
left in repelling Longstreet. A terrible struggle for 

Little Little Round Top takes place almost at the beginning. 
Hood's right makes desperate efforts to take possession 
of this eminence. Birney has sent four regiments to 
dispute the base of the hill with the enemy; but this 
force is not sufficient. General Warren, of Meade's 
staff, calls on Sykes for more troops to defend the hill. 
The 5th Corps is just arriving, as before stated. Colonel 
Vincent is sent with his brigade, composed of the 20th 
Maine, the 44;th New York, the 83d Pennsylvania, 



The Gth 
Corps ar- 
rives. 



Rouud Top. 



MEADE. 127 

and the 16th Michigan^ and at the same moment is as. 
Colonel O'Rouvke, at the head of the 140th New Yoi-k oytt~iir 
of Weed's brigade, 5th Corps, lushes to the rescue. 
The enemy have nearly reached the summit when Vincent 
:ind O'Rourke are upon them, and a bloody struggle, 
hand to hand, muzzle to muzzle, follows. The eneni}^ are Death of 
repulsed; Little Hound Top is saved. The shiughter yt";;'^„d 
has been great. Vincent and O'Rourke are among the o'^^oii^'^e- 
killed. 

Sykes now brings the balance of Weed's brigade to 
Little Round Top, and the enemy renew the charge, 
even as Weed is forming. Again the carnage is fearful, 
but again the enemy are driven back. General Weed is ^^"^^^ °' 

General 

killed. During this time the 3d Corps has been hotly weed. 
engaged. Sykes sends Barnes's division to help Birney, 
whose three brigades are heroically resisting superior 
numbers, and are suffering dreadfully; but this rein- 
forcement is not sufficient. Longstreet is making des- 
perate efforts to break the Federal left. Caldwell's 
division of the 2d Corps is brought to assist Birney and 
Barnes. Caldwell sends Colonel Cross with a brigade 
to charge the advancing foe. Birney rallies his men, 
and the enemy is compelled to fall back; but being soon ^^,^^^ „f 
reinforced, he pushes Birney back in turn. Colonel coionei 
Cross IS kdled. Caldwell now moves forward with the 
rest of his division, and the enemy is forced to retire. 

On the Confederate side, Hood's division, with a por- 
tion of McLaws's division, has done the principal part of 
the fighting so ffir. It is about 6 p. m. McLaws, seeing 
Hood repulsed, now enters the fight, attacking the 
orchard. Hill also sends in his right under Anderson. 
A desperate encounter follows. The position which 
Sickles had caused the 3d Corps to take is difficult to 
defend, and the Federals are at last compelled to relin- 
quish this ground. The enemy captures the orchard. 



128 



MEADE. 



18 63. Birney, Barnes, Caldwell, and Humphreys after a fear- 
Gett^itig. ful struggle are forced backward. General Sickles is 

commanding a brigade 



Death of under Birney, is taken prisoner 

GGnGrfii 

manding a brigade under Caldwell, is killed. 



Zook. 



Deatli of 

Coloiifl 

Willard. 



Gulp's Hill. 



wounded. General Graham^ 

General Zook, com- 
The battle 

is now raging along the whole line. Ewell has attacked 
Cemetery Hill and Culp's Hill. Hancock brings a part 
of Plays's division, under Colonel Willard, to aid Hum- 
phre3^s. Willard, who leads his men bravely into the 
fight, soon falls, killed by an enemy's bullet. The 6th 
Corps sends three brigades to aid the left. Meade 
hastens Williams from the right with his own division 
under General Ruger, and Geary's division, except 
Greene's brigade ; also Doubleday's division of the 1st 
Corps, with a part of Robinson's division. These troops 
strengthen the left and center. It is nearly night. The 
enemy are still making determined efforts to break the 
Federal left, but meet with terrible loss, the Federal 
artillery doing fearful execution. The combat rages in all 
its fierceness until dark, when the enemy retire. 

Johnson does not attack Gulp's Hill until about 6 P. m. 
Wadsworth's division is flicing north ; Greene's brigade, 
east. In consequence of the withdrawal of the rest of 
the 12th Corps, Greene has stretched his small force out to 
the right toward McAllister's and Power's Hills, on which 
is posted the artillery of the 12th Corps. Johnson 
advanced against Greene's position with a front of two 
brigades, his other two brigades being in the rear as a 
support. Wadsworth extends his right to aid Greene. 
The Federals have a strong position, and give the enemy 
a terrible reception, though they continue to press for- 
ward with great determination. Greene is reinforced by 
a brigade from Schurz's division. Johnson's right is 
checked after sustaining great loss ; but his left is gain- 
ing ground when Kane's brigade of Geary's division, 



MEADE. 129 

which has been hastily brought back, arrives at Greene's isgs. 
right, and the attack against Gulp's Hill is repulsed. Gcti^r-' 
The fighting lasted until long after dark ; it was 10 . . 
o'clock before it entirely ceased. 

Soon after Johnson's attack, Ewell puts the troops 
under Early and Rodes in motion against Cemetery [i-",'^**""^ 
Hill, which is defended by the 11th Corps and a part of 
Robinson's division of the 1st Corps. Barlow's division 
of two brigades, under General Ames, facing north, 
receives Early. There are but four other brigades in 
the 11th Corps; one has gone to Greene, and the other 
three, under Schurz and Stein wehr, are facing west. 
Early m.-ikes the principal attack, and is gaining ground, 
when a portion of the troops facing west about face, and 
aid in forcing EarJy back. As at all other points, the 
struggle becomes fierce and bloody. Hancock has sent 
two regiments from the 2d Corps to Wadsworth, and 
now sends Carroll's brigade to Howard. It arrives 
opportunely. The struggle has been in the balance, but 
now the scales turn in favor of the Federals. Their 
artillery is dealing death to the enemy's ranks, and at 
last they give up the fight and retire. General Wm. 
Barkesdale, commanding a brigade in Early's division, is Death of 
among the killed. Rodes, attacking from the west, does ^'^°f'"^^ 

o 7 o 7 Barkes- 

not put forth efforts equal to the determined assaults of f^^i^. 
Early, and is soon repulsed. The battle at this point 
ends in the dark, at about the same time as at Culp's 
Hill. Thus the enemy is repulsed at all points, and has 
gained no ground, except at and near the orchard. The 
Federal lines here had been thrown too fiir forward. 
Meade's center, now posted on Cemetery Ridge, holds a 
much stronger position than before. 

In preparing for the expected battle of the 3d, 
Meade sent Williams, with that portion of the 12th 
Corps brought to the left, back to its former position on 
9 



130 MEADE. 

1SG3. the right. Two brigades of the 6th Corps also went to 
GettTsb'r>. Strengthen the right; the balance of this corps was 
placed in different parts of the line. The divisions of 
Doiibleday and Caldwell were returned to their original 
positions. The 5th Corps was placed on the left, the 3d 
Corps held in reserve, and the rest of the Federal army 
remained substantially the same as the day before. 
July 3. Ewell reinforced Johnson on the mornino- of the 3d 

The battle , _ O 

opens at with three brigades from the troops of Early and Rodes. 
■ At daylight Johnson, who held a footing at the base of 
Culp's Hill, began the battle with infantry. The Fed- 
erals had some time previous opened with their artillery, 
giving the enemy a murderous fire, and were about to 
charge when Jackson forestalled them, and the conflict 
again raged on the Federal right. Johnson's troops 
were repulsed again and again, and still the desperate 
conflict continued for seven hours, with scarcel}^ a lull in 
the battle. 

At about 11 A. M. Johnson's troops became exhausted, 

and their fire slackened. Their efforts had been in vain. 

The Federals now seized the opportunity, charging the 

Confederates, and drivino; them from their o-round and 

across Rock Creek, capturing about 500 prisoners. The 

battle ended on this side before it began on the other. 

We left Stuart at Carlisle, where he had received 

jj.^ .^^ orders to rejoin Lee. Kilpatrick was still upon his tracks 

rick-s cav- ^when he was instructed to return to the Federal army, 

airy. . . , 

and in endeavoring to comply, he came upon Hampton's 
July 2. brigade, about 4 p. m., July 2, at Hunterstown, where 
town, Pa. Stuart had left it for the purpose of delaying him. After 
a brief engagement, Custer charged furiously, when 
Hampton's troopers gave way, and hastily retired. Kil- 
patrick then proceeded directly to Gettysburg, arriving 
there on July 3, a little before the enemy attacked 
Meade's position on the west side. Kilpatrick, with 



MEADE. 131 

Merritt's and Farnsworth's cavalry, got in Hood's rear, isos. 
and by a vigorous attack succeeded to some extent in Gctt^-i" 
drawing the attention of the enemy's right from Little 
Round Top ; but during the encounter they met with a 
severe loss in the death of the gallant Farns worth. General 

Lee began the attack on the west side with his ^,^™^" 
artillery about 1 p. m. Pickett's division of Longstreet's 
corps arrived from Chambersburg about 7 A. m. This picketts 
division was to lead the assault against the Federal rwel'"" "' 
center at and near Ziegler's Grove. At the hour men- 
tioned, all was read3^ Pickett was supported by Ileth's Grow. 
division under Pettigrew, and by a part of McLaws's 
division. The charging force numbered nearly 20,000 
men, all under the direction of Longstreet. 

The artillery opens, the enemy commencing the attack. 
The Federals promptly reply, and the silence is again 
broken. 250 cannon are belching forth a continuous thun- 
dering roar, dealing death in frightful numbers in both 
armies, until about 3 p. m., when the cannon cease, and 
Pickett's infontry move forward. The Federal cannon 
reopen their terrible mouths, and large gaps are seen in 
the ranks of the advancing foe ; but on they come, those 
brave Americans. A thrill of Gjenerous admiration runs 
through the Federal lines as those heroic Virginians un- 
flinchingly press forward, silently, determinedly, wUhoiit 
the ?/eU, charging right up to the Federal position. 
Their ranks are literally mowed down like the grass be- 
fore the reaper; but those that stand continue to fight, 
exhibiting as much tenacity, and suffering as terribly, as 
did Burnside's troops at Fredericksburg. The attack is 
most desperate in front of the 2d Corps, and the divisions 
of Doubleday and Uobinson of the 1st Corps. The 
soldiers of these five divisions heroically resist the 
heroism of the enem3^ Humphreys has sent Carr's 
l)rigade to aid the 2d Corps. In front of Hays's division 



132 MEADE. 

IS a 3. the line of the enemy is broken, and Hays captures 

GettW)'r"- ahout 2,000 prisoners. A portion of the assaulting force, 

led by Armistead, rushing out of the smoke which en- 

At the velops them, leap over the stone wall held by Webb's 

^ "' ' brigade, and a desperate hand to hand conflict follows. 

Generals Hancock, Gibbon, and Webb are among the 

wounded. The clothes of the combatants are set on fire 

by the burning powder, and officers and men are mingled 

in the terrible struggle ; but the assailants are at last 

utterly defeated. 

Death of Three brigade commanders — Garnett, Armistead, and 

Garnett, Peudcr — are mortally wounded, and many of their field 

Armistead, ^fj^gg^.g ^^^ killed or wouudcd. Whole regiments throw 

and Pen- ~ 

der, all dowu their arms, and rush forward out of the terrible 

srr3-d. Unites 

of West sheet of fire, to be taken' prisoners. 2,500 are taken by 
had°*served Glbbou's divisiou. The wreck that is left of that fine 
in the u. jjody of men retires toward Seminary Ridge, pursued by 
the remorseless fire of the Federal cannon. Pickett's 
division has been nearly annihilated. Pettigrew's divis- 
ion has also suffered terribly. Longstreet's attack has 
suffered a terrible repulse. The Federal loss in this 
day's battle has been small in comparison with that of 
the enemy. 

About 5 p. M. a brigade of the 5th Corps, which corps 
still holds the left, makes a i^ecomiaissance in its front, and 
the enemy retire before it, making but slight resistance, 
leaving the ground first occupied by Sickles in Federal 
hands, with about 300 prisoners. Darkness now envel- 
ops the terrible scene, and the battle of July 3 is over. 

July 3, During the afternoon the cavalry corps of the con- 

afternoon. • 1 p 1 1 1 n 1 1 

tending forces meet upon the east side of the battle field, 
near the Federal right. Stuart reached that point about 
10 A. M., sent there by Lee to take advantage of the 
victory should success crown his efforts; for the Feder- 
als must retreat in that direction. Stuart soon discovers 



MEADE. 133 

Pleasontoii's cavalry near b}^ and plans to attack tlicni. iso.i. 
It is 2 r. M. before he can get ready, and meantime the GottT^Mg. 
Federals have discovered him. An artillery battle at "^ 
once begins. Pleasonton's snperior gnns soon silence 
those of the enemy. Tlie charge and counter charge 
immediately follow. The troops under Gregg and Mc- 
intosh rush fearlessly upon the superior numbers of the 
foe. The 1st, 5th, 6th, and 7th Michigan cavalry, Pio^i^on- 

. . . . toil's and 

foi-niing a bi'igade under Custer, exhibit great heroism; stmut'scav- 
also the 3d Pennsylvania and the 1st New Jersey. The l/Lturif 



own. 



combatants close upon each other, fighting with sabre "''"' 
and pistol. Stuart maintains his ground for a time, but 
is finally defeated, and retires. He cannot take ad- 
vantage of the defeat of the Federal army, but will 
undoubtedly prove of service in covering the retreat of 
Lee. The Confederate loss has been about 700 ; Federal 
loss, the same. 

The following is the report of Gen. Custer of the 
part taken by his brigade in this action : — 

'' In compliance with instructions received from the omdai Ke 

port of 

headquarters of the 3d division, I have the honor to General 
submit the following report of the part taken by my 
command in the engagements near Gettysburg, Julj^ 3, 
18G3:— 

" At an early hour on the morning of the 3d I received 
an order, through a stalT officer of the Brigadier-General 
commanding the division, to move at once my command, 
and follow the 1st brigade on the road leading from Two 
Taverns to Gettysburg. 

"Agreeably to the above instructions, my column 
was formed and moved out on the road designated, when 
a staff officer of Brigadier-General Greasi', commanding 
the 2d division, ordered me to take my command and 
place it in position on the pike leading from York to 
Gettysburg, which position formed the extreme right of 



134 MEADE. 

1863. our line of battle on that day. Upon arriving at the 
Gett^'io-. point designated, I immediately placed my command in 
July 3. position, facing toward Getty sbui'g. At the same time 
I caused reconnaissances to be made on my front, right, 
and rear, but failed to discover any considerable force of 
the enemy. Everything remained quiet till 10 A. M., 
when the enemy appeared on my right flank, and opened 
upon me with a battery of six guns. Leaving two guns 
and a regiment to hold my first position and cover the 
road leading to Gettysburg, I shifted the remaining 
portion of my command, forming a new line of battle at 
right angles to my former line. The enemy had obtained 
correct range of my new position, and were pouring solid 
shot and shell into my command with great accuracy. 
Placing two sections of Battery ' M,' 2d regular artillery, 
in position, I ordered them to silence the enemy's 
battery, which order, notwithstanding the superiority of 
the enemy's position, was successfully accomplished in a 
very short space of time. 

" My line, as it then existed, was shaped like the 
letter L. The shorter branch formed one section of 
Battery 'M,' supported by four squadrons of the 6th 
Michigan cavalry, faced toward Gettysburg, covering 
the Gettysburg pike ; the long branch, composed of the 
remaining two sections of Battery ' M,' 2d artillery, 
supported by a portion of the 6th Michigan cavalry on 
the left and the 1st Michigan cavalry on the right, with 
the 7th Michigan cavalry still farther to the right and in 
advance, was held in readiness to repel any attack the 
enemy might make coming on the Oxford road. The 
5th Michigan cavalry was dismounted, and ordered to 
take position in front of my center and left. The 1st 
Michigan cavalry was held in a column of squadrons, to 
observe the movements of the enemy. ' I ordered fifty 
men to be sent one mile and a half on the Oxford road. 



MEADE. 135 

while a detachment of equal size was sent one mile and i *«,-;. 
a half on the road leading from Gettysburg to York, odK^y,.. 
both the detachments being under the command of the "^"'^ '^• 
gallant Major Weber, who, from time to time, kept me 
so well informed of the movements of the enemy that I 
was enabled to make my dispositions with complete 
success. At 12 o'clock an order was transmitted to me 
from the Brigadier-General commanding the division, by 
one of his aids, directing me, upon being relieved by a 
brigade from the 2d division, to move with my command 
and form a junction with the 1st brigade on the extreme 
left. On the arrival of the brigade of the 2d division, 
commanded by Colonel Mcintosh, I prepared to execute 
the order. Before I had left my position Brigadier- 
General Gregg, commanding the 2d division, arrived 
with his entire command. Learning the true condition 
of affairs in my front, and rightly conjecturing that the 
enemy was making his dispositions for vigorously attack- 
ing our position, Brigadier-General Gregg ordered me to 
remain in the position I then occupied. 

" The enemy was soon after reported to be advancing 
on my front. The detachment of fifty men sent on the 
Oxford road were driven in, and at the same time the 
enemy's line of skirmishers, consisting of dismounted 
cavalry, appeared on the crest of the ridge of hills on 
my front. The line extended beyond my left. To repel 
their advance, I ordered the 5th Michigan cavalry to a 
more advanced position, with instructions to maintain 
their ground at all hazards. Colonel Alger, commanding 
the 5th, assisted by Majors Trowbridge and Ferrj^, of 
the same regiment, made such admirable disposition oi 
their men behind fences and other defenses as enabled 
them to successfully repel, the repeated advance of a 
greatly superior force. I attributed their success in a 
gr^at measure to the fact that this regiment was armed 



136 ME A BE. 

1863. with the Spencer repeating rifle, which in the hands of 
Getter- hrave, determined men, like those composing the 5th 
July 3. Michigan cavalry, is, in my estimation, the most effective 
fire-arm that our cavalry can adopt. Colonel Alger 
held his ground nntil his men had exhau&ted their 
ammunition, when he was compelled to fcill back on the 
main body. 

" The beginning of this movement was the signal for 
the enemy to charge, which they did with two regiments, 
mounted and dismounted. I at once ordered the 7th 
Michigan cavalry, Colonel Mann, to charge the advancing 
column of the enemy. The ground over which we had 
to pass was very unfavorable for the maneuvering of 
cavalry, but despite all obstacles this regiment advanced 
boldly to the assault, which was executed in splendid 
style, the enemy being driven from field to field until 
our advance reached a high and unbroken fence, behind 
which the enemy were strongly posted. Nothing daunted. 
Colonel Mann, followed by the main body of his reg- 
iment, bravely rode up to the fence and discharged 
their revolvers in the very face of the foe. No troops 
could have maintained this position ; the 7th was, there- 
fore, compelled to retire, followed by twice the number 
of the enemy. By this time Colonel Alger, of the 5th 
Michigan cavalry, had succeeded in mounting a consid- 
erable portion of his regiment, and gallantly advanced to 
the assistance of the 7th, whose further pursuit by the 
enemy he checked. 

" At the same time an entire brigade of the enemy's 
cavalry, consisting of four regiments, appeared just over 
the crest in our front. They were formed in column of 
regiments. To meet this overwhelming force I had but 
one available regiment — the 1st Michigan cavalry, and 
the fire of Battery 'M,' 2d regular artillery. I at once 
ordered the 1st to charge, but learned at the same 



MEADE. 137 



ISO :{ . 



moment that similar orders had been given by Brigadier- 
General Gregg. As before stated, the 1st was formed Qett^'r- 
in column of battalions. Upon receiving the order to J"iy 3. 
charge, Colonel Town, placing himself at the head of his 
command, ordered the ' trot,' and sabres to be drawn. 
In this manner the gallant body of men advanced to the 
attack of a force ontnumbei'ing them five to one. In 
addition to this numerical superiority, the enemy had 
the advantage of position, and were exultant over the 
repulse of the 7th JNIichigan cavalry. All these facts 
considered, would seem to render success on the part of 
the 1st impossible. Not so, however. Arriving within 
a few yards of the enemy's column, the charge was 
ordered, and with a yell that spread terror before them, 
the 1st Michigan cavalry, led by Colonel Town, rode 
upon the front i-ank of the enemy, sabering all who came 
within reach. For a moment, but only a moment, that 
long, heavy column stood its ground ; then, unable to 
withstand the impetuosity of our attack, it gave way 
in a disorderly rout, leaving vast numbers of their 
dead and wounded in our possession, while the 1st, being 
masters of the field, had the proud satisfaction of seeing 
the enemy seek safety in headlong flight. 

" I cannot find language to express my high apprecia- 
tion of the gallantry and daring displayed by the officers 
and men of the 1st Michigan cavalry. They advanced 
to the charge of a vastly superior force with as much 
order and precision as if going upon parade ; and I 
challenge the annals of warfare to produce a more brill- 
iant or successful charge of cavalry than the one just 
recounted. Nor must I forget to acknowdedge the 
individual assistance rendered by Battery ' M,' 2d reg- 
iment of artillery, in this charge. Our success in driving 
the enemy from the field is due, in a great measure, to 
the highly efficient manner in which the battery was 



IS a 3. 


Getty sb'rg. 


July 3. 



138 MEADE. 

handled by Lieutenant A. C. M. Pennington, assisted 
by Lieutenants Clark, Woodruff, and Hamilton. The 
enemy made but slight demonstration against us during 
the remainder of the day, except in one instance, when 
he attempted to turn my left flank, which attempt was 
most gallantly met and successfully frustrated by Second 
Lieutenant J. H. KeHogg, with Company 'H,' 6th Mich- 
igan cavalry. We held possession of the field until dark, 
during which time we collected our dead and wounded. 
At dai'k I returned with my command to Two Taverns, 
where I encamped for the night. 

" In this engagement my command lost as follows : 
nine officers and sixty-nine men killed, twenty-five 
officers and two hundred and seven men wounded, seven 
officers and two hundred 'and twent^^-five men missing; 
making a total of five hundred and forty-two. Among 
the killed I record the name of Major N. H. Ferry, of 
the 6th Michigan cavalry, who fell while heroically 
cheering on his men. It would be impossible for me to 
particularize in those instances deserving special men- 
tion ; all, both men and officers, did their duty. There 
were many cases of personal heroism, but a list of their 
names would make my report too extended. To Colonel 
Town, commanding the 1st Michigan cavalry, and to the 
officers and men of his regiment for the gallant manner 
in Vvdiich they drove the enemy from the field, great 
praise is due. Colonel Mann, of the 7th Michigan cav- 
alry, and Colonel Alger, of the 5th Michigan cavalry, as 
well as the officers and men of their commands, are 
entitled to much credit for their united efforts in repel- 
ling the advance of the enemy. The 6th Michigan cav- 
alry rendered very good service by guarding both my 
right and left flank ; also by supporting Battery ' M ' 
under a very hot fire from the enemy's battery. Colonel 
Gray, commanding the regiment, was constantly seen 



MEADE. 139 

wherever his presence was most needed, and is deserv- isos. 
ing of special mention. I desire to commend to your Gett^)-rg. 
favorable notice Lieutenants Pennington, Clark, Wood- J"'>' ^' 
ruff, and Hamilton, of Battery ' M,' 2d artillery, for the 
zeal and ability displayed by each on this occasion. My 
thanks are personally due to the following named mem- 
bers of my staff, who, on many occasions, exhibited 
remarkable gallantry in transmitting and executing my 
orders on the field : — 

" Captain G. A. Drew, 6th Michigan cavalry, Assist- 
ant Inspector-General. 

" First Lieutenant R. Baylis, 5th Michigan cavalry, 
acting Assistant Adjutant-General. 

" First Lieutenant Wm. H. Wheeler, 1st Michigan 
cavalry, A. D. C. 

" First Lieutenant Wm. Colerick, 1st Michigan cav- 
alry, A. D. C. 

" I desire also to mention two of my buglers, Joseph 
Fought, Company ' D,' 5th U. S. cavalry, and Peter 
Boehn, Company ' B,' 5th U. S. cavalry ; also Orderlies 
Norvall Churchill, Company ' L,' 1st Michigan cavalry, 
George L. Foster, Company ' C,' 1st Michigan cavalry, 
and Benjamin H. Butler, Company ' M,' 1st Michigan 
cavalry." 

The following is an extract from the report of Gen- 
eral K. A. Alger (now Governor of Michigan), giving an 
account of the part taken by his regiment in this 
battle : — 

"June 30. We marched to Littletown, Pa., where ^'^^"^^ 

_ ' ' Alger's 

the Michigan Cavalry Brigade, being 2d brigade, 3d cav- official re- 
alry division, Army of the Potomac, consisting of the 
1st, 5th, 6th, and 7th Michigan cavalry, and Captain 
Pennington's Battery of the U. S. regular artillery, was 
formed and placed under the command of Brigadier- 
General- G. A. Custer. From Littletown we marched to 



140 MEADE. 

isii-s. Hanover, Pa., where iny regiment had its first serious 
Gett^r-r. encounter with the enemy. General Stuart's cavalry 
July 3. being near that place, I was left with my regiment to 
intercept him, should he move upon the road I was left 
to guard. Toward evening the enemy attacked me in 
quite a large force. I charged them, driving them some 
distance, dismounted my command and fought them on 
foot, killing and capturing quite a number. My loss was 
quite severe. 

" It is proper here to state that my regiment was 
armed with the Spencer rifle, being the only regiment 
in the brigade, and I think in our division, then provided 
with that weapon. Consequently I was then and after- 
ward required to do very much fighting on foot. 

"July 2. 'Was at the fight at Hunterstown, Pa., 
but I was not engaged except in slight skirmishing. 
Suslained no loss. 

"July 3. At 10 A. M., our brigade being on the 
right of the army, the enemy's cavalry under General 
Stuart appeared in our front in large force. I was 
ordered to dismount my regiment and advance and 
attack him, which I did, driving him back about half a 
mile and into a thick wood. Here he rallied and 
attacked me, and was repulsed, but with a heavy loss to 
my regiment as well as to him. Again he attacked me, 
moving round on my left flank, but was again repulsed. 
In this last attack I also sustained a serious loss, includ- 
ing the gallant Major Noah H. Ferry (brother of U. S. 
Senator Ferry), of my regiment. 

" Being unable to hold my position longer, my am- 
munition being nearly exhausted, and while the enemy 
were diverted by a charge of the 7th cavalry. Colonel 
Mann, on my right, I fell back and mounted m}^ regi- 
ment. While mounting, the enemy charged past my 
right flank about forty rods distant, driving the 7th 



MEADE. 14:1 

Michigan back in confusion; at that moment, having is as. 
monnted a portion of my command, I directed Major octtysvrg. 
Trowbridge to take it and chai'ge the enemy, which he -^'iiy ^■ 
did gallant h'^, having his horse shot and killed under him 
in so doing. 

"A few moments later the balance of the regiment 
was engaged, and the enemy checked and driven from 
the field, only, however, to rally and come down upon 
our brigade in still greater numbers. This charge was 
met by Colonel Town with his 1st Michigan, which had 
been held in reserve until now, who, assisted by the 
other regiments of the brigade, charged, checked, and 
broke the enemy's ranks, driving them from the field in 
confusion." 

" I cannot pass the notice of this charge of the 1st 
cavalry without adding a word to its already recorded, 
well-earned pndse. I do not believe it had its equal 
during the war, if ever. The squadrons, w^ith almost 
faultless alignment, were hurled upon the largely supe- 
rior numbers of the enem}^ and as each squadron came 
up it was broken and forced out on either flank of the 
succeeding one, which filled its place, until over one half 
of the regiment was broken up. But the rebels could 
not stand such terrible and rapid blows, and wei'e forced 
to leave the field in haste and confusion, while the 
broken squadron of the gallant 1st formed as best they 
could in the rear of their regiment, and joined in the 
pursuit. 

" This left our brigade in possession of that notly- 
contested field, and the night having closed in, this ter- 
rible battle ended ; and at our left, wdiere the roar of 
cannon and musketry had been kept up all day, all was 
now quiet, except occasional desultory firing along the 
line. My loss in killed and wounded was very severe. 
Major Ferry, who was cheering his battalion to hold its 



U'2 MMAJJK 

1S63. ground, was instantly killed. His death cast a deep 
Gettysb'rg. gloom upon the whole brigade. He was a gallant soldier 
July 3. and an exemplar}^ man, and his loss was a great blow. 
"July 4. At 10 A. M., our division marched from 
Gettysburg battle-field to intercept the enemy, who was 
retreating along the South Mountain road toward Will-, 
iamsport. We marched via Emmittsburg up the road 
leading to Monterey, a small place, as it appeared in the 
night, on the top of the South Mountain Range, the 5th 
Michigan cavalry being in the advance. As we ap- 
proached the summit of the mountain about midnight, 
the night being very dark, we were surprised by the 
enemy opening fire upon us with two howitzers, charged 
Avith grape-shot, at close range. The confusion following 
was only for a moment, *and they were soon driven off, 
and the command moved forvrard. Arriving at the 
summit of the mountain, tiie trains of the enemy could 
be distinct]}^ heard moving along down the road which 
intercepted the line of our march — the road leading 
down the west slope of the mountain toward Williams- 
port. Near the junction of the two roads and between 
us and the trains of the enemy was a bridge over a deep 
stream swollen by the heavy rains of the afternoon of 
the 4th, which was guarded by over one thousand of the 
enemy's infantry. This bridge the 5th cavalry charged 
across, forming its line on the opposite side of the bridge 
by the flashes of its guns (the regiment being dis- 
mounted), and moved forward at a double quick upon 
the enemy, and was followed by the mounted escort of 
General Kilpatrick. This charge resulted in the capture 
of about fifteen hundred prisoners and a large train of 
wagons, the latter extending from the top to the base of 
the mountain, which were mostly burned, and the mules 
attached to them turned over to the quartermaster. I 
cannot speak in terms of too high praise of the behavior 



mi: A DM. 1 13 

of my regiment in this engagement. It was the most isii:t. 
trying place it had passed through up to that time, if Gcttysb-rg. 
not during its organization." 

The following is written especially for this work, by 
General L. S. Trowbridge, who was an officer in the 5th 
Michigan cavalry, and took part in this battle : — 

So much has been said and written of the infantry q.^^,.^^^ 
fight at Gettysburg, that not until recently has much operations. 
attention been given to the operations of the cavalry in J^y General 
that campaign ; and yet those operations were of great ^™"^"^ 
importance, and doubtless had much to do with the 
ultimate result of that desperate battle. The cavalry 
has been said to be the eyes of the army ; and it was 
perhaps owing to a disregard of that truth that General 
Lee unexpectedly found himself brought face to face 
with the entire Ai-my of the Potomac when he supposed 
that he had only a portion of it to contend with. It has 
been said, with how much truth I know not, that General 
Lee would not have ordered the assault on the third day 
of the battle had he known that General Meade had 
succeeded in -bringing up his whole army. A brief re- 
view of the operations of the cavalry immediately pre- 
ceding, and at, the battle of Gettysburg, may not be un- 
interesting or unprofitable. 

When the invasion of the North was decided upon, 
General Lee had two things to be accomplished by his 
cavalry : first, to conceal, as by an impenetrable veil, 
the movements of his army ; and secondly, to give him 
full, accurate, and timely information of the movements 
of his antagonist. His cavalry was under the command 
of General Stuart, a bold, aggressive, and in many re- 
spects a brilliant officer, but more successful in planning 
and executing a dashing cavalry raid, than in the less 
exciting but more important work of closely watching 
his enemy. He was foiled in his efforts to conceal the 



14:4: MEADE. 

1803. movements of Lee's army, by the bold and unexpected 

Gettysb-rg. 'ittaclv made on him by Pleasonton at Brandy Station on 

the 9th of June. Information srained by that attack, 

Cavalry . O ./ ' 

operations, through captuFcd dispatches and other sources, revealed 
to General Meade General Lee's scheme of invading the 
North. That information was. abundantly confirmed by 
the brilliant engagements of the 17th, 18th, and 19th of 
June at Aldie and Upperville, in which the gallant 
divisions of Gregg and Biiford demonstrated that the 
Confederate cavalry could no longer justly claim any 
superioi'ity over the Union cavalry. On the contrary, 
the brave boys in blue had the proud satisfaction of 
seeing the Confederates driven from one position after 
another, until their whole force had been driven back 
more than six miles, and all the information which 
Pleasonton sought had been gained. 

Lee's immediate objective point was TIarrisburg, 
where he expected to accomplish so much in breaking 
up communication with Washington by the destruction 
of the Pennsylvania Railroad as to give him his choice 
between Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington as his 
next objective point. With that end in view. General 
Early was ordered to move on York, Pa., and Stuart 
was directed to phice his cavalry as speedily as possible 
in conjunction wdth that force, which would constitute 
the right wing of the invading army. To accomplish 
this, two plans were open to him : one to pass along the 
flank of the army and across the Potomac at Shepherds- 
town and Williamsport. That would seem to most mil- 
itary critics to have been the proper route, as he could 
then have kept constant watch on the movements of his 
enemy. But General Stuart conceived a more brilliant, 
if successful, and certainly much more hazardous plan, 
Avhich was to pass around the rear of the Army of the 
Potomac. If this route afforded greater expedition in 



MEADE. 145 

connecting with Early, and the tempting chances of iscs. 
capturing a train or some detached portions of the army, Gett^rg. 
it also exposed him to the dansrer of beinor cut off from ^ , 

1^ o o Cavalry 

communication with liis chief, and furnishing him with operations, 
the information which it was of the highest importance 
for him to have, — a result which actually did occur 
through the quick movements and splendid fighting of 
the Union cavalry. Leaving Jones's and Robertson's 
brigades with the main army, he took with him the three 
brigades of Hampton and the two Lees for this perilous 
undertaking. Doubtless he thought the brigades of 
Jones and Robertson, with that of Jenkins, numbering 
altogether nearly 4,000 men, would be amply sufficient 
to keep Lee advised of all the movements of the Army 
of the Potomac. Perhaps they should have been, and 
it may be that it was not so much the absence of the 
three brigades of Hampton and the two Lees, as that of 
Stuart himself, that so disturbed General Lee. Certain 
it is that the absence of that officer was very severely 
felt and greatly criticised. It has even been said that 
there was talk of a court-martial for his disobedience of 
orders, but that General Lee refused to order the court 
because, as he said, Stuart was allowed a discretion under 
his orders, and could not be tried for disobedience while 
exercising that discretion. 

A glance at the map will show the extent of Stuart's 
march around the Army of the Potomac. The fighting 
of the 17th, 18th, and 19th of June had been in the 
Luray Valley, between thirty and forty miles in a north- 
w^esterly direction from Fairfax Court House. After 
those fights, he concentrated his three brigades for the 
contemplated movement at Rector's Cross Roads on the 
night of the 24th of June. Moving in a south-easterly 
direction, as he approached Haymarket, he found Han- 
cock's corps occupying the road which he expected to 
10 



146 MEADE. 

IS OS. take. He was thus obliged either to retrace his steps, 

Gett^sb'rg. abaiicloii his contQ,mplated movement, and cross the 

Potomac at Shepherdstown, or make a still wider detour 

Cavalry ^^ ™g|- rj^j-Qund the Armv of the Potomac. He chose the 

operations. ^ "^ 

latter. Withdrawing from Hancock, he again took his 
south-easterly course. Passing through Bristoe Station 
and Brentsville, he crossed the upper waters of the 
Occoquan, then turning to the northeast he again crossed 
the Occoquan at Wolf Run Shoals, passed through 
Fairfax Court House to Hunter's Mill within ten miles 
of the Chain Bridge at Georgetown, then turning to the 
northwest he passed through Drainesville, and on the 
28th of June crossed the Potomac at Bowser's Ford. 
The next day he captured a train of 125 wagons at 
Rockville, — a capture which proved a very expensive 
one for him through his obstinacy in determining to hold 
on to them at all hazards. The delay occasioned by 
them was instrumental, at least, in enabling Kilpatrick 
to interpose his division of cavalry between Stuart and 
Lee's main army.; and by bold, aggressive, and splendid 
fighting, Kilpatrick forced him into a long, circuitous 
march, reaching as far as Carlisle, before he could get 
into communication again with his chief. 

With Stuart cut off from the main body of the Con- 
federate army, and fairly occupied with his favorite 
employment, — a cavalry raid, — let us turn our attention 
to the Union Cavalry, 

Stahel's division of cavalry had been engaged in out- 
post duty at Fairfax Court House during the spring and 
early summer of 1863. On the 17th of June, while the 
guns of Gregg, proclaiming a spirited fight at Aldie, 
were distinctly heard at Fairfax Court House, Stahel's 
division suddenly broke camp. As the booming of the 
guns at Aldie came rolling down Little River Pike, it was 
thought by the rank and file that they were going to 



MEADE. 147 



join their comrades. at Aldie. Instead of that, however, isos. 
that division made an extended reconnaissance to War- Gett^'rg. 
renton and Sulphur Springs, detachments being sent on 

. Cavalry 

various roads, covering a wide extent of territory. It operations. 
was doubtless deemed important by the commander of 
the Army of the Potomac to know whether Lee's army 
had gone down the Shenandoah Valley, or whether there 
was still danger of its advancing through Thoroughf^ire 
Gap and along the Warrenton Pike upon the old battle 
field of Bull Run. If that information was the object of 
the expedition, it was fully gained ; for scarcely an 
armed rebel was seen during the whole march. Thus 
the last possible doubt of the plans of General Lee was 
dispelled, and it became plainly evident that his move- 
ment meant an invasion of the North. 

After returning from that expedition, the Michigan 
Brigade, then composed of the 5th, 6th, and 7th reg- 
iments of cavalry, was sent to Frederick, Md., and from 
there to Gettysburg. On the 28th of June it was in 
Gettysburg, and there learned of the passage of Early's 
troops through that place toward York. Returning to 
Emmittsburg, it learned of the changes in the army. 
Hooker had been relieved, and Meade placed in com- 
mand. Stahel's division had been added to the cavalry 
corps; Stahel had been relieved, and Kilpatrick assigned 
to its command. Copeland had been relieved of the 
command of the Michigan Brigade, to which the 1st 
Michigan had been added, and Custer, just promoted to 
be Brigadier-General, had been assigned to its com- 
mand. Farnsworth, who also had just been made a 
Brigadier-General, was assigned to the command of the 
other brigade. 

Meanwhile Stuart, dragging along his train of cap- 
tured wagons, had stopped at Hood's Mills to destroy 
the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and the telegraph line, 



148 MEADE. 



Gottysb'rg. 

Oaviilry 
operations. 



thus giving Kilpatrick the opportunity which he wanted 
of throwing his division between Stuart and Lee. The 
night of June 29th Stuart rested at Westminster, where 
he found abundance of forage and provisions, moving the 
head of his column to Union Mills. The same night, 
Kilpatrick was at Littlestown, only seven miles distant, 
directly on Stuart's path. These forces came in collision 
the next day, and a spirited engagement followed near 
Littlestown and at Hanover. In these engagements 
viclory was on the side of the Union troojis. Stuart 
was driven out of Hanover, and forced to make a wide 
dclour, thus greatly prolonging his absence from his 
chief — an absence already being very sorely felt by 
General Lee. 

While Kilpatrick is in hot pursuit after Stuart, forc- 
ing him farther and farther away from a junction with 
Lee's .'n*my, the concentration of the rebel army at 
Gettysburg is fully revealed to General Meade. Gregg, 
with the second cavalry division, who has been on the 
right flank of Meade's army, is hurriedly ordered to 
Gettysburg, which place he reaches on the 2d of July, 
about noon. He takes position on the Hanover road, 
on the right flank of Meade's army. Kilpatrick comes 
upon Hampton's brig:;ide on the evening of July 2, at 
Hunterstown, a small place about live miles north of 
Gettysburg, where a spirited little fight takes place, but 
without decisive results. Kilpatrick then moves to Two 
Taverns, about five miles from Gettysburg, on the Bal- 
timore Pike, where, after an all-night's march, the tired 
men go into bivouac for a little rest early in the morning 
of the od, just as the booming cannon announce the 
opening of the fierce struggle for the possession of Gulp's 
Hill. 

After a few hours' rest, the division nuives out, and 
takes the road to place itself on the left flank of the 



AIEADJl 149 

army, which has been abandoned by Buford, who is isas. 
ordered to Westminster to protect the su}iply trains. (kttT^/rg. 
Gregff, however, who is on the right, with the instinct 

... . , ■. Cavalry 

of the true soldier, anticii)ating serious trouble on that opeiations. 
flank from Stuart's cavali-y, sends a staff officer to Custer, 
and directs him to take position on the right flank. 
Sagacious soldier! most fortunate order! On that flank, 
this day, is to be made a desperate attempt to (urn 
Meade's flank, which, if successful, may work dreadful 
mischief for the Army of the Potomac. Custer moves to 
the right, and takes position north of the Hanover road, 
about three and a half miles east of Gettysburg. 

Stuart, smarting under the mild reproof of General 
Lee for allowing himself to be so long separated from 
the army, and anxious to do something to re-establish 
himself in the confidence of his chief, determines to force 
his way to the Baltimore Pike around the flank of 
Meade's army, whore in the midst of the wagon trains 
and reserve artillery he expects to create such a panic 
as to insure the success of Pickett's fierce assault on the 
left center of the infantry line, and compel the Army of 
the Potomac to aba.ndon its strong position on Cemetery 
Ridge. Vain hope ! Custer's brigade, though three of 
his regiments are new troops, having not yet been seri- 
ously engaged, will dispute your path, and drive your 
boastful veteran legions from the field. 

In attempting this movement, Stuart had the four 
brigades of Hampton, Fitzhugh Lee, Chambliss, and 
Jenkins, and the three batteries of Griflin, Breathed, and 
McGregor. He doubtless, thought his movement would 
be a surprise ; but not only had Gregg been informed by 
General Meade that a large body of the enemy's cavalry 
had been seen moving toward his left, but Custer had 
sent out scouting parties, who gave him timely notice of 
the approach of the enemy. While endeavoring to con- 



150 ME ABB. 



Gcttysb'rg. 

Cavalry 
operations. 



ceal the movements of Chambliss's and Jenkins's brigades, 
Stuart pushed one of Griflin's guns to the edge of the 
woods where they were, and fired some random shots in 
different directions, himself directing the firing. This 
was doubtless a prearranged signal to inform General 
Lee that he had secured a good position. Certainly 
there was much to inspire him with hope and confidence. 
Before him lay a beautiful undulating country, stretching 
for two or three miles to the Baltimore Pike. There 
was nothing apparently to oppose his march. Not a man 
of the enemy was to be seen through all those beautiful 
fields. Surel}^, success Avas within his grasp, and another 
hour would see his squadrons spreading panic and dismay 
in the rear of the Union army ! Another bright wreath 
of glory was just within his reach. What a rude and 
sudden awakening from a blissful dream ! The fire of 
Griffin's gun immediately brought an answering response 
from Pennington's three-inch rifles, the fire of which was 
so accurate and so rapid that Griffin was soon disabled, 
and he was forced to seek shelter. The opening of fire 
by Griffin's battery and the appearance about the same 
time of Hampton's and Lee's brigades in open ground 
farther to the left, disclosed the rebel position to General 
Gregg, who at once assumed the aggressive, and so im- 
petuous was his attack that Stuart was soon obliged to 
abandon the thought of getting to the Baltimore Pike 
unobserved, and concentrate his whole force, and his ut- 
most effort to avoid being disastrously driven from the 
field. 

Early in the day, Custer had occupied the extreme 
right, the two brigades of Gregg's division being on his 
left, and connecting with the infantry line on Wolf's 
Hill. Custer received an order to join Kilpatrick on the 
flank beyond the Round Tops ; but Gregg, appreciating 
the threatening character of Stuart's movements, took 



MM A DM. 15 1 

the responsibility of ordering him to remain. It is re- isos. 
ported in several histories that Custer moved off the oettysb'rg. 
field in obedience to that order, but such was not the 
case; nothing of the sort was dune, or even attempted. ^'^Jjljjfons 
Mcintosh, who was sent to relieve Custer, formed 
still farther to the right, his right resting in a piece of 
woods on the Low Dutch road near where the present 
cavalry monument now stands. Custer had formed his 
brigade, the 6th and 7th, supporting the sections of 
Pennington's battery in different positions, the 1st in 
reserve mounted in column of squadrons, and the 5th, 
with their Spencer repeating rifles, dismounted and 
moved to the front of his center and left. 

Mcintosh, wishing to know what was in his front, 
moved the 1st New Jersey toward the wooded crest, 
where Hampton and Lee had massed and concealed 
their forces. This movement brought out a strong skir- 
mish line from the Hummel farm buildings, a short dis- 
tance in front of the crest, which had been occupied by 
Witcher's battalion of Jenkins's brigade. The 5th Mich- 
igan was promptly moved forward to assist the 1st New 
Jersey, while Hampton ordered up his sharpshooters to 
strengthen his line, and for a long time the fight was 
maintained by these commands with great spirit. 

The ammunition of the 5th Michigan becoming ex- 
hausted, that regiment fell back to its horses, having 
suffered severely, and lost one of its most trusted officers 
in the death of Major Ferry. This movement, being 
interpreted as a breaking of the line, the enemy promptly 
followed up. To check their advance, the 7th Michigan 
was ordered to charge. By some unfortunate mistake, 
that regiment was led up to a high stake-and-rider 
fence, and no attempt being made to change direction, it 
was thrown against that fence in great confusion as 
squadron after squadron dashed headlong upon those in 



152 MEADE. 

18 3. front. Meanwhile they were subjected to a severe fire 
Gettysbrg. fi'oiii the (lismoiinted men of the enemy who were be- 
hind another fence a short distance in front, and were 

Cavalry 

operations, soon forccd to retire in much confusion. As that regiment 
was retiring, it was charged by a mounted regiment of 
the enemy, which, however, retired without accomphshing 
any decisive results. 

The 5th Michigan had now reached its horses. The 
1st battalion being speedily mounted, Colonel Alger 
ordered Major Trowbridge to take them and charge the 
enem3^ This was done with a will, and as those men 
dashed forward with a cheer, the dismounted men of the 
enemy in front broke and lied in great confusion. Back 
over the fields, past the Ilummel buildings, past their 
guns, back into the woods where they had first been 
massed, those men fled in wild dismay. A detachment 
of the 2d North Carolina, under Captain Geary, how- 
ever, maintained their ground behind a fence in the 
hollow of a little stream, and from that position poured 
a hot fire into the flank of that battalion as it passed. 
The Major's horse was killed, and he only escaped 
capture by the timely arrival of his orderly, who was 
riding his second horse. The battalion, however, charged 
on nearly to the enemy's guns, when it w^as obliged to 
retire. Upon retiring, it was in turn charged by Cham- 
bliss's brigade and the 1st Virginia cavahy, which was 
in turn driven back by the balance of the 5th coming up 
under Colonel Alger. 

Thus the battle swayed back and forth over the 
field. It was just at this time, with the 7th retired in 
some confusion after its bloody repulse at the high fence, 
the 6th supporting the battery, the 5th broken up some- 
wdiat, but hotly engaged in its disconnected charges, and 
the 1st the only available force left, that the enemy con- 
ceived the idea of sweeping the field with a magnificent 



ME ABB. 15;^ 

dash of veterun legions. Hampton, wlio had been seek- is 03. 
ing in A'ain to find Stnart, had retnrned to his command, Gctt^rg. 
to find the battle 2;oino' sorely ao'ainst them, and two 

o o ./ <_ 7 Cavalry 

regiments of his brigade and two of Lee's brigade about operations. 
to charge. Thinking that two regiments would be suf- 
ficient for the purpose, he ordered back the two regiments 
of Lee's brigade, and placing himself at the head of his 
two regiments, led them to the charge. Ilis regimental 
commanders, and Fitzhngh Lee, thinking he could not 
maintain himself with two regiments, moved forward to 
his support until all of his brigade except the Cobb 
legion, and all of Lee's brigade except the 4th Virginia 
cavalry, were hotly engaged in the fierce struggle which 
followed. On the Union side, to meet this new danger, 
reliance was had mainly on the 1st Michigan. The odds 
were great, but that regiment had established a reputa- 
tion for desperate fighting. It was ordered to charge. 
Colonel Town, a most brave and gallant soldier, placing 
himself at its head, orders the trot. AVith steady ranks, 
their sabres gleaming in the sun, they move forward 
until within striking distance of that advancing host, 
when with a wild cheer they burst upon it with their 
flashing sabres. 

They are aided by the impetuous attacks of other 
detached bodies. Rogers and Treichel, with sixteen 
men of their squadrons of the 3d Pennsylvania, all who 
could get their horses, with Alger and a portion of the 
5th Michigan, vigorously assail the right flank. Miller, 
with his squadron of the 3d Pennsylvania, and Hart and 
Strong with a squadron of the 1st New Jerse}^, stril^e 
the left flank, and cut clear through it. Mclutosh, with 
his stair and orderlies, charge in with their sabres. For 
a moment, though it seemed like hours, the ranks of 
that mighty column held their ground, then the}^ stag- 
gered, broke, and fled, leaving the Union troops in pos- 



154 MEADIS. 



GL-ttysb"rg. 



session of the hotly contested fiehl. The fight was over. 
Stuart had failed. He could not reach the Baltimore 
Pike, and the anticipated panic in the rear of Meade's 
Cavalry armv was a thina; only of the imagination. Perhaps it 

operations. '' <_ ^ u l 

was not, after all, of such great importance as it had 
promised. Pickett, too, had failed. The great invasion 
of the North was at an end ; and now, instead of leading 
a victorious army in hot pursuit of the broken remnants 
of Meade's army, Stuart has the melancholy duty of 
guarding the flank of the defeated army of Northern 
Virginia as it takes up its mournful march to reach the 
other side of the Potomac. • 

It was a memorable fight. Beyond question, it was 
up to that time the most important and most desperate 
cavalry fight that had occurred. 

The Confederate troops engaged were as follows : 
In Hampton's brigade, the 1st North Carolina and the 
1st and 2d South Carolina regiments, the Cobb Georgia, 
the Jeff Davis, and the Phillips Georgia legions ; in 
Fitzhugh Lee's brigade, the 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, and 5th 
Virginia regiments ; in W. H. F. Lee's brigade, com- 
manded by Chambliss, the 9th, 10th, and 13th Virginia 
and the 2d North Carolina regiments ; in Jenkins's bri- 
gade, the 14th, 16th, and 17th Virginia regiments, and 
the 34th and 36th Virginia battalions. The artillery 
was composed of McGregor's, Breathed's, and Griffin's 
batteries. The 4th Virginia, however, was guarding the 
Confederate left, and took no active part in the fighting. 
The whole force numbered not less than six thousand 
men. 

On the Union side the troops engaged were as fol- 
lows : In Custer's brigade the 1st, 5th, 6th, and 7th 
Michigan regiments, the three latter being new regiments 
and never before seriously engaged, and one battalion of 
the 5th ' Michigan being absent guarding a train ; in 



MEADS. 155 

Mclntosli's brigade, the 3(1 Peimsylvaiiin, the 1st New isgs. 
Jersey, and the 1st Maryland regiments of cavalry ; Gctt^i- 
in Colonel J. Irvin Gregg's brigade, the 4(h and 18th 
Pennsylvania,* the 1st Maine, and the 10th New York operations. 
regiments of cavalry. In addition to these above, the 
Purnell troop of Maryland cavalry was temporarily serv- 
ing with the 1st brigade, and Company " A," 1st Ohio 
cavalry, with the 2d brigade. The artillery consisted of 
Randol's light Battery '' E," 1st U. S. artillery, 4 guns ; 
Pennington's light Battery " M," 2d U. S. artillery, 6 
guns ; and the 2d section of light Battery " H," 3d Penn- 
sylvania artillery, 2 guns. The whole force numbered 
about five thousand men, but Gregg's brigade was not 
engaged, as it lield an important position connecting 
with the right of the infantry line at Wolfs Hill. The 
1st Maryland, Lieutenant-Colonel Deems, was occupied 
in guarding the right flank at some distance from the 
field of battle, and was not actively engaged. The 
aggregate forces actually engaged were thus reduced to 
about three thousand men. 

There has been much dispute as to who occupied the 
field after the fight was over. Stuart and his officers 
claim they drove the Union forces from the field. On 
the other hand, Gregg, Mcintosh, Custer, and their 
officers maintain that they remained masters of the field, 
even of that portion occupied by the Confederates at the 
beginning of the fight. Mcintosh claims that after the 
fight he established his picket line in the woods where 
Hampton and Lee had massed their forces in the morn- 
ing. In support of this he cites the statement of Mr. 
Rununel, the owner of the farm on which the fight 
occurred, who says that his father was captured that 
day by the rebels, who took possession of his farm 
buildings, and that after night he was released, and told 
that he might go home if he could get there, but that he 



156 MEADE. 

1863. could not get there on account of. the Union picket line 

GottTIbrg. being between him and his home. He may not have had 

any clear perception as to whether the -pickets he saw were 

Cavalry "'. ^ ^ .... 

operations. Union or Confederate. But again, it is claimed that the 
Confederates used the Rnmmel farm buildinsrs all nis-ht 
for hospital purposes. It is, however, a matter of small 
moment who had actual physical possession of the field. 
It is the opinion of the writer that neither side actually 
occupied that portion of the field where the fight took 
place, but that each retired to the positions occupied by 
them at the beginning of the fio-ht. One thino- will be 
admitted by all, and that is, that Stuart attempted to 
turn the flank of Meade's army, and that he failed to do 
it ; and further, that he was prevented from doing it by 
the aood generalship of General Grreffo: in forcing the 
fighting, and the hard fighting of the brave men under 
his command. While other troops performed their full 
duty, and deserve their full measure of credit, the fact 
still remains that the brunt of the fighting fell on Custer's 
brigade, and to that brigade chiefly belongs the credit of 
winnino- that fiaht. 



"O' 



During the night of the 3d, Lee's army took a new 
position. E well's force was brought to the west side. 
Longstreet fell back, and the enemy's line was formed 
lying north and south, facing east, where he intrenched. 
But he did not remain here long. The forenoon of the 
4th was spent in burying the dead, caring for the 
wounded, and reorganizing. At noon, rain began to 
fall, and during a rainy afternoon Lee prepared for 
Lee re- retreat. His head of columns started at 4 p. m., moving 
treats. |^^ ^^^ ^^ Fairfield to the Potomac, a distance of 
forty miles. The bulk of his trains, under a strong 
escort, went via Chambersburg. The crest-fallen enemy 
marched all night in rain and mud, and had all disap- 



MEADE. 157 

peared from the Federal front by daylight on the 5th. isgs. 
The battle of Gettysburg was over. oiti^'r- 

July 1, the Federals were outnumbered two to one; 
on the 2d and 3d the opposing forces engaged were 
about equal, probably about 70,000 men each. Meade's 
army outnumbered Lee's before the battle ; but the ter- 
rible usage received by the Federal advance during the 
first day's battle, and the long marches and counter- 
marches in endeavoring to discover the intentions of the 
enemy, undoubtedly annulled this advantage, at least to 
a great extent. The battle of Gettysburg resulted in a 
loss to the Federal army of 23,186 men, of whom 2,834 
were killed, 13,709 wounded, and 6,643 taken prisoners. 
The loss of the enemy is stated to have been 31,621, 
—killed, 3,500; wounded, 14,500; prisoners, 13,621. 
Probably three or four thousand of the latter were 
among the wounded, causing them to be counted in both 
columns, which, if true, would make the total loss of Death of 
the enemy about 28,000. Among the enemy's killed was semmes" 
General Semmes ; among the wounded. General Carnot ^^^ ^°^''^' 
Posey, who died of his wounds Nov. 15. 

Lee had sent a large wagon train in advance of his 
army, and on the afternoon of July 4 it reached Fair-J"iy 4. 
field, and continued on toward Monterey. Near the Maryland. 
latter place, during the night, it was overtaken by Kil- 
patrick's cavalry, Avhich put the enemy's cavalry, guard- 
ing the train, to flight after a brief engagement, captur- 
ing the greater part of the train, together with many 
prisoners. The train was destroyed, and Kilpatrick 
moved on to Monterey ; but the head of the train had 
escaped. He then proceeded to Smithsbura;, reachina- ^"'y ^■ 

^ _ '- ^ ^^ o Smithburg, 

and resting there on the morning of July 5, where Maryland. 
Stuart's advance found and attacked him about 2 p. m. 
that day. The enemy was repulsed, and i^e tired toward 
Leitersburg. 



158 



MEADE. 



1 s a 3 . 



MenOe pur 
sacs. 



I'uirfield. 
Pa. 



July 6. 
Williams- 
port and 
Hagcrs- 
town, Md. 



Lee's order of retreat placed Hill's corps in advance. 
Longstreet's in the center, and Ewell's in the rear. Hill 
reached Fairfield on the morning of the 5th, and cross- 
ing Monterey Gap, encamped that evening at Frogtown, 
on the western slope of Sooth Mountain, Longstreet 
closely following, and Ewell reaching Fairfield ahout 
4 p. M. that day. On the 6th Longstreet took the 
advance, and reached Hagerstown in the afternoon, Hill 
following, and Ewell still in the rear. 

As soon as Meade learned of the retreat of the 
enemy, he gave the order for pursuit. On the morning 
of the 5th, the 6th Corps, under Sedgwick, moved toward 
Emmittsburg, and about 4 p. m. Sedgwick's advance had 
a slight engagement near Fairfield with Rodes's division, 
which covered Ewell's rear, and another on the morning 
of the 6th, a little beyond that place. But Sedgwick's 
orders were not to provoke a battle ; he therefore only 
watched the enemy's movements. 

i Lee's main sup ply- trains, which had pressed rapidly 
forward, reached the vicinity of the Potomac near Will- 
iamsport on the 6th, hoping to cross on ponton bridges 
left by Lee at Falling Waters in charge of a small guard ; 
but General McReynolds, who was stationed at Fred- 
erick with a small body of cavalry, had succeeded in 
completely destroying these bridges on the 3d. The 
waters of the Potomac were now swollen by incessant 
rain, which, with the loss of the bridges, placed Lee's 
trains in a critical position. 

Buford, with his division of cavalry searching for the 
enemy's supply-trains, arrived in the vicinity of Will- 
iamsport about 5 p. m. on the 6th, and at once attacked 
the troops guarding the trains. At the same time 
Kilpatrick was endeavoring to reach and aid Buford. 
Stuart placed himself in Kilpatrick's way at Hagers- 
town, and after a severe engagement the latter eluded 



MEADE. 159 

Stiiurt, leaving the 5th New York and the 1st Vermont isgs. 
with a battery to detain him, and made baste to join 
Buford, Avhose guns summoned him. But he had 
scarcely entered the fight wlicn Stuart approached. 

The two regiments named have had a terrible time. 
Stuart, knowing the danger menacing the train, desper- 
ately charges this heroic little band. His first assaults 
are repulsed ; but this small force, unable to detain him 
long, retires toward the main body, closely followed by 
Stuart, whose opportune arrival saves the trains. The 
Federal cavalry are now greatly outnumbered. They 
make one more gallant effort, but are compelled to with- 
draw. 

On the evening of the 7th, Lee's whole army had ^^^^^ ^ 
arrived in the vicinity of Haejerstown. The following Lee's army 
morning (the 8th) Lee ordered Stuart to attack the Potomac. 
Federal cavalry under Kilpatrick and Merritt, posted on 
Beaver Creek, and too near for comfort. A sharp fight 
followed, when the Federals were forced back to the 
vicinity of Boonsboro, where they were joined by Boonsboio, 
Buford. The Federals now take the aggressive, and in 
turn drive the enemy back to Beaver Creek, when dark- 
ness stops further operations. From this time until the 
loth Lee anxiously waited for the fall of the waters. 
The rest of the Federal army had begun to follow the 
movement of Sedgwick soon after his departure from 
Gettysburg with the 6th Corps ; but they moved slowly, juiy ii. 
and did not reach the vicinity of the enemy's position f^onte Lee. 
until the 11th. 

The Federal cavalry had frequent encounters with 
the enemy, but the opposing armies did not reach an 
engagement until on the 13th, when Meade had com- 
pleted his preparations for an attack. He issued orders 
that evening for an advance upon the enemy the next 
morning ; but fortunately for Lee the waters had sub- 



100 ME ADR 

1S63. ^Klod. He now had bridges completed at Falling Waters, 
and durino- the night of the loth beiran crossinu'. Ewell's 

July 13. . . , 

Lee crosses corps With great difficnltv sneceeded in reaching the 
ugima. Y^ygjj^j.j giiQ^.Q j^y fording the river at Willianisport, al- 
though the water reached to the necks of short men. 
Longstreet's corps crossed at the bridge, closely followed 

July 14. i^y Hill's troops, and the morning of the 1-lth found Lee's 

Waters, army again upon its "native heath." The Federal 
infantry were not in a position to interfere with this 
movement after it became known, but the cavalry, as 
usual, were busy, bravely attacking superior forces, and 
greatly harassing llilfs rear, taking a considerable num- 
ber of prisoners. A squadron of the 6th Michigan 
cavalry, under Major Peter A, Weber, dashing too far 
in advance, was surroun'ded ; and after desperate fight- 
ing, all who were not kiUed were taken prisoners. 

Death of i[.^^,^y Weber was among the slain. General Petti- 

Major •' ~ 

Weber. grcw was among the enemy's wounded. The rest of 
this regiment, with the 1st Michigan cavalry, fiercely 
attacked and drove before them a. whole brigade of the 
enemy, capturing a large number of prisonei's. Alto-' 
getlier the Federal cavalry captured about 2.000 prison- 
ers on the morning of the 14th. 

Lee moved in the direction of Winchester. Meade 
at ttnce [)ut his army in motion for Berlin and Harper's 
Ferry, and began crossing at these points on the ITth, 
all ol" his army being in A'irginia on the PJth. He now 

oral army eudcavored to ovcrtako Lee; but the latter was makino- 

again in ' , "- 

Virginia, all hastc to reach Culpepper, and succeeded in escaping 

the Federals, Louii'street and Hill arrived at Culpepper 

Leo reaches on tlic ^Itluaud FwcU soou after that. The Federal 

Cnlpepper. 1 i' T •, -r ■ ^ i \\T 

commander, linding pursuit unavailing, repaired to >V ar- 
Moaiio"^ renton Junction, reaching there on the 25th. In the 
roaches pxirsult there had been continual skirmishing and several 

\\ arrenton i o 

Junction, small battlos. On the IGth four briiiades of Stuart's 



July 19. 
The Fetl 



MEADE. 161 

cavalry, luulcr Fitzhugh Lee, attacked a brigade of isgs. 
Federal cavalry under Colonel Irvin Gregg, who had a j„ij~;. 
fine position near Shcpherdstown. The assault be2;an '^'i^pi'^'i''^- 

A ^ o town, ^ a. 

about 4 r. m., and lasted until dark, the enemy being 
repulsed with severe loss. Gregg retired unmolested 
during the night. Buford's cavalry, aided by infantry, 
had severe eno-agements with detachments of Longstreet's , , „. „, 

^ ^ O July 21, 23. 

corps at Manassas and Chester Gaps (or Wapping Manassas 
Heights) on the 21st and 22d, without material results. Gaps. 

During the Gettysburg campaign, the Army of the 
Potomac was officered in corps and divisions as fol- 
lows : — 

1st Corps : John F. Reynolds, who was killed July 1 
wliih' in coinmaiid of the left wing of the army. Double- 
day commanded the corps on July 1, when he was suc- 
ceeded by John Newton. Divisions : J. S. WadsAvorth, 
John C. Robinson, Abner Doubleday. The latter divis- 
ion was commanded by T. A. Rowley on July 1. 

2d Corps : W. S. Hancock. Divisions : J. C. Cald- 
well, John Gibbon (wounded on the 3d, when Wm. 
Harrow took command), i^lex. Hays. 

3d Corps : Daniel E. Sickles (wounded on the 2d, 
when Birney took command). Divisions : D. B. Birney 
(succeeded by J. H. H. Ward), A. A. Humphreys. 

5th Corps : Geo. Sykes. Divisions : James Barnes, 
R. B. Ayres, S. W. Crawford. 

6th Cor[)s : John Sedgwick. Divisions : H. G. 
Wright, A. r. Howe, Frank Wheaton. 

ilth Corps: 0. 0. Howard. Divisions: F. C. 
Barlow (wounded on the 1st and relieved by Adelbert 
Ames), A. von Steinwehr, Carl Schurz. 

12th Corps : H. W. Slocum. Divisions : A. S. Will- 
iams (who commanded the corps during the battle of 
July 1, 2, and 3, Slocum being in command of the right 

wing, and T. H. Ruger of the division), J. W. Geary. 
11 



162 MEADE. 

18 6 3. Cavalry Corps: Alfred Pleasonton. Divisions; 

D. McM. Gregg, Jolin Buford, and Judson Kilpatrick. 

The opposing armies now rested for a time; the 

August 1. cavalry forces, however, were kept busy. On August 1 

tion. Buford crossed the Rappahannock for the purpose of 

7'econnaissance, skirmishing with the enemy and forcing 

him back to Brandy Station, where a heavy infantry 

force was encountered, when Buford retired the way he 

came. On August 2, Lee's army, leaving Culpepper, 

retired to the right bank of the Bapidan, where it 

rested. On the 11th of September, Meade learned that 

Longstreet Lougstreet had gone with his corps to join General 

Bragg. Bragg, and at once determined to attack Lee. On the 

loth the cavalry under Kilpatrick crossed the Bappa- 

Sept. 13. 

Culpepper, haunoclv at Kelly's Ford, Buford crossing at Rappahan- 
nock Bridge and Gregg at Sulphur Springs. Moving 
forward in a line, they drove the enemy's skirmishers 
before them, and came upon two brigades of Stuart's 
cavalry, strongly posted at Culpepper. A vigorous 
assault was at once made. Custer, charging at the head 
of his brigade as usual, took a number of prisoners ; but 
he was wounded in the onset. The enemy soon gave 
way and hastily retreated, leaving three pieces of artil- 
lery and a large number of prisoners in the hands of the 
Federals. 

Meade had followed the movement with his whole 

army, which concentrated at Culpepper soon afterward ; 

but here he received instructions from Washington to 

await the result of a battle now imminent between Rose- 

sept. 23. crans and Bragg. On the 23d he was ordered to send 

and 12th the 11th and 12th corps to Washington, which were to 

Corps sent |^ ^^ |^, Hookcr to thc relief of Rosecrans at Chat- 

to Rose- 

crans. tanoo2,a. This weakened the Army of the Potomac so 
much that Meade was compelled to suspend operations 
until the arrival of new recruits, furloughed absentees, 
and other expected reinforcements. 



MEADE. 163 

On October 9 the Federal commander, desiring to 2««a. 
take advantage of the favorable season, put his army in 
motion, proposing to cross the Rapidan and attack the 
enemy. But Lee had also resolved upon action, and 
was already in motion to take the offensive. On the 
8th he started to attack Meade at Culpepper, intending 
to surprise him. His army crossed the upper Rapidan 
on the 9th, proceeding toward Madison, where his troops 
appeared tlie following day. On the 10th Stuart's cav- oct. lo. 
airy attacked Kilpatrick near James City, who, having '^"'"^*^'^^" 
only a brigade with him, was compelled to retire to 
Bethel. To gain time, he sent the 5th New York and 
the 5th Michigan to charge the pursuers. They were 
successful in checking them, and releasing a number of 
prisoners, who were a portion of the 120th New York 
infantry just captured. Pleasonton, who was at James 
City with a small force, retired to Bethel Church. 

Meade now becomes aware of Lee's intentions, and 
at once recalls that portion of his forces that have 
started to cross the Rapidan ; but Buford's cavalry, Rapidan. 
being in advance, 'has already crossed at Germania Ford, 
and before he can return, Fitzhugh Lee, with a largely 
superior force, is upon him, and a severe battle follows. 
Ilis infantry support has turned back. Buford's men 
deliver a terrible fire, causing heavy loss in Fitzhugh's 
ranks. The fighting continues until night, when Buford 
recrosses the. river, and rejoins the army. On the morn- 
ing of the 11th, Meade recrosses the Rappahannock, 
as the best way to avoid Lee's intended blow. The 
cavalry must cover the retreat. Before reaching Brandy 
Station, Stuart was joined by Fitzhugh Lee. Kilpatrick 
was ioined by Buford. This day, Oct. 11, was a terrible 
day for the cavalry corps of both armies. It was a day Brandy sta- 
of desperate fighting from daylight till dark. 

Meade is crossing the Rappahannock while Pleasonton 



UU MEADE. 

18 63. is covering and protecting the rear from Stuart's fierce 
assaults. Near Brandy Station a furious combat takes 
place, the Federals repelling with fearful slaughter every 
new charge of the determined foe. At one time Kilpat- 
rick is surrounded ; but he seizes the flag, the charge is 
sounded, and with Davis's brigade on the right, and im- 
patient Custer, with the gallant Michigan brigade, on his 
left, away they go. 3,000 flashing sabres. The Confed- 
erates give way before the Federals have scarcely 
reached their lines. The darkness ends the fighting, 
when Pleasonton follows Meade across the Rappahan- 
nock. Lee enters Culpepper about noon, wishing to pay 
his respects to the Federal commander; but he finds 
that Meade is '" out of town." 

The Federal army at this time lay on the left bank 

of the Rappahannock, from Kelly's Ford to Freeman's 

Oct. 12. Ford. On the mornino- of the 12th. Lee started his 

Culpepper. ^ "^ ' _ 

army for Warreuton by way of Sulphur Springs, for the 
purpose of flanking Meade's position on the Rappahan- 
nock. The latter, having his army well in hand, now 
determined to recross the river, and attack Lee at Cul- 
pepper, supposing him still there. Buford in advance 
rapidly pushes back a brigade of the enemy's cavalry, 
and soon learns that Culpepper is empty. Lee is " out 
of town " this time. Meade is greatly puzzled. He had 
sent Gregg's cavalry to watch the road from Culpepper 
to Warreuton and the crossings of Hedgeman's River, and 
has received no report from him. But Gregg has been 
having a severe time. His troops have been falling 
Thomp- back, fighting at every step. At Thompsons Ford, on 
'^'^ ■ Hedgeman's Ri^'er, a severe engagement took place. 
Gregg succeeded in checking Stuart for a time ; but the 
head of Ewelfs column arrived, and after a stubborn 
fight, Gregg was compelled to yield, having suftered a 
loss of about 500 men. 



MEADE. 165 

The enemy, pressing' forward, reached Warrenton at isas. 
noon on the loth. Grregg had sent messengers to inform 
Meade of the situation ; but they had either been killed 
or captured. Not till 10 p. m. did Meade learn from 
Gregg, who had retreated to Fayetteville, that Lee was 
pushing on in the direction of Warrenton. His army 
was again assembled on the Rappahannock, and at day- 
break on the loth it was rapidly marching for Centreville 
via Bristoe Station. The 2d Corps, under General 
Warren, covered the rear. On the morning of the 14th, (vt. ii. 
he had a severe engagement with Rodes's division Qf " """• 
Ewell's corps at Auburn, but repelled the enemy, and 
proceeded to Bristoe Station. The whole Federal army ^^'"'^'" 
had crossed Broad Run except the 2d Corps, which was 
not in sight when the last preceding corps (the 5th) 
passed. 

In the afternoon, Warren arrived at the point of 
crossing, to iind the enemy's troops under Hill in his 
way. While Warren's flankers were having a sharp 
skirmish w^ith llilfs advance, he selected a strong posi- 
tion, and by the time Hill w^as ready to attack, he was 
ready to receive him. A fierce battle followed. The 
enemy determined to capture Warren's position at any 
cost, and cut off the passage of Broad Run. Hill had 
the most troops, but was out-generaled. The sfai/lng 
qualities of the Northern soldiers were well brought out 
in this battle, which ended in the complete defeat of the 
enemy, with a loss to them of 500 in killed and wounded, 
500 prisoners, and five pieces of artillery. General 
Henry F. Cook was among the enemy's killed. Federal i^^-'tii of 
loss did not exceed 200, in consequence of advantage of cook, 
position. 

At dark the 2d Corps resumed its march toward 
Centreville without further hindrance.- On the mornino: 
of the 15th, the Federal army reached the neighborhood 



106 MHADA'. 

IS OS. of that place. This movement of the Army of the 

Potomac thAvarted Lee's purposes, and on the 18th he 

began his retreat. The Federal cavalry following his 

rear had a hard figlit with Stuart at Bnckland Mills on 

Oct 19. ^]jg 19th, ^Yhere Kilpatrick, with two briu-ades under 

Buckland _ ^ "- _ 

Mills. Custer and Davis, was opposed by Stuart with Hamp- 
ton's division. Although greatly outnumbered, the 
Federals attacked with determination, driving the Con- 
federates .from their position. Stuart, however, was 
soon joined by Fitzhugh Lee's division, which proved 
too much for Kilpatrick, and with hard fighting and 
great dilHculty he managed to extricate himself, and re- 
tired, with a loss of about 200 prisoners. The killed 
and wounded on each side numbered about 100. 

Meade followed Lee back again, and halted on a line 
from Warrenton to ^Varrenton Junction. Lee retired to 
Culpepper, where he went into camp, and by the 27th 
both armies were quietly resting. In this campaign 
:Meade had about 50.000 men; Lee about 45,000. 

Early in November the Federal general again 
resolved to make one more attempt against the enemy 
before the closing in of winter ;' and on Xov. 7 he put 
his army in motion for the Eappahaunock. directing 
the 1st, 2d, and 3d Corps, under General French, against 
Kelly's Ford, and the 5th and 0th Corps, under Sedg- 
wick, to the right against Rappahannock Bridge. The 
army arrived near the points named about noon. Lee 
had intrusted to Ewelfs corps the task of guarding the 
river crossings at these points. Kodes's division was 
at and near Kelly's Ford. Johnson and Early alternately 
guarding the bridge and its vicinity, the enemy also 
occupying a strong fortification on the left bank at the 
bridge. The railroad bridge had been burned, but the 
enemy now had a ponton bridge thrown across. 

Birney. with AVard's division of the 3d Corps, being 



MEADJ£. 16 Y 

the first, lo ;nilvc at Kelly's l^'ord, made the attack, and tso.t. 
after a brisk engagement, captured the ford with about ^,,~^_ 
350 prisoners. Ixodes withdrew a few miles to the rear, i^^''^'* 
About o p. M. Sedgwick arrived before the fortifications 
at the bridge, which were occupied by a brigade of Early's ,',3ouk 
division. Soon after, Early sent over another brigade, ^'■'''°''- 
making a garrison of about 2,500 men. Artillery firing 
and skirmishing occupied the rest of the afternoon. The 
first division of the 6th Corps, under General Russell, 
being placed in advance, secured. a good foot-hold near 
the works. After dark. General llussell asked and 
obtained permission to storm the works. With his own 
brigade and Bartlett's, under Colonel Upton, a dash was 
made, and they were at once over the parapet. A des- 
perate struggle followed, ending wdth the capture of the 
Avorks, with nearly 1,800 prisoners. Early burned the 
l>ontoii bridge and retired. 

Lee, W'hose headquarters are at Culpepper, at once 
orders a retreat. Hill's corps, which has been posted on 
Ewell's left, on the upper Rappahannock, hastily marches 
to Culpepper, when the whole army retreat to the right 
bank of the Rapidan, and take position, with its left 
wing along that river from Mine Run to Liberty Mills, 
its right on Mine Run, Hill on Ewell's left. 

Meade crossed the Rappahannock on the 8th, but 
did not at once follow the enemy. His army rested in 
the vicinity of Brandy Station and Culpepper until the 
2Gth, W'hen it took up its line oC march for the Rapidan, 
crossing that river during the afternoon and night. The Nov. so. 
3d and 6th Corps on the right cross at Jacob's Ford, the 



crosso: 



2d Corps at Germania Ford, and the 1st and 5th Corps ^'^i'^^'''"- 
on the left at Culpepper Ford.. 

General INIeade had directed his right and center to 
concentrate at and near Robertson's Tavern, and his left 
at New Hope Church. The 2d Corps had considerable 



168 M£ADK 

1S63. skirniishiiig with the enemy's cavalry, hut easily XHished 
Nov. 26 10 them hack, and reached Rohertson's Taverii ahout 
^^^ \ 10 A. M. on the 2Tth, haltinii- there for French to come 

Mine K«n. ' ~ 

up with the 3d and 6th Corps. But during this time 
Lee has heen active. He instructed Ewell to delay 
French's march as much as possible until he could make 
necessary dispositions. The 3d Corps, in advance, came 
upon the skirmishers of Johnson's division which Ewell 
had thrown forward. It is about 9 a. m. French 
hesitates. He should take the road to the left, and join 
Meade, who is with Warren at Robertson's Tavern ; but 
he decides to engage Johnson, although Meade again, at 
2 r. M., orders him to join his left to "Warren's right. 
French is obstinate. The 6th Corps is held inactive in 
the rear of the 3d. Aboht 3 p. m. he pushes one divis- 
ion of the 3d Corps, under General Prince, against 
Johnson, and the enemy getting the advantage. Carr's 
division also becomes engaged. Still Johnson gains 
ground. The fighting is fierce, the battle is bloody ; but 
Birney succeeds finally in forcing the enemy back. 
Night ends the conflict. Lee has gained his point in 
delaying the movement of the Federals. The loss in 
killed and wounded has been about 600 on each side. 

Early and Bodes have moved forward, and con- 
fronted the 2d Corps during the afternoon ; but the 
opposing forces do not become engaged. Meantime Lee 
is hurrying Hill with his corps from the upper Bapidan. 
General Meade has been greatly disappointed. French 
has seemingly been the cause of a lost opportunity. 
The Federals should have crushed Ewell before Hill 
could arrive. This was Meade's plan. French had lost 
the whole afternoon, allowing two army corps to be 
detained by one division of the enemy. Hill's corps 
arrived upon Mine Bun that evening, when Ewell was 
ordered back to take position on Hill's left. Meade 



MEADE. 169 

succeeded in getting his army together on the 28th, isas. 
concentnited upon the 2d Corps ; but he now finds Lee's 
whole army in a strong position on the opposite banlv of 
Mine Run. The day is spent by both armies in prepar- 
ing for battle. 

On the morning of the 29th, General Warren, with 
the 2d Corps and Terry's division of the 6th Corps, 
moves to the left, endeavoring to outflank Hill's right; 
but Hill prolongs his line of battle, and although night 
finds Warren in a good position on the Federal left, he 
is unable to flank Hill. The 3d Corps now joins War- 
ren's right, the 1st Corps next, the 6th Corps forming 
the extreme right, supported by the 5th Corps. During 
the night this arrangement is somewhat changed. Two 
divisions of the 3d Corps, under Carr and Prince, are 
placed under Warren, who has charge of the left attack, 
which is ordered to take place on the morrow, while 
Sedgwick is given command of the right attack, com- 
posed of the 5th and 6th Corps. The center is com- 
posed of two divisions of the 1st, and one division of the 
3d, Corps under Birney. 

The general attack is to be made at 8 a. jm. on the Mine kuh. 
30th, the left to begin the assault; but at the hour 
named, Warren's guns are silent. It is discovered that 
the Confederates have improved the hours of the night, 
and are now too strongly fortified. Warren sees disas- 
ter in an attack, and sends word to Meade. Meade goes 
to see for himself. He agrees with Warren, and the 
orders for the assault are countermanded. Artillery 
firing had begun on the right, and Birney had pressed 
back the enem^^'s ski/mishers in his front; but now all 
operations were stopped. The campaign was a failure, 
and durino- the niaht of Dec. 1, the Federal army quietly ^'^^\ ^■ 

, ./ ^ J Meade re- 

withdrew to the Bapidan, and crossed over in the morn- tires to 
ing, reaching its camps about Culpepper on the 3d, 



ITO MEADE. 

1864. where it went into winter quarters. Lee's army returned 
to its former position. 

In December, 1863, General Foster was ordered 
from North Carolina to Tennessee to relieve General 
Burnside, and General B. F. Butler was placed in com- 
mand of the department vacated by Foster. In Febru- 
ary, 1864, Butler planned the release of the Federal 
Feb. 5. prisoners at Richmond. On Feb. 5, General Wistar was 

Federo.! fit- 

tempt to re- started on a raid for that purpose, with 1,500 men, part 
ionTrs^rt cavalry, part infantry. The Army of the Potomac and 
Richmond, j^g autagouist were still where we last saw them. A 
strong force of cavalry and infantry was sent from the 
Army of the Potomac across the Bapidan to draw the 
attention of Lee, while Wistar should accomplish his 
raid ; but it ended in nothing. Wistar only reached 
Bottom's Bridge, having become satisfied that the enemy 
was aware of the intended movement, and was prepared 
to meet it. He therefore returned to New Kent without 
loss. The troops that crossed the Bapidan returned to 
their camps, having lost about 250 men in the movement. 
Feb.^^28. On Feb. 28, 1864, General Kilpatrick, with 5,000 

rick's raid pickcd troopcrs, started from the camps of the Army of 
mond. the Potomac for the same purpose that had moved 
Wistar. He crossed the Rapidan at Ely's Ford, moving 
via Spottsylvania Court House toward Richmond, reach- 
ing Beaver Dam Station on the evening of the 29th. 
Here he was attacked by a small force of the enemy, 
which he quickly put to flight. After tearing up the 
railroad track at that place and Ashland, he pressed 
forward, reaching a point within about four miles of 
Richmond on March 1, and near the enemy's outer 
works. Driving the enemy from the first line of fortifi- 
cations, Kilpatrick was already hotly engaged at the 
second line, when he became satisfied that he could not 
accomplish the main object of the raid, and sounding the 



MEADE. in 

retreat, he withdrew about six miles in the direction of i864. 
Mechanics YJ lie, where he intended to give his soldiers a 
little needed rest. But they had scarcely prepared their 
camp when they were savagely attacked by the enemy. 
The charge was repulsed, but Kilpatrick, concluding 
that he was too near Richmond to admit of resting his 
troops, moved on across the Chickahominy, pursued by 
the enemy to the vicinity of White House, where he was 
reinforced by about 3,000 infimtry sent up from New 
Kent Court House. The enemy now withdrew, and 
Kilpatrick returned to the army. He had lost about 150 
men, taken about 500 prisoners, and had destroyed a 
large amount of the enemy's stores. 

When Kilpatrick, on his way out, reached Spottsyl- 
vania Court House, he sent Colonel Ulric Dahlgren (son 
of the Admiral) with 500 men upon a different route? 
for the purpose of reaching Belle Isle, and if possible 
releasing the Federal prisoners there. Colonel Dahlgren 
proceeded to Frederick's Hall, destroying the railroad 
there, and thence moved southward. Being misled by 
a negro guide, he found himself a long distance out of 
his course on March 2. The enraged troopers hung the 
treacherous guide that evening. The movement against 
Belle Isle w^as abandoned for an attack upon Richmond. 

Dahlgren attacked the Richmonc fortifications on the 
northwest side during a heavy rain storm, and carried 
the first line, but at the second line the Federals were 
severely repulsed, when thej^ retreated in the direction 
of the Chickahominy, closely pursued. On the morning 
of March 3, just after crossing the Mattapony at Dob- ^^^^^ g 
ney's Ferry, Dahls^ren, with about 100 men, became coionei 
separated from the rest of his troops, when he was sud- gren kiiied. 
denly attacked. Dahlgren, with several of his men, was 
killed, and the remainder of the 100 were taken prison- 
ers. The balance of the force escaped to the Federal 
lines. 



172 MEADE. 

is(i4. The Army of the Potomac has been ri'vided into two 

— sections in this volume ; the first opens the war, the 
second will close it so far as relates to the operations of 
the larger armies. We will now leave this army for a 
time, to follow the "tide of war" in the other depart- 
ments east of the Mississippi River, when we will return 
to find it under the masterly guidance of General Grant. 
We have seen that the small arni)^, which moved to Bull 
Run under McDowell, has grown to an immense organ- 
ization ; and that the President's call for 500,000 volun- 
teers immediately after that disaster was quickly an- 
swered by the loyal people of the North. 

After McClellan's Peninsular Campaign, the governors 
of the loyal States united in a letter to the President, 
dated June 28, 1862, recommending that more volunteers 
be called for, and offering their hearty co-operation. The 
300,000 President issued a call on the 2d of July for 300,000 
unteeis. additional volunteers, which was promptly responded to 
by the people, and, as in the case of the first call, more 
men were furnished than had been asked for. 

The raising of funds to carry on the war exhibits the 
patriotism of the North fully as much as the raising of 
men. The prompt assistance rendered by the loyal 
moneyed men, together with the wonderful financial 
ability of President Lincoln's Cabinet officers, brought 
us gloriously through that trial. 

In the volunteer service, it proved a difficult matter 
to fill up old regiments, new volunteers demanding the 
privilege of naming their own officers ; and for this rea- 
son many more regiments were formed than was act- 
ually necessary, a large number of the old regiments 
being unable to obtain a sufficient number of men to 
enable them to muster in the full complement of officers, 
where' vacancies had occurred. But to the credit of the 
new regiments be it said, they selected a large number 



MEADE. 173 

of their officers from the lower ranks of the old regi- iso^. 
ments, thus promoting line officers, and enlisted men 
who had rendered valiant service on the battle-field. 

The following-named appropriations for the year 
ending June 30, 1863, and for deficiencies for the year 
1862, made by an Act of Congress, approved July 5, 
1862, is here inserted, that the reader may judge some- 
what of the enormous expense of our war, and to show 
what makes up war expenditures : — 

For recruiting, including quarters, fuel, straw, postage, Expenses 
bunks, doctors' services, and transportation, — sending recruits °* ^^^ ^'^'"'' 
to join regiments, — $180,000. 

For the purchase of books, tactics, and instructions for vol- 
unteers, $50,000. 

For pay of the army, $8,905,318. 

For commutation of officers' subsistence, $1,574,186.50. 

For commutation of forage for officers' horses, $283,414. 

For payment to discharged soldiers for clothing not drawn, 
$150,000. 

For payments in lieu of clothing for officers' servants, 
$71,630. 

For pay of volunteers, including not more than forty 
major-generals and two hundred brigadier-generals, $226,- 
283,282. 

For subsistence in kind for regulars and volunteers, $78,- 
386,640.80. 

For the regular supplies of the quartermaster's department, 
$36,912,000. 

For the incidental expenses of the quartermaster's depart- 
ment, $20,836,750. 

For the purchase of cavalry and artillery horses, $5,400,000. 

For mileage of officers on special duty, escorts or supplies, 
$1,291,600. 

For transportation of the army, clothing, subsistence, ord- 
nance stores, or other war material, repairs, etc., $40,000,000. 

For quarters of officers and men on certain duty, $4,234,000. 

For heating and cooking stoves, $90,000. 

For maintenance of gun boat fleet proper, $2,160,000. 



IH MEADE. 



18 64. 



For maintenance of steam rams, $180,000. 

For contingencies of the army, $500,000. 

For clothing, camp, and garrison equipage, and expenses of 
offices and arsenals, $39,322,536.25. 

For military telegraph, $500,000. 

For medical and hospital department, $5,705,984. 

For contingent expenses of Adjutant-General's department, 
$2,000. 

For supplies, transportation, and care of prisoners of war, 
$3,373,728. 

For armament of fortifications, $1,062,500. 

For current expenses of ordnance service, $732,600. 

For ordnance, ordnance stores and supplies, including horse 
equipments, $7,380,000. 

For manufacture of arms at the national armory, $1,800,000. 

For repairs, etc., at national armories, $150,000. 

For powder and lead, $1;100,000. 

For additional expen.ses at arsenals, $500,000. 

For purchase and manufacture of arms and ordnance stores, 
$13,000,000. 

For surveys, instruments, charts, etc., $445,000. 

For secret service, $500,000. 

For payment of bounty to volunteers, $20,000,000. 

For the comfort of discharged volunteers who were unable 
to proceed to their homes, from disease or wounds, $2,000,000. 



CENTRAL DEPARTMENTS. 

CUMBERLAND, TENNESSEE, AND OHIO. 



CHAPTER VIII. 

BELMONT TO PITTSBURO LANDING. 

GRANT. 

THE Central Departments in this work will include isgi 
operations in Kentucky, Tennessee, the northern 
halt' of Mississippi and Alabama, and reach somewhat 
into the borders of Georgia and North Carolina. 

The extreme length of the State of Kentucky is 
308 miles, and its greatest width is 172 miles. The 
Tug Fork River, the main affluent of the Big Sandy 
Hiver, forms the boundary between it and West Vir- 
ginia from the Cumberland mountains northward to Cat- 
lettsburg, where the Big Sandy joins the Ohio. The 
Ohio forms the northern boundary of Kentucky from this 
point to Cairo, where it enters the Mississippi. The 
Cumberland Mountains, a range of the Appalachian 
System, forming part of the boundary between Kentucky 
and Virginia, extend in a southwest direction across 
Tennessee, dividing East from Middle Tennessee, and 
enter North-eastern Alabama and North-western Geor- 
gia. In Kentucky these mountains cover about 4,000 
square miles. In Tennessee the top of the mountains 
forms a very broad table-land, in some places fifty miles 
wide. 

The most important rivers of Kentucky are the 

(175) 



1T6 GRANT. 

186 1. Green, Salt, Kentucky, Licking, Little Sandy, and the 
West Fork of Big Sandy. In Eastern-central Kentucky 
is the great Blue Grass Region. 

The greatest length of Tennessee from east to west 
is 432 miles ; its greatest width, 109 miles. East 
Tennessee is mountainous. 

The larger streams which are affluents of the Missis- 
sippi in Tennessee are the Big Hatchie, Obion, and 
Forked Deer. The principal rivers are the Tennessee 
and Cumberland. The main tributaries of the Tennessee 
from the north are the Clinch, Paint Rock, Elk, Flint, 
Sequatchie, and Duck; from the south, the Wautaga, 
Little Tennessee, French Broad, Hiawassee, and Big 
Sand}^ The principal tributaries of the Cumberland are 
the Llarpeth, Stone, and. Cany Fork rivers. 

The Tennessee River is formed by the Clinch and 
Llolston rivers, which rise in Virginia and unite at 
Kingston, Tenn. It flows southward to Chattanooga, 
where it turns to the right, soon striking a mountain 
ridge, and then turns southwest, running into Alabama ; 
then westward to the northeast part of Mississippi, 
after which it returns into Tennessee, and north into 
Kentucky, passing through the latter State to the Ohio 
River at Paducah. It is about 800 miles Ions;. 

The Cumberland River rises in Cumberland Moun- 
tains in Harlan County, Ky., runs nearlj'^ west to Nash- 
ville ; turning to the north-westAvard it finally returns 
into Kentucky. In Lyon County, Ky., it is only 
about three miles from the Tennessee. It joins its 
waters with the Ohio at Smithland. It is 650 miles 
long. 

The State of Tennessee is divided into three districts 
for civil purposes ; viz.. East Tennessee, extending 
from the eastern boundary to the middle of the Cumber- 
land Table-land ; Middle Tennessee, from the latter to 



GRANT. ] rr 

tlie Tennessee River; and West Tennessee, from that ism. 
river to the Mississippi. 

As will be seen by reference to the list of battles, 
the first clash of arms in this Department occurred in 
Kentucky in September and October, 1861 ; but the 
movement of troops on an important scale began with 
the occupation of Cairo, 111., by General Grant. Captain captain 
Grant, a graduate of West Point, who had served many ^'^'"'*" 
years in the regular army, and with distinction in the 
Mexican war, resigned his commission July 31, 1854. 
At the breaking out of the war he lived at Galena, 111. 
The Governor of that State, in common with all govern- 
ors in those days, knew nothing "about war," and his 
Adjutant-General was no better informed. In casting 
abont for efficient help, the Governor became acquainted 
with Grant, through his instrumentality in raising a 
company at Galena and bringing it to Springfield for 
muster, and requested him to help organize the Adju- 
tant-General's Office. Grant accepted, acting as head 
clerk for several days. On May 4, the Governor placed 
" the hero of our story " in command of Camp Yates. 
June 16, he was commissioned Colonel of the 21st June i6. 
Illinois inflintr}^ Grant appeared in the camp of this coioiui.'' 
regiment in citizen's clothes, carelessly dressed, and with 
dilapidated hat. The boys cried, '' Oh, what a colonel ! " 
but they soon learned his military qualities. The reg- 
iment was shortly after ordered to Mexico, Mo. 

On August 7, 1861, Grant was commissioned a A'lg- " 
Brigadier-General, the commission to date back from brigadier- 
May 17, of that year, and ^vas placed in command at"™''™'' 
Ironton, Mo. ; but he was relieved within a few days by 
General B. M. Prentiss, and ordered to take charge of 
alfairs at Jefferson City, Mo. Here he was soon relieved 
b}' Colonel Jeff. C. Davis, going thence with an expedi- 
tion to Cape Girardeau, and soon after was ordered by 

12 



lYS 



GBAA'T. 



Sept. 4. 
Cairo. 



Nov. 7. 
lielmont. 



General Fremont to proceed to Cairo, 111., where he 
assumed command Sept. 4, having a force of about 
8,000 men. His first move was to capture Paducah, 
K}^, on Sept. 16, which he did without firing a shot. 
A strong force of the enemy was hastening forward to 
get possession of the town, but the Federals were three 
hours ahead of them. Leaving General C. F. Smith in 
command there. Grant returned to Cairo. 

November 1, Fremont directed Grant to make some 
demonstrations about Columbus, Ky., 20 miles below 
Cairo, that General Polk, an Episcopal Bishop from 
Louisiana, who had turned warrior and was in command 
at Columbus, might not send reinforcements to Sterling 
Price, then threatening Fremont in Missouri. No\^ 6, 
at night, Grant left Cairo with about 3,000 men on 
transports, under General McClernand and Colonels 
Dougherty, Logan, and Buford. Early the following 
morning the troops were debarked upon the Missouri 
shore at Hunter's Landing, four miles above Belmont. 
Moving forward, the enemy were met at about 9 a. m. 
W'ithin a mile of their works, in heavy skirmish line, and 
tlie battle at once began. The enemy were driven into 
tlieir works, when the conflict became severe, and lasted 
till noon. The impatient Federals then charged, and 
captured the works wdth about two hundred prisoners. 
The garrison, numbering over 2,000 men, fled down the 
river. The Federals burned the camp, and were about 
retiring wdien they were suddenly attacked by a strong 
body of troops sent over from Columbus by General 
Polk. The}^ came in two detachments, one upon Grant's 
right, and the other upon his left. The latter had cut 
the Federals oft' from their boats. This detachment was 
composed partly of the troops that had just been put to 
rout, who had hurriedly reformed behind the river bank 
while the Federals were at their captured camps. The 



GRANT. 179 

Federals now made a gallant charge, and after a brief ism. 
encounter, drove the enemy off in great disorder, and 
reached their transports in safety. General Grant was 
the last to reach the boats, and came near being captured. 
General Polk, with the other force, now attacked the 
boats ; but the gun-bonts gave him so hot a reception that 
he soon retired to a respectful distance. The Federals re- 
turned to Cairo, taking with them the prisoners, and two 
pieces of captured artillery. The Federal loss was 485 
in killed, wounded, and missing; that of the enemy, 642. 

Oct. 21, General Schoepf, with about 2,000 men, oct 21. 

^ ' ' _ ' Wild Cat. 

defeated a superior force of the enemy under Zollicoffer 
at Wild Cat, Ky. 

Oct. 7, General Wm. T. Sherman relieved General oct. 7. 
Robert Anderson, who was in command of the " Depart- relieves 
ment of the Cumberland," with headquarters at Louis- ^"*'/'"*°" 

' J- at Louis- 

ville, Ky. This was done at Anderson's request on vine, Ky. 

account of poor health, lie had been made a Brigadier- 
General, and placed in this command as a recognition of 
his faithful service at Sumter. Generals Anderson and 
Sherman were both graduates of West Point, and both 
had served in the Mexican war. 

General Sherman resigned his commission Sept. 6^ wm" t. 
1853, to go into the banking business in San Francisco, shemum. 
At the commencement of the Acts of Secession, he was 
superintendent of a State military academy near Alexan- 
dria, La. ; but when he saw a separation of the States in- 
evitable, he prompt!}^ resigned (February, 1861), and re- 
turned north, offering his services to President Lincoln at 
the beginning of hostilities. He was appointed Colonel of 
the 13th United States infantry May 14, 1861, and Briga- 
dier-General of volunteers in August, 1861. He had 
served as a Lieutenant in Captain Anderson's company 
in the regular army, 1843-1846. Aug. 24, 1861, when 
General Anderson was appointed to the command of the 



180 GEAA'T. 

186 1. Department of the Cumberland, Generals Sherman and 
Thomas were directed to report to him for orders. 

At the time of Anderson's appointment to this 
(itnoraii Department, General Wm. Nelson was in command at 

Thomas iii -r-v • i t-, . /^ 

Kcniucky. camp DicK Robinson, near Nicholasville, Ky. General 
Thomas relieved Nelson, who was assigned to another 
command within the Department. Kentucky was in- 
vaded about this time by forces of the enemy, from the 
direction of Nashville, Tenn., under Generals A. S. John- 
son and Buckner, and from the direction of Cumberland 
Gap, under Generals Crittenden and Zollicoffer. Co- 
lumbus, Ky., was occupied early in September by a 
strong force under Generals Pillow and Polk. Johnson 
at once began fortifying at Bowling Green, and Buckner, 
with a division, was threatening Louisville. General 
Sherman was sent out to oppose Buckner with a small 
brigade under General L. JI. Rousseau (a veteran of the 
Mexican war), and some State militia. Sherman moved 
"out about twenty-five miles to Muldraugh's Hill, near 
Elizabethtown. Buckner was yet in the neighborhood 
of Green River. Sherman remained at Muldraugh's 
Hill, drilling his men and receiving new troops. By 
Oct. 1 he had two full brigades, and was preparing 
to move toward Green River when he was called to 
Louisville to relieve General Anderson. Sherman sent 
General A. JNIcD. McCook to take command of the 
force he had just left, which had been moved forward 
some twenty -live miles to Nolin Creek. 

General Sherman retained this command but a short 
time. Secretary of War Cameron had asked him, in a 
consultation at Louisville, on Oct. 16, how many men he 
would need, and Sherman replied, " 60,000 to drive the 
enemy out of Kentucky, and 200,000 to finish the war 
in this Department." General Sherman had about 18, 
000 men at this time. 



GRANT. 181 

Nov. 4, General McClellan ordered General Don ism. 
Carlos Buell to relieve Sherman, the latter to report to Nov^bcr 
Halleck at St. Louis, who had recently superseded Pre- ^^^^^ ■''- 

' -^ ^ lievcs Sher- 

mont. Buell arrived and assumed command about the man. 
middle of November. Shernian had asked for too maii}^ 
men, but the country afterward learned that he was 
correct in his estimation. Buell was soon after furnished 
as many soldiers as Sherman asked for. His army was 
now designated the "Army of the Ohio." General 
Sherman was soon after placed in command of Benton 
Barracks at St. Louis, remaining there until Feb. 13, 
1862, when he was sent to take command at Paducah, igcs. 
Ky. He joined Grant at Pittsburg Landing about the 
middle of March, with a division of infantry. 

Jan. 7, General J. A. Garfield (afterward President), 
with about 2,500 men, left his camp on George's Creek, 
Ky., moving against the enemy at Paintsville, who 
numbered 2,500 men under Colonel Humphrey Marshall, 
Tlie enemy retired before him to Middle Creek, near J""- 'o. 
Prestonburg, on the West Fork of Big Sandy River, crcck and 
Garfield pursued Marshall's troops, and found them burg"'' 
strongly posted. He attacked vigorously on the 10th, 
and after a severe engagement the enemy were driven 
from their position in great disorder, and hastily re- 
treated under cover of the darkness. The Federal suc- 
cess was complete. Garfield returned to Paintsville. 

In the beginning of January, Buell sent Thomas 
with one division to dislodge the enemy on Cumberland 
Biver. Thomas left his camp at Lebanon, and arrived 
at Logan's Cross Roads, or Mill Springs, Jan. 16. 
General Geo. B. Crittenden, formerly of the United 

' -^ _ Jan. ] 9-2(1. 

States army, was in command of the enemy's forces, mhi 
numbering about 10,000 men, at Beach Grove. Learn-"'"'""' 
ing of Thomas's approach, Crittenden, with about 6,000 
men, moved rapidly out to meet him. The Federal 



182 Gh'A XT. 

ISO','. General became aware of tins in time to select a good 
position. His force also numbered about 6,000. Early 
on the 19th, Crittenden attacked. Only a part of 
Thomas's troops had yet arrived in position, but the 
enemy's determined assaults were repelled, the Federals, 
however, suifering severely. The remainder of Thomas's 
troops soon re-inforced him, when he in turn pressed 
forward, and after a fierce engagement the enemy were 
routed and retired on the run for their intrenchments at 
Beach Grove. Thomas pursued, but darkness found him 
just arrived before Crittenden's position, and the attack 
was delayed until morning. The enemy did not wait 
for daj'light, but retreated in great haste during the 
night across the Cumberland. This was a great success 
for Thomas. Crittenden's force was completely broken 
up ; his troops were scattered and dispersed in the 
mountains. The Federal loss was about 300; that of 
Death of i\^Q enemv, about 400. includino- General Zollicoffer, who 

Gen. Zolli- . " - D y 

coffer. was killed. 

On Feb. 2, General Grant left Cairo with about 
Feb. 2. 17,000 men in two divisions, under Generals McClernand 
Grant ^^^^ Q^ -p ginitjT accompauied by Commodore Foote 

moves upon ' i 

FortHeniT. with a uaval fleet of seven 2;ini-boats. four of which were 



&" 



iron-clads. for the purpose of reducing Fort Henry, a 
strong fortification of the enemy situated on the east 
bank of the Tennessee River, about sixty-five miles from 
its mouth. Foote began the bombardment of the fort 
on the afternoon of the 6th, Grant landing his troops 
for the purpose of investment and capture of the garri- 
son, which numbered 2,700 men; but General Tilghman 
had already sent the garrison to Fort Donelson, which 
was only twelve miles away, on the west bank of the 
Feb. 6. Cumberland. Tilghman himself remained with his ar- 
Fort Henry ^-jjg^^-g^ and defended the fort for about one hour, 

surreii- 

cwred. when, satisfied that his troops had escaped, he surren- 



a It A AT. 1S3 

dered with 100 men and 20 pieces of artillery. Toward iso-4, 
the close of the action, a shot from the fort pierced the 
middle boiler of the Usse.r, scalding twcniy-eight of her 
crew, several of whom died. Nine soldicis, who were 
on board, were also badly scalded, from the effects of 
which four of them died. Besides this misfortune, the 
loss of the fleet was two killed and nine wounded. The 
enemy's loss was abou-t 25 in killed and wounded. 

Feb. 12, General Grant put his army, now called the F'^''- ^^■ 

' . . Grant 

"Army of the Tennessee," in motion for Fort Donelson, moves upon 
which was garrisoned by about 21,000 men, commanded son. 
by an acquaintance of ours, named Floyd (John B.). 
The fort had been lately reinforced by the arrival of 
General Pillow with a division on the 9th, Buckner with 
a division from Bowling Green on the 11th, and Floyd 
with a brigade on the 12th. Grant at once invested the 
fort and surrounding works. The number of troops 
present with him at this time was considerably less than 
that of the enemy. On the loth a brigade of McCler- ^^^ ^^_^^ 
nand's division assaulted the enemy's works in its front, FortDonei- 

son. 

where a battery, situated on a hill, had become very an- 
noying. The charge was three times gallantly made, 
and each time the Federals were driven back with great 
loss. The following day the gun-boats bombarded the 
enemy's batteries, which, being located on high blutfs, 
were little injured. 

Grant meanwhile perfected his arrangements for an 
assault. He was reinforced on the forenoon of this day 
by a division under General Lew Wallace, which gave 
him about 22,000 men. This was increased to 27,000 
by other reinforcements on the 15th. McClernand was 

•^ _ _ _ Feb. 15. 

placed on the right, Wallace in the center, and Smith on a scwre 
the left, except McArthur's brigade of Smith's division, 
which was posted on the extreme right. Floyd became 
satisfied that he could not " hold the fort," and on 



184 GRANT. 

IS a -J. the morning of the 15th the enemy, with haversMcks 
well filled for a march, fiercely attacked the Federal 
right, endeavoring to cut their waj' out. McClernand 
and McArthur together had about 8,000 men. These 
were sorely pressed by more than 12,000 of the now 
desperate eneni}'. A terrible battle w^as fought. Mc- 
Clernand's men, though resisting noblv, were beins; 
pushed back, when Wallace came, to their aid, and the 
enemy was checked. At this moment Grant returned 
from a consultation with Foote on board the flng-ship. 
He immediately ordered a general assault, being satisfied 
that Floyd had weakened his right. At 4 p. m. he 
pushed Smith forward vigorously, whose troops moved 
in double-quick time, and fearlessly charging the enemy's 
works in their front, captured them after a severe strug- 
gle at the parapet. TliesG works in the possession of 
the Federals rendered the enemy's whole position 
untenable. 

Meantime McClernand and Wallace had been busy. 
Simultaneously with Smith's movement they had sharply 
engaged the enemy's left, assaulting so vigorously that 
Floyd dare not take a man away to strengthen his right. 
The battle lasted till night, ending in victory to the 
Federals. On the right the enemy was driven back into 
his works, and on the left his outer works were 
captured. 

It was now evident that Fort Donelson must fall. 
During the night the enemy's chiefs held a council of 
war under a mantle of gloom. Floyd did not really 
want to f^iU into the hands of the Federal government 
just at this time. Pillow, next in rank, did not care for 
the honor of command. Two small steamers and a scow 
Floyd and lay at the dock, and with these Floyd and Pillow es- 
capr^ *^'' caped with about 3,000 men, all that could in safety be 
crowded upon the boats then at hand. This left General 



GliAXT. 185 

S. B. Buckuer in charge of the garrison, and on the is 62, 
morning of the IGlh he snrrenclered with about 14, GOO j,,^.,, ,,. 
men. lUickner was a graduate of AVest Point, and had ^''"'' """'' 
served in the Mexican war. The Federal kiss at deis. 
Fort Donelson was 425 killed and about 1,600 wounded. 
The loss of the enemy in killed and wounded w^•ls about 
2,000. Floyd was hoard of but little more during the 
war, holding no importnnt ectuimand afterward. He 
died at Abingdon, Va., Aug. 20, 18G3. ';7"' ,;"■ 

The capture of Donelson caused the fall of Nashville, '''".va. 
— a fearful blow to the pride of the South. The South- 
erners had boasted that Nashville should never ho taken. 
General A. S. Johnston, who had recently fallen b:ick 
from Uowling Green, Ky., to Nashville, evacuated, 
retiring to Murfreesboro, followed by the wealthier class 
of Nashville's citizens. General Buell took immediate 
possession. The fiill of Donelson also caused the loss to 
the enemy of Columbus, Ky., General Polk removing 
the garrison to Corinth, Miss. General Sherman, who 
had been unjustly relieved of command at Louisville, was 
now placed in charge of a division, and on March 4 took 
possession of Columbus. 

February 27, General Grant went to Nashville to 
confer with General Buell. His superior, General 
Ilalleck, took offense at his freedom, and placed Grant 
upon a shelf at Fort Henry. (For the outrageous treat- 
ment received by General Grant at the hands of jealous nie'nt re" 
officers, see his " Personal Memoirs," Vol. I, p. 326.) "f''^ ,"^' 
General Ilalleck then sent General C. F. Smith up the «'""'. 
Tennessee with Grant's troops. General Smith intended 
to move against Corinth, and debarked one half of his 
troops at Pittsburg Landing, which was a steamboat 
landing on the \v(\st bank of the river, about two hun- 
dred miles from its mouth, and about twenty miles north 
of Corinth. The other part of his army was })osted at 



1S6 GRANT. 

IS <;:■!. Savannjih, a few miles away. General Sherman, coming 
from Paducah, K}"-., joined Smith here with his division, 
and was posted where we shall find him at the battle of 
Shiloh. Abont the middle of March, General Smith, 
who was over sixty years of age, was taken sick, and 
IT.'illeck, having somewhat recovered from his ill-feelinu- 

7 O 

toward Grant, reinstated the nanghty boy, who was 
now a Major-General of volunteers, having been so 
commissioned soon after the fall of Donelson. Grant 
resumed command March 17. General Smith died at 
Death of Sfivannah, Tenn., April 25. He was a graduate of West 

Gen. 0. F. 771 o 

Smith. Point, and had served in the Mexican war. 

The Federals had not fortified, the plan being to 
move against the enemy at once, and Grant took the 
army and its plans as he found them. Beauregard was 
in command of the enemy's forces at Corinth. Grant 
asked Ilalleck for permission to move against him be- 
fore he became too strong, but the request was not 
granted. It was expected that Buell with his army 
would join Grant in time for the movement ; but Buell 
had been slow, bad weather and bad roads and building 
bridges over Duck River near Columbia detained him. 
These difficulties delayed his army so much that it was 
seventeen days making about ninety-five miles. 
The Con- fhc eucmy were fast collecting at Corinth. When 

f""^* "* Beauregard and Polk, with their troops, left Island 

Corinth. ~ " i " 

Number Ten in the middle of March, they proceeded to 
Corinth. Soon after this, Bragg arrived with a division. 
■ General A. S. Johnston also came from Chattanooga 
with about 18,000 men, and Van Dorn had started with 
about 25,000 men after his battle with Curtis at Pea 
Ridge, Ark., and was fast approaching. But without 
Van Dorn, Johnston, who had assumed command, had 
nearly 45,000 men, including a cavalry force of some 
4,000 under General Gardner, and being well posted 



an Ayr. 187 

as to the strength of Grant's army, he decided to isr,:j. 
attack the Federals before Buell could arrive. Hardee 
and Breckenridge were both present, and had commands 
in Johnston's army. 

Grant had about 30,000 men in five divisions. The 
diAdsions of Sherman and Prenliss were posted at Shiloh 
Church, Sherman's right at Snake and Owl creeks, his 
left reaching to the left of the church, Prentiss at his 
left; and at Prentiss's left, on Lick Creek, a brigade of 
Sherman's division under Colonel D. Stuart. McCler- 
nand's division w^as at Sherman's left rear, and the 
divisions of W. H. L. Wallace (Smith's division) and 
Tlurlbut were about one nule to the rear of McClernand, 
Wallace on Ilurlbut's right. 

On April 3, Johnston put his army in motion for 
Shiloh. The distance from Corinth to Pittsburg Landing 
is alDout twenty-five miles by the road. He hoped to 
be able to attack on the 4th, but the bad weather that 
was delaying Buell made his march also slow, and he 
did not reach Grant's front till late on the evening of 
the 5th. At daylight on the 6th the Federal outposts ^^^.^^ g 
were driven in, heavy skirmishing and artillery firing ^^^^^'^^[j^J 
followed until about 7 : 30 a. m., when the advance corps Landing. 
of the enemy under Hardee fiercely attacked Prentiss^ i^^^t^ 
and Sherman. Bragg's corps closely followed, and was 
soon engaged. 

It is denied that Prentiss wvas taken by surprise. 
The enemy was expected, and an early breakfast had 
been ordered. There had been skirmishing for three 
days previous, and Grant had urged Buell to hasten his 
march. Although the greatly superior numbers of the 
enemy striking Prentiss so suddenly gave him a stunning 
blow, his troops fought with great determination, resist- 
ing stubbornly each foot of ground, and it was 9 o'clock 
before he was forced from his position and his camps 



188 



GliAiVr. 



1 sea. 



Pitt^biivg 
Landing. 



Sherman 

I'orced 

back. 



Prentiss 
surrenders. 



General. 
AVallace 
falls. 



Death of 
General A. 
S. John- 
ston. 



A lull in the 
battle. 



captured, liis men still fighting with great heroism. 
Stuart's brigade was now compelled to fall back. Meau- 
timc Sherman's troops were holding their ground with 
great tenacity, their heroic leader inspiriting them by 
his presence at points of the greatest danger, giving 
directions as coolly as if at drill, notwithstanding he had 
been Avounded twice, once slightly in the shoulder by a 
spent ball. Ilis horse had been shot under him early in 
the battle. Hardee, reinforced by Polk about 10 a. m., 
compelled Sherman to fall back to save his left flank ; 
but he retired slowly, punishing the enemy dreadfully. 
At this time Prentiss should have fallen back, but he 
stubbornly held his ground until about 4 p. m., when 
being surrounded he was compelled to surrender with 
2,200 men. 

General Grant was at Savannah when the battle be- 
gan, expecting to meet Buell there in person ; but at 
the first booming of cannon he started for the field, and 
with his staff had been in the thickest of the fight since 
8 o'clock. The enemy's right reached Hurlbut's position 
by 10 A. M. Wallace came to his aid. The battle 
raged fierce and bloody from right to left until 3 p. M. 
General Wallace fell mortally wounded while gallantly 
cheering his men. The enemy now^ hoped to capture 
the landing. They had already taken all the Federal 
camps. About 3 p. m. Johnston received a mortal 
wound wdiile urging his troops forward. He reeled in 
his saddle, and was carried to the rear, where he soon 
bled to death. The wound was in the thigh, a large 
artery having been severed. 

At this moment the enemy's advance was checked. 
He had expended his fury, and soon after there came a 
lull in the battle. The carnage had been frightful. 
Grant, taking advantage of the temporary calm, placed 
his troops in a better position, shielded somewhat by a 



GRANT. 189 

ravine, his left at the landing, his right under Sherman is on. 
on Snake Creek. The gun-boats T^/ler and Lexington pi,f,^.,, 
were moved up so as to cover the ravine with their guns, landing. 
Beauregard took comniniid of the enemy's forces after 
the death of Johnston. It was 5 p. m. before the enemv r ^ „ 

%/ i) P. M. 

were ready to renew the assault, then on they came, '^''^^''' '•'" 
charging desperately ; but they were repulsed with fearful 
slaughter, and night ended this day's terrible battle. ^"3 '"" 
Each side had engaged all its men, 

Baell's troops have not yet arrived. Grant still has 
a fresh division under Lew Wallace just arriving from 
Crump's Landing, -and in truth his army is not beaten. Giant s.nv 
He has a strong position ; and thus reinforced, how can ^l'^^'^''^ 
Beauregard succeed in the morning in what he has 
failed to accomplish ivhen ihe Federals are all in confusion? 

Biiell's advance division, under Nelson, arrived about 
9 p. M. Nelson's advance brigade had crossed the river 
at about : 30 p. m., but the fighting was then over. 
Buell's army had all arrived by the following morning. 
Lew •Wallace should have reached the field by noon of 
the 6th, but taking the wrong road caused his men a, 
long march. On the morning of the 7th the Federals April r. 
moved forward to the attack. Wallace was on Sher- ^^"'°''" 
man's right, McClernand on his left, and Buell's three 
divisions under Nelson. Thomas L. Crittenden and 
A. ]\IcD. JNFcCook were on Grant's left. 

The battle o[iens all along tlie lin(^ at daylight. Tlie 
disappointed enemy resist in desperation, but ar(! con- 
tinually driven hack. They dispute the Federal advance 
stubbornly, Beauregard frantically urging on his men. 
Again the battle has become furious, the slaughter 
dreadful, raging with great violence until 2 p. ]\r-., when 
the Federals have recaptured their camps. The baffled 
enemy sullenly retire. Firing is kept up until about 
4 p. M., when the battle of Shiloh comes to an end. 



190 GRANT. 

18 0'^. Beauregard returns to Corinth; but the Federals do not 
at once pursue, as the tired soldiers need rest. 

In this two days' battle the Federal loss was 10,944 
men in Grant's army and 2,103 in Buell's. In both 
armies, the killed numbered 1,754, the wounded, 8,408, 
and missing, 2,885. The loss of the enemy, as reported 
by BeMuregard, was 1,728 lulled, 8,012 wounded. 
Death of j^,^,-[ 955 niissing. General W. H. L. Wallace died 

Generals ^ 

Wallace April 10, at Savannah, Tenn. General Albert Sidney 
den. Johnston, who died on the 6th, was a graduate of West 

Point, but had left the United States army to join the 
enemy. General Gladden, a Confederate, was also 
killed on the 6th. These three generals had served in 
the Mexican war, and General Johnston had also been 
in the Black Hawk war.. 

General Sherman was accorded great credit for hold- 
ing the enemy in check in their first assaults, thus allow- 
ing the rest of the army needed time ; and also for hold- 
ing fast to his position on the right. He was soon after 
commissioned a Major-General. 

After the battle of Shiloh, Halleck decided to take 
April 9. command in person, and arrived on the 9th of April. 

Ilalleek as- i t-> • • t i • • i i r> n i • 

General Fope joined this army with the forces under his 
command April 21, coming from Island Number Ten, 
Mississippi Biver, w^hich he had captured on the 8th. 
Halleck's army now numbered about 90,000 effective 
men, in three grand divisions. Grant's old army (the 
Army of the Tennessee), composed of the divisions of 
Sherman, Hurlbut, Smith (deceased), and Davis, was 
placed under command of General Thomas. The Army 
of the Ohio, under Buell, was composed of the divisions 
of Mc§ook, Wood, Nelson, and Crittenden. The Army 
of the Mississippi, under Pope, was composed of the 
divisions or Stanley, Hamilton, Palmer, Paine, and 
Plummer. The divisions of JMcClernand and Lew Wal- 



snmes com- 
mand in the 
fleld. 



HALLECK. 191 

lace formed the reserve. Halleck placed Grant next to isr,-i. 
himself, as second in command. 

May 1. 

On May 1, Halleck started his army toward Corinth. Haiieck 
Beauregard had strongly intrenched himself there, <Tnd J'",'iJ^J^'^'''" 
had been reinforced on April 12 by the arrival of the 
forces of Van Dorn and Sterling Price ; and on May 
4 General Lovell, with his troops from New Orleans, 
joined him, increasing his numbers to about 65,000. 

Halleck arrived near the enemy's works on May 3. 
Nothing of note transpired until the 9th, when Van May 9. 
Dorn attacked a brigade under General Palmer at Farm- jj^™"^[gg 
ington. Halleck had ordered Pope not to bring on a 
general engagement ; consequently, after a spirited fight, 
Palmer was withdrawn. jNIay 17, General Sherman ^j^y ^^ 
sent a small force to take possession of a favorable posi- '' 



Russ^firs 



House ' 



tion occupied by the enemy on Bridge Creek, at " Rus- near cor- 
sell's House." A shai-p engagement followed, when the 
enemy retreated. On the 2Sth, Sherman again advanced 
his lines. The enemy endeavored to oppose him, but 
was repulsed. This was about all tlie fighting done at 
this time at Corinth. Beauregard evacuated during the ^^»y -"• 

~ _ ° Corinth 

night of the 29th, going south, finally resting at Tupelo. evacmuLd. 
Halleck did not pursue, except to send Pope with his 
command after him a short distance, which amounted to 
nothing, and Pope returned to Corinth. Fort Pillow 
and Memphis fell into the hands of the Federals as a 
result of the evacuation of Corinth. 



CHAPTER IX. 

CORINTH TO PERRYVILLE. 

BUELL. 

18 a 2. T X 7"HEN Buell left Nashville to join Grant at 
V V Pittsburg Landing, one division of his army, 
under General Mitchell, was sent on a raid into the 
enemy's country, bearing to the southeast. Mitchell 
arrived at Murfreesboro April 4, reopening the Nashville 
and Chattanooga Railroad to Shelbyville, which the 
enemy had destroyed. Leaving the latter place on the 
7th, he reached Fayetteville on the 8th, and Huntsville, 
Ala., a station on the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, 
April 11. on the 11th, capturinsr about 150 prisoners, and the 

lluutsville, , r 5 

Ala. enemy s depots at that place, together with a large num- 

ber of cars, and sixteen locomotives. He then took 
possession of the railroad from Stevenson to Tuscumbia. 
On April 24, failing to obtain reinforcements, Mitchell 
left Tuscumbia, and moved toward Chattanooga. April 

Brid-e OTt '^^ ^^ occupied Bridgeport, at the same time threatening 

Ala. to take possession of Chattanooga. 

Soon after Beauregard evacuated Corinth, Jefferson 

n.Murc-nrd Davis dcprlved that General of liis command, and placed 

u irtc. Bi-axton Braa's: at the head of that army. Braffa; resolved 

Bragg at "-"^ ./ Co 

the head of to take posscssiou of Chattanooga at once. Making a 
quick march with the corps of Hardee and Polk, he 
succeeded in reaching that place in advance of Buell, 
who, with the Army of the Ohio, had been sent by Hal- 
leck in that direction, leaving Corinth June 10. Buell 
did not attack Bragg, but stationed his army — Mitchell 

(192) 



BUELL. 193 

having rejoined him — between Huntsville and McMinn- is a -4. 
ville. General Kirby Smith, being at Knoxville with 
his army corps, was ordered to join Bragg at Chattanooga, 
increasing Bragg's force to about 45,000. 

On June 9, Halleck sent Sherman from Corinth with J""e 9- 
his own division and that of Hurlbut to open communi- sent to 
cation with Memphis. When Bragg moved to Chatta- ^^™''''"^' 
nooga. Van Dorn, with his own and Breckenridge's van do™ 
divisions, proceeded to Vicksburg, reinforcing that place enridge go 
and strengthening the works there; Price remained to [l^^^^^^'^*' 
guard the railroads south of Corinth. 

When Buell stationed his army between Huntsville, 
Ala., and McMinnville, Tenn., he posted a small force at 
Murfreesboro, and soon after General T. T. Crittenden 
was placed in command, arriving there July 11, coming 
from Athens, Ala. General Crittenden and his Assistant 
Adjutant-General (H. M. Duffield) at once set to work 
to reorganize the badly scattered forces for better de- 
fense. But before much could be accomplished, and 
early on the morning of the 13th, Forrest was upon j„]y 13. 
them with 3,000 troopers. The Federal force consisted J';;f''''- 
of five companies of the 9th Michigan infantry (A. C. G. 
H. and K.), numbering about 200 men, which were posted 
three fourths of a mile east of town, with a small battalion 
of the 7th Pennsylvania cavalry near by ; Company B, of 
the 9th Michigan, occupied the Court House ; the 3d Min- 
nesota and a Kentucky battery (Hewitt's) lay about two 
miles northwest of the town. This force altogether num- 
bered about 800 men. 

Forrest's advance, about 1,000 strong, dashed upon 
the Pennsylvania cavalry, which, being but a handful, 
were nearly all captured after a brief engagement, those 
who escaped, including Major Siebert, the commanding 
officer, joining the 9th Michigan, which was quickly as- 
sailed. Colonel W. W. Duffield fought with his old regi- 

13 



194 BUELL. 

1862. ment, although commandmg a brigade. The 9th was at 
first driven, but in turn forced the enemy back in confu- 
sion. Colonel Dufheld was wounded twice, and borne 
from the field. Forrest soon came up with his whole 
force, and a severe battle followed. The fighting contin- 
ued until noon, when Lieutenant-Colonel Parkhurst, find- " 
ing himself surrounded and with no hope of reinforcement, 
surrendered. The 9th Michigan had suffered a loss of 11 
killed, 86 wounded, and 36 missing. The 7th Pennsj^l- 
vania lost 25 in killed and wounded. General Crittenden 
and staff, and the company at the Court House, had 
been compelled to surrender after a hard fight. Colonel 
Lester surrendered the 3d Minnesota and the battery 
soon afterward. 
July 4. The raider, John Morgan, left Knoxville, Tenn., July 

gan-'^ raid" 4, 1862, wlth about 1,000 men, raiding through Tennes- 
see and Kentucky, destroying railroads and bridges. 
July \-2. Q^ ^Y\Q 12th he surprised and captured a small srarrison 

Lebanon, '- ^ o 

Ky- at Lebanon, Ky., thence proceeding to Cynthiana, 

where, after a sharp fight, he captured the small Federal 

Cynthiana, detachmcnt at that post. On his return he passed 

Ky. . 

through Paris, Crab Orchard, and Monticello, and on 
July 28 reached the enemy's lines. 

About the middle of August, 1862, Kirby Smith 

Ivirby 

Smith's left Knoxville, Tenn., with about 7,000 men for a raid 
''^^^' into Kentucky. Cutting off the Federal force at Cum- 
berland Gap from its depot of supplies, he obliged that 
force to evacuate on Sept. 17, and to retreat into Ohio. 
Smith had gone on, leaving to Humphrey Marshall the 
task of starving this garrison out. Meantime Smith had 
k/ mi ^^^^ ^ small body of Federal cavalry at Big Hill Pass, 
Ky- August 23, when a short engagement took place. The 

Aug. 30. Federals, greatly outnumbered, Avere compelled to retreat 
fnTKir ^0 Richmond. On the 30th, near Rogersville, Smith 
mond, Ky. came upon a Federal brigade under General Manson, and 



BUELL. 195 

after a hard fight the Federals were thrown into disorder, is eg. 
and retreated to Rogersville, where another brigade, ~~ 
under General Cruft, joined in the Federal defense ; but 
the first-named brigade had already been completely de- 
moralized, and Cruft was also compelled to give way be- 
fore superior numbers. The Federals continued the 
retreat to Richmond, where General Nelson, who had 
hastened from Lexington, met and endeavored to rally 
them. Smith had followed closely, and giving Nelson 
but little time to restore order, at once attacked. The 
Federals were able to make but slight resistance, and 
retreated in confusion toward Lexington. Smith's cav- 
alry was now in front of them. They were cut off, and 
after a desperate fight, several hundred were taken 
prisoners, including General Manson, who had displayed 
great heroism throughout. General Nelson escaped, 
although wounded. Each side had lost about 250 killed 
and 700 wounded in these three engagements. 

Kirby Smith entered Lexington on Sept. 1. Here j^^J*- ^■ 
he was largely reinforced by Kentucky recruits, and smith en- 
soon after proceeded to Covington, appearing before that ington, Ky. 
place September 15 ; but finding General Lew Wallace 
there, with a strong, well-organized force, he decided 
not to attackj and fell back to Frankfort, soon after 
joining Bragg, who had crossed the Tennessee above 
Chattanooga on Aug. 21, with about 40,000 men, with ^/^f^ , 

o <=> ' 7 7 starts for 

the intention of invading Kentucky. To deceive the Kentucky. 
Federal general, Bragg sent Forrest's cavalry, about 
1,500 strong, to make a demonstration against his lines. 
A part of this force attacked a Federal stockade between 
McMinnville and Manchester August 29 ; but Federal 
reinforcements being near, Forrest withdrew after a McMinn' 
brief engagement, going northward. He had not gone ''"'^ "'"^ 
far when a Federal brigade under Colonel Fyfe overtook ter, Tenn. 
him (August 30). A fight ensued, the enemy receiving 



196 



BUELL. 



18G2 , 



Morgan's 
raiders. 



Aug. 6. 

Tazewell, 

Tenn. 



Aug. 12. 
Gallatin, 
Tenn. 



Sept. 


5. 


Bragg 




enters 


Ken- 


tucky. 




Aug. 


30. 


Btiell 


fol- 


lows Bragg. 



a severe piinisliment, being utterly routed and scattered 
in every direction. This paralyzed Forrest for some 
time. 

The enemy's cavalry under Morgan started early in 
August on a raid in the neighborhood of Buell's army. 
He had a skirmish with the Federals on August 6, at 
Tazewell, and then moved on to Knoxville, where he 
rested a few days, when he passed Buell's left, and 
crossed the Cumberland near Hartsville, the Federals 
pursuing. General Johnson, with about 600 cavalry, 
overtook him on the 12th near Gallatin ; but Morgan 
was too strong for this small force, and Johnson was re- 
pulsed, and retreated in disorder, except General John- 
son himself and a small body of gallant soldiers, who 
bravely stood their ground for some time, when they 
were made prisoners. Morgan then entered Kentucky, 
and soon afterward joined Kirby Smith. 

Bragg passed through Dunlap, reaching Pikeville 
August 30, and was at Crossville the next day, where 
Forrest joined him, moving thence through Sparta to 
Carthage on the Cumberland, threatening Nashville. 
He soon turned northward, however, and crossed the 
borders of Kentucky Sept. 5, arriving at Glasgow on 
the 12th. 

On August 30, Buell became satisfied that the enemy 
was making an offensive move, and at once started his 
army to cover Nashville, moving to Murfreesboro, then 
to Lebanon, leaving Thomas in command at Nashville. 
On the 12th of September, Buell reached the vicinity of 
Mitchellville, having moved slowly until he could learn 
Bragg's intentions. The following day a captured dis- 
patch gave him the desired information — Bragg was 
moving on Louisville. Thomas was called in haste, 
with part of the force from Nashville, and Buell pushed 
forward in pursuit, arriving at Bowling Green, Ky., on 
the 18th, 



Well Wi 

On moving from Glasgow, Bragg left Breckenridge on is a '4. 
the Tennessee frontier to watch Nashville. Pressing for- 
ward with Hardee's corps through Cave City against 
Munfordsville, he sent Polk's corps around by the 
right, to invest the Federal works there from the other 
side. This town lies on Green River. The Federals, 
who were posted on the left bank, about 2,000 strong, 
under Colonel Wilders, occupied a block -house located on 
the west side of the railroad track, and a small fort, 
called Fort Craig, on the other side, with a breastwork 
between. Hardee's advance, composed of two brigades 
under General Chalmers, arrived in front of the Federal 
intrenchments on the evening of the 13th, and early the 
following morning began the attack 5 but after a severe gcpt. 14-ic. 
fight it was repulsed with considerable loss. On the ^!;"''^°'''^'^" 

<-' ■•- ville. 

15th and 16th, Wilders was reinforced from Louisville, 
increasing his force to about 4,000 men. Bragg was 
waiting for Polk, who arrived on the right bank on the 
16th. The Federals were now surrounded. Hardee 
again attacked on the 16th, and desperate fighting contin- 
ued throughout the day, the enemy being repelled at all 
points. The Federal commander now became satisfied 
that further resistance was useless. He saw himself 
encompassed by 25,000 men, his retreat cut off; and on 
the morning of the 17th he surrendered. Bragg at 
once moved on in the direction of Louisville, filling his 
wagons with provisions, and collecting droves of cattle 
and horses as he went. When he reached Salt River, 
he changed his mind, and fell back on Bardstown, where 
he had left Polk with his corps, and on Oct. 1 he entered ^^^ ^ 
Lexington with Hardee's corps. Lexington is 30 miles ^"gg 

f. ^ . ... . enters Lex- 

from Frankfort, 77 miles from Cincinnati, and 94 miles ington. 
from Louisville. Here Bragg issued a proclamation to 
the dear Kentucjcians, while his army was gathering 
everything ivithin reach. 



Buell ar 
rives at 
Louisville. 



198 BUELL. 

186 a. Buell had followed Bragg as rapidly as possible, but 
started too late. His advance reached Louisville on the 
Sept. 25. 25th, and his whole army had arrived by the 29th, 
where he was largely reinforced by new recruits, also 
by a strong detachment from Grant's army at Corinth, 
giving him an active force of about 70,000 men. 

While the troops were at Louisville, General William 
Death of jv^eison met his death at the hands of a brother officer. 

General ' 

Nelson, in a moment of resentment for harsh and unjust treat- 
ment. The deed was considered justifiable. General 
Nelson entered the naval service at the age of fifteen, and 
served in the United States Navy until the breaking out 
of the war, when he was made Brigadier-General of land 
forces. He was killed Sept. 29, 1862. 

On the 30th Buell reorganized his army in three 
corps, under A. McD. McCook, Crittenden, and Gilbert. 
Division commanders under McCook were Sill, Rousseau, 
and Jackson ; under Crittenden, Wood, W. S. Smith, 

and ; under Gilbert, Mitchell, Schofpf, and 

Sheridan. On this day the President relieved Buell of 
his command, and named Thomas as his successor ; but 
Thomas declined, and plead for the retention of Buell, 
who was reinstated, with Thomas second in command. 
This all occurred in one day. Oct. 1, Buell left Louis- 
ville, marching on Bardstown. A terrible drought pre- 
vailed at this time, and consequently water was scarce. 
This caused the troops to move slowly, and they did not 
reach Bardstown until October 4. 

Polk had gone toward Bryantsville, arriving at Har- 
rodsburg on the 6th. At this time there was trouble in 
the enemy's camp. A new secession governor was being 
installed at Frankfort on the 4th. A division under 
General Sill, forming the Federal left, moving in the 
direction of Lexington, caused the disturbance. Kirby 
Smith was at Frankfort with his corps, and Bragg has 



BUELL. 199 

come to witness the ceremony. In the midst of the isg'^. 
preparations, scouts came in haste with the news that 
the Federal army was approaching, and all was instantly 
in confusion. " Every man to his post," was the order. 
The would-be governor hastened away to Lexington. 
Hardee's corps was on the road to Perryville, which lies 
40 miles southwest of Lexington. 

On the 6th the Federal left — McCook's corps — ^^^ g 
reached a point half way between Bardstown and Mack- The pppos- 

. ing forces 

ville. Gilberts corps had reached Springfield, and drawing 
Crittenden's corps lay between Springfield and Lebanon. ^|iig ''"^^' 
On the 7th the Federals drew closer to Perryville. 
Sheridan's division took an advanced position on Doc- 
tor's Creek, where, on the morning of the 8th, Hardee oct. s. 
attacked him, but was repulsed. Hardee was across doctors 

^ Creek, or 

Chaplin's Creek with about 15,000 men. Polk had ciiapiiu 
arrived with one division, the other having been sent to 
reinforce Kirby Smith at Frankfort, in consequence of 
the scare created by Sill. Bragg now had about 25,- 
000 men at Perryville. Buell had given orders to perryviiie. 
attack on the morning of the 9th ; but Bragg, thinking 
that only a small part of the Federal army, was before 
him, began the attack upon McCook's corps at 2 p. m. of 
the 8th. McCook had taken position on Gilbert's left, 
having crossed Doctor's Creek about 10 a. m. Hardee 
attacked the Federal left with great vigor, Anderson's 
division coming upon Rousseau, and Buckner on his 
right against Jackson. Rousseau held his ground at first, 
but Jackson's troops were new recruits, and although 
they bravely withstood a terrible fire for a time, they 
were at last compelled to give way, when the whole 
Federal left was driven back some distance with severe 
loss. General Jackson was killed at the beginning of the gpnerai 
battle. He had served at the head of a regiment of ^-'^'^'^'^ s- 

Jackson 

Kentucky volunteers in the Mexican war. General Kiiied. 



200 BUELL. 

1^62. Wm. R,, Terrill, a graduate of West Point, was soon 
Pensile, aftei'ward killed while endeavoring to rally his brigade ; 
but the enemy had also suffered severe loss, both of An- 
derson's brigade commanders being wounded. Colonel 
Geo. Webster, of the 98th Ohio, whose brigade, with Ter- 
rill's, formed Jackson's division, now came to aid what 
Death of ^vas left of Terrill's brigade. The battle was terrific, but 
Terrill and the cuemy was checked. Webster was wounded, and 
Webster, clicd Oct. 9. He had served in the Mexican war. 

During this battle between two divisions of the 
enemy's right and the Federal left, Sheridan, who was 
at Rousseau's right, had kept up a harassing artillery 
fire upon Anderson's left, and about 4 p. m., just as 
McCook's corps (Sill's division was not in the battle) 
was falling back,' the enemy found that Phil must be 
looked after a little. Anderson now turned savagely 
upon him, and again the battle raged. Polk sent An- 
derson reinforcements, and at the same time Gilbert sent 
Mitchell with two brigades of his division to reinforce 
Sheridan's right. The enemy charged and charged 
again, directing all their efforts against Sheridan, but 
could not move him. Mitchell's third brigade was sent 
to aid McCook, Its commander, Colonel Gooding, was 
wounded while bravely fighting with McCook's troops. 
Schoepf's division was not engnged, being held in re- 
serve. Toward night, Sheridan and Mitchell assumed 
the offensive, and drove the baffled enemy back beyond 
Bragg dc- Chaplin's Creek, and through Perryville, capturing sev- 
eral hundred prisoners. It was now dark, and the bat- 
tle of Perryville ended. 

Crittenden's corps had taken position farther to the 
right than was intended by Buell, on account of scarcity 
of water, calculating to be back in time for the proposed 
attack on the 9th. He did not hear the musketry 
firing at all, and paid no attention to the artillery 



feated. 



hUELL. 201 

firing; thus this corps took no part in the battle. Al- isea. 
though sent for in great haste at 4 p. m., Crittenden did perryvnie. 
not arrive on the field till night, so that the battle was 
fought by about 25,000 men on each side. The Federal 
loss in killed was 845, in wounded, 2,851, and 515 miss- 
ing. The enemy's loss was fully equal. Buell made 
preparations to attack in the morning, but Bragg had 
departed during the night, retiring toward Harrodsburg, 
which he reached on the evening of the 9th. 

On the 11th, Bragg's army had concentrated around oct. ii. 
Bryantsville, Kirby Smith and Polk's other division emng out 
having been called in haste. On the 13th, Bragg moved tucky!° 
rapidly to get out of Kentucky, passing through Lan- 
caster, Mt. Vernon, and Barboursyille. By the 26th his 
whole army had passed Cumberland Gap. Buell at once 
sent his columns in pursuit ; but he soon saw that Bragg 
had too much the start, and gave up the chase. Bragg 
returned to the vicinity of Knoxville, and Buell through ^™°^ "^^^^^ 

•^ ^ o at Knoxville 

Bowling Green to Lebanon, Tenn. Bragg's invasion of and Bueii 
Kentucky was a failure, except in capturing from his 
" dear friends " all the cattle, swine, horses, mules, and 
provisions he could carry aw^ay. It is said that his 
booty made a wagon train fifty miles long. 

Oct. 30, General Buell was relieved of command, ^^^^"gj^'^Jg. 
and General Rosecrans took his place. He at once '^'■^°®- 
began concentrating the army around Nashville, Mc- 
Cook's corps reaching that place Nov. 6. 



CHAPTER X 



CORINTH TO ARKANSAS POST. 
GRANT. 



ISO a. 



up of 
Halleck's 
ariuy * at 
Corinth. 



WHEN Halleck's army broke up at Corinth, in 
June, Sherman proceeded to Memphis, still 
under Grant, who now commanded the Army of the 
The break- Tennessec, and the Army of the Mississippi. Hal- 
leck had gone to Washington, superseding McClellan as 
General-in-Chief, and P,ope had gone to command the 
"Army of Virginia." The divisions of Hurlbut and 
Ord were stationed at Bolivar, the army under Rose- 
crans, formerly Pope's command, was at Corinth, the re- 
mainder of Grant's forces at Jackson, Tenn. Grant had 
about 40,000 men in his department. The division 
commanders of the Army of the Tennessee were Gener- 
als Sherman, McPherson, Ord, and Hurlbut; of Rose- 
crans' army. Generals Hamilton, Stanley, Davis, and 
McKean. 

On Aug. 30, General Price sent a cavalry brigade un- 
der General Armstrong to feel of the Federals at Bolivar. 
A brigade of Federal cava^y came out to meet them, 
and a sharp engagement followed, lasting several hours. 
They were at one time at close quarters with the sabre, 
but the enemy was finally defeated. The Federals 
returned at night, rejoining the main body on the north 
bank of the Hatchie. Armstrono- movins: to the west- 
ward, attacked a small body of Federals at Medon Sta- 
tion on the 31st. Here he was again repulsed, when he 
returned toward the Hatchie 

(203) 



Ang. 30. 

Bolivar, 

Tenn. 



Aug. 31 

Medon 

Station. 



A brigade under Colonel 



GRANT. 203 

Dennis was then sent after him, and overtook him Sept. 1862. 
1 at Britton's Lane. Although much inferior in strength g^pt 1. 
to the Confederates, who turned and attacked him sav- ^''"o""* 

' Lane. 

agely, Dennis repulsed them in repeated charges, when 
they retired, having suffered severely. This ended 
Armstrong's campaign. g^^^ ,3 

On Sept. 13, Price advanced toward luka, with The enemy 

1 /• under Ster- 

about 14,000 men. Colonel Murphy, in command of a img Price 
Federal brigade there, withdrew on the appoach of Price, " 
who took possession, and called upon Van Dorn to join 
him in an attack on Corinth. It was to prevent this 
junction that Grant proceeded at once to attack Price 
with the divisions of Stanley and Hamilton, under Rose- 
crans, numbering about 9,000 men, and 6,000 under Ord, 
brought from Bolivar and Jackson, Rosecrans was sent 
to attack from the south while Ord should assail Price 
from the north. On the 18th Grant was at Burnsville 
waiting to hear from Ilosecrans. Ord had reached the 
point assigned him, and was to lead the attack on the 
morning of the 19th ; but unfortunately Rosecrans found ^^^^^_ 
muddy roads, and sending Grant word that he would be 
greatly delayed thereby, he struggled on, but did not 
reach the vicinity of luka until the middle of the after- 
noon of the 19th. 

Grant had sent word to Ord to wait the booming of 
Rosecrans' guns. Price was too sharp to let the chance 
slip, and at once attacked Rosecrans before he was 
hardly in position; but although largely outnumbering 
the Federals, he could not drive them. Hamilton's di- 
vision in the advance sustained the shock, and repulsed 
the attack of Price's whole force, Sullivan's brigade of 
this division performing wonders. The battle was des- 
perate, and raged till dark ; but Price w^as repulsed, and Pr'^^e de- 

. . ' fcuted. 

during the night he evacuated luka. 

Ord had not heard Rosecrans' guns, a strong north 



'204: GitANT. 

ISO 'J. wind prevailing, and he did not know of the battle until 
niiduiizht. Kosecrans' loss in killed and wounded was 
about 750 ; that of the enemy, about 1,40D, including 
Doaih of 350 prisoners. General Ilenrv L. Little, commanding a 
Liitk'.' division of the enemy, was among the killed. He had 
formerly been a captain in the United States army, and 
had served in the Mexican war. Both Rosecrans and 
Ord entered luka the following morning. Being unable 
to pursue. Grant at once ordered Rosecrans back to 
Corinth and Ord to Bolivar, removing his own headquar- 
ters to Jackson. 

Price now proceeded to form junction with Yan 
Dorn. They met at Ripley on the 2Sth of September, 
and at once began a movement upon Corinth with the 
latter in command. They reached Pocahontas October 
1, crossing the Hatchie river, where Van Dorn left a 
small force of cavalry to guard the bridge, and pushed 
Corinth. ' forward, encamping Oct. 2 at Chewalla, while his pickets 
reached well toward Corinth, coming in contact with the 
Federal outposts, which fact was quickly made known to 
the Federal commander. Rosecrans had about 18,000 
men. 

The extensive works built by Beauregard and im- 
proved by Halleck to accommodate his 100,000 men, 
had been modified so that they could the better be de- 
fended by the small army under Rosecrans. The works 
consisted of redoubts and fortb, connected by breast- 
works and abatis. The force under Yan Dorn numbered 
about 25,000 men in three strong divisions. Price's two 
divisions were under Maury and Herbert ; the other di- 
vision was commanded by Lovell. The first-named 
formed the enemy's center, the second his left, the last 
his right. 

Rosecrans moved outside of his works when informed 
of the enemy's approach, posting McKean's division 



GRANT. 206 

across the Memphis Railroad west of the town, DaAas's isgs. 
division on McKcan's right, and Hamilton still farther ooiiMh. 
to the right, with Stanley's division in reserve. On the 
morning of the 3d, Van Dorn began the attack with Lov- 
ell's division, upon McKean. Oliver's brigade of Davis's 
division had been brought to strengthen the Federal left. 
Soon afterward Maury opened upon Davis, Herbert upon 
Hamilton, and the battle became general all along the 
line. Oliver's brigade occupied an advanced redoubt, the 
fire from which was proving disastrous to Lovell, who 
now heavily attacked it. McArthur's brigade of Mc- 
Kean's division reinforced Oliver. Davis at the same 
time was furiously assailed by a largely superior force ; 
and with Oliver absent, it was with great difficulty that 
his men withstood the onset. The combatants were 
within short musket range. Both sides were stubborn, 
and fought with great determination, but McKean was 
at last compelled to yield the redoubt and retire. This 
exposed Davis's left flank, of which Maury at once took 
advantage, when Davis also was compelled to fall back 
to conform to McKean's movement. The fury of the 
enemy was soon spent, and there came a lull, which en- 
abled both sides to restore their lines, the Federals 
forming now lines some distance in the rear of the first. 
At about 2 p. M. Van Dorn renewed the attack. Lov- 
ell assailed McKean as savagely as before, and this time 
Van Dorn made strenuous efforts to break the Federal 
center, Herbert's division joining INIaury against Davis. 
Hamilton endeavored to flank the enemy's left, but ac- 
complished little on account of the dense woods and 
underbrush. Meantime Davis's troops were experienc- 
ing a terrible conflict with largely superior numbers, and 
would have been driven but for the timely arrival of 
Stanley. Even with this reinforcement, Davis was still 
outnumbered, and it was with great difficulty that he 



206 GRANT. 

isofi. maintained his ground until dark, when the combatants 
cori^ rested. Two of Davis's brigade commanders had fallen, 
General General Hackelman being killed, and General Oglesby 

Hackelman o 7 n j 

killed. badly wounded. 

During the night, Rosecrans rearranged and con- 
tracted his lines. The colored fugitives worked all night 
for dear life, throwing up new breastworks and strength- 
ening old ones, and building a new redoubt on the Boli- 
var road, afterward named Fort Richardson. Hamilton 
still held the right, but had been brought to the rear, 
and was facing north. He was joined as before by Davis 
on his left. Stanley's troops were placed in line on 
Davis's left, with McKean, whose line reached over Col- 
lege Hill to the southwest of Corinth, on the extreme 
left. 

At dajdight on the 4th, Price opened a heavy artil- 
lery fire upon the Federal center ; but by some misman- 
agement. Van Dorn did not at once attack with infantry. 
The Federal artillery, being excellently served, soon 
silenced the enemies batteries ; the fire of the sharp- 
shooters, however, gradually increased to a battle. At 
about 9:30 A. M. Herbert's division advanced, his left 
against Fort Powell, which was defended by a portion of 
Hamilton's men, his right against Fort Richardson. The 
assault was most determined, the Federal fire incessant 
and terribly destructive, the Southern soldiers being lit- 
erally mowed down. Rapidly reinforced by Maury, 
those that have not fallen bravely press forward, and 
reach the parapet in the face of a death-dealing fire. 
Here a fearful struggle takes place Many artillerists 
fell while yet by their guns. At last overpowered, the 
Federals give way, and the fort is taken. Fort Powell 
is also taken. 

Rosecrans, in the midst of his retreating soldiers, 
strives to rally them. A small force of the enemy not 



GRANT. 207 

yet exhausted reaches the streets of Corinth, but in isgs. 
great confusion. Rosecrans has succeeded in rallying 
the scattered troops, and leading a charge the enemy 
is quickly driven back. Hamilton now takes the enemy 
in flank, and recaptures Fort Powell. Davis, reinforcing 
his center, gallantly charges, recapturing Fort Richard- 
son. In vain does the disappointed and maddened foe 
charge, and reinforced, charge again to retake it; but he 
is finally repulsed, and with dreadful loss. 

The fighting has also become desperate between 
Maury's men and Stanley's division. The enemy suc- 
ceed in taking some outer breastworks at this point, 
but are stopped by two strong redoubts, and finally 
forced to retire. At 11 a. m. Van Dorn ordered a re- 
treat. This had been a fierce battle, the slaughter great. 
Van Dorn was utterly defeated, and his army fearfully 
punished. McPherson arrived with a brigade from retreats,"™ 
Jackson just as the battle ended. f^^'^l '^''' 

The loss of the enemy in killed was about 1,400, 
and it was estimated that 5,000 were wounded. 2,200 
prisoners were captured by the Federals. Rosecrans' 
loss was 340 killed, 1,809 wounded, and 230 missing. 
The enemy reached Chewalla in great disorder on the 
morning of the 4th, but the Federals were unable to 
pursue till the next day, all being exhausted by the aw- 
ful struggle. 

On the morning of the 5th, Van Dorn pushed on for ^^^ ^ 
the Bio; Hatchie River, hopinGr to cross at Davies Bridge Big Hat- 
in advance of the Federals; but the lederal general, or Mata- 
Hurlbut, had left Bolivar, by order of General Grant, ^^^^l"^' 
that morning, to take possession of the bridge. Van 
Dorn's advance reached the bridge first, but Hurlbut 
was at Matamoras, a height that commanded the passage 
of the river. A brigade of the enemy crossed the 
bridge, and attempted to drive Hurlbut from his position, 
but was driven back in disorder. 



208 GRANT. 

1802. General Ord, who was in command at Bolivar, was 
on the way with more troops to assist Hurlbut, and 
reached Matamoras in advance of his troops just as the 
enemy had been repulsed. He at once placed himself 
at the head of the Federals, and charging, drove the 
enemy still farther back across the river, capturing the 
bridge. General Ord was wounded in the charge, and 
Hurlbut resumed command. The Federals held the 
bridge against every attempt of the Confederates to dis- 
lodge them, and Van Dorn was finally compelled to seek 
another crossing. 

Precious time was lost by Rosecrans, who was fol- 
lowing. He took' the wrong road at first, and did not 
get up in time to attack while Hurlbut held Van Dorn 
in check. The latter, Ijeing unable to force a passage at 
Davies Bridge, and knowing that Rosecrans would be 
upon him soon, turned toward Crum's Mill Bridge, and 
succeeded in crossing at that point and reaching Bipley 
Price es- On the moming of the 6th. Hosecrans arrived there on 
capes. ^j^g g|.j^^ l^^|. ||. ^^^^ ^^^ l^|.g . ^Y^^ enemy was fiir awa}^. 

Notwithstanding his inability to overtake Van Dorn, he 

had won a glorious victory. Hosecrans returned to 

Corinth, and soon after succeeded Buell in command of 

Bupersedcd tho Army of the Cumberland. Van Dorn did not please 

ton^™ '^'^'^ his government, and Pemberton w^as placed over him. 

On Nov. 2, Grant began his movement against the 

Grant's ouomy uuder General J. C. Pemberton, who had formerly 

towlrT^^ been an officer in the United States army, and had 

vicksburg. gervcd in the Mexican war, where Grant had known 

him. Three divisions were brought from Corinth, under 

General C. S. Hamilton, and two divisions from Bolivar, 

under General J. B. McPherson, both forces proceeding 

to Grand Junction. General Sherman also joined Grant 

soon after, coming from Memphis with about 15,000 

men. Grant's army was thus increased to about 40,000. 



GRANT. 209 

On the 13th of November, his advance reached Holly isgh. 
Springs. Pemberton was on the Tallahatchie at Abbe- 
ville and Wyatt. Grant reached the vicinity of the 
enemy's position Nov. 29, and on Dec. 1 Pemberton 
withdrew to Grenada, the Federals following as far as 
Oxford. Grant's cavalry, going still fartlier, had a 
sharp fisrht with the enemy near CofFeeville on the 5th. ^^'^^ ^■ 

, CoUeeville. 

Grant now desired to place a force between Pemberton 
and Vicksburg, and after correspondence with Halleck, 
Sherman proceeded to Memphis for the purpose of 
organizing a strong force, with which he was to move 
by boats down the Mississippi and up the Yazoo, in 
order to cut Pemberton off from Vicksburg. Sherman, 
taking with him the division of General M. L. Smith, 
arrived at Memphis Dec. 12, and at once began prepara- Dec. is. 

Sherman at 

tions tor the proposed expedition. Memphis. 

On Dec. 19, Grant learned that Van Dorn, with 
about 5,000 cavalry, was raiding in his rear. He at 
once telegraphed, or dispatched couriers, to all the sup- 
ply depots and outposts to be on guard. Colonel Mur- 
phy, in command at Holly Springs, Miss., received 
Grant's dispatch on the evening of the 19th ; but taking 
no heed he went to sleep. Van Dorn charged suddenly 
into the town on the morning of the 20th, capturing ^^^ ^^ 
many of the officers in bed, and made nearly the whole ^^""^ 

^ _ ^ _ "^ _ Springs dis- 

garrison prisoners. The garrison numbered about 1,500, aster. 
and all were paroled. He then proceeded to destroy the 
supply depot containing a large quantity of provisions, 
burned the arsenal, railroad station, and several trains 
of cars, and altogether did immense damage. Grant had 
started 4,000 troops to reinforce Murphy ; but in conse- 
quence of an accident to the railroad train, they did not 
reach the ground until Van Dorn had departed, he hav- 
ing hastily withdrawn the same evening. But that did 
not excuse Murphy, who had sufficient force to easily 
14 



210 GRANT. 

186 a. defend his post until reinforcements could arrive. On 
DecTli. the 21st Van Dorn attacked the post at Davis's Mill, 
Davis's which was defended by only 250 Federal soldiers, and 
was repulsed. Several other small garrisons were also 
attacked, but he was everywhere driven off. The cap- 
ture of Holly Springs was his only success. 

Forrest, with about 3,500 men, was at the same 

time raiding upon Grant's communications in Western 

Forrest in Tcnnessce. About the middle of December he crossed 

' the Tennessee River at Clifton, and proceeded to destroy 

an important branch of railroad running from Humboldt 

to Columbus, Ky. General Sullivan started from Jackson 

in pursuit. One brigade under Colonel Dunham overtook 

parker^s' Forrest on the 30th at Parker's Cross Roads. Forrest 

Cross turned upon him savaarely, and a fierce engagement fol- 

Roads. ^ O ^' O O ^ 

lowed. Forrest s numbers were greatly superior, and 
Dunham began to feel that he must be utterly defeated, 
when just in time to prevent disaster. General Sullivan 

routed. cauic to his aid. In an instant the scene changes. The 
exultant foe is checked, then he is driven, and finally 
routed. The Federal loss was 200 in killed and 
wounded; the loss of the enemy, including prisoners, 
was about 500. 

The destruction of his depots at Holly Springs, 
together with the near approach of winter, determined 

Grant Grant to move backward. His army returned to Grand 
' Junction and La Grange in the latter part of December. 
For more than a week his communication and his source 
of supplies had been cut off from the North, obliging 
his army to subsist on the products of the country where 
they were. Pemberton now retired to Vicksburg, hav- 
ing learned of Sherman's plans. 

Dec. 30. General Sherman left Memphis Dec. 20 with about 

Sherman's ^ ^ 

expedition 30,000 mou iu three divisions under A. J. Smith, M. L. 
Vicksburg. Smith, and Geo. W. Morgan, and proceeded down the 



GRANT. . 211 

river ill transports. The troops under General Curtis, isna. 
which had been operating in Missouri, and were now at 
Helena, had been transferred to Grant's command. This 
force was taken on board by Sherman, and phiced under 
command of General Frederick Steele. This addition 
increased Sherman's army to about 42,000 men. The 
expedition reached Milliken's Bend on the evening of the 
24th, and was joined here by Commodore Porter's fleet. 
Proceeding up the Yazoo — which empties into the Mis- 
sissippi nine miles above Vicksburg — on the 26th, the 
army was landed by the morning of the 27th upon the y^^^^^fg^J^' 
only ground available, — a piece of land lying between Bayou, 
the Yazoo and Chickasaw Bayou, — when skirmishing 
with the enemy immediately began. Sherman could 
not use one half his troops, in consequence of swamps 
and overflowed land. On the 28th, General M. L. 
Smith fell, dangerously wounded by one of the enemy's 
skirmishers. 

On the 29th, Blair's brigade of Steele's division was 
ordered to attack the enemy's works on Chickasaw 
Bayou. He began the assault about noon, charging in 
the face of a terrible fire. His soldiers press forward 
without faltering and capture the first and second lines 
of rifle-pits ; but here they are checked. The enemy's 
position back of this is almost impregnable. De Cour- 
cey's brigade was sent to his relief, but it needed a 
dozen brigades to accomplish the desired object. De 
Courcey was forced back, and Blair was soon after com- 
pelled to retire, his brigade having suffered fearfully. 
Their loss had been about 1,500 in killed, wounded, and 
prisoners. The whole Federal loss was about 2,000. 

General Sherman now became satisfied that this was 
not the point at which Vicksburg could be successfully 
attacked, although on the 31st he contemplated making 
another trial at Haynes Bluff, by a night attack, but 
dark nights and dense fogs prevented j and learning of 



212 GRANT. 

IS a 3. Grant's retreat, he again embarked his troops, Jan. 2, 
jan.^ 1863, and set sail for Milliken's Bend. At the mouth 
Sherman ^f ^|^g Yazoo he met a steamer with General McCler- 

retires. 

nand on board, who had an order from the President to 
take command of the expedition. 

On Jan. 4, without debarking, with the exception of 
a small portion of the troops, McClernand, at Sherman's 
suggestion, proceeded up Arkansas River for the pur- 
pose of capturing Fort Hindman, formerly known as 
Arkansas Post, which was garrisoned by about 5,000 
men under General Churchill. The Federals landed a 
little below the fort on the 9th, but in consequence of 
the difficult approaches, the investment was not com- 
jan. n. pleted until the 11th, when, at 1 p. im., the attack began. 
Post." "^ The enemy's troops were mostly Texans, and good 

fighters. They bravely disputed the Federal advance, 
but could not resist an avalanche. After a hard fight 
they were driven from the outer works. The Federal 
artillery, together with three gun-boats, had dismounted 
all their cannon. Suddenly the- Federals cease firing, a 
sure indication that a charge is about to take place. In 
an instant Sherman's corps on the right and Morgan's 
on the left spring forward, going right into the fort. 
Churchill now surrenders, further resistance being use- 
less. The whole garrison is captured. The Federal 
loss is about 950 in killed and wounded. The Federals 
return to Milliken's Bend. 

Grant's forces were about this time divided into four 
corps, numbered and otficered as follows : Sherman in 
command of the 15th Corps, in two divisions, under 
Steele and Stuart; McClernand the loth Corps, divis- 
ions, A. J. Smith and Morgan; the 16th and ITth Corps 
w^ere under Hurlbut and McPherson. 

We will now leave the Mississippi River for a Avhile, 
and look after Bosecrans and minor operations in Ken- 
tucky and Tennessee, 



1 S It 2 



CHAPTER XI. 

STONE RIVER. 

BOSJi:GRANiS. 

GENERAL BRAGG occupied Mmfreesboro after his 
returu from Kentucky in October, going into win- 
ter quarters there. Rosecrans had relieved Buell on 
the 30th of October, and shortly after concentrated his 
army about Nashville ; consequently there were numer- 
ous small battles about Nashville and in that part of 
Tennessee. On Nov. 7 several detachments of Federal f°'': ^" 
troops moved in the direction of Murfreesboro. On this 'i''^""- 
day General Kirk dislodged the enemy under Wheeler 
at La Vergne, Sheridan drove the enemy out of Nolens- 
ville, and Colonel Hill defeated a body of the enemy at 
IL'irtsville. On Dec. 7, at daylight, Morgan, with about ^'"'- '^■ 
2,500 men, attacked Colonel Moore at liartsville, who 
had three small regiments of infsxntry and one of cavalry. 
The attack was a complete surprise, the Federals scarcely 
having time to form line. After a severe engagement 
the Federals were routed, and the greater part of them 
taken prisoners. Dec. 12 the Federal cavalry under 
General Stanley captured Franklin, destroying the de- 
pots and mills which supplied Bragg's army. 

On Nov. 24, General Joseph E. Johnston, who had 
scarcely recovered from the wounds he received at Fair Joi'"'^'"" '" 

•^ chief com- 

Oaks, was placed in command of the enemy's forces un- mand of 
der Bragg, Kirby Smith, and Pemberton. At this time ato fcnrrs 
10,000 men were sent from Bragg's army to reinforce 
Pemberton at Vicksburg. Dec. 27, Morgan, with 3,000 

(213) 



FedoiMls 
Routed. 



Dec. 13. 
Franklin. 



Kov. '^1 
(Jenenil 



in this l)e 
imrtnieiit. 



214 JiOSAVh'ANiS. 

7.s-«y. men, captured Eli/abetlitown, Ky., and 500 Federals, 
i)oo~^. ^'^'^^^ were paroled. Dec. 21, Federal General S. P. 
KH-i.wth (^j,yt<3r, with 1,000 cavalrN-nien, started tVoni London, 

town, U.v. ' ; . ' 

Ky., on a raitl npon IJragg's Richmond eoninumications. 

Entering Virginia near Cumberland Gap, he advanced 

nearly to Bristol, destroying railroads and bridges, and 

Dor, so. capturing on the 30th, at l>h)untsville, 300 Confederates, 

uiouiiis- (ooether witli their connnauiUM', Maior McDowell. Re- 

ville, 'Venn. '^^ . 

turning, he reached the Federal lines at jSlanchester, 

Ky., on Jan. 6, 1863. This was a hard ride for the 

boys, as they were obliged to keep the saddle day 

and night. 

Oct. ir. Oct. 17, General John IMorgan, still operating in 

Loxingtou. K^.i^tm-i-y ^vith about 3,000 ca^•alr^'-men, defeated a 

small body of Federals -near Lexington; and again on 

the 18th he defeated another detachment of Federals, 

capturing about 250 prisoners. But he did not fare so 

Oct S3, w^'ll ;>t Big Hill Pass, where on the 23d Colonel McCook 

J^'^'^' "'.'' attacked and defeated him, taking a considerable num- 

ber of his men prisoners. 
Oct, 7. October 7, a brigade of the enemy under General 

Anderson approachiHl Nashville, Tenn., when General 
Palmer, with his own brigade and Negley's, attacked 
him at La Yergne, and compelled him to retire. Forrest 
again appeared in this neighborhood, and on Oct. 20 
attacked a detachment of Federal cavalry near the Cum- 
berland, a little below Nashville. After a spirited en- 
li'aiiement, he was driven across the river. Soon after- 
ward, Forrest, joined by Morgan and a Kentucky 
brigade uinKn- Roger Hanson, moved upon tiu^ fortifica- 
is'ov. 5. tions of Nashville, and on Nov. 5, at 2 a. m., they 
Kasiuiiu-. .j^^.^^jit^.^i Y^^y^ Negley, but were repulsed after a sharp 
Nov. m fio-ht. Nov. 10, at Rural Hills, east of Nashville, a small 
body of Federal infantry repulsed a guerrilla force 
which attempted the capture o\' a supply train. A few 



Li\ Vergno, 
Kj 



KiujilUUIs 



(lays hUir a part, of l\l()r<;;iirB troopers wore doroiitod by jmo», 
('oloiuil K(Mmclli, iind considorjiblc^ booty which they 
li;i(l (H)lhu'.lcMl wjis t.'ik(Mi IVoiii thom, 

VVh(Mi (uMicrnl Ivoscu'iiiiis roliovod (uMicrnI ImicII, 
\]\o iiniiic o('tli;it iiriiiy \v;is cliiingcd IVoiii iUc " Ai'iny of 
thc^ Ohio" to tii(^ " Army ol' thc^ (Imnbcrlaiid." (uMioial 
Kosccraiis, lia\'iiii;' been for soiiio liiiK^ iiiai<ini!; prcpara- 
lions lor an olVcMisiNi^ niovcMiKMit, |>mI his tr()0|»s in niotioii ^^^^ „^ 
l)t'(\ -!(). Il(^ liad ail army of about 1 5,000 incMi oC all if<'^'"- 

ci'iuih' 

arms, including' u cavalry {'owe of o,U00. Jjrag'g was nmi.v in 
still at Murrroesboro with Polk's cor})s and three bri- "'"' ""' 
gades of Hardee's eori)s. The remainder of the latter nn.^K at 
corps, rorminji; the left, was slalioiuMl at hagleville. i.oio. 
McCown's division of Kirby Smith's corps formed ilie 
right, and was stalioned at lleatlyvilh\ I'rom tlu; left, 
Hardee stalioned a, di\isioii at Triune, for the purpose 
of watcliing the b'ederals, 

l\os(Haaiis' army was formed in threes gra,nd divisicms : 
A'//////, MeCvoolv — divisions: Jelferson (). Davis, dohnson, 
and SlieridaJi. (filler, Thomas — divisions: JNegley, 
Ivoussean, Vvy, and Dumont. J-'t'ft, Criltendeii — divis- 
ions: NVood, Palmer, and Van (Move. Cavalry division, 
Stanley. 

MeOook moved dinudly upon Hardee's forces at 
'friune, the other corps laking roads each side. Mct'OoU p^*',,,',,,^"'. " 
met Hardee's pickets a short distance from Nashville. ^'"'• 
l)ii\iiig tlieni belor(> him through Nolensville, he reached 
Triune on the 27th, wIumi he found tluj enemy liad gone; 
tlu^ day before toward Murfreesboro. On the 2'Jth the ».•- , ju, .i... 
l^'ederal army reached the vicinity of Overall's (>reek, huiumIhIi- 
Ivosecraiis' cavalry s(>ciiiiiig (iu! bridgt^s Ixilore llu^ 
(meiiiy had liim^ to dcslroy tluMu. Orittenden, on (lui 
i(d't, passiMl that creek this same day, and reaclnMl the 
neighborhood of the enemy's brea,stworks on tha,t sich^, 
sending a briga,de across Stone lliver to reconnoitre. 



216 FiO&'£:CJUNS. 

1862. Ascertaining that the enemy intended to hold their 
ston~ ground, the brigade returned at dark, after having put 
^'^^'■- to flight a regiment of Breckenridge's division. Negley's 
division had followed Crittenden, Rousseau's division re- 
maining to cover the rear. These two divisions com- 
prised Thomas's corps in the battle of Stone River. 
McCook reached Overall's Creek, nearly directly west of 
Murfreesboro, the same day, but did not cross over until 
the 30th. Bragg had put his army in battle order, 
Hardee's corps in two divisions under Breckenridge and 
Cleburne on the right bank of Stone River ; Polk's corps, 
composed of the divisions of Cheatham and Withers, on 
the left bank, in front of Murfreesboro, and to the left 
of Hardee. McCown's division of Kirby Smith's corps 
had just arrived, and was placed on Polk's left. Alto- 
gether the Confederates numbered about 35,000 men; 
the Federals about 43,000. 

Since the 26th there had been continuous fighting, 
the enemy's skirmishers and cavalry slowly falling back, 
vigorously disputing the Federal advance. During the 
30th, Bragg remained quiet, which gave Rosecrans 
opportunity to get into position without hindrance, with 
the exception of a sharp encounter just at night on 
McCook's front, between Woodruff's brigade and a 
brigade of the enemy. The latter was pushed back, 
McCook securing the desired ground, at a loss, however, 
of about 130 in killed and wounded. His three divisions, 
forming Rosecrans' right, were now posted wdth Sheridan 
on the left, Davis in the center, and Johnson on the 
right. Thomas's corps had taken its place in the center 
of the army, with Negley in line between Crittenden 
and McCook, and Rousseau in the rear. 

Rosecrans' plan was to move his left across Stone 
River on the 31st, and attack Hardee, leaving McCook 
and Thomas to take care of the enemy on the left bank. 



ROSECRANS. 217 

Tliongh not knowing the plans of the Federal com- isa'j. 
mander, fortunately for himself Bragg made a counter stoi~ 
movement unknown to Rosecrans. He had ordered 
Hardee to cross with Cleburne's division to the left 
)jank, wliich placed him at Polk's left, and in command 
also of McCown's division, so that Polk and Hardee, 
with four fifths of Bragg's army, were now on the left 
bank, Breckenridge's division being alone upon the other 
side. 

At daylight on the 31st, Van Cleve's division began Dec. 31. 
crossing Stone River. Wood's division was to follow. 
Negley's division joined Sheridan's left, Palmer on Neg- 
ley's left. Two brigades of Rousseau's division were held 
in reserve. The other two brigades were posted 
some distance back, guarding the rear. Van Cleve's 
division had already crossed when heavy firing was 
heard on the right. This spurred Rosecrans to hasten 
his movement on the left, thinking an attack on Bragg's 
right would cause him to draw from his forces in 
McCook's front ; but before Wood had crossed, a dispatch 
from McCook caused Ptosecrans to change his mind in- 
stantly, and Van Cleve was ordered back in haste. This 
was Rosecrans' first knowledge of his danger. 

McCown's division began the attack upon Johnson 
about 7 A. M. The Federals Avere taken somewhat by 
surprise, and were hardly in shape to receive the terrible 
fire that was so suddenly opened upon them. Cleburne's 
division now moved forward, and joined in the attack. 
Johnson had only two brigades on the line, the other 
one being held in reserve. After a gallant fight of 
nearly three quarters of an hour, some of the time hand 
to hand, the Federals were driven from their position, 
with a loss of several pieces of artillery. The reserve 
brigade now came up, but too late, and Johnson was 
driven back in disorder. The enemy's cavalry, under 



218 



SOSAVBAX^. 



186'-i. 



Stone 
River. 



Death of 

Geueral 
Jo#h;;a W, 
Sill. 



Wharton, attacked the retreating Federals on the right 
tlank, capturing about 1,000 prisoners. The enemy now 
pressed forward upon Davis's division. After repelling 
the first assault, causing the enemy fearful loss, Davis's 
right brigade, being also attacked in flank, was compelled 
to give way. His next brigade fell back after a desper- 
ate fight, and the third soon followed, bravely contesting 
every inch of ground. Davis rallied his troops a short 
distance in the rear, near a house situated on a rising- 
piece of ground, and stubbornly resisted until McCown 
had swung around on his flank and rear. At this point, 
after a desperate conflict in which lie caused the enemy 
heavy loss, Davis was again compelled to retire to the 
left, being nearly surrounded by overwhelming numbers. 
Rosecrans had the most men, but Bragg the most luck. 
Bragg could not have managed better had Rosecrans' 
plans been fully known to him. He had thrown two 
divisions a2:ainst one, crushino- it before reinforcements 
could be had, and was thereby enabled to crowd back 
McCook's second division. 

Soon after the attack upon Davis, Polk moved for- 
ward, Cheatham against Sheridan, Withers upon jSfegiey. 
Sheridan had a good position, and he knew how to hold 
it. The enemy attacked him fiercely, but after suflering 
fearful loss, was repulsed. Cheatham now pushed for- 
ward his reserves, and was again driven back by a 
terrific fire. The very earth quaked under the crash of 
Sheridan's guns. At this moment one of Sheridan's 
brigades, under Sill, charges the confederates, throwing 
them into great disorder. The brave Sill falls, mortally 
wounded. Withers had sent one brigade against Negiey, 
which was repulsed with awful slaughter, nearly 200 
out of the 400 enaacred beina- killed or wounded in one 
regiment — the loth Mississippi. 

It was at this time that Da^ is had been compelled 



ROSEGRANS. 219 

to retire from the house where he had made a stand, isen. 
thus uncovering Sheridan's right flank, and now, about ston~ 
9 : 30 A. M., Sheridan must contend with Cleburne, Mc- ^'"^'■• 
Gowns, and a portion of Cheatham's division. In the 
fjice of all this he and his brave veterans do not frilter ; 
but, under a terrible fire, Sheridan reforms his lines so as 
to accommodate the whole crowd, and Hardee aslcs Bragg 
for Jielp. Withers is at once ordered to pitch into poor 
Phil also. Palmer and Negley's left are now attacked 
by Polk, and the battle rages furiously. Sheridan suc- 
cessfully resists all Hardee's efforts for an hour, thus 
protecting the center, and enabling Rosecrans to correct 
his lines. Sheridan's brigade commanders, Roberts, 
Schaeffer, and Sill, have all been killed. His division 
has been forced back so that it now faces west, back to 
back with Negley's. 

Sheridan's ammunition begins to fail ; his ranks are 
thinned, and at last he is compelled to fall back. Negley 
is also forced backward. Rousseau's division now comes 
to relieve Sheridan, whose soldiers are allowed to take 
a little rest. Rosecrans and Thomas are first here, 
then there, always in the thickest of the battle. Pal- 
mer's division, on the Federal left, his left extending to 
Round Forest, was attacked by Withers at the time 
Sheridan and Negley fell back, and his two brigades on 
the right were driven ; but Hazen, in command of the 
other brigade, held his ground against repeated charges. 
Sheridan and Hazen are credited with having saved the 
Federal army from defeat. Van Clove's division had 
arrived from across Stone River, and was fighting on the 
right of the engineer brigade, which was doing brave 
work with the musket on Rousseau's right. Wood's 
division was fighting in different parts of the field, going 
in detachments where most needed. The battle which 
had raged unceasingly since 7 o'clock, was reduced 



Riv 



220 ROSEGRANS. 

1862. to a heavy musketry fire from noon until 2 p. m. Dur- 
stonT" ing this time Rosecrans improved his position, by ex- 
tending his new line along the Nashville Railroad, which 
runs from Murfreesboro to the Northwest, and by con- 
centrating Palmer's division on the position so well de- 
fended by Hazen, with Wagner's brigade of Wood's 
division connecting Hazen's left with the river. 

At 2 p. M. the battle again becomes a carnage ; but 
the Federals are now all together. The enemy again 
attack, meeting with a deadly fire. Nearly a whole 
brigade is destroyed in the desperate charge. Brecken- 
ridge has brought two fresh brigades over the river, and 
joins in the new attack at Round Forest, where the 
enemy are frantically endeavoring to break the Federal 
lines. In desperation B-ragg throws his last men into 
the fight, but it is of no avail. The Union soldiers 
stand firm, repelling charge after charge. The battle 
rages along the whole line till dark, when firing gradually 
ceases, and night ends one of the most terrible conflicts 
of the war. 
1863. January 1, 1863, there was no fighting, each side 

'^'^^' ^" taking needed rest. Rosecrans, however, resumed his 
first plan of attacking the enemy's right across Stone 
River, and posted Van Cleve's division on the right 
bank during the day. On the morning of January 2, 
Bragg determined to dislodge this force. About 4 p. m., 
Breckenridge, with five strong brigades, attacked Van 
Cleve's two brigades, which had advanced a short dis- 
tance from the river ; and so impetuous was this assault 
that before reinforcements could reach them, the Feder- 
als were driven back to the river, a part of them cross- 
ing in some confusion. Immediately Rosecrans hastened 
Palmer's division across, which attacked Breckenridge 
with vigor, throwing his troops into great disorder. 
Negley's division followed, and Breckenridge was soon 



ROSEGRANS. 221 

routed. Meanwhile the Federal artillery, posted on the isos. 
left bank, was doing fearful execution in the ranks of stoi~ 

II River. 

the enemy. 

During this engagement, a savage artillery battle 
was going on between Polk and the Federals in his front, 
ceasing with the defeat of Breckenridge. The battle of 
Stone River was now at an end. Bragg retreated to 
Murfreesboro on the 3d, and on the 5th to Duck River. 
Rosecrans occupied Murfreesboro that day, but did not 
pursue farther. The Federal loss in the battle of Stone 
River was about 1,500 killed, 7,500 wounded, and 3,000 
prisoners ; total 12,000. Bragg's loss was about 14,000 
in killed, wounded, and missing. Generals Wood, Van 
Cleve, and Kirk were among the Federal wounded ; and 
Generals Sill and Schaeffer, and Colonel Geo. W. Roberts Deatii or 
were amonn; the killed. General Willich was taken ^"™"!!^ 

•^ bchaeffcr, 

prisoner. Colonel Roberts was the officer who led the ""'^ toioiKi 
detachment that spiked the enemy's guns at Island 
Number Ten (see Navy). Among the enemy's killed 
were Generals Roger W. Hanson and James Rains. The Death of 
latter was a graduate of West Point, and had served Hanson Ind 
in the United States army before the war. ^""^*- 



CHAPTER XII. 

VICKSBURO. 

GRANT. 

18 63. T X T^E left General Grant, whose headquarters have 
V V been at Memphis since Jan. 10, withdrawing 
from Pemberton's front at Grenada, Sherman and Mc- 
Clernand at Milliken's Bend. On the arrival of the latter 
from the Arkansas River expedition. Grant joined them 
with the 17th Corps under McPherson (the 16th Corps 
having been left at Memphis under Hurlbut), and imme- 
diately began operations against Vicksburg from that 
point. McClernand now returned to his own corps. 

A new channel, called the Williams's Canal, across 
a neck of land made by a bend in the river opposite 
Vicksburg, had been begun by the Federals in 1862, for 
the purpose of giving the river a new course, which would 
leave Vicksburg an inland town, and render that strong- 
hold powerless to blockade the river. The completion 
Grant at of this chanuel. was undertaken by Grant in February, 
Vicksburg. ][gQ3_ j^^-^ immense amount of work was done in this 
direction, when on March 8 the waters of the great 
river, as if indignant at this meddling with their natural 
course, broke down the dam at the entrance of the 
channel. Instantly it was filled to the overflowing of 
its banks, rendering it useless. All the labor and time 
spent upon it was destroyed in a moment. The camps 
were inundated, causing a great loss in provisions and 
ammunition. The work was given up. 

In the meantime Grant was endeavoring to find a- 

(323) 



GRANT. 223 

water passage around Vicksburg on both sides of the ises. 
Mississippi : on the right bank about seventy miles vick^irg. 
above Vicksburg, via Lake Providence, Bayou Baxter, 
Bayou Macon, the Washita River, Tensas River, and endeavour- 
Red River ; on the left bank, via Yazoo Pass, Moon ^"s to And 

' ' ^ a water pas- 

Lake, Coldwater River, and Tallahatchie River. The sage around 

Lake Providence route was abandoned, after about six 
weeks had been spent in the struggle. Soldiers had 
worked in water and mud, suffering greatly, McPher- 
son's whole army corps was engaged in this effort. The 
Yazoo Pass route was also abandoned on March 27. 
The operations in this direction were attended by con- 
siderable fighting. 

On Feb. 2 the dam, or levee, obstructing the Yazoo 
Pass was opened, and soon after two gun-boats, the 
ChillicotJie and De Kalb, accompanied by two regiments of 
sharpshooters and Ross's division of McClernand's corps, 
on transports, entered Moon Lake. The expedition 
succeeded in entering Coldwater River March 2, and on 
March 10 reached the Tallahatchie. On this river, near ^, 
the village of Greenwood, the enemy had erected a 
fortification called Fort Pemberton. When the Federals 
arrived at this point, they found the water had overflowed 
the approach to the fort, and they could only attack 
with the gun-boats. The ChillicotJie opened fire the 11th, Marchii-ii 
but after suffering considerable damage from the enemy's ^'^'' ^®'"" 
shot, was obliged to withdraw. The De Kalb renewed 
the attack on the 13th, silencing the guns of the fort; 
but the inability to land the infantry rendered this of no 
avail. 

At the same time Porter, with a strong division of 
the navy, was trying still another route — via Steele's 
Bayou, Black Bayou, Deer Creek, Rolling Fork, and 
Sunflower River to the Yazoo. He entered Steele's 
Bayou on March 14, Grant, learning of the check to 



berton. 



224 GRANT. 

the Tallahatchie expedition, ordered Sherman to follow 

' Porter, and by that direction go to its relief, after assist- 

vicksburg. -j^g poj^ter to reach the Yazoo. On the 20th, Porter 
Deercreek. found himself in a box. He had almost reached Rolling 
Fork, but the enemy had felled trees across Deer Creek 
before and behind him. The Southern sharpshooters 
The Fed- ^^d couie in swarms, and drove Porter's men from their 
erainavyin y^^^^ ^f removina; the obstructions. The vessels could 

a bad fix. o 

not be turned in the narrow stream, and Porter endeav- 
ored to back out, but found himself shut in. He landed 
a force from the ships, but the Southern soldiers were 
too numerous. They also had the advantage of the 
shelter of bushes and trees. The whole fleet was now 
in imminent danger of being destroyed. 

On the night of the 19th, Porter had sent a messenger 
to Sherman, who was a long distance away, at Hilfs 
plantation. Sherman made all haste. One regiment, 
the 8th Missouri, under Colonel Giles A. Smith, arrived 
first, and checked the enemy till Sherman arrived with 
two brigades, when the fleet was saved. General Sher- 
man marched with his soldiers for about twenty-five 
miles, for it was impossible to bring horses ; but when a 
short distance from Porter, he came upon a loose horse, 
mounted it, and came bareback at a gallop, in advance 
of his troops. The expedition was decided a failure, 
and returned, reaching the Mississippi March 27. The 
Tallahatchie expedition also returned soon after, and 
the tired Federals found that they must take some 
other course for the reduction of Vicksburg. 

General Grant now decided to take the course that 
for some time had seemed to him the true one ; that is, 
crossing the Mississippi below Vicksburg. The sub- 
merged condition of the roads on the Louisiana shore 
had hitherto made this route difficult. March 30 he 
started his advance down the Vight bank of the Missis- 



GRAN7\ 225 

sippi, under McClernancl, who, moving via Richmond ises. 
and New Carthage, arrived at Hard Times, a point nearly vicklb'urg. 
opposite Grand Gulf, April 28. McPherson followed March 30. 
closely with the 17th Corps. The march had been slow army ^in 
and difficult, in consequence of the many swamps and J"!^'""" ^"'' 
bayous. In conjunction with Grant's movement, Porter Times. 
had run the Vicksburg batteries on April 16, with a fleet ^p,.ii. le. 
of seven war vessels and two transports, one other trans- ^°''^'^'' '""'' 

^ ' the Vicks- 

port having been lost. General Grant soon after ordered burg batter- 
six other transports to attempt the passage, five of 
which passed safely. One was lost, sunk by the enemy's 
batteries. Sherman remained at Milliken's Bend to 
occupy the attention of Pemberton until the advance 
should secure a landing upon the left bank, which duty 
Sherman performed so well that the enemy was com- 
pletely deceived for several days, Pemberton believing 
that the Federals were returning to Memphis. 

Grant had left General Hurlbut in command at 
Memphis. This officer, under instructions, organized a 
cavalry raid in Pemberton's rear. For this duty General Gricrsou's 
Grierson left La Grange April 1 7, with three regiments "^"^' 
of cavalry, — the 6th and 7th Illinois and the 2d Iowa, — 
numbering about 1,700 men, and a battery of artillery. 
Grierson crossed the Tallahatchie on the 18th, On the 
20th he encamped between Houston and Starkville, 
having sent back to La Grange the day before about 175 
men who were not strong enough for such rough duty. 
One piece of artillery also returned with them. From 
Starkville he sent the 2d Iowa with one piece of artillery 
eastward, for the purpose of tearing up the Mobile and 
Ohio Railroad between Macon and Okolona. But this 
regiment found the railroad too well guarded, and 
returned, as directed, to La Grange. With the two 
Illinois regiments Grierson pushed on southward. He 
had now about 1,000 men. Directing his course for the 

15 



Vicksburg. 



226 GRANT. 

1863. Southern Railroad between Jackson and Meridian, he 
passed through Louisville, and entered an immense 
swamp at night. This was a painful march, made in one 
of the darkest of nights and in a hard rain. The water 
in the swamp was two and three feet deep. Crossing 
Pearl River on the 23d, he reached Newton Station on 
the Southern Railroad the following morning, where he 
tore up the track, burned a large number of cars, and 
destroyed several locomotives and bridges, creating 
havoc generally. 

Pressing forward, Grrierson again crossed Pearl River 
at Georgetown on the 26th, reaching Hazlehurst on the 
Mississippi Central Railroad the same day, where he 
continued the work of destruction. Thence he moved 
in the direction of Grand Gulf, hoping to meet Grant in 
that neighborhood ; but a strong force of cavalry under 
Wirt Adams blocked his way, and turning rapidly, he 
pushed on for Baton Rouge. At Brookhaven Station 
he captured 200 prisoners, whom he released on parole. 
The enemy was in hot pursuit, making it necessary that 
Grierson's tired horses should keep moving. He crossed 
the Tickfaw River twice, and succeeded in reaching the 
Amite River bridge May 1, scarcely two hours in 
advance of the enemy. Rapid movements had saved 
him. During this day he surprised two separate de- 
tachments of the enemy's cavalry, and put them to 
flight, taking many of their number prisoners. May 2 
he reached Baton Rouge, where he and his gallant 
soldiers were received with open arms by the Federal 
force at that place. He had left behind only 3 men 
killed, 7 wounded, 5 sick, and 9 missing, and had cap- 
tured over 500 prisoners. He had traveled about 600 
miles. 

The Federals having now concentrated sufficiently at 
Hard Times, General Grant resolved to attempt a lodg- 



GRANT. 227 

merit at Grand Gulf. On April 29, Porter's fleet opened isgs. 
upon the enemy's batteries there, the reduction of which vicksbmg. 
was necessary before the transports could land the Aprii 29. 
troops ; but after a bombardment of nearly six hours, in Guif. 
which several of Porter's vessels were considerably 
damaged by the enemy's plunging shot, the attempt was 
given up. The lower batteries had been silenced, but 
those above the town, located upon high banks, vigor- 
ously returned the Federal fire to the last. Grant now 
decided to look for a crossing lower down, and at once 
put his army in motion for De Schroon's plantation, six schroon's 
miles below Hard Times. As the Federals marched but i'^'^"^'^"""' 
four miles in direct line, McClernand's coi;ps and a por- 
tion of McPherson's reached this point on the morning 
of the 30th. 

Porter engaged the Grand Gulf batteries on the 
evening of the 29th, simply for the purpose of giving 
the transports an opportunity to pass. This was accom- 
plished without loss, when Porter retired down stream, 
and on the morning of the 30th the vessels were all at Apiii 30. 
De Schroon's. The troops at once began to embark, em^g cross 
Grant did not know at this moment just where he would *^® ^^^'"^' 
land, but he was bound to land somewhere upon the left 
bank. Just as the first transport was about to cast off, 
a colored man informed the General of the availability 
of the country around the village of Bruinsburg, situated 
five miles below. Accordingly this place was selected 
for landing, and the 13th Corps at once crossed, and 
took possession without opposition, the 17th Corps 
immediately following. But speed was now the thing 
most required, and McClernand was at once pushed 
toward Port Gibson, which is about twelve miles from 
Bruinsburg and eight miles back from the river. 

On the morning of May 1, when within two or three *^"y i- 
miles of the town, McClernand came upon a force of the son. 



228 GRANT. 

186 s. enemy under General Bowen, numbering about 8,000, 

vick^iig. strongly posted, hastened thither by Pemberton from 

Grand Gulf to delay Grant's march. McCiernand at 

once attacks vigorously, the enemy resisting with great 

determination. McPherson arrives upon the field with 

a part of his corps, and at once enters the fight, which 

now becomes desperate. The Southerners, although 

exhibiting great braver}^, are at last compelled to yield, 

the Federals encamping upon the battle field. These 

have suffered a loss of 130 killed and 718 wounded. 

The loss of the enemy has been about 500 in killed and 

wounded and about 600 prisoners, the latter number in- 

Death of eluding a portion of the wounded. General E. D. 

Tracy.'' Tracy was among the enemy's dead. 

]yjjjy 2 After the defeat at Port Gibson, the enemy hastily 

^'■™'^ evacuated Grand Gulf (May 2), and by the evening of 

Gnlf evacn- \ j / y j o 

atcd. the 3d his forces had all crossed the Big Black. The 
Federals arrived at Hankinson's Ferry on that river the 
same evening, in time to save the bridge. Grant had 
sent word to Sherman on April 30 to " come on." The 
latter, making all haste, arrived at Hankinson's Ferry 
May 8, where the Federals had remained since the 3d, 
awaiting him, meantime making preparations for future 
movements. 

Pemberton, at Vicksburg, was anxiously looking for 

reinforcements, which were hastening from all points 

and concentrating at Jackson. Grant resolved to attack 

these reinforcements before they could join Pemberton. 

His whole army was in motion on the 8th, and on the 

Grant cuts 11th his rear cut loose from Grand Gulf. He was going 

aTbase^of ^^ ^^^^ ^ ^^"^ \i^^Q above Vicksburg. The soldiers 

supppiies. filled their haversacks, then the wagons were loaded, 

when they stvung out. The Federal Government soon 

learned of the movement, and the people at Washington 

wei-e scared. Grant was rash- he would be over- 



GRANT. 229 

whelmed! Halleck telegraphed him to "go back," but isos. 
Grant had calculated for this, and did not report his 
intended movement until too late to return. McPherson 
was placed on the right, Sherman had the center, and 
McClernand the left. McClernand was to take care of 
and entertain Pemberton, who was now preparing to 
oppose the Federals at Edward's Depot while McPher- 
son and Sherman should march upon Jackson. 

Logan's division of McPherson's corps, numbering 
about 6,000 men, in advance, reached the vicinity of 
Raymond on the 12th, where it met about the same ^^"^' ^~-, 

^ ' Raymond, 

number of the enem}^, under General Gregg, recently miss. 
brought from Port Hudson. Logan at once attacked, 
and after a severe engagement drove the enemy toward 
Jackson. The Federal loss was 66 killed, 339 wounded, 
and 37 missing. Gregg's loss was 100 killed, 305 
wounded, and 415 prisoners. 

On the same evening, Sherman had arrived at 
Dillon, and McClernand at his left on Fourteen Mile 
Creek. McPherson resumed his march for Jackson on 
the morning of the 13th, going north to Clinton, there 
turning east, following the Vicksburg and Jackson Rail- 
road. Sherman was now directed to move rapidly east- 
ward to Raymond, thence northeast direct upon Jackson, 
McClernand at the same time to follow Sherman as far 
as Raymond. Before starting, however, McClernand de- 
tached Smith's division to join Blair's division of Sher- 
man's corps, which had just arrived at Auburn from 
Grand Gulf with a large supply train. 

At 2 p. M. McPherson struck the railroad at Clinton, 
destroying the track and telegraph lines, which threw 
consternation into the camps of the enemy on both sides 
of him, and encamped that evening near Clinton. Sher- 
man rested that night beyond Mississippi Springs, and 
McClernand at Raymond, the divisions of Blair and 
Smith nearing New Auburn with the trains. 



230 GRANT. 

1863. Grant now receives news warning him that he must 

vicfeMrg b^ quick. The enemy has received a valuable reinforce- 
- ment in the person of General J. E. Johnston, who had 
that day arrived at Jackson, coming from Chattanooga. 
At 4 o'clock on the morning of the 14th, the Federals 
move ; but it is raining hard, and the march is slow. 
Crocker's division of McPherson's corps in advance first 
come in contact with Johnston's skirmishers at 9. a. m. 
These are rapidly driven back to near their works, 
where the enemy was found drawn up in strong force. 
The attack is delayed for some time by the rain. John- 
ston is at this moment preparing to evacuate ; his force 
is too small to resist Grant's whole army, and Pember- 
ton is still at Edward's Depot. Grant's active force 
present scarcely numbere 50,000 men. Four months of 
severe hardship have greatly reduced his army. 

At 11 o'clock the rain has ceased, and McPherson 
attacks on the left, Sherman on the right. The enemy 
answer with vigor for a time, when suddenly it is noticed 
that only cannon are replying. A forward movement is 
Johnston ordered, when it is discovered that Johnston has slipped 
away, leaving about 150 artillery-men to detain the 
Federals as long as possible. These are captured. At 
3 p. M. the stars and stripes wave over the capitol of 
Mississippi. A large amount of stores were found, and 
all that could not be used were destroyed, including 
cotton w^arehouses, spinning factories, and the junction 
of the many railroad lines leading into Jackson. The 
railroad tracks were torn up for a long distance, which 
duty was assigned to Sherman. The Federal loss in 
the attack had been 41 killed and 24 wounded. . 

Johnston, whose loss had been about 850, moved 
northward, at the same time calling for Pemberton to 
join him; but the latter could not decide to uncover the 
stronghold that Jefferson Davis had ordered him to 



evaciiates 
Jackson. 



GRANT. 231 

protect " at any cost." He therefore moved southward is a 3. 
upon Dillon on the afternoon of the 15th with about yi^.]T^„.g 
30,000 men, with the intention of attacking Grant be- 
fore he could collect his forces, at the same time request- 
ing Johnston to meet him at Raymond. The Federal 
general however was wide awake, putting his army in 
motion in the direction of Vicksburg on the morning of 
the 15th, and that evening McPherson's corps and 
Hovey's division of McClernand's corps reached Bolton 
Depot, on the Vicksburg and Jackson Railroad, a few 
miles east of Champion Hill. The divisions of Osterhaus 
and Carr were a short distance south of the railroad, 
while Smith's and Blair's divisions were near Raymond, 
which is about eight miles south of Bolton Depot. 

Sherman was now concluding matters at Jackson. 
Pemberton again received a positive order from Johnston 
to move northward and join him. This he concluded to 
obey, and on the mominsi: of the 16th moved northeast- 

•^ ' ° _ , May 16. 

ward, not knowing that he was directing his course upon champion 
Grant's forces. The latter had put his army in motion 
that morning, marching westward. A collision must 
soon take place. McPherson had the right, with Hovey 
leading. Smith's division, on the extreme left, came 
upon Pemberton's rear guard about 7 a. m. Brisk skir- 
mishing at once begins. Osterhaus, in the center, soon 
strikes the enemy's column, and a sharp fight follows. 
Pemberton has now reached Champion Hill, and can go 
no farther. The Federals are northeast and south of 
of him ; but fortunately for him he has stumbled upon a 
strong position, of which he at once takes advantage. 
Skirmishing has been continuous since morning ; it is 
now 11 A. M. 

Sherman had left Jackson that morning, but was yet 
some distance away. Grant felt that he must attack 
at once. He had only about 30,000 men present. 



Hi 



232 GRANT. 

18 03. McClernand had been directed to begin the attack; but 
vici^irg. Grant Ms tens in vain for his cannon. Hovey at this 
hour has reached a position so near the enemy that the 
skirmishing grows to be a battle. Logan deploys on his 
right, and at once becomes engaged. Ilovey's men dash 
forward, driving back a division of the enemy, and cap- 
ture its ground, with several pieces of artillery and 300 
prisoners ; but here they are checked. Crocker's divis- 
ion now arrives. A brigade is sent to Hovey. McCler- 
nand still remains inactive. Seeing this, Pemberton 
reinforces his left from his right, and after desperate 
fighting Hovey is forced back, losing the ground and 
guns his men have so bravely captured. At the same 
time a charge made upon McPherson's batteries is re- 
pulsed, with severe loss to the enemy. A gap now 
exists between Logan and Hovey. Crocker, with his 
other two brigades, goes in to fill it. The battle is con- 
tinued by Logan, Hovey, and Crocker. McClernand 
holds one half of Grant's force idle. Pemberton leaves 
about six or seven thousand men in front of him, so 
ciiampion ^|^^^^ ^j^^ ^,^|.^l^ -g fought by about 16,000 Federals and 

18,000 Confederates. The Federals press forward. 
Hovey recaptures the guns that he has recently cap- 
tured and lost. The enemy is sorely pressed. Pember- 
ton draws more troops from his right. McClernand's 
guns are silent. The Federals for a moment are checked. 
But Logan has succeeded in flanking Pemberton's left. 
Thus taken in the rear, it gives way, and the Federals 
now charge all along the line. They cannot be resisted, 
and the enemy fall back, then break and retreat in great 
disorder toward Vicksburg. It is about 4 p. m. 

McClernand now comes forward, when General Grant 
sends Osterhaus and Carr after the retreating enemy, 
while the soldiers under Logan, Hovey, and Crocker, to 
whom the glory of this victory belongs, rest upon the 



GRA^'T. 233 

battle field. To Logan belongs great credit for the is 03. 
flank moA'eraent, which first broke the ranks of the vicki^bm-g. 
enemy, and rendered it impossible for Pemberton to .p^ ^o^an 
proceed northward to unite with Johnston. His only Ho^^y, 

^ . *^ CrockLM-, 

avenue of escape was toward Vicksburg, although in all and their 
probability he would in any case have retreated to that Joi°gs this 
stronghold after his defeat, as one half of his army had '''''^'"•y- 
already taken to flight in that direction. 

Ti ^• £• L f* •^ 1 T 1 n Pemberton 

Jackson lies lorty-iive miles almost directly east from retreats to 
Vicksburg. Champion Hill is about midway, on a di- "^'*^''^*^"''s- 
rect line, near the railroad, so that Pemberton's troops 
must travel about twenty-five miles before reaching their 
harbor of refuge. Those that first began the retreat 
reached Bovina Station, within eight miles' of Vicks- 
burg, at midnight. General Bowen, commanding the 
division which formed the rear guard, was directed to 
make a stand at Baker's Creek, five miles west of the 
battle field, until Loring's division should pass. This 
last-named division, numbering about 6,000 men, was 
composed of the troops that had fought the silent battle 
with McClernand. Loring had not learned soon enough 
of the defeat of the left, and the pursuit of Osterhaus 
and Carr, who followed Bowen closely to Baker's Creek, May le. 
had cut him ofl". The latter was now compelled to creck, 
take the road to the southeast, in the direction of Ray- *'"'^' 
mond. Grant at once sent Blair and Smith after him. 
They overtook and attacked his rear guard, which fought 
desperately, but was soon routed. General Tilghman Death of 
was among their killed. He was a veteran of the Mex- Lio^d' 
ican war, and a graduate of West Point. Loring now 'r''s'""=»n. 
abandoned his artillery and wagons, scattering his 6,000 
men in the woods, the greater portion of them reaching 
Jackson a few days later. Osterhaus soon drove Bowen 
from Baker's Creek, when he retreated rapidly to the 
Big Black River bridge, which is within ten miles of 



234: Git ANT. 

IS 63. Vicksburg, Here Pemberton's retreating army arrived 
vick^urg. at about 2 a. m. the 17th, and rested. His loss had 
been about 3,000 in killed and wounded, 3,000 able- 
bodied prisoners, and 30 pieces of artillery, besides the 
scattering of Loring's division. The Federal loss was 
410 killed, 1,844 wounded, and 187 missing. 

During the 16th, Johnston was at Calhoun station, 
on the northern railroad, waiting to hear from Pember- 
ton. On that evening he received a dispatch, written by 
Pemberton in the morning, before he had been attacked, 
informing Johnston where to meet him. The latter put 
his small army in motion on the morning of the 17th, 
and had by a forced march, passed over fifteen miles of 
ground before he learned of Pemberton's defeat and re- 
turn to Vicksburg. He at once returned northward to 
Livingston. 

On the morning of the 17th the Federal army was 

May 17. ^ , _ ° , -^ ' 

Big Black again in motion. Sherman had rested that night at 
Clinton, where he received orders to press forward to 
Bridgeport, on the Big Black, which would bring him 
upon the Federal right. McClernand, with Osterhaus 
and Carr, moved forward at 4 a. m,, with McPherson 
following. Blair was now directed to rejoin Sherman, 
to whose corps his division belonged. Bowen, with his 
division, still guarded the bridge over the Big Black, 
waiting for Loring, not knowing that he had been 
driven toward Jackson. McClernand now came to 
attack him. His position was a strong one, and was 
easily defended until Lawler's brigade of Carr's division 
succeeded in flanking it, when with Colonel Kinsman at 
its head this brigade charged in the face of a terrible 
fire. Undaunted the Federals rushed forward, and car- 
ried the position, the enemy giving way in great disorder. 
Before the whole of them had escaped, some of their 
number set the bridge on fire, and about 1,800 were 



River. 



GRANT. 235 

thus cut off and made prisoners by the Federals, ises. 
Eighteen pieces of artillery were also taken. The vieksburg. 
Federal loss at the bridge was 29 killed and 242 
wounded. Pemberton now withdrew within the forti- 
fications of Vicksburg. 

At noon Sherman had reached Bridgeport, where 
Blair joined him. The bridge equipage of the army was 
with Sherman, so that he had no difficulty in crossing 
the Big Black. McClernand's and McPherson's soldiers 
built bridges during the night, and the following mdrning 
(the 18th) the 13th and 17th Corps were marching 
toward Vicksburg. Sherman was also across, and that 
day reached the Walnut Hills, between Haynes Bluff 
and Vicksburg. Haynes Bluff was now silent; the 
enemy had abandoned this stronghold, which had resisted 
all of Grant's and Sherman's previous efforts. Grant 
now goes over to Sherman's quarters, and bidding him 
" Come on," they go together to take a look at it and ^rant and 
their new base of supplies. They see the smoke of j^^^|'j'"'^=J" 
friendly steamers, which are at anchor in the river "^'^ 
below. Sherman says, " I see it. I give it up." He 
had advised Grant against the move via Hard Times. 

On the morning of the 19th, with McClernand on the y^ltb^urg. 
left, McPherson in the center, and Sherman on the right, ^^y ^^ ^° 

' ' yD ■> July 4. 

Grant had Pemberton's army closely invested. Johnston 
now repaired to Jackson, where he endeavored to organ- 
ize an army to raise the siege of Vicksburg. Pemberton's 
army numbered about 33,000 at this time. Grant had 
scarcely 40,000, and supposing that the defenders of 
Vicksburg did not exceed 15,000, he at once ordered an May lo. 
assault. McClernand and McPherson had difficult ^^'^!;!^^;;j''' 
ground to pass over, and were unable to get up in time 
for the assault of this day. Sherman only succeeded in 

•^ *' . The first as- 

making an attack with Blair's division, which was sauit. 
repulsed with severe loss. Sherman's old regiment, the 



'.ynes 
Bluff. 



i36 GRAiVT. 

186 3. 13th Eegulars, led by Captain Edward C. Washington, 
5ie„7^f charged up to the enemy's works, where the gaUant 
mk..i)arg. Washington planted a flag, but fell, mortally wounded. 
He died the following day. 

The 20th and 21st were consumed in correcting 
Ihies, revictualing the army, and getting ready for a 
general assault, which had been ordered for the 22d. 
During the entire night of the 21st, the mortars threw 
shells into Vicksburg ; and at 3 a. m. of the 22d, the 
Federal artillery opened vigorously. Porter joining with 
his iron-clads in the general roar. At daylight the 
sharpshooters open fire. This continues until 10 a. m., 
when, the hour having arrived for the assault, the 
Federal cannon cease, and the troops move forward. 
The charge is gallantly m-ade by the whole army, but 
Grant has been deceived in his estimation of the numbers 
of the defenders. His assaulting columns meet with a 
terrible fire at every point. Great heroism is exhibited 
by his troops, who plant their flags upon the parapet in 
many places. The battle rages without abatement until 
2 p. M., when the Federals have been repulsed all along 
the line. 

But McClernand thinks he has not been repulsed, 
and calls upon Grant for reinforcements, stating that he 
has captured two strong works. Reinforcements are 
given him, and the assault ordered renewed, and at 4 
p. M. another attempt is made, with the same result as 
before, and darkness ends the fighting for this day. 

Grant has met with a severe check. He has made 
some gain, however, in getting positions nearer the 
enemy's works. Assaulting was not to be again indulged 
in ; it had proved too dear. The Federals at once begin 
preparations for a regular siege. Grant's army is now 
^ , . reduced to about 35,000 men, but reinforcements are 

Grant rem- -' ^ 

forced. near at hand. A division under General Lauman arrived 



GRANT. 237 

from Memphis on May 24. General Hiuibut also isos. 
oro;anized and forwarded two divisions, one under Gen- 

° ^ , , ' Siege of 

eral Kimball, arriving June 3, and another under General vieksburg. 
W. S. Smith, on June 8. General Schofield sent a strong 
division under General Herron from Missouri, which re- 
ported to Grant on June 11 ; and finally two divisions, 
one under General Welsh and the other under General 
Potter, of the 9th Corps, commanded by General Parke, 
joined Grant's forces June 14. The last two divisions 
were borrowed from Burnside, who then had his head- 
quarters at Lexington, Ky, General Grant's army was 
increased to nearly 75,000 men. 

The army now settled down to siege operations, and 
as Johnston was at Jackson with an army of about 
25,000 men, defenses were erected facing east as w^ell 
as west. During the siege the enemy attempted in 
different ways to draw off' a portion, at least, of Grant's 
forces, hoping that Pemberton might be enabled thereby 
to cut his way out. 

On June 7 a detachment of Arkansas troops, num- june ?. 
bering about 3,000 men, made a furious attack upon BenJi^^L.^ 
Milliken's Bend, one of Grant's supply depots, which 
was guarded by a brigade under General Dennis ; but 
he was well prepared for the attack, and dealt out to the 
enemy from his stores of ammunition so bountifully that 
they hastily retreated after a brief but sharp engage- 
ment. Two Federal gun-boats aided in their repulse. 

An Arkansas force of about 8,000 men, under Gen- 
eral Holmes, came to attack Helena, Ark,, Avhich was 
garrisoned by about 4,000 Federal troops under General 
Prentiss. Holmes attacked at daylight, July 4, but the juiy 4. 
Federal works were strong, and Prentiss had prepared Jk!"^' 
for their reception. The assault was furious, and lasted 
until 10 A. M., when the enemy was terribly repulsed, 
with a loss of about 1,600 in killed and wounded and 



238 - GRANT. 

1863. 1,100 prisoners. The Federal loss was less than 250 in 

siegT^f killed, wounded, and missing. 

vicksburg. Qq jui;ie 25 and July 1, mines were exploded under 
the enemy's works by the Federals, but with no other 
result than to demolish them somewhat in the immediate 
vicinity of the mines. The siege was now drawing to a 
close. Pemberton's troops were in a sad plight, their 
provisions nearly gone. For some time they had been 
without beef or pork, and had been compelled to substi- 
tute horse and mule flesh. The sick list was a long one, 
the hospitals were full, and all were disheartened. 
Johnston had approached the Big Black with his little 
army June 29, reconnoitering ; but he turned away 
after viewing Grant's preparations for his reception. 
This discourasred Pemberton, and on July 3 a flag of 

July 3. ° • / J Q 

Flag of truce put a stop to the firing. General Bowen, who 

True 6 

accompanied it, asked for the appointment of a commission 
to discuss terms of capitulation ; but Grant would only 
treat with Pemberton personally. Pemberton came out 
at 3 p. M., and held a consultation with the conqueror ; 
but the terms were not agreed upon until the following 
July 4. morning, when on the 4:th day of July, America's glo- 
l!rrende?« rious day, the enemy surrendered. Grant's capture 
amounted to 31,600 men, and 175 pieces of artillery. 
The hero entered Vicksburg at the head of Logan's 
division, the 45th Illinois being in the lead. The battle- 
torn flag of the latter regiment was placed upon the 
Court House. The enemy lost two general oflicers dur- 
ing, the siege. General I. W. Garrott, killed June 17, 
and General M. E. Green, killed June 27. General John 
S. Bowen died July 16. 
Sherman General Sherman was at once started after Johnston 

moves after ^j^}^ three armv corps, the 13th Corps under General 

Johnston. "^ ^ ^ ^ , ... 

Ord, to which had been added Lauman s division (Mc- 
Clernand had been relicA^ed June 18), the 15th (Sher- 



GBANT. 239 

man's own corps) under General Steele, and the other is«a. 
corps under Parke, consisting of the divisions of Welsh, 
Potter, and W. S. Smith. Johnston lay midway between 
Brownsville and the Big Black when, on July 5, he 
learned of the surrender. He at once returned to the 
fortifications of Jackson, which he had greatly strength- 
ened. Sherman's forces appeared before the works at 
Jackson on the 9th, and at once began an investment of juiy g-ie. 
Johnston's position. Skirmish and artillery firing were Miss.^°''' 
kept up, but no assault was made, nor did any engage- 
ment occur during the siege, except that Lauman's 
division, on the extreme right, carelessly ran into 
Breckenridge's forces on July 12. The latter was 
well intrenched, and in his main works ; but Lauman, 
without proper investigation, attacked, supposing this 
force to be an advanced detachment. He received a 
bloody repulse, suffering a loss of about 500 men. 
Sherman being compelled to wait until the 16th for a 
supply of ammunition, could not assault until the 17th. 
Again Johnston slips away, evacuating during the 
night of the 16th, and retiring to Brandon, and through 
the town of Morton to Meridian. He was not pursued, 
except that Steele's division followed as far as Brandon. 
On the 25th, Sherman returned to Vicksburg, after hav- 
ing destroyed for the second time the railroad, depots, 
and fortifications at Jackson. 

Durino' Grant's operations from May 1 to July 4, he Grant's 

o L ^ J 7 great suc- 

had taken over 42,000 prisoners, and caused the enemy cess. 
a total loss of about 60,000 men. His losses during 
that time had been 1,511 killed, 7,396 wounded, 
and 453 missing; total, 9,360. President Lincoln wrote The presi- 
to General Grant, congratuhiting him and giving him his gratuiation. 
hearty thanks. 

Grant's army during the Vicksburg campaign was 
officered as follows : — ■- 



240 GFAAT. 

1S63. 13th Corps, John A. MeClernand (up to June 18 
when E. 0. C. Ord took command) ; divisions, Peter J. 
Osterhans, A. J. Smith, A. P. Ilovey, Eugene A. Carr : 
15th Corps, Wm. Tecumseh Sherman ; divisions, Fred- 
erick Steele, Frank P. Bhiir, James M. Tuttle : 17th 
Corps, James B. McPherson ; divisions, John A. Logan, 
John McArthur, M. M. Crocker (succeeded May 17 by 
Isaac F. Quinby, its permanent commander), John E. 
Smith succeeded Quinby June 3. Two divisions of the 
9th Corps, John G. Parke; divisions, Thomas Welsh, 
Robert B. Potter : three divisions of the 16th Corps, 
W. S. Smith, Nathan Kimball, Jacob Gr. Lauman ; one 
division from Missouri, Francis J. Herron. 

Soon after the fall of Yicksburg, Grant's army was 
considerably broken up.. The troops belonging to the 
9th Corps were returned to Burnside, the loth Corps 
was sent into the Department of the Gulf, and the 16th 
Corps to Memphis. The 15th Corps encamped on the 
Big Black about twenty miles east of Yicksburg, and 
the 17th remained in and about Yicksburg. 



CHAPTER XIII. 

THOMPSON'S STATION TO CHICKAMAUOA. 

BOSmCKAJVS. 

AFTER the buttle of Stoiio River, Rosecrans in- i^^- 
trenches at Murfreesboro. Bragg has taken a j^uuuuy. 
strong position ahont Shelby ville, Manchester, and Tnl- 
lahonia. While remaining in these positions, the antag- rp,,,, ^,„. 
onists, closely watching- each other, are sending ont ^['^ '* '""' 
raiding parties. Jan. 25, 18G3, the enemy capture a 
train of cars between Nasliville and Murfreesboro, on 
the Louisville and Nashville road. They also capture a 
train on Feb. 15, and another on the 26th. 

Early in January Bragg starts Wheeler's cavalry on 
a raid, which pushes to within ten miles of Nashville, 
burning a bridge on the Columbia, Railroad. On the 
13th of January Wheeler appears upon the banks of the ■vv||'eu,i.s 
Columbia River, where he succeeds in capturing- four cavaiiycap 

, tiiros four 

transports loaded with army supplies. lie paroles the transports. 
crews, and sends them back on one of the transports, 
burning the other three. The brigades of Forrest and 
AVharton join Wheeler near Franklin, who now has a 
force of about 3,000 men and two batteries. Rosecrans 
has sent JeHerson C. Davis with his division and two ■ 
brigades of cavalr}^ under Colonel Minty after him. On Davis'in 
his route, Minty captures a detachment of about 300};",;!':;!°' 
troopers near Eagleville. Davis reaches Franklin, to 
find Wheeler a long distance away. 

° , "^ , . Feb. 3. 

On Feb. 3 Wheeler, moving rapidl}^, arrives atrortDonoi- 
Dover on the Cumberland, about tAVO miles from Fort 'er. "' 

10 (341) 



242 ROSEGRANS. 

186 3. Donelson, which was fortified, and garrisoned by the 
83d Illinois and a battalion of the 5th Iowa cavalry, 
numbering about 700 men, under Colonel Abner C. 
Harding (afterward made Brigadier-General), and four 
pieces of artillery. Harding prepares for defense, and 
sends to Fort Henry for assistance. At about 3 p. m. 
Forrest charges the works. The Federals give him a 
severe reception, but his men press forward, and succeed 
in capturing the first line of defense ; but here they are 
checked. Wharton, not being ready, does not come to 
his assistance, thus giving Harding opportunity to bring 
his whole force against Forrest, who is soon compelled 
to retire. The enemy now prepare to make a combined 
assault, but first send a flag of truce, demanding surren- 
der, which is refused. .They rush forward, and again 
the first line is captured. The fighting is at short range. 
It is now night ; darkness favors the Federals, and after 
a severe struggle the Confederates are repulsed. 

At about eight o'clock in the evening the gun-boat 
Lexington arrives, throwing her heavy shot into the 
midst of the retreating enemy, which accelerates their 
motions. Wheeler has suffered a loss of about 300 men. 
The Federal loss was about 100. Colonel Lowe brings 
reinforcements from Fort Henry, but the enemy has fled. 
Wheeler narrowly escapes Davis, who is still after him, 

Woodbury, and reaches Columbia Feb. 18. On Jan. 28, Federal 

^^'^^' General Palmer defeats a detachment of Confederate 
cavalry at Woodbury, taking 100 prisoners. General 
Reynolds surprises a detachment of the enemy at Milton, 

Milton ^Q^- 1, capturing a number of prisoners, and on Feb. 3, 
succeeds in breaking up recruiting camps, and capturing 

Lmerty. supplics ucar Liberty ; at Lebanon on the 8th he takes 

Fe^- 8. about 600 prisoners. 

March 1., On March 1, General Stanley, with about 700 

Biadyviiie. j^Q^nted mcn, attacks about the same number of the 



Feb. 1. 



ROSECRANS. SttS 

enemy at Brady ville. The Federal charge is irresistible, ises. 
The enemy break and retreat in great disorder, leaving 
over 100 prisoners in Stanley's hands. A brigade of March 3. 
regulars put to flight a detachment of the enemy's 
cavalry at Eao'leville the followinsr day. March 5 the March 5- 
Federals meet with disaster at Thompson's Station, sons sta- 
March 1, Colonel Coburn left Brentwood to join General spTmg'^niii. 
Gilbert, his superior, at Franklin. Gilbert directed 
Coburn to lead his troops to Spring Hill for the purpose 
of reconnaissance. Coburn had about 2,800 men, — the 
33d (his own) and the 85th Indiana, the 19th Michigan, 
the 22d Wisconsin, the 124th Ohio, and about 600 
mounted infantry, — under Colonel Jordan, with six 
pieces of artillery. 

When a short distance from Franklin, on the 4th, he 
comes upon a detachment of Van Dorn's cavalry, which, 
after a slight skirmish, falls back in the direction of 
Spring Hill, seeking to draw him on. Van Dorn is near 
at hand wdth 5,000 men, which fact is unsuspected by 
Coburn. The latter hesitates, and goes into camp about 
eight miles from Franklin. Surprised at finding the 
enemy so near, he sends to Gilbert for further instruc- 
tions. The latter orders him to continue his march. 
During the night he learns that Van Dorn is near with 
a large force, and sends the information to his chief. 
He waits until 8 A. M. the following morning to hear 
from Gilbert, but receives no word, and thinking that he 
must carry out his instructions, he resumes his march, i 

At about 9 A. M. he again meets Van Dorn's skir- 
mishers, not far from Thompson's Station. Coburn 
presses forward, and soon meets the fire of Van Dorn's 
artillery. The forces of the enemy are partially hid 
from view ; and being deceived as to their numbers, the 
two Indiana regiments charge their batteries, when they 
meet a terrible fire of musketry. They still press for- 



244 E06EGEANS. 

1863. ward, but when near the enemy's line their officers dis- 
cover the superior numbers before them, and order a 
retreat to the heights near by. Instantly the enemy 
charge upon them. The Federals reach the desired 
ground, turn, and deliver a fire which staggers their 
pursuers, who fall back. Coburn has discovered that he 
is greatly outnumbered, and endeavors to retreat; but 
Van Dorn gives him no opportunity, attacking furiously 
with his whole force. 

Cobuin calls for Colonel Jordan, whose men have 
not yet entered the fight, but Jordan retires with his 
troops and artillery toward Franklin. The Ohio reg- 
iment follows, leaving the other four regiments contend- 
ing with Van Dorn. These brave soldiers stand their 
ground nobly, repulsing charge after charge. Coburn, 
having been deprived of nearly one half of his command, 
finds it impossible to retreat. His troops are new, but 
they exhibit the qualities of old warriors. They have 
resisted five times their own numbers for six hours. 
Their ammunition is gone, and at about 4 p. M. Coburn 
finds himself completely surrounded. Further resist- 
cobnm ance being useless, he surrenders. He has lost about 

surrenders. _ _ 

300 in killed and wounded. About 1,300 prisoners fell 
into the enemy's hands. Van Horn's loss footed up 
about 600 in killed and wounded. 

Simultaneous with the movement of Coburn, Rose- 
crans sent two other columns on a reconnaissance, under 
Sheridan and Steedman. Sheridan, with his division 
and two brigades of cavalry under Colonel Minty, pro- 
ceeded toward Eagleville. Minty, going toward Union- 
ville, drove the enemy's outposts from Rover on March 
4, and following them to their main body at Unionville, 
drove it on March 5 from that town in the direction 
of Shelbyville, taking 50 prisoners. Minty rejoined 
'Sheridan at Eagleville that evening. After some ma- 
neuvering, Sheridan was ordered to Franklin, 



Marcti 4, 5. 
Unionville. 



BOSAVRANS. ■ 246 

Steedman, advancing through Triune and Harpeth, is 03. 
came upon Roddy's brigade of cavahy at Chapel Hill, March 4. 
driving it beyond Duck River, and taking 60 prisoners, ^'^"i"'^"'"- 
when he returned, arriving at Triune on the 6th. Gor- 
don Granger, with a division, left Franklin on the 8th, 
marching upon Thompson's Station, where he encount- xhomp- 
ered two regiments left by Van Dorn to watch the ^°'''® ^^^ 

° "^ _ _ tion. 

Federals. Granger drove this force before him, which 
retreated to Spring Hill. Van Dorn, learning of Gran- 
ger's numbers, hastily retired to Columbia, leaving 
Forrest at Rutherford Creek to check the Federal ad- 
vance. Granger crossed that stream on the 11th, when 
Forrest retired, crossing Duck River at Chapel Hill. 
Granger now gave up the chase. 

On the 20th, Colonel A. S. Hall, with about 1,300 y^"' 
men (the 80th and the 123d Illinois, the 101st Indiana, ™ir 
the 105th Ohio, and a section of the 19th Indiana bat- 
tery, and a company of Tennessee cavalry), while re- 
turning from a reconnaissance, is attacked near Milton 
by Morgan with his brigade of cavalry. Hall posts his 
force on Vaught's Hill, and awaits his foe. Morgan 
charges furiously, but is repulsed. Mad that this small 
band should check his superior force, he collects his 
men well in hand, and makes a determined assault. 
The Federals stand firm, and he is repulsed a second 
time, when he withdraws. His loss had been more than 
300. Hall had but 50 men disabled. He returns to 
Murfreesboro without further hindrance. 

On the 21st the Federals surprised and captured a j^^,^^.^,^ ,,j 
post of the enemy at College Grove on Harpeth River, coiiogc 
March 25, Forrest captured two Federal posts near 
Brentwood, as follows : about 300 men of the 22d Wis- ^'''''' ^; 

' Brentwood. 

cousin and 200 of the 19th Michigan, who had escaped 
the Thompson Station disaster, were stationed, the first 
at Brentwood, the latter at a block-house on the Frank- 



M6 ROSUCBA.YS. 

isiis. lin road. Forrest came first upon the Wisconsin men, 
who surrendered after a short fight. He then sur- 
rounded the block-house, and after a brief engagement 
the Michigan men, seeing the uselessness of resistance, 
also surrender. Forrest then retires toward Spring 
Hill. A regiment of Federal cavalry strike his rear, 
and by a vigorous charge nearly release the prisoners ; 
but just at this moment, having heard the firing, Forrest 
returns with a portion of the main body, and the oppor- 
tunity is lost. 

Fnuiiif ^U^i'il 10. ^-'^iT^ I^orn attacks Granger at Franklin 
with two strong divisions. The Federal force numbers 
about 5,000 infantry, reinforced that day by Stanley's 
cavahy. After a severe engagement, in which the 40th 
Ohio and the 4th Regular cavalry signalize themselves, 
Van Dorn withdraws, and retires to Spring Hill; but 
he will trouble the Federals no more. Major-General 
Earl Van Dorn was killed by Dr. Peters, of Maury Co., 

Van Doin. Teuu., May 8, 1863, for injury done his fiimily. He 

Dr'petL. ^^^^^ ^ graduate of West Point, and had served in the 
Mexican war with distinction. 

April -3. April 2, two brigades, under Generals Cruft and 

Woodbury. -^ \ t n • 

Hazen, left Murfreesboro, moving against a body of the 

enemy at Woodbury, which made but little resistance, 

and escaped with a loss of thirty prisoners. 

April 3, General Stanley, with his cavalry and a 

Snow Hill, brigade of infimtry, disturbed the enemy under Morgan 

at Snow Hill, where that officer had for some time made 

his headquarters. Morgan was compelled to retreat 

after a sharp encounter, in which he lost about 40 

prisoners. 

April 6. April 6, General Mitchell, then in command at Nash- 

Green Hill. . . . 

ville, with a mounted regiment surprised and dispersed 

a recruiting camp of the enemy at Green Hill, taking a 

number of prisoners. April 20, General Reynolds left 



itOSECRANS. 24^ 

Murfreesboro with his division, accompanied by a bii- isti:i. 
gade of mounted infantry, under Colonel Wilder, and ApriT^o. 
Minty's cavalry, movins; against Morgan at McMinn- ^!f,^'"''- 

J J : GO o ville. 

ville. But Morgan retired hastily, retreating beyond 
Cany Fork. The Federals succeeded in taking about 
120 prisoners, and accomplished the destruction of the 
Tullahoma railroad bridge. 

In Kentucky, March 22, two regiments of the enemy, March 22. 
under Colonel Cluke, who had been foraging in the ling.^Ky" 
neighborhood of Mount Sterling, captured a small Federal 
garrison at that place. Burnside, who had been assigned 
to the Department of the Ohio, March 15, 1863, relieving 
General H. G. Wright, sent a force in pursuit ; but the 
enemy had escaped to the Cumberland Mountains. 

On the 24th, a body of cavalry under General Pegram March 34. 
attacked the Federals at Danville. General Carter, in Ky. 
command at that place, overestimating Pegram's force, 
had sent his supplies to Lexington the day before, and 
taken the larger portion of his troops to Dick River 
bridge, leaving a force behind to check the enemy a 
sufficient time for him to complete his retreat across the 
Kentucky Iliver, which movement was entirely success- 
ful. Pegram did not follow, but proceeded to Monticello. 
General Gillmore, who commanded the division to which 
Carter belonged, arrived with some reinforcements, and 
assuming command, recrossed the Kentucky, and moved 
in pursuit of Pegram, w^ho relinquished the most of his 
booty in endeavoring to escape. Gillmore still pursuing, 
overtook the enemy at Somerset on March 30, where 

March 30. 

they were strongly posted. Pegram had about 2,000 somerset, 
men, Gillmore about 1,300. The Federals attacked with ^" 
impetuosity, and after a short but severe encounter put 
the enemy to flight, taking a number of prisoners. The 
Federals lost about 50 men in the action. Pegram's 
loss was about 300. On reaching the Cumberland, Gill- 
more gave up the pursuit. 



2J:8 



ROSECRAiYS. 



1S63. 

May 1. 

Montici'llo, 

Ky. 



April 18, 19. 
Bear Creek, 
Ala. 



April 24. 

Tvisciim- 

bia. 



April 28. 

Town 

Creek. 



On May 1, Carter crossed the Cumberland River, 
and moved upon Monticello, where a small force of the 
enemy was stationed, under Colonel Chenault, who re- 
tired southward after a short skirmish. Colonel Morri- 
son, with reinforcements for the enemy, came from 
Albany, Tenn., by another road. The pursuing Federals 
then turned upon Morrison, who, after a brief engage- 
ment, retired in the direction of Jamestown, unable to 
connect with Chenault. 

April 17, General Dodge, with three brigades, left 
Corinth, Miss., moving toward Tuscumbia, Ala. On 
the 18th his advance encountered a brigade of the 
enemy's cavalry under Roddy, on Bear Creek, near luka. 
Roddy w^as on his way from Bragg's army to join Pem- 
berton, at Vicksburg. The Federals, without waiting for 
the main force, attacked Roddy, and met with a severe 
repulse ; but on the following day, Dodge came up with 
his whole command, and capturing the ford, drove the 
enemy toward Tuscumbia. Dodge did not press mat- 
ters for a few days, being delayed for want of cavalry 
horses for the brigade of Colonel Streight, which was to 
endeavor to reach and break up the Atlanta and Chatta- 
nooga Railroad, Bragg's avenue of supplies, under cover 
of the maneuvers of Dodge. 

On the 24th the Federals moved forward, and took 
possession of Tuscumbia, Roddy falling back and taking 
a strong position at the rapids called Muscle Shoals, on 
Town Creek, where he was reinforced by the opportune 
arrival of Forrest. Pushing forward, Dodge attacked 
the enemy here on the morning of the 28th, but after a 
sharp fight withdrew. Finding Roddy's position very 
strong, and thinking that Streight was now far away on 
his course, he started that evening upon his return to 
Corinth, reaching that place soon after. 

Streight set out from Tuscumbia on the 24th, with a 



JiO.SBCRAiVS. 249 

small brigade of mounted infantry, passing through isos. 
Russellville, Newburo-, and Moulton. From the last- ,' 

' ^' Colonel 

named place he proceeded toward Blountsville, reaching streight's 
the vicinity of Day's Gap on the evening of the 29th. capture. 
Immediately after being relieved of Dodge's presence at 
Muscle Shoals, Forrest and Roddy put forth every effort 
to overtake Streight. The Federal pkn was, that Dodge 
should occupy the attention of the enemy until Streight 
could get so far away that it would be impossible for 
Forrest or Roddy to overtake him. But Dodge retired 
too soon. Forrest came up with Streight on the morn- 
ing of the 30th, as he was moving rapidly for the strong . ^.^j gg 
position of Day's Gap. Forrest's advance attacked ^''^'^ *^'^P' 
fiercely, driving the Federal rear guard upon the main 
body, which was now strongly posted at the gap. The 
enemy, hotly pursuing, was checked. Forrest's coming 
up made a furious- assault; but meeting a murderous 
fire he fell back in disorder. The brave Federal colonel 
at the head of a portion of his troops, quickly charged 
in turn, routing his assailants, and capturing two pieces 
of artillery. After this repulse Forrest was inclined to 
respect his adversary. 

At 2 p. M., seeing that the enemy remained at a 
distance, Streight moved on ; but his horses were poor 
ones for such service at the start, and now were nearly 
worn out. His troops were infantry soldiers recently 
mounted, with no previous training for cavalry service. 
He could therefore scarcely hope to escape the well- 
trained and excellently mounted troopers that were upon 
his trail. The Federals had gone but seven or eight Apni 30 
miles when they were again overtaken on Long Creek q^^^^^ ^j^. 
at about 5 p. m. The Confederates come on with a rush, 
throwing them into some disorder; but they soon rally, 
and check the exultant enemy. The fighting continues 
until 8 P. M. without material advantage to either side. 



250 ROSJEGRAlfS. 

1803. It is now dark, and firing has ceased. The Federals 

burn their wagons, spike the two guns that they have 

captured, and at 9 p. m. again move on. Marching all 

May 1. night, they reach Blountsville at 11 a. m.. May 1. Al- 

viiie. though horses and men are exhausted, they are allowed 

but two hours' rest, resuming their march toward Gads- 

j^j^y 3 den, and reaching there at 11 a. m.. May 2, where they 

Gadsden, (Jestroy large depots of the enemy's supplies. 

The enemy has been close upon them since leaving 
Long Creek. After a rest of two hours at this place, 
they move on toward Rome, Ga., their objective point. 
Turkey Arriving at Turkey Town at 5 p. m., they are obliged 
to stop for rest, and to prepare coffee. The pursuers 
are soon upon them, attacking savagely ; a severe battle 
follows, ending with the repulse of the enemy. The 
combatants are exhausted, and both sides enjoy a brief 
respite. At dark the Federals resume the march, and 
with little rest being allowed them, they pass through 
May 3. the village of Cedar Bluff, Ga., May 3, at daybreak, and 
Bluff, Ga. soon after cross the Chattooga River, burning the bridge. 
Feeling secure for a time, Streight allows his soldiers 
to break ranks. Some fall to the ground, utterly 
exhausted ; some proceed to prepare a meal, while the 
stronger ones scatter about in search of provisions. In 
the midst of this relaxation, Forrest, reinforced by fresh 
troops, again makes his appearance. The Federals 
hastily rally around their chief, with the will but not the 
strength to continue the fight. They have ridden more 
than 150 miles, having had very little rest or sleep for 
the last four days, engaged in continual skirmishing and 
fighting since the morning of the 30th. Colonel Streight, 
seeing the condition of his men, and knowing that his 
ammunition is nearly exhausted, becomes disheartened. 
Forrest, ready for the charge, now sends a demand for 
surrender. Feeling that further resistance Avould be 



BOSECRANS. 25l 

useless, Colonel Streight accedes to the demand — a ises. 
hard blow to these brave men, about 1,300 of whom fell strei^ 
into the enemy's hands. Most of them were soon after- surmidcrs 

•^ to Forrest. 

ward exchanged, but Colonel Streight himself was held 
a prisoner for nearly a year, when he succeeded in 
escaping from Libby Prison. (Colonel A. D. Streight 
was from Indiana. He was killed in action at Dalton, 
Ga., Aug. 16, 1864.) In this raid the Federals had 
traversed Northern Alabama from west to east, and had 
nearly reached Rome, Ga., when compelled to yield. 

In Teiuiessee, May 16, 1863, General Palmer, at the BrTdyviiie. 
head of his cavalry escort, chars-es and disperses a 

•^ ° '■ May 22. 

squadron of the 3d Georgia, at Bradyville. May 22, Midcueton. 
General Stanley, with a part of a cavalry division, sur- 
prises a small force of the enemy at Middleton, who 
escape to the woods, leaving nearly 100 prisoners in 
Federal hands. May 27 Colonel Cornyn, having come May 27. 

FlorGiiC6 

from Corinth with four regiments of cavalry, attacks a Aia. 
detachment of Roddy's cavalry brigade at Florence, 
Ala., driving it from the town, and destroying the 
enemy's factories and a large accumulation of army 
stores at that point. 

June 3, General Grano-er moved his headquarters ^''°'',,^- 

' O ^ Franklm 

and his whole corps, with the exception of one regiment 
of cavalry and one of infantry, from Franklin to Triune. 
When Forrest heard of this, he at once determined a 
bold stroke. The following morning he appeared before 
Franklin with two brigades, and at once began an attack. 
His first assault was repulsed ; but getting his troops 
well in hand, he again advanced, and after a desperate 
engagement, the Federals were driven out of their 
works, and out of the town. At this moment Campbell's 
brigade of cavalry arrived, having been hurried forward 
by Granger at the first news of the danger, and the 
scene is changed. Victory is snatched from the victor ; 



252 BOSWBANS. 

IS 63. Forrest is driven back. The Federals now assume the 
offensive, when the enemy hastily retire, and the follow- 
ing day reach their old rendezvous at Spring Hill. 
June 11. June 11, one brigade of Forrest's cavalry make a 

Triune. . • r^ i ^ 

demonstration against Grangers cavalry outposts at 
Triune. The brigade beat a hasty retreat, however, 
after having suffered severe loss. This was repeated 
Triune. Juiic 20, with like results. June 9, Colonel Kautz, 
with three mounted reariments, attacked a brisrade of the 

June 9. n y o 

Monticeiio. eucmy under Pegram at Monticello, Ky., driving it in 
disorder beyond the village ; but Pegram, soon after re- 
inforced, returns to re-engage the Federals. A desperate 
fight follows. The latter, outnumbered, extricate them- 
selves with difficulty, and regain the banks of the Cum- 
berland. Burnside dispatched another small force, this 
time into Tennessee, commanded by Colonel Sanders, 
which succeeded in cutting the railroad at Lenoir's sta- 
tion. Strawberry Plains, and Mossy Creek, returning 
safely to Kentucky on June 26, bringing back 400 
prisoners. 
June 27. General John Morgan, the Southern raider, started 

Morgan's ^^ j^-g g^.gg^^ j.^^jj through Kcutucky and the southern 

counties of Indiana and Ohio, leaving Sparta, Tenn., 
June 27, with about 3,500 men. He crossed the Cum- 
berland, entering Kentucky at Burkesville July 2. At 
July 3. Columbia, Ky., on the 3d, he was met by 150 Federal 
Columbia, troopers, under Captain Carter, who held him in check 
for some little time. But Carter was killed, and his men 
compelled to retire, when Morgan sacked the town, and 
soon after reached Tebb's Bend on Green River, where 
July 4. on July 4 he came upon about 250 men of the 25th 
ITZ^Kj. Michigan infantry, under Colonel 0. H. Moore. Sur- 
render was demanded, and refused. The Federals were 
strongly intrenched. Morgan at once began the attack 
with a part of his force, making furious charges, which 



BOSAVEANS. 253 

were eacli time repulsed. After an engagement of ises. 
nearly three hours, the enemy withdrew, having suffered 
a loss of about 250 in killed and wounded. The Federal 
loss was only 6 killed and 23 wounded. The brave 
Michigan men had done nobly, receiving afterward the 
thanks of the Kentucky legislature, as well as commen- 
dations from the whole country. Morgan himself, though 
defeated, admired the heroic Colonel, sending him a note 
in which he said, " I promote you to be Brigadier- 
General." 

Morgan next struck Lebanon, where, on the 5th, ^^^^J^'^ 
400 men of the 20th Kentucky, under Colonel Hanson, Ky. 
fought him for seven hours ; but at last, the town being 
on fire, the Federals surrendered. Pushing rapidly for- 
ward, Morgan reached Brandenburg, 40 miles below 
Louisville on the Ohio, on the 7th. Here he captured 
two steamers, and crossed into Lidiana on the 8th. The ^'Ja^jien. 
Federals were now in hot pursuit. A force of infantry, ^"•"a ^y. 
cavalry, and artillery, under Generals Hobson, Judah, 
and Shackleford, reached Brandenburg just after Morgan 
had crossed. Hobson procured some steamers, and 
crossing quickly, pushed on in pursuit. Morgan reached 
Corydon on the 9th. The Home Guards resisted, but Jniy 9- 
were overpowered, and the town sacked. ind. 

The marauders then pushed on to Salem, where they 

^ _ ' "^ Salem, Ind. 

captured a small militia force, and pillaged the town. 
Plundering as they went, they neared Vernon, where 
Colonel Lowe, with a strong militia force, caused them 
to turn aside. Passing through Versailles on the 12th, y^^^g^jjf;^ 
they reached the Ohio border the next day at Harrison, ind- 
Moving around Cincinnati, the daylight of the 14th 
found Morgan some fourteen miles east of that city, 
anxiously seeking some avenue of escape. The Federals 
were close upon him, and the militia of Indiana and Ohio 
were in arms. 



Vernon, 
Ind. 



254 EOSi:OEASS. 

1S6 3. On the 18th of July Morgan reached Buffington Island 
juijMs, 19. Ford, near Pomeroy, on the Ohio, having passed through 
isLidf '" Williamsburg, Winchester, Piketon, and Jackson. But a 
Ohio. ^g^ enemy now appeared before the robbers, — the 
Federal gun-boats were there to oppose their passage. 
General Judah, coming by water, landed at Portsmouth, 
and on the 19th his cavalry attacked Morgan on one 
side, while Hobson's advance struck him on the other. 
A battle followed, ending with the defeat of the enemy 
and the capture of all their plunder, with over 700 
prisoners. Morgan escaped with the main body, and 
fled up the river. At Belleville, about 3 r. m., nearly 
300 of his men succeeded in getting across the river, 
when the gun-boats arrived and put a stop to the opera- 
tion. The Federal land forces now came up, and about 
1,000 more of the enemy surrendered. Morgan, with 
what troops yet remained to him. now fled inland to 
McArthur, and thence to New Lisbon. The militia here 
caused him to stop. Shackleford with his cavalry was 
July S6. upon him, and escape was impossible, when, on July 26, 
boi" o.r ^^^® ^^^^ raiders surrendered. The loss of the enemy 
Morgan i^c^^ bccn about 500 in killed and wounded, and the 

surrenders. 

balance all taken prisoners, except those who escaped 
at Belleville. Morgan and a few of his oflicers were 
held prisoners at Columbus, Ohio, whence they man- 
aged to escape on Nov. 26 foUowiug. Just previous to 
Morgan s raid, about 100 of the enemy from Kentuck}^ 
had raided into Indiana at Leavenworth. They were 
captured by the Home Guards of that place. 

We will now accompany General Rosecrans, who has 

at last decided to move against his adversary. On June 

June 24. 94 \iq p^;t liis amiy in motion toAvard Braa'o-'s position 

Koseci-ans' . . >-^ t 

army in ou Duck Rlver. McCook, having the right, moved 
toward Shelbyville, Thomas in the center toward Man- 
chester, and Crittenden on the left in the direction of 



BOSWEANS. 255 

McMinnville. Thomas's advance met a detachment of ises- 
the enemy at Hoover's Gap, and after a slight en-jjoo^s 
gagement, secured the gap. McCook reached and cap- ^'^p- 
tured Liberty Gap. General Gordon Granger's reserve L^berty^' 
corps also marched this day from Triune toward Bragg's ^ap- 
position, securing Guy's Gap on the 27th, after a sharp ji^ne 27. 
skirmish. Then, closely following the enemy, he arrived ^""^ ^ ^^'^■ 
at Shelbyville about 7 o'clock that evening, capturing sheibyvuie. 
the town, with about 500 prisoners. Manchester fell 
into the hands of the Federals on the morning of the 
27th, and by the 29th Thomas and McCook had both 
reached that place. Bragg had retired to Tullahoma. 
The Federals rapidly advanced, and reaching Tullahoma 
July 1, ao'ain found the enemy had retreated the day J"iy ^^• 
before. Bragg continued his backward movement until 
he reached Chattanooga. Crittenden's corps had arrived 
at McMinnville. 

Rosecrans, now obliged to wait until he could es-J°^^"*°' 
tabhsh a line of communication with Murfreesboro, and 
receive supplies, did not appear in the vicinity of Chat- scpt. e. 

>- I- ^ ^^ 1 m Federals 

tanooo-a until Auo-. 20. He crossed the Tennessee cross Ten- 
River on Sept. 6. On the 7th, Bragg evacuated Chat-^jJ^^^ 
tanooga, and withdrew to Chickamauga River about sept. 7. 
nine miles distant, posting his army near La Faj^ette, Ga. evacuates 

Auo-ust 21, General Burnside started from Crab ^''^"^' 
Orchard, Ky., with about 20,000 men, moving into East 
Tennessee, for the purpose of co-operating, as far as pos- 
sible with General Rosecrans. General Buckner, who 
was at Knoxville with about 10,000 men, was ordered 
to join Bragg at about the same time. During his 
movement, and on September 9, at Cumberland Gap, sept. 9. 
Burnside was fortunate in capturuig a brigade of buck- land Gap, 
Iter's troops, under General Frazier, which Buckner had 
left behind without orders. Burnside took possession 
of Knoxville on the 3d of September. 



Stevi'i 


irs 


Giip. 




Davis 


Cros 


Roads 




Sept. 


13. 


Lett's 


tan- 


yard, 


Ga. 



256 EOSUCBAAS. 

1S63. Rosecrans now sought to drive Bragg from his posi- 
sept~i. tion at La Faj^ette. Thomas, in reconnoitering, reached 
Dug Gap. J)i^g Qap in Pigeon Mountain, where he halted his 
advance, after a brief engagement, having discovered the 
enemy in heavy force and strongly posted. Crittenden 
reached Tunnel Hill, after a heavy skirmish near Buz- 
zard Roost. McCook marching farther south had reached 
pme Tap. ^|pj^^g Gap, wlicu Rosccrans, becoming satisfied that 
Bragg ^vas being heavily reinforced, and that his own 
army was too much scattered, ordered a concentration 
of his force in Chickamauga Valley, about half way be- 
tween Chattanooga and La Fayette, on Chickamauga 
Creek. The movement w^as completed on the 18th of 
September, having been performed without difliculty, 
except that Crittenden's, rear experienced heavy skir- 
mishing with the enemy at Lett's tan-yard. 

The Federal army was now posted, with Thomas on 
the left, not far from Rossville, Crittenden in the center, 
and MeCook on the right. Two mounted brigades, 
under Colonels Minty and Wilder, on the extreme left 
(which afterward became the right by moving the whole 
army except themselves to the left), were attacked on 
Sept 18-21. ^j^g 18th, and forced back some distance ; but no other 

Battle of ' " 

chicka- fighting occurred until the next day. Bragg had been 
heavil}^ reinforced, troops having arrived from Virginia, 
Georgia, Mississippi, and East Tennessee. One half of 
Johnston's army had come to aid in the defeat of Rose- 
crans. Hood, with his division of Longstreet's corps, 
had reached the ground, and his chief was near at hand 
with his other two divisions, under McLaws and B. R. 
Johnson, Longstreet's troops having been brought from 
Lee's army b}^ forced marches. * The eneni}- was mak- 
ing a powerful concentration, hoping to crush Rosecrans 
before he could be reinforced. Bragg's army had now 
been increased to fully 75,000 men, about 60,000 of 



inaiisia. 



ROSEGRANS. 257 

whom were present for duty at the beginning of the bat- isgs. 
tie; while Eosecrans could scarcely bring 45,000 to obi^ 
oppose him. Bragg's division commanders were Cle- ™*"g*- 
burne, Breckenridge, Cheatham, W. H. T. Walker, 
Stewart, Preston, Johnston, (the last two of Bnckner's 
corps,) Ilindman, Hood, McLaws, and B. R. Johnson. 

On the 19th, about 10 a. m., Thomas opened the 
battle. Hood had command of the enemy's left (Long- 
street with his other two divisions did not arrive in 
time for this day's battle), Polk of the right. The Fed- 
eral division commanders were, in Thomas's corps. Gener- 
als Negley, Baird, Brannan, and Reynolds ; in Critten- 
den's corps. Generals Wood, Palmer, and Van Cleve; 
in McCook's corps, Generals Davis, Sheridan, and 
Johnson. Bragg intended to gain the Federal left, and 
secure the road to Chattanooga; but he unexpectedly 
found Thomas there to oppose him. 

The weight of the battle at the beginning fell upon 
Thomas. Bragg reinforced his right, and Eosecrans, 
his left. The fighting was fierce and determined at 
this point until 2 p. m., when the battle reached to the 
center, and then along the whole line, raging furiously 
until 4 p. M. A lull then followed until 5 p. m., when 
Bragg, having massed upon the center, endeavored to 
break the Federal line in the middle. He had nearly 
succeeded, when Thomas reinforced the center with a 
portion of his corps, and the enemy was driven back. 
The conflict continued until long after dark. The 
slaughter was frightful on both sides, that of the enemy 
the heaviest, having attacked the Federals in their 
chosen position. 

The 8th Indiana battery aiijd Loomis's Michigan bat- 
tery were captured by the enemy in a desperate charge. 
The Federals made a counter-charge, and recaptured the 
Indiana battery and a part of the Michigan battery, 

17 



258 EOS^CBAJS'S. 

IS 63. with many prisoners. When Loomis's battery was taken 
chicka- by the enemy, and all its men killed or captured 
mauga. Lieutenant Van Pelt still stood by his beloved guns, 
Deatii of and " alone fought a legion in their defense," until struck 
Geo! w. down. The day's battle was over, but neither side had 
Battefy^A, gained any material advantage. Every Federal division 
Michigan. \^r^([ ijeeu engaged. They still held their ground, having 
repulsed the enemy at all points. 

During the night, both armies reformed their lines, 
the Federals falling back some distance. Longstreet 
arrived about midnight with his two other divisions, and 
was placed in command of Bragg's left. The Federal 
army, as now posted, were by divisions from left to 
right : Baird, Johnson, Palmer, Reynolds, Brannan, 
Negley, Davis, and Sheridan, with Wood and Van Cleve 
in reserve. Bragg had ordered an early attack, confi- 
dent, since Longstreet's arrival, of success ; but Polk, 
commanding his right, failed him; he was eating his 
breakfast at a late hour. It was 9 a. m. before the 
battle began. Longstreet was instructed to wait until 
Polk should double Thomas up, but the latter had 
built breastworks and made excellent preparations for 
his reception. 

Polk's troops make charge after charge, but are 
driven back with fearful loss at each attempt. At 
11 A. M. Longstreet attacks, having become satisfied that 
Polk Avill not be able to force Thomas from his ground. 
But Bosecrans has greatly weakened his right to rein- 
force his left, and now Longstreet attacks with a force 
outnumbering the Federal right three to one. The Fed- 
erals stubbornly resist for a time, but are finally com- 
pelled to give way. Davis and Sheridan strive in vain 
to rally their troops ; they cannot resist the terrible 
onslaught. Portions of Brannan's, Van Cleve's, Neg- 
ley's, and Wood's divisions are also carried away. 



Thomas still stands his ground with the divisions of is a 3. 
Baird, Johnson, Palmer, and Reynolds, and portions of euicuu- 
Negley's, Wood's, Brannan's, and Van Cleve's divisions. ™'"'^''- 
The battle continues with unabated fury. 

Thomas's right is forced from its position, but retires 
slowl}^, and only a short distance to the spurs of Mission- 
ary Ridge. He is yet ignorant of the rout of the Fed- 
eral right. He forms new lines in a strong position, and 
continues the defense with the determination of a hero. 
Polk's troops are exhausted by their efforts. Longstreet 
is now free to aid Polk, and at once prepares to annihilate 
Thomas. Bragg now attacks on the front and both 
flanks, expecting an easy victory ; but he finds " good 
men and true " with " Pap " Thomas in command. 
Shortly after noon, General Gordon Granger joined 
Thomas with the brigades of Whittaker and Mitchell, 
under General Steedman. Granger, with his reserve 
corps, had been stationed at Rossville ; but at 11 a. m., V'^"* ''^^ 

■t^ ' ' 'of General 

becoming satisfied that Thomas needs help, he moves Granger. 
rapidly forward, without orders, and arrives most oppor- 
tunely, bringing Thomas much-needed ammunition. He 
has scarcely arrived and been placed upon the right of 
the Federal line, when the Confederates assault furiously. 
The conflict becomes desperate, but the Federal soldiers 
nobly repel every effort of the enemy. Chjirge after 
charge is repulsed, causing frightful losses in the ranks 
of the foe. A division of the enemy getting in the rear, 
Steedman, seizing a flag, charges at the head of the 
brigades of Whittaker and Mitchell, driving them in Gallantry 

„ . of General 

contusion. steedman. 

A second time Longstreet prepares for a general as- 
sault. On they come, but the " Rock of Chickamauga" q^^^j..^^ 
is there. Another desperate struggle, and the battle of Gliomas the 

■■■ _ OiD 7 ^ "Rock of 

Chickamauga is over, with the setting of the sun. cMcka- 
Thomas and his soldiers have made a wonderful defense ; 



niautra. 



260 ROSECRANS. 

1863, may their country never forget them! That evening 
chick^ the Federals retired to Rossville. The enemy made 
mauga. gome feeble attacks during the movement, which were 
easily repulsed. When Thomas reached Rossville, he 
found Generals Negley, Davis, and Sheridan there, who 
had succeeded in rallying quite a force, which now 
proved valuable to Thomas, as it gave his tired soldiers 
opportunity for rest. General Garfield, Rosecrans' 
chief-of-staff, joined Thomas at 4 p. m., and remained 
with him during the rest of the day. Rosecrans had 
already established his headquarters at Chattanooga, 
where about one third of his army had followed him. 

During the 21st there was but very little fighting, 

and that evening Thomas retired to Chattanooga. Bragg 

advanced, taking possession of Lookout Mountain and 

Missionary Ridge. The Federal loss was 1,644 killed, 

9,262 wounded, 4,945 missing; total, 15,851. Bragg's 

loss was fully 20,000, although reported as 17,804. 

Death of Amonar the enemy's killed were Brigadier-Generals Pres- 

Smith, ton Smith, James Deshler, and B H. Helm. The last 

•and Helm, two wcre graduatos of West Point. General Wm. H. 

Death of Lytle was amons; the Federal dead. He had won dis- 

General ... . 

Lytle. tinction in the Mexican war. 

Braa-ff now laid siege to Chattanooara. This town is 

Roeecrans oo O o 

besieged, pleasautly situated on the left bank of the Tennessee 
River, 151 miles southeast of Nashville, and 138 miles 
northwest of Atlanta. It is surrounded by high hills, 
and amid picturesque scenery, several valleys and inter- 
vening ridges converging at this point. 

The enemy now seriously interrupted Rosecrans' 
communications. For several days the Federal troops 
were on short rations. Many horses and mules died 
from starvation, or were worked to death in striving to 
bring supplies over the one route yet left open, — from 
Nashville. The Federals had possession of the railroad 



RO SEC BANS. 261 

from Nashville to Bridgeport; but here the road crossed ises. 
to the south side of the Tennessee River, which crossing 
was commanded by Bragg's guns, so that instead of 
bringing his supplies direct from Bridgeport, only 25 
miles away, the Federal commander was compelled to 
follow a circuitous route for sixty miles north of the 
river, over a mountainous country. ^ , „, 

' •' Sept. 30. 

On Sept. 30, Bragg sent Wheeler with about 4,000 wheeier's 
troopers on a raid upon Bosecrans' supply trains. The 
Federal cavalry started in pursuit ; but Wheeler caused ^'^'^ ^- , 

•/ ^ ■' Anderson s 

great damage, capturing and destroying two large trains. Gap. 
and taking about 1,000 prisoners at Anderson's Cross oct. s. 
Roads, in the Sequatchie Valley. Here his success ^^"^crson's 
ended. The Federal cavalry attacked him Oct. 2, Roads. 
but in too small a force to do mo«e than check 
him for a short time. Again on the 4th, near Mc- oct. 4. 
Minnville, the Federal cavalry, about 2,000 strong, vine."^" 
attacked the bold raider, but without result, and 
at dark Wheeler moved away toward Murfreesboro, 
which he found too strongly guarded to venture an 
attack ; but he did attack, without success, a stockade ^^^ ^ 
on Stone River. Then pushing southward toward Shel- stockade 
byville, he reached Wartrace Depot, where the Federals River. 
again overtook him. A hard fiaht followed, resulting in 

WcirtriiCG 

the defeat and rout of Wheeler. His force became di^. Depot. 
vided, when he hastily retreated, but was closely pur_ 
sued, the Federals capturing about half of his command 
before he could reach Bragg's lines. 

We will now close this chapter, as there is a change 
in the management of military affairs in this Department, 
and will rejoin the successful march of our great captain. 



CHAPTER XIY. 

CHATTANOOGA AND KNOXVILLE. 

GRANT. 



Oct. 16. 



o 



1863. f \N the 16th of October the President directed Gen- 
eral Grant to take command of the departments of 
Giant as- i^^ Ohio, the Cumberland, and the Tennessee, and 

signed to ' ^ .... 

the com- designated all three as the Department of the Mississippi. 

three De- General Grant placed General Thomas in command of 

partments. j^^Qsecrans' armj^, giving to Sherman the Army of the 

Tennessee, Burnside retaining command of the Army of 

the Ohio. In the first days of September, Grant had 

Thomas re- J i. ^ 

lievesRose- visited Ncw Orlcans for the purpose of holding a confer- 
ence with General Banks. While there he attended a re- 
Grant in- yig^y of Bauks's troops at Carrollton. While returning 

J urea near ^ o 

New Or- to Ncw Orlcaus from the review on Sept. 4, his horse 
became frightened and springing against a wagon with 
great violence, fell to the pavement with the General, 
severely injuring his hip. This caused him many days 
of painful suffering, and obliged him to use crutches 
several weeks. He returned to Vicksburg about the 
middle of September, but did not leave his bed until 
the 25th. 

On Oct. 3 he was directed to proceed to Cairo as 
soon as able to take the field. The dispatch reached 
him on the 10th, and he arrived in Cairo on the 16th, 
where he received instructions to report at the Gait 
House, Louisville, Ky., with which he at once complied. 
At Indianapolis he met the Secretary^ of War, Hon. 
E. M. Stanton, who now gave him the order of the 

(262) - • _ . 



GRANT. 263 

President. They proceeded together to Louisville. On isgs. 
the 18th Grant telegraphed the order placing General chattT 
Thomas in command of the Army of the Cumberland, "°°°''- 
and started with his staff for Chattanooga on the 19th, 
arriving there on the 23d. He had already given various 
orders looking to the relief of the beleaguered army 
under Rosecrans at that place. Hooker was near by, 

^ • 1 1 Hooker at 

having arrived from the Army of the Potomac with the chatta- 
11th Corps under General Howard, and the 12th Corps "°°"''' 
under General Slocum. Hooker had made a surprisingly 
quick movement, transporting over 20,000 men, with 
artillery, trains, animals, and baggage, nearly 1,200 
miles within seven days. 

The day after General Grant arrived at Chattanooga, 
he issued orders for the movement of troops. His first 
duties were to relieve the half-starved and half-clothed 
army. Retreat was not thought of by Grant, although 
Rosecrans had contemplated doing so. On the 26th of 
October, Hooker, following the instructions of his chief, 
crossed the Tennessee at Bridgeport, marching eastward 
via Whiteside and Wauhatchie to Brown's Ferry, the 
ferry being a short distance west of Chattanooga and in 
possession of the enemy. Troops were also put in 
motion from the camps at Chattanooga for the capture 
of the ferry. General Hazen, with a brigade of infantry, 
went down the river on ponton boats in the night, and 
at daylight on the 27th surprised the enemy's pickets 
and captured the post and the heights commanding that 
point. Hooker reached Wauhatchie in Lookout Valley 
on the afternoon of the 28th, where a part of his troops 
under Geary were left, the rest going to the neighbor- 
hood of the ferry. 

The enemy on Lookout Mountain was watching oct. as. 
Hooker's movements, and Longstreet determined to jjatciiie. 
drive him back. About midnight of the last-named 



264 GRANT. 

1863. day, he charged down upon Geary's division, expecting 
chatteT to completely surprise it; but Geary was wide-awake, 
nooga. g^jj^ gave McLaws a hot reception. Hooker, hearing the 
sound of battle, sent Howard from the ferry to his 
relief. Geary resisted a largely superior force for three 
hours. The battle was fierce, lasting till 4 a. m. of the 
29th. At last, with the aid of reinforcements, the 
enemy was overthrown, and retired in disorder. Hook- 
er's loss was 416 in killed and wounded. The loss of 
the enemy was about 1,000 in killed, wounded, and 
prisoners. Hooker's victory at once brought relief to 
the army. Grant had opened the way so that provisions 
could be freely conveyed to the troops, and they soon 
had full rations. 

Bragg's army was intrenched about three miles from 
the Tennessee, along the western slope of Missionary 
E,idge, across Chattanooga Valley to the western slope 
of Lookout Mountain. His line of works was about 
twelve miles long, enveloping the Federal position on the 
^^^ j^ east, south, and west. On Nov. 14, General Sherman 
Sherman arrivcd at Bridgeport, Ala., with four divisions, under 

arrives . 

fromvicks- Ostcrhaus, M. L. Smith, Hugh Ewing, and John E. 

'^^^' Smith, the first three of the 15th Corps, the latter of the 
17th Corps. General Sherman, being now in command 
of the Army of the Tennessee, had placed General Blair 
in command of the 15th Corps. These troops had left 
Yicksburg by boat, Sept. 28, for Memphis, reaching 
there Oct. 4. They soon pushed forward to the relief 
of Chattanooga, a division of the 16th Corps, under G. 
M. Dodge, following. The distance from Memphis to 
Chattanooga is 330 miles. Sherman's march was along 
the northern border of Mississippi and Alabama, passing 
through Corinth, luka, Tuscumbia, Florence, Decatur, 
Athens, and Stevenson, skirmishing heavily nearly the 
whole distance. 



GRANT. 265 

General Sherman reported in person at Grant's is 03. 
headquarters on the 16th, and received his instructions, chatt^ 
which were to proceed to a position which would threaten ''°°^^- 
Bragg's right at the northern end of the ridge. Thomas 
had the center, and would move against the enemy's 
works on Missionary Ridge. McCook's and Crittenden's 
corps had been consolidated, and now constituted the 
4th Corps, in three divisions, under Cruft, Wood, and 
Sheridan, commanded by General Gordon Granger. 
General Palmer now commanded Thomas's old corps, 
the 14th, which was in three divisions, under Baird, 
Johnson, and Jefferson C. Davis. Hooker held- the 
right before the enemy's works on Lookout Mountain. 
Owing to heavy.rains, bad roads, and so many rivers to 
cross and recross. Grant was unable to complete his 
preparations for an attack until the 23d. 

On the 22d the 11th Corps had been detached from 
Hooker's command and brought to the left rear of 
Thomas's, where it acted as a reserve. Heavy artillery 
firing had been going on during the forenoon of the 
23d, and at 1 p. m. Wood and Sheridan advanced at ^^^^ 23_25 
double-quick, forcing back the enemy's pickets and their 
reserves, capturing 200 prisoners and taking possession "ooga. 
of their advanced line of works, including Orchard Knob 
and a low range of hills lying about half way between 
Chattanooga and Missionary Ridge. Palmer advanced 
on Granger's right, and Howard on his left, where the 
Federals intrenched during the night. But Sherman 
had not yet reached the point assigned him. His troops 
must cross the Tennessee twice, first at the west of the 
town, at Brown's Ferry, then passing north of it march- 
ing eastward they reach the river again, northeast of the 
town and about four miles distant. During the night 
the Federals quietly cross over, capturing the enemy's 
pickets, and by daylight on the 24th Sherman has two 



Battle of 
Chatta- 



nooga. 



266 GRANT. 

isiis. divisions strongly intrenched near Bragg's right flank, 
ciiattaT ^^"^^^ ^y noon he is ready to move forward. Osterhans's 
division has been left with Hooker, but Jefferson C. 
Davis's division of Palmer's corps has been gwen to 
Sherman to fill the vacancy. It was not intended that 
Sherman should go much farther this day ; but he presses 
forward, and after some heavy artillery firing and sharp 
skirmishing, about 4 p. m. secures a strong position on 
the northern end of Missionary Ridge. At last he has 
reached the place assigned him by General Grant on the 
15th. General Howard now extended his left connect- 
ing with Sherman's right. During the 24th, Thomas 
remained quiet in accordance with Grant's plan, who 
was waiting for his flankers to perform their part of the 
play. 

While Sherman was skillfully executing his portion 
of the preliminaries to the great battle expected on the 
morrow. Hooker grandly accomplished the work given 
him to do. He had with him Geary's division of the 
12th Corps, Cruft's division of the 4th Corps, and 
Osterhaus's division of the 15th Corps. Hooker's camps 
were on the western side of Lookout Creek, near the 
base of Raccoon Mountain. Geary, with his own divis- 
ion and one brigade of Cruft's division, crossed the 
creek near Wauhatchie at about 8 a. m., captured the 
enemy's pickets, and at once began to climb the mount- 
ain-side. At the same time the remainder of Hooker's 
troops approached the creek, opposite the northern 
extremity of Lookout Mountain. This attracted the 
attention of the enemy wholly, so that Geary was not 
discovered for some time. 

By 11 A. M. the enemy was driven from the foot of 
the hill. They now discover Geary climbing over ledges 
and boulders on their left and rear. Osterhaus's right 
joins Geary's left, and the Federals press forward over 



GRANT. 267 

obstacles of the most extraorclinQry character. The is 03 
Conf^erates resist determinedly, but are driven. chatta^ 

Lookout Mountain is about 2,000 feet above the "°°S'i- 
level of the sea, and about 1,400 feet above the Ten- 
nessee, which skirts its base, and is steep and difficult 
of ascent. On the northern slope, about midway up the 
mountain, the enemy had a continuous line of earth- 
works. The fighting lasted until night. Since 2 p. m. 
the clouds had settled down below the combatants, and 
those below could only see the flashing of the guns ; 
hence it was named " The battle above the clouds." "The bat- 
Hooker succeeded in capturing Lookout Mountain. He the 
also took about 2,000 prisoners. The Federal soldiers *'^°"'^''-" 
exhibited great gallantry in charging up the mountain- 
side in the face of a severe fire. During the night the 
enemy retired to Missionary Ridge, leaving Hooker in 
possession of the mountain. 

On the 4th of November, Bragg had sent Longstreet, 
with his corps and Wheeler's cavalry, to operate against 
Burnside in East Tennessee, hoping to draw off a portion 
of Grant's force in that direction ; but the latter, trust- 
ing to the ability of Burnside to take care of himself, 
held his troops before Bragg. 

The Federals now make preparations for storming 
the enemy's intrenchments. Bragg has concentrated 
his forces upon the top of Missionary Ridge, abandoning 
all his rifle-pits below. Without Longstreet he has 
about 40,000 men ; Grant has about 60,000. On the 
morning of the 25th the assault of Missionary Ridge 
was renewed. This ridge runs nearly north and south, 
and is about 400 feet high. Hooker, on the right, was 
to pass from Lookout Mountain down into the valley at 
the east, march to Rossville Gap, and envelop the south 
end of Missionary Ridge, or Bragg's left flank. 

Soon after dajdight Sherman opened the fight. His 



268 



GRANT. 



1 S li . 



Ohiitt;l- 



The magni- 
ftcent 
charge of 

Tliomas's 
troops. 



Bragg 
rout I'd. 



Nov. 37. 
Ringgold 
and Tay- 
lor's Kidge 



whole army was soon engaged upon the enemy's right 
and rear. Hooker was detained in bridging Chattanooga 
Creek, and it w^as 3 r. m. before he came np. Meantime, 
Grant had held Thomas back till Hooker should attack, 
so that Bragg should weaken his center to strengthen 
his flanks. This delay made severe work for Sherman ; 
Bragg was thus enabled to reinforce his right more and 
more, and notwithstanding the heroism and determina- 
tion of Sherman's troops, they could make but little 
headway against such a tide. At last, about 3 p. m., 
Thomas received the order, and the impatient troops of 
Sheridan, Wood, Baird, and Johnson moved forward 
under a tremendous fire of artillery from the ridge. 
They soon take up the double-quick. The first line of 
the enemy is reached. Not a shot has been fired by the 
Federals. With a rush they go over the w^orks. Hun- 
dreds of prisoners are taken in the trenches. On and 
up go the Federals, the enemy flying before them to the 
crest. Here they make stubborn resistance ; the air is 
filled with clouds of shot and shell, but the exultant 
Federals press on, and the last line is reached and taken 
wdth thousands of prisoners within one hour from the 
time they started. The enemy is now in retreat down 
the eastern slope. Sheridan pursues until dark, taking 
many prisoners. Hooker and Sherman have broken 
Bragg's wings, and he is utterly routed ; Chickamauga 
is avenged. The Federals take more than 6,000 
prisoners. 

Bragg retreated to Chickamauga Station. The Fed- 
erals started in pursuit the following morning. The 
enemy's rear guard was soon overtaken, and skirmishing 
continued for twent}^ miles, to Ringgold. A little be- 
yond this place Bragg ordered some of his troops to 
hold a gap in Taylor's Ridge until his trains should be 
placed beyond danger. Hooker at once attacked, but 



GBAiYT. 200 

his artillery was not up, and the Federal advance was iso:i- 
checked. A severe engagement followed of three hours' <^,,^,~ 
duration, but without result. The Federal artillery ar- "«°g'^- 
rived about noon, and had scarcely opened when the 
enemy again retreated ; but Bragg had accomplished his 
object; his trains were saved. Grant now discontinued 
the pursuit, and after destroying the railroads in the 
neighborhood pretty thoroughly, his army was ordered 
back to the vicinity of Chattanooga. The Federal loss 
in this fight with Bragg was 757 killed, 4,529 wounded, 
and 330 missing; total, 5,61G. The loss of the enemy 
was 6,000 taken prisoners, and an estimated loss of 
4,000 in killed and wounded, also forty pieces of artil- 
lery. Bragg reported his total loss as 8,684. 

General Grant returned from Ringgold to Chatta- 
nooga on the 28th, and directed that Granger's corps 
should go at once to the relief of Burnside, who was be- 
sieged at Knoxville by Longstreet. Granger seemed 
unwilling to go, and General Grant, fearing for Burn- 
side's safety, determined to send his most trusty lieu- 
tenant, and at once ordered General Sherman to march 
to Knoxville with the 15th Corps. Sherman started 
on the 30th. J«-- ''■ 

Tin 1*1 Sherman 

We left Burnside in East Tennessee a httle while goes to the 
before the battle of Chickamauga, where he has been ^^^^^J.^J,^ 
having a serious time. On Oct. 10 his cavalry had a 
brisk engagement with the enemy's cavalry under Sam b", 
Jones, at Blue Springs, not far from Bull's Gap, result- ^,';;;;;f^'' 
ing in the defeat of the foe. But Jones met with suc- 
cess on Nov. 6, near Bogersville, where with 2,000 fj;^^;,,' 
troopers he attacked two regiments under Colonel Gar- 
rard, putting the Federals to flight, and capturing over 
500 prisoners. Oct. 20 Colonel Wolford, operating in o.- 
the Sweetwater Valley, was attacked by a superior phu., Tenn 
force of the enemy near Philadelphia. After several 



Oct. 10. 



Nov. 6. 
Ko.-:oi-s- 
vilU', Ti'iin 



ft. 
PhihuU'l- 



270 



GBA^T. 



Ndv. 10. 
ville, 'Pemi. 



Nov. M. 

llutrs 

Fon-y. 



Nov. 15. 

Loudon 

Creek. 



Lenoir's. 

llolf^Um 
Kiver. 

Nov. 16. 

Campbell'i 

Station. 



Nov. IT to 
Dec. 4. 
Siege of 
Knoxville. 

Heath of 

General 

Sanilers. 



hours' fighting, finding that he was being snrronndod, he 
votired to London, leaving in the enemy's hands about 
300 prisoners. 

On Nov. 10 the Federal garrison at llogersville was 
attacked by forces from Virginia, and forced back to 
Morristown. with a loss of about 400 prisoners. On the 
morning of Nov. 14 Longstreet's advance crossed the 
Tennessee at Huff's Ferry, six miles below Loudon. 
A brigade under General Julius White attacked Long- 
street's advance, driving it back a distance of two miles. 

Burnside now hastened to concentrate his forces at 
Lenoir's, from which place he marched on the evening 
of the 15th for Campbell's Station. Longstreet was 
endeavoring to reach that point first, but Bnrnside 
arrived ahead of him. Taking a strong position one 
half mile from the station, on the Knoxville road, he 
awaits the enemy. Longstreet soon jittacks with a 
part of his corps, but is repulsed. He assaults again 
and again, but is repeatedly driven back with severe 
loss, when he withdraws. During the night Burnside 
retires to the defenses of Knoxville. The enemy soon 
follow, and on the 18th assault the works, but receive 
a severe repulse. General Sanders, commanding Burn- 
side's cavalry, is killed while gallantly fighting at the 
head of his troops. The earthwork in front of which he 
fell was named Fort Sanders by General Burnside, in 
honor of his memory. 

Longstreet now determined to reduce the garrison 
by famine till they should be compelled to surrender, 
and at once began the siege. He had about 17,000 men 
when he left Bragg, but now received a considerable re- 
inforcement by the arrival of the forces under Sam 
Jones and Carter Harrison. On the 25th he made an 
attempt to seize a height that comniantled Fort Sanders, 
but tailed. At 6 A. m. oh the -0th the enemv made a 



GliAya\ 271 

(letonnmccl assnult ii[)on tho fori, the Oonfederatos rus1i- isa4. 
ing right into the face ol'ih'.-itli, undaunted by (he terri- ^ov. •»). 
ble (ir(> delivered by the Federals; but after despera ((«';•'" ^•"" 
lighting, in which the enemy snilered a loss of nearly 
1,000 men, they were repulsed. The Federal kiss was 
less than 50. Longstreet, learning of Bragg's disaster 
and Sherman's approach, raised the siege on Dec. 3, and 
retired in the direction of Virginia; but he remained in 
East Tennessee until the following spring, when he re- 
ioined General Lee in Virginia. General Sherman ve- ^'•"■'""" , 
turned to the vieinity of Chattanooga, and rcN^ted his NvUouLong- 

*■ stroet le- 

worn-out veterans. They had marched over oOO nules uros. 
since leaving Yicksburg. The whole country, including 
Congress, voted thanks to General Grant and his soldiers. 
Success seemed to follow both him and them, no matter 
what Held they occu})ied. 

On March 2, 1864, Congress revived the grade of^;;;f'' 
Lieutenant-General. The President named General ^J'"'!' =' 

1,'U'lltOlllUlt 

Grant for the place, which was contirmed by the Senate, cuuomi 
Grant was called to Washington, where he arri\etl l^aiHUT"- 
March 8, and on the 0th he met the President for the ^^•'*'^^- 
first time, and received his commission, which placed 
him in command of all the armies of the United States. 
General Sherman was given the place vacated by Gen-^''*'' 
eral Grant, and iNlcPherson took Sherman's late conunand. m^i' 
General Grant at once began preparations tor the spring 
campaign, meeting Sherman at Nashville on the 17th of 
March to arrange matters in that Departnu^nt. lie then 
returned to Washington, reaching there on the ^ad. 

Grant's headquarters had been at Nashville since the 
middle of December. Thomas had remained at Chatta- 
nooga, Sherman at Bridgeport, with his troops distributed 
along the railroad from Stevenson to Decatur, Ala., and 
toward Mashvil](\ (uuun-al Foster relieved General 
Burnside on Dec. I I ; but the former was soon after re- 



un-son 
romotod. 



372 a RANT. 

isti-t. liovod at his own voquest, on aooount of a wound re- 
ooivod in the IMoxionn war. General John M. SehotieUi 
assuming- eoumiaud of the Depart uuMit o( the Ohio on 
Feb. 1), 1804. 

Whim ShiM'uiau was ordered to the assistauee of Rose- 

oraus, Mt'Pliersou was h>ft in eonunand at Yieksburg. 

^,^.j ^^ About the middle of Oetober, 1803, MoPherson, with 

isia. Mo |]^> (livisi(>us oi' Logan and Tut tie, moved in the direetiou 

rUi'i'smi !>t 

I'.i;; I'.huk of (\Mutou, where th(^ enemy seemed to be eoueentrating. 

After erossing t4»e l>ig l>laek, Meriierson met the enemy's 

cavahy imder Wirt Adams. Sharp skirmisliiug fotUnved, 

in wliieh Adams was foreed baek some distanee, after 

which the enemy was heavily reinforced. The purpose 

of the rtronnaissitiK'c having been etfeeted, JNlePherson 

returned to VieUsburg. . 

In January, 1804, Ceueral Oraut directed Sherman 

to organize a force at Vicksbnrg, for an expedition 

I *- ..... 

against the enemy's railroads in Mississippi. General 

Fobruary. Shemiau Ict't Yicksburg Feb. o, with four divisions, two 
shonuHus nuder JNU'Fherson and two brought from Memphis under 
MoriiUnn ^ij^lbut. Passiug tlirough Jackson, Brandon, and Mor- 
ton, he reached Meridian on the 14th, driving the enemy 
under General Polk before him. Here he destroyed 150 
miles of railroad track and i\,000 feet of trestle-work to 
his entire satisfaction, and everything else but iidiabited 
houses, including depots, storehouses, and bridges. At 
]\Ieridiau, Sherman expected to be joined by a division 
of cavalry under W. S. Smith from the vicinity of ^lem- 
phis, but Smith did not etVect the junction ; he was de- 
tained in his march, lie had succeeded in destroying 
about 1,000,000 bushels of corn, 2,000 bales of cotton, 
and 80 miles of railroad track. Innug contronted by 
Forrest on Feb. 20, and believing his force inferior to 
that of the enemy, he returned to IMemphis, Forrest fol- 
vvb. S3, lowing as far as the Tallahatchie, after haviuii' a brief 
Miss. eniiairement at Okolona on the 22d. 



a/i'.i\r. 



27n 



SluM-man roiuaiiiod at McM-idian until rob. '20, wailing tsa-t. 
I'or tlic airi\al of Smith, inliMuliiii'; io push as lav as 
St'hnn, Ala. !>ut not wishini;' to g'o farlluM' without 
('a\ali\, ho nt)W bogan his return tuaroh to Nicksburp,', ^'»''"''>i> 
(Ml a lino north of tiio owe on whioh lu> had advanoiMl, \ ioUshur;. 
passing' through (Linton on tlu> iJtith, having niarrlunl 
about ,"U)0 uiilos. llo hail k(>[)t up a oonlinual skirmish- 
ing with tho ononiv on his march out, and had lost 'J I 
killed, t>S wouuihul, and SI missing; lu^ brought bai'k 
with him about r>Ot) prisoners. Sonm 5,000 m>groes had 
I"o11ow(h1 his army to Vieksburg. 

CnMUM-al -K)seph 1*1. Johnston had sujierseded l>nigg ,,,',"|![j I,'^, 
aflor tho batlh> oi' (Miattanooga. When J(dinsti)n learninl •''•''"^'""• 
of Sherman's advance" from \'i(dvsburg, lu> siMit two 
divisions of liardet^'s corps to riMulorce l*olk. (ien(M"a.l 
(^rant, at (Miattanooga, being iid'maned oi' this, started 
(icneral PaluuM' \vilh tlu^ 1 Ith (\)rps in (lie dii'cction of 
halton, io I'ounteract it. Tahner nu)ved out b'eb. 21j, 
pressing Itack Wheider's cavalry until he r(N'ieh(>d Tunn(>l 
Hill Uidge, wluM'e on i\\o 'J^th, at about l\ v. m., W luMder ,,.,, ,,. o- 
ma(h> a stand. lie was compelled to rtdire, how(>V(>r, ''""'""""""' 

' K'id^'o ami 

after a sharp light. Again at about 5 l'. M. Wheeler I'ni-y.Kni 
lactnl about at IJuz/artl Iv(U)st, (Ui Koidvy l*'ace Kidgo. 
A brief iMigagemeut look place, when llu> luinosing forc(\s ''"*''• *'' ^• 
rested for the night. In (\\o morning it \Nas found that la.i.uv. 
Wh(Hd(M- had gone toward Haltou. PaliuiM- IoIIowimI, 
and soon nud tln^ enemy in [void;y Vavv Vall(\y. iVfter 
a sliai'p tight, having l»(H'onu> satisfied that heav\' rtdn- 
forctMuiMits were mai'id»ing to WluMdiM-'s aid, he withdrew, 
rtdurning to Tinuud Hill and so(m after to Kinggold. 
Hardee's divisions stMd to Polk W(Mi> orderiMl back, 
,)ohnston having learmnl that Sherman had returned to 
Vicd-isburg. After nduruing from his Meridian expedi- 
lit)n, (uMKM'al SluM'mau \isited (((>ueral r»aid\S at Nt^w 
Orleans. ll(>soon aftiM'ward sent t wo di\ isions to join 



274 GBAiVT. 

isti4. Banks on the Red River, one division under T. Kilby 
Smith, and the other under Joseph A. Mower, both in 
command of A. J. Smith. General Hurlbut returned to 
Memphis ; McPherson remained at Vioksburg. 

Beeoming satisfied that he had defeated W. S. Smith 

in his attempt to unite with Sherman, Forrest started 

inuiiug in on a raid into Western Tennessee and Kentucky, moving 



Tennessee. 



northward from Okoh)na, Miss., March 14, 1864, with 
March 33. about 5,000 men. He reached Jackson, Tenn., March 
Ttnn. ' 23, where he rested a short time, sending a detachment 
to attack a Federal post at Union City, Tenn., defended 
Union City, by Colonel Hawkins with the 11th Tennessee cavalry, 
numbering about 450 men. The first charge of the 
enemy was gallantly repulsed, but Hawkins now surren- 
dered, believing that he could not resist the force sent 
against him, 
i'm"!.- ^ Forrest appeared before Paducah, Ky., March 25. 
I'ort An- Colonel S. G. Hicks with about 650 men garrisoned Fort 

lU'vson, Ky. ■" 

Anderson, in the edge of the town. His demand for 
surrender being refused, Forrest savagely assaulted, and 
was handsomely repulsed. Again the enemy charged, 
more determinedly than before, and was again repelled. 
The Federals were aided by two gun-boats. Forrest now 
drew off, but remained in the neighborhood until the 
27th, when he vanished. His loss luid been over 350 in 
killed and wounded ; Federal loss, 14 killed and 46 
WHHinded. 

The raiders now moved upon Fort Pillow, located on 
the Mississippi above Memphis. The garrison consisted 
of 19 ofticers and 538 men, of whom 262 were colored 
troops, commanded by Major L. F. Booth. Major 
W. F. Bradford commanded the white troops. Booth 
being the ranking otlicer, had charge of the garrison. 
April 13. Forrest assaulted at sunrise on the 12th. The Federals 

Fort Pill>>\v 

massacre, fought gallantly, and up to 2 r. m. the enemy had not 



GJiA.\T. 275 

gained any deoiaive advantage. INTajor "Booth liad been isg4. 
killed, and Bradford was now in command. At this m-iitu of 
honr the firing had eeased when Forrest demanded an jj^jj 
uneonditioiial siirreinler, and under cover of the tlag 
of truce his fiends crept np (o [lositions near the works 
which they had failed to gain by fighting. This was 
both cowardly and tn^acherous. Bradford refused to 
siirremler, when the (lemons rushed over the fortilii'a- 
tions, and a, sci>ne followtnl that no piMi can deseriho 
for its barbarity. JMore than .'H)0 Federal soldiers, 
who had surrendered wluni they found the fort in 
possession of the enemy, were murdiM'ed, the devils 
crying, ■' Nt) quartiu'," shooting and bn(elu>riiig in indis- 
criminate slaughter. Men were nailtnl to t(Mil lloors and 
buildings, and burned alive; wouiuUmI and sick were 
shot where tliey hiy. Major Bradford, with otluM- [)ris- 
omn-s, was taken along by Forn^st whtMi lu> nu)\(Ml away. 
The following day Bradford was U>d a. short distamn^ , ),,,,,,, of 
aside from the line of march, and a volley lired at him. J.'"''!',., 
It is stateil that he fidl dead, pierced by many bullets. 

Forrest now hastily returned to NortluM'u Mississippi. 
A few days Liter (uMieral S. 1). Stiirgis, with about 
10,000 men, was sent from M(>mphis after Forrest, but 
the latter, nK)ving ra[)idly, escaped. Farly in duno 
Sturgis made another attempt against b'orrest, advancing 
through West Tennessee and NortluMu Mississippi. He 
came upon the (Mumuv nt'ar (^iintowu. Tht^ l*\'deral ■'""" ^'^• 
cavalry tirst encountered Forrest, pushing his cavalry Mis». 
back upon his infantry, which was found to be strongly 
posted. 8turgis was sonu^ live mih>s behind. Hasten- 
ing forward at double-quick, he soon came upim the 
ground, but it was a, hot day, and his men arrived ex- 
hausted ; wilhont^ rest tlu^v W(M(^ pushed inuuediately 
into the light. Tlu> conlliet was short and decisive, 
result iiiir in the rout of tlu^ l*\Hlerals, who retr(>;ited in 



276 a2UAT. 

IS a 4. disorder. At Ripley they suceeeded in checking the 

June 11. pursuing enemy for a time, but were again driven, For- 

iS.^' ^"^'^^' '*^>ll^wing nearly to Memphis. Sturgis had been 

utterly defeated, with a loss of about 3,000 men, most 

of whom were captured. Early in July the Federals 

once more moved against Forrest. On the 7th, General 

A. J. Smith, who had been returned to this department 

from Banks's army, left Saulsbury, Tenn., with about 

12,000 men, skirmishing with the enemy all the way to 

Tupelo, ]\[iss. 

July 13-10. On tlie loth, near that town, a detachment of For- 

Tiipolo, , ' ' 

Miss. rest's cavalry attacked the Federal trains, but met with 
a severe repulse. The following day, at Tupelo, Forrest 
•with his whole force, numbering about 14,000 men, 
attacked the Federals, 'who being well posted, drove 
back the assailants. Gathering for a determined charge, 
the enemy renewed the assault again and again ; but 
without success. Forrest now retired. The Federals 
ZJ^^"" soon followed, and on the 15th, at Old Town Creek, the 
contlict Avas renewed, resulting, after a severe battle, in 
the defeat of the enemy. Smith soon afterward with- 
drew to Memphis. Again in August General Smith 
went in search of Forrest, marching as far as the Talla- 
hatchie. The latter dashed into Memphis on the morn- 
Aug. 21. ing of Aug. 21 with about 3,000 troopers, while Smith 
Monipiiis, was looking for him in Mississippi. He succeeded in 
''""■ capturing several othcers and about 300 men; but before 
he could get away the Federals gathered in his path, 
causing him a loss of about 200 in killed and wounded. 
Doc. i-t, -ca December 14, 1863, as Longstreet was retiring from 

lU-an's St,n- . , , . . . 

tion, Teim. the neighborhood of Knoxville, the Federals in pursuit 
overtook him near Bean's Station. A severe engage- 
ment folloAved, but without result; it ended with dark- 
ness. Longstreet now fell back toward Bull's Gap. 
December 29, General Sturgis, in command of a 



GRANT. 277 

small force, defeated John Morgan, who had about 5,000 mod. 
men, between Mossy Creek and New Market, Tenn., Dec.lo^'ea. 
causinsr him a loss of about 250 men; Federal loss ^^''^^^ 

'-' ' ^ Creek, 

about 100. Tcnn. 

December 28, Wheeler's cavalry captured a Fed- 
eral supply train near Charleston, Tenn. ; but their ciuuief^ton, 
possession of it was of short duration. Federal rein- ''""" 
forcements coming up just in time, retook the train, 
repulsing Wheeler with a loss of 45 in killed and 
wounded and over 100 ]3risoners. The Federal loss 
was 15 in killed and wounded. 

January IG, 1864, John Morgan attacked General j.^„^o^ -c4. 
Sturgis at Dandridge, Tenn. A severe battle followed, iB'""''''''^°''' 
ending at night without result, when Sturgis retired to 
Strawberry Plains. 

January 14, a small force of the enemy under Gen- •^*°- ^*' ^^• 

"^ \ , Seviorvillc, 

eral Vance, which had come from North Carolina, cap- Tcim. 
tured a small Federal train near Sevierville, Tenn. On 
the following morning. Major Davidson, with the 4th 
Illinois cavalry, surrounded Vance, taking him prisoner 
with several of his officers and about 100 men, together 
with his booty. May 29. 

May 29, Morgan entered Kentucky on a raiding naai'ng in 
expedition, causing great destruction of property. June Kentucky. 
9, General Burbridge overtook him at Mount Sterling, jime 9. 
and punished him severely. Again, near Cynthiana, u',,;^ 
Burbridge gave him another hard blow, causing him a 
loss of 300 in killed and wounded and 400 prisoners, cyntinana. 
together with 1,000 stolen horses. The Federal loss 
Avas about 150. Morgan found Kentucky a bad place 
for his business, and returned to East Tennessee, where, 
on Sept. 4, at Greenville, he was attacked by General ^'"i^*- '*• 

^ ' ' _ "^ Grecnvillu, 

Gillem. His force was defeated with a loss of 175 men. tcuu. 
Morgan had made his last raid ; he was killed during D'^'^^^ ^^ 

° . General 

this engagement by Federal pursuers, in endeavoring to Morgan. 



278 GRANT. 

1864. escape from a house. General Morgan had served in 

the Mexican war as a volunteer in a Kentucky regiment. 

Oct. 3. October 2, General Burbridge approached Abinsrdon, 

Abingdon, T-r n 1 t> i ^ & 5 

va. Va., for the purpose of destroying the enemy's salt 

works at that point, when he was met by a superior 
force under Breckenridge, and defeated with a loss of 
over 300 men. 

Oct. 28. October 28, General Gillem's cavalry defeated a 

Morris- 

town,Tenn. body of Confederates at Morristown, Tenn., causing 
them a loss of about 450 men in killed, wounded, and 
prisoners. But Breckenridge, who had recently assumed 

Nov. 13. command in East Tennessee, avenged this at Bull's Gap 

Snn! ""''' on the night of Nov. 13. With a force of 3,000 cavalry- 
men he routed Gillem after a sharp fight. Gillem 
did not have one half that number, and was compelled 
to retreat, followed by the enemy to Russellville, where 
he was overtaken and again defeated with the loss of his 
battery, train, and about 200 men captured, after which 
he at last succeeded in reaching Knoxville. The enemy 

Nov. 17. ceased pursuit at Strawberry Plains. Colonel L. S. 

strawberry _ _ " 

Plains. Trowbridge, in command of a small brigade at Straw- 
berry Plains, had sent forward a force of about 300 men 
to aid Gillem. This force received the enemy with a 
severe fire near Morristown, checking them. Gillem's 
troops, that had not been captured, thus escaped, when 
Trowbridge's force returned. Breckenridge attacked 
Trowbridge on the 17th ; and although the latter had no 
more than one sixth of the force of the enemy, he re- 
pulsed and drove him off. 
Sept. 23. September 23, Forrest, with about 7,000 men, cap- 

Aia. ' tured a garrison of 600 colored troops at Athens, Ala., 
commanded by Colonel Campbell. Two white regiments 
coming to reinforce the garrison, arrived too late ; they 
were driven back and compelled to retire. On both oc- 
casions the Federals resisted bravely, but could not 
withstand the overwhelming force of the enemy. 



QUA NT. 279 

September 26, Forrest appeared at Pulaski, Tenn., isg4. 
which was occupied by a strong force under General ggpt. se, sr. 
Rousseau. A little skirmishing only was indulged in, J"Ji^^^''' 
when the enemy moved away. He next attempted the 
destruction of the railroad betw^een Tullahoraa and 
Decherd, but was deprived of the sport by the Federals 
under Generals Rousseau and Steedman, on whose ap- 
proach Forrest hastened away to Fayetteville. 

October 1 and 2, Forrest again attacked Athens, oct. i, 2. 
Ala., which was now garrisoned by the 73d Indiana Aia. 
under Colonel Slade. He was severely repulsed, return- 
ing to Tennessee. 

October 26, General Hood appeared before Decatur, oct. 20- 
Ala., and laid siege. General Granger was in command Decatur, 
of the strong Federal garrison there. On the 28th, a ^^^' 
part of the garrison made a sortie, capturing 200 of 
Hood's soldiers in their rifle-pits. At another time a 
colored regiment rushed out, and spiked the guns of one 
of Hood's batteries. Hood raised the siege on the 29th, 
moving on to Tuscumbia. 

In the next chapter will be related the misfortunes 
of Hood, and the fortunes of Stoneman's and Wilson's 
cavalry. 



■29. 



CHAPTER XY. 

FRANKLIN AND NASHVILLE. 

THOMAS. 

IS 64. r^ ENERAL SHERMAN, who at this time commands 

^^ the Federal forces in the central departments, 

since General Grant's ascendency, (a narrative of whose 

Thomas operations will be fonnd in a following: chapter, headed 

and Hood. ^ , , o i 7 

" Sherman s March,") has now reached Atlanta, Ga., 
having pushed Johnston's, army before him. As before 
stated, Bragg w^as relieved by General Johnston soon 
after the battle of Chattanooga. On July 17, Jefferson 
Davis relieved Johnston, because he could not stop 
Sherman's onward march, placing General Hood in com- 
mand. Hood could do no better. General Sherman is 
now making preparations for his great march to the sea. 
After he had forced Hood out of Atlanta, the latter 
moved northward upon the communications of Sherman, 
hoping to draw him out of Georgia. General Sherman 
had sent General Thomas back from Atlanta to Nashville, 
where he arrived Oct. 3, for the purpose of organizing 
the forces in that vicinity for the defense of Tennessee. 
We have just seen that Hood has returned into Alabama. 
Sherman has followed him as f[ir as Gaylesville in 
that State. He will now leave Hood to the tender 
mercies of " Pap " Thomas, to whom has been assigned 
the 23d Corps, under General Schofield, and the 4th 
Corps, under General Stanley. 

The 23d Corps was organized in Kentucky, and 
brought to Tennessee by Burnside. General Thomas 

(280) 



THOMAS. 281 

has been busy organizing an army out of the troops i864. 
about Nashville. New recruits are also coming to him, schc^d 
and those added to the two corps named above, which ""'^ ^'''""" 

. . . ^^ Pulaski. 

have arrived at Pulaski, will give him a sufficient force 
to take care of Hood. General Schofield assumes com- 
mand at Pulaski. The division commanders in the 4th 
Corps are Generals Kimball, Wagner, and T. J. Wood ; 
and of the 23d Corps, Generals Ruger and J. D. Cox. 
Ruger's division is at Johnsonville. General J. H. 
Wilson has been sent by General Grant from the army 
in Virginia, to organize the cavalry force of Thomas's 
arm}''. This officer is now with Schofield, with a cavalry 
corps numbering about 4,000 men. Schofield has a force 
of about 25,000. Thomas, whose headquarters are at 
Nashville, has about 15,000 other troops, but as yet 
they are somewhat scattered. 

Hood, whose army was divided into three corps, un- 
der Cheatham, Stewart, and Lee, crossed the Tennessee 
at Florence, Ala., Nov. 17, moving toward Nashville, and 
driving a detachment of Federal cavalry, under General 
Hatch, from Lawrenceburg on the 22d. In accordance 
with his instructions, Schofield now fell back to Colum- 
bia, having all his troops at that place by the 24th. 
Hood came on throudi Pulaski to Columbia. On the 

° _ Nov. 22. 

night of the 27th the Federals retired across Duck Lawrence- 
River, Schofield at once starting his trains for Nashville, 
about 60 miles distant. During the 28th the Federals 
successfully disputed the crossing of the river with 
Hood. On the 29th a strong force of the enemy crossed ^°^- ~^- 

-^ Spring Hill, 

about six miles above, and advanced toward Spring Hill, Tenn. 
about 15 miles north of Columbia. Schofield sent 
Stanley with Wagner's division to check this force at 
that point. Stanley reached Spring Hill just in time to 
head off Forrest and save the trains. Infantry coming 
to Forrest's support, a severe battle followed, ending in 
the dark with the repulse of the enemy. 



282 THOMAS. 

IS 04. Meantime Scliofield had successfully resisted all at- 
tempts of Hood's main body to cross the river. Under 
cover of darkness, Schofield retreated, passing Spring 
Hill unmolested. His troops marched twenty-five miles 
during the night, and got into position at Franklin, 
eighteen miles south of Nashville, on the morning of the 
Nov. 30. 30th. Ruger's division, which had been sent to Stanley's 
Te'i'm^*"' ''issistance at Spring Hill, now rejoined its corps. Scho- 
field had intended to cross the Harpeth River, but there 
was no bridge for wagons and no ford. He was there- 
fore obliged to draw up his army on the south side of 
the river until bridges could be built. These were com- 
pleted, and the trains had crossed when Hood's advance 
appeared. Wood's division was sent across with the 
trains. Schofield now had but 20,000 men to oppose 
Hood's 45,000. The latter did not get up to attack 
until nearly 4 p. m., which gave the Federals time to 
construct breastworks. Two brigades of Wagner's 
division held some advanced works, which were heavily 
attacked. Bravely resisting for a time, they were at 
last forced from their position with severe loss, fiilling 
back upon the Federal center. The exultant enemy 
followed with a rush, and pierced the Federal lines. 
Wagner had lost eight guns. The moment was critical. 
Two brigades, under Generals Opdyke and Conrad, held 
in reserve, saw the danger, and rushed to the rescue at 
Gallantry tbo cry of General Opdyke, who shouted, " Forward to 
opdjke. the lines ! " and leading his men, these two brigades 
dashed forward in a charge that was irresistible. The 
enemy was checked, and then driven back, with a loss of 
400 prisoners. The lost guns were all recovered, the 
gap was closed, and Schofield's army saved from disaster. 
Hood now made most determined efforts to regain 
the lost ground, hurling his regiments against the Federal 
breastworks in desperation ; but every attempt was re- 



TIIOMAH. 283 

pulsed with icavrul slauglitcr, tlio whole Federal front iso4. 
becoming engaged. The battle lasted far into the 
evening, when Hood became silent. The desperate char- 
acter of his assaults is shown by his losses. His army 
had suffered dreadful losses, amounting to 1,750 killed, 
3,800 wounded, and 102 prisoners, making a total of 
6,252. The Federal loss was 189 killed, 1,033 wounded, 
and 1,104 missing; total, 2,326. General Stanley was 
among the Federal wounded. Hood lost thirteen general 
officers, of whom six were killed, six wounded, and one 
taken prisoner. The killed were Generals 0. F. Strail, ^^^^^^^ 
Patrick R. Cleburne, John Adams, John C. Carter, S. R. b^me, 

. _^ Adams, 

Gist, and H. B. Granbury. Ihe wounded were brown, carter, 

Manigault, Quarles, Cockorell, , and Scott. Gordon JH.f^J^'jJ 

was captured. (General Thomas recommended General ^''^^''^• 
Opdyke for promotion, stating that he believed that 
officer saved the day.) j 

Schofield put his army in motion for Nashville a lit- 
tle after midnight, reaching that place about noon on 
Dec. 1. Thomas had just been reinforced by General 
A. J. Smith, with his three divisions of infantry. Gen- 
eral Steedman had also arrived, coming from Chatta- 
nooga wnth 5,000 men, including a brigade of colored 
troops. Thomas now prepared to receive the enemy, 
posting his army on the southern side of the town, with 
General Smith on the right, the 4th Corps in the center, 
with General T, J. Wood in command in place of Stan- 
ley, wounded, and General Schofield with the 23d Corps 
on the left. Steedman was placed on Schofield's left. 
Thomas now had about 55,000 men, including Wilson's 
cavalry, numbering about 10,000. Hood at once began 
to intrench in front of the Federal works, as if he would 
besiege an army larger than his own. Cheatham's corps 
formed his right, Lee's the center, and Stewart's the left. 

Dec. 4 a division of Hood's army attacked a small 



L'Si 



/7/(>.l/.Us; 



i\w. 1. 

0\ov;iirs 
rrook. 



I>>'0. S. 



;uul Uooa 

flU'O OJUll 



l!:>m«> of 
NashvUlo. 



(li^lachnuMil o[' Vcdcvwh nt n bUu'k-hoiiso on Ovornirs 
(^rcok, four inilos iu>i(li oi' MurtVeesboro. (uMieral 
Ixoussonu, who was al INliuiVoosboro with about 8.000 
nuMi. soul (uMUM'al iMilrov witli a brigade (o (hoir assist- 
aiU'O. The small baiul held oni bravelv (ill Milrov 
arrived, when the enemv was driven oil'. 

Oee. S. l'\)rres('8 eavalrv made a weak altaek upon 
jMurlVeesboro, but enpigiui;' onlv in avtillei'>' tiring and 
a little skirmishiuii', thev smm withdrew, (^n this day 
Ixonsseau sent Milrov, with about 0,500 men. out to the 
AVilkerson Pike, where he had a brisk engagement with 
b\>rresl, ilri\ing him from his tem[)ora\'\ breastworks, 
and eapturing about '2o0 o\' his troopers. Milrov, lost 
about 1^00 men in theaetion. 

The divisi()n eommanders in the opposing armies 
were as follows: In the Federal aiiny, — AVood's corps 
(uMierals Kimball, l-llliott. and r>eatty; Scoiield's corps, 
(\>ueh and (\>x ; Smith's corps, Me.Vrthur, Garraril, and 
(\donel J. U. Moore; Wilson's cavalry corps. Hatch, 
\\. W . Johnson, J. V. Knipe. Hood's division com- 
mandtMs were (uMUM'als Johnson. Stevenson, t'layton, 
lioring, French. Walthall, Jolnison. Williams, J. A. 
Smith, and T. 1>. Smith. 

from the tst to the 15th ot" Hecember was spent by 
both armies in btrcMiglheniiig their works and otherwise 
preparing lor the impending contlict. tumeral Thomas 
had been ready to attack Hood t'or some time, but on 
account ot" a I'ree.'.ing rain, co^ering e^erything witli ice. 
lu^ was delayed tor se\eral days. .Vt last, the weather 
becoming more t;nornbK\ the f^ederaU nunc t\n-ward on 
the nioniing o\' the I5ih. Tlunnas sends Steedman 
against ihe cni^ny's right to eaiise him to weaken Ids 
left. This succeeds, when Smith, N\ith Wilsiui's ca\alry 
o]\ his right, is sent \igorously against llooil's lct"t. en- 
vidoping his let't tlank. The enemy give way, yielding 



THOMAS. t>85 

ji portion of their works ^Yith sovornl pins and sibont iso4. 
•100 prisoners. Wood also advanoos, assauUini;- Hood's 
center, and a. little before noon a brigade oi' \Vai;ner's 
division makes a, brilliant ebarge, eaptnring the eneniy's 
works on Monti;oniery Hill. Sehofield havino- been lield 
in reserve, is now sent to tbe rii;ht of Smith. Tlic 
lii2;ht.ing beeomes g'eneral aloni;- the whole line. l>y night 
Hood's army has been forced from its original lin(« of 
works, Wilson's eavalry doing excellent service. Wood 
has forced back Hood's center, eaptnring his breastworks 
with 000 prisoners; Steedman has also gained impm-tant 
advantages. The enemy's h^ft- has been driven back a 
long distance, and Thomas has captnred 1 ,lJOO prisoners 
and 15 gnns, when darkness ends the day's battle. 

Dnring the night, Uood corrected his lines, drawing 
back the right and center to conform to the lefl. Wo 
also bronght Cheatham's corps from right to left. The 
following )norning the Federals moved forward toward 
the enemy's new position, in the same order as at the 
close of the tireceding day. Thomas was not abh^ to 
attack until about 3 r. M., when Steedman's and Wood's 
left made a determined assault ui>on Hood's right, in- 
trenched at Overton's Hill. After a terrible struggle the 
Federals W(M(^ repulsed. Wilson, Smith, and Scholield 
have not bc(M) idle, howe\iM-. Hood had weakened his 
left to repel the attack upon his right, when they pushed 
forward vigorously, sweeping everything before them. 
Wood and Steedman now hear the cheers of their com- 
rades at the right, and again they charge furiously, this 
time with success, capturing the hill. Thousands of pris- 
oners are taken by the Federals, and Hood's army is 
routed, retreating in utter disorder toward Franklin. 
Thomas has taken 4,500 prisoners and about 50 pieces 
of artillery. Wilson's cavalry give inunediate pursuit, 
and after going a short distance, they come ui) with the 



t>S(! THOMAS. 

tstit. (MUMuv's cavnlrv l'()^^M•in^• Hood's rear. A brisk liulit 
ViiUn- of i:»l<^'!^ lil;u'(>, whiMi i\\c l'\Mler;ils I'linruv, (\Wonol Goo. 



I'olonol 
SiuiMlns; 



Sp.Mldiui;-, with the i2th Tennessee, K\uliii;;'. The oiio- 
niy's liiu^ breaks and soattors. IXirknoss apiin eon- 
ehulos tho day's tighting-. 
uotimr' rursuit was continued on the 17th. the eavalry U\ul- 

Tioo t)!\i.. ino, followed by the -1th Oorps. A severe eniiagenient 
was had at Hollow Tree (lap, within I'onr miles of Frank- 
lin. AVilson charged, dispersing the enemy, and captur- 
ing -100 }n-isoners ; then pressing forward he soon drove 
FMukUu, \\^,^^\ hastily t'i\un iM'anklin. the latter leaving behind 
2,000 (d" his wounded and about 200 Federal wounded 
whom he had captured. Five miles beyond Franklin 
Hood's rear guaril made another stand; but a brilliant 
charge, in which the -I th •rt\uular cavalry d\d splcnilid 
iivHHi work, bri>ki> il up. dri\ iug the enemy in confusion. The 

riunu.K-^ ill [>ursnii was continued by t]u> cavalry as far as i.<e\ing- 
'''""""' ton, Ala., Nvhere the 4th Corps also arrived on the 2Sth, 
^Yhen, linding that Wood had escaped across the rennes- 
see, it ceased. 8ehotie.ld had followed as far as Colum- 
bia, and Smith had reai'hed Pulaski, when a halt was 
ordered. 

Hoiul crossed the Tennessee Oec. 27, and rctircil to 
uooa IV- Tupelo, Miss., where on January 2o,at his own re(|uest, 
PuTVrty- ^i^ was relieved of the eonimand of what there was left 
''''■• of his army. This remnant, saved from the wreck, was 

placed luuler Ceneral Dick Taylor, who had ciune from 
west oi' the Mississippi, and by him was taken to the 
Atlantic Coast to oppose Sherman. Ouriug Hood's 
retreat, and before he reached Tupelo, Colonel Palmer, 
with about 000 Federal cavalry, coming from Decatur, 
Ala., succeeded in destroying Hood's ponton train, con- 
sisting of '-iU^ wagons anil 7S pimtou boats, near Knssell- 
ville, on Jan. 1, 18G5, and at 10 r. m. that night came 
upon a supply tniin of UO wagons, which he also cap- 



T IKK]/ AS. 2R7 

tnrod auti ilostrovod. lie thou ri^liirnoil to Docatur, tsut. 
having- siistaiiuul but litlK^ h>ss. llutnl's anuy liad btuMi 
nearly (h\>^lroy(Ml ; \\c li;u! lost l;>,l)l)l) uumi lak(Mi prisuu- 
tM-s aud ll.OOD by ib^scM'ru)u tluriuu' bis '1\muu\^sih^ caui- 
paii;u ; also sovouty-livo pieoos of artilKuy. Tbi^ 1'\m1- 
oral b>ss iu tbt> battio of NashviHo was 'J,lll) iu killotl 
and wouiuKvl. 

I'pou i\\c dc\'c:\i of ('uIKmu by l>rtH'kouri(l!;'(^ at Hull's st»,uMn,ui 

_, 111- 1 • "ii I' ""*' ''''<"*''^" 

KM\\K MoutMuau was ordtM-tnl lo j;(> Iroui LouisviUo, ivy., „„Hds;c in 

to his ivliof. llo at oui-o startod witli a ilivision or;|;*;;;~ 

cavalry undor (uMUM"al Hurbridut^ l\)r Kuo\vilI(\ Ou .■;'"'"• 

the death of Jolni Morgan, l>asil |)uk(> took counuaiid, 

('outinuiuii; optU'atious uudor UriH-kouridgi^'s diriH'tiou. 

On \)ev. lo, Ston(MiiaM, ha\iu;;' uuiioil tiu> I'orcos of l>ur- •^'•'■- '•'• 

bridge and (lilbMu, uu>V(ul against the euiMuy. (lilhMu 'ivnu. 

oanie npon l>uko at Kiugsport, defeating biui aftcu- a. 

sharp engagoiiKMit, aiul oapturiug his (rain aud S-> pris- 

ouiMs. 'V\\c folKnviug (kiy Uurbridge eui-ouutorod tlu^ iv.-. ti. 

enemy at Ibistok TtMin., aud al Abingdon, Va., on the 

I5tli, eaiil uriuii- about ;>0() nrisoiuM'S, and deslroNinu' i^'''"' '•'■ 

' ' _ ' . • \ \hiii;.',iK.ii, 

sevei'al h^aibni tiaius o\' ears aud a largc^ (piautily ol"va. 
niililarv slort\s. DcH'oiuber Ui, (lilKuu riuiletl tb(> eui^- 
niy's I'avalry uiuKm- N'aughn, at Marion, pursuing biui lo Miui-n ,.nui 
\Vytb(Milb\ \'a., eapturiug at that plaee IjOO [)risouers ^ "' 
aiul S guns, ti^gtdber with a. valuable wagon train. 
Extensive U\ul-works iu\ar {\\c town aiul (b(* I'ailroad 
bridge t)ver luu>dy (^'rind; W(M-(> d(\s(roy(Ml. On iUo 17th 
StoiuMuan moved from Mount Airy lo destn>y the 
enemy's salt works at Saltville, \'a. Near Marion, p,.^. ^^ 
l>iivbridge iu ad\auee fought l>roek(Miridge several boui-s, ^'•'"""'• 
wluMi (he (MUMuy, pere(Mviug (hat (JiUiMU was a[)proaeh- 
ing, retired into JNorth Oarolina. StontMuau lluui pushed 
on to Saltville, wduM-e he sueciH'ibMl iu aeeompbshing the '*''»• "-'"• 
object of the expedition. l*'roni her(> he returiunl to 
Kiu)\vine with (tillem's troops, l>urbridge returning to 
Kentueky. 



Egypt sta- 
tion, Miss. 



288 THOMAS. 

1S04. Dec. 21, Oeiieral Cuiersoii left ]\Toiuphis with about 

Grier^n. 3,500 cavaliy. Reaching the Mobile and Ohio Kailroad 

at Tupelo, he destroyed that road to Okokma. At 

Verona on the 25th a detachment of this force destroyed 

an immense amount of supplies intended for Hood's 

Dec. S8. army. On the 28th, Grierson attacked the iiitienched 

enemy, numbering about 1,G00 men, at Egypt station. 

During the engagement, reinforcements for the enemy 

arrived ; but belbre they could form a junction, Grierson 

defeated them in detail, capturing over 500 prisoners; 

then moA ing to the Mississippi Centi-al, he tore up the 

track for several nriles near Winona station. He also 

destroyed cloth and shoe factories at Baiikston. At 

Benton the enemy's cavalry was again defeated after a 

sharp conflict, when Grie.rson proceeded to Vicksburg. 

This had been a successful raid, causing the destruction 

of an immense amount of the enemy's supplies, railroads, 

factories, etc. 

1805. March 20, 1805, Stoneman started from Mossy 

Mavcii Creek, Tenn., with about C,000 cavalry, making a suc- 

stoncinnu ccssful raid into Virginia and North Carolina, having 

in North ^ i i t-> tiT-n 

Carolina, sliglit engagements with the enemy at l>oone, Wilkes- 

boro, Jonesville, Salisbury, Salem, Huntsville, and many 

other places. Ten miles east of Salisbury, at Grant's 

April 13. Creek, on April 12, he came upon the enemy 3,000 

tvcck.'^ strong, under Pemberton, of \'icksburg ftime. Gillem's 

cavalry made a brilliant charge, the 11th IMichigan cav- 

^'""""^'■■'•' 1 1 1^ ^ 1 a i> T> T 1 • \ 11 

of ooioiui ah-y under ( ok)nel S. 1). Lrown displaying great gallan- 
I'.rowu. 1^.^^^ remberton was completely routed, with a loss of 



14 pieces of artillery and nearly 1,400 men taken pris- 
oners. Stoneman then returned to Greenville, Tenn., 
with his prisoners and captured artillery, leaving Gillem 
with a division to intercept and disperse any troops of 
the enemy moving south. During this raid, Stoneman 
had destroyed an immense amount of military property. 



TtaKWA^. 289 

;m(l liad i';ip(invd ovor 0,000 prisonors. On April '2o, isc^. 
(^illtMu, h.MN ini;" (lori'nltMl ;i bodv of (Ik^ »mumun nt>;ir AsIk^- 
villt\ WMS about lakiui;' posstv'^sii)!! of llial town whon ho 
was iiit\>rnunl (hat (ho war was a( an oiul. 

iMnroh -J'J, (^MUMal J. 11. Wilson, witli about in.OOO . 
mon, mostlv niountod, was starttnl s(>uthwartl IVoui ^..iv.un'^i,. 
Cluokasaw, Ala., bv (uMHMal Tlu^iuas, tor tht> |Mu-post> of ^'■''''""" 
drawing; as niuoii o(" tho (Mumuv's t\>ri'i>s as possible tVoui ;•.'!!■ 
r(^int\)r(Mni;- Mobilo durina; (uMUM-al (^anby\s ofXM'atious 
(horo. \ViIsou lol't (^hiokasaw Landing on tho '1\mhiossoo 
Kivor on (ho ilato naniod, with throo divisions und(M* 
Gonorals hong, Upton, and Mo(\n)k. Kni|H^'s division 
had goiu' with th(^ lliih Corps to Now (^rloans, and 
from thoro to Mobilo, aiding in tho i'a[)tiU(M)l' (hat plaoo. 
Wilson arri\od at bilylou on March ,'>(). h\o\\\ horo 
C'roxlon's brigado of MoOook's division was siMit (o 
Tnsoaloosa, lor (ho [>nr[)i)S(^ ot" dostroving tlu^ (Mumuv's 
laotorios thoro. 

Upton at tho sanio time u\ovod io MmittMallo, driv- 
ing a small t'oroo of tho oiuMny bol'iui^ him. Wove ho M^mii ,mi 
dostroyod (ho iron-works, rolling-mills, do. On tho.viii. " * 
31st, just south ot" tln^ ti>wn, Koddy's oa\alr\ dro\o in 
Upton's piokets. A lively tight IoUowihI, wIumi l\()ddy 
"was driven toward Kandolph. lie attempted io make a six Miir 
stand at Six ISFile Creek, but was again routed. Upton 
entered Kandtdidi tho next day. \\'iIson now eanu> up 
with liOUg's division, and joiniiii;- I'nton, pushed on 
tt)ward 8elma. .At b-bone/or ( luu-eh ho eanio \\\)ou kihmio!-..t 
Forrest with about 5,000 uumi. The b'oderals, dis- 
mounting, gallantly eharged the enemy, who was W(^ll 
sheltered by abatis. Forrest was soon routed, with a 
loss of 200 taken prisoners ; ho lied toward Solma. 
Wilson followed as far as Ulantersville, where lie rested 
for the night. 0\\ (he -d ho nmved on to Selma, reaeli- vprii a 
in.u' (here a( I v. m. IKm'o lu^ ("ound l'\u'ri^st with abou( 
19 



Vprll 1 

ClUMUT.t 



290 THOMAS. 

1805. 7,000 men prepared to defend the place. The Federals 
promptly attack, making a brilliant charge, and capture 
the first line of works. General Long is wounded, and 
Colonel Minty takes his place. Again the Federals 
move forward, and before dark the inner line is carried 
and the town captured, with about 3,000 prisoners, 
Forrest retreating in haste with the balance of his com- 
mand. The Federals destroy an immense amount of 
property, including foundries, machine-shops, and arse- 
nals. The enemy had previously burned 25,000 bales 
of cotton to keep it out of Federal hands. 

McCook rejoined Wilson on the 5th of April, whom 
he had left on the 1st, going to Scottsville to aid Crox- 
ton in an attack on Jackson's division of Forrest's com- 
mand. The latter was moving from Tuscaloosa to Cen- 
treville. Croxton failed to connect, and McCook, not 
deeming it advisable to attack without him, withdrew. 
Wilson left Selma on the 10th with his whole force, 
except Croxton's brigade, moving toward Montgomery, 
which place he entered on the 12th. The enemy had 
burned an immense amount of cotton on the approach of 
the Federals. Moving from there on the 14th, they 

April 16. arrive before Columbus, Ga., on the 16th, to find a 

^o um us, g^j.Qj^g force opposing further advance. The Federals at 
once attack, and soon capture the town, with about 
1,000 prisoners. The enemy had a war vessel here 
nearly ready for sea, which the Federals destroyed, 
together with the navy yard, arsenal, armory, factories, 
and a large amount of cotton and two hundred cars. An- 
other war vessel, the Chattahoochee, lying a few miles 
below, was destroyed by the enemy. 

On this same day a detachment of McCook's division, 
under Colonel La Grange, leaving the main body at 

West Point, Tuskegee, proceeded to West Point, which it found well 
fortified, and garrisoned by about 250 men. La Grange 



THOMAS. 291 

carried the works by storm, capturing the entire garri- is 05. 
son. Among the enemy's killed was General Chas. H. Death of 
Tyler, a graduate of West Point military academy, r^^'^ll^ 
Wilson reached Macon, Ga., on the 20th, when he was 
informed that Lee had surrendered, and the war was Ma"oii,^Ga. 
over. 

Croxton, who had left Wilson at Ely ton, had pro- Apm 4. 

^ , Tuscaloosa, 

ceeded to Tuscaloosa, where he surprised and captured Aia. 
forty prisoners, destroying the military school and some 
bridges, moving through Talladega and Carrollton, Ga., ^pj.j^ g 
to Pleasant Hill. Here the enemy attacked the 6th ^^^as^ant 
Kentucky cavalry. The 2d Michigan gallantly coming 
to its assistance, the enemy was driven off with severe 
loss. Croxton joined Wilson on the 31st at Macon. 



SHERMAN'S GREAT MARCH. 

ATLANTA, THE SEA, AND RICHMOND. 



CHAPTER XYI. 

CHATTANOOQA TO ATLANTA. 

SHERMAN. 

1804. /GENERAL WILLIAM T. SHERMAN assumed 
shei^n's ^— ^ command of the military division of the Missis- 



prepara- gjppi^ embracing the departments of Cumberland, Ten- 
the march nessee, Ohio, and Arkansas, March 18, 1864. The 
gia. latter, howeA^er, being too remote, was transferred to 

the Department of the Gulf on May 8. General Sher- 
man at once addressed himself to the task of organizing 
and preparing for the proposed movement into Georgia, 
coincident with the advance of all the armies against the 
enemy. The army of the Cumberland was rendezvoused 
at Chattanooga, the Army of the Tennessee at Huntsville, 
Ala., the Army of the Ohio at Knoxville. The question 
of furnishing supplies to Sherman's army as it moved 
forward, making its line of communication longer and 
longer, proved at first very troublesome. But the Gen- 
eral was equal to the emergency, and before starting he 
had everything arranged so that it worked like a 
charm. It required 100 locomotives and 1,000 cars to 
keep his 100,000 men and 35,000 animals supplied. 
Each man carried rations for five days, each regiment 
was allowed one wagon and one ambulance, and the 
ofl&cers of each company one pack-horse or mule. Each 

(893) 



SHURMAK 203 

brigade and division had its supply train limited to is64. 
carrying food, ammunition, and (3lotliing. Tents were 
forbidden, except for the sick and wounded, and one 
tent for each headquarters, — only tent-flies for all others. 
General Sherman set the example, having only tent-flics 
for himself and staff, and no tent furniture of any kind. 

On May 6, General Sherman left the vicinity of 
Chattanooga with about 100,000 men. General Geo. H. 
Thomas was in command of the Army of the Cumberland, 
with about 60,000 men, in three corps : the 4th Corps, 
General 0. 0. Howard, in three divisions under Generals 
D. S. Stanley, John Newton, and Thomas J. Wood ; the 
14th Corps, General John M. Palmer, in three divisions 
under Generals Richard W. Johnson, Jefferson C. Davis, 
and Absalom Baird ; the 20th Corps, General Joseph 
Hooker, in three divisions under Generals A. S. Williams, 
John W. Geary, and Daniel Butterfield. The 11th and 
12th Corps had been consolidated, and were designated 
the 20th Corps. Slocum, who had commanded the 12th 
Corps, was assigned to a command at Vicksburg. How- 
ard, who had commanded the 11th, w^as given the 4th 
Corps, as General Gordon Granger, its old commander, 
was on leave of absence. 

General James B. McPherson, in command of the 
Army of the Tennessee, had about 24,500 men, in three 
corps : the 15th Corps, General John A. Logan, in four 
divisions under Generals Peter J. Osterhaus, Morgan L. 
Smith, John E. Smith, and Wm. Harrow; the 16th 
Corps, General Grenville M. Dodge, in two divisions 
under General Thomas W. Sweeny and James C. Veatch: 
the 17th Corps, General Frank P. Blair, in two divisions 
under Generals Mortimer D. Leggett and Walter Q. 
Gresham. This was only a part of the 16th and 17th 
Corps, the rest being at Memphis and Vicksburg, under 
Hurlbut and Slocum, or absent with Banks on the Red 
River expedition. 



294 



f^llKKMAN. 



{\v\\v\-.\\ -loliii M. S('li()(i(>l(l, in ('(tiiiiii;iii(l oC ilui Army 
ol' \\\{\ Ohio, li:ul .'iltoiil. 18,500 nuui of [\\v. 2')(l (loips, in 
ilir(M^ divisions, uiulcr Gcnonils Alvin I*. ll()V(;y (o;uly 
ill .hiiK^ iliis division wus coiisolidaUMl vvilh Ihe oUior 
two), Homy M. Jud.'il), juid J;um)1) I). Cox. Tho ro- 
niiiiiidor of l.lio IJ.'M Corps \v:is loll Itoliind (or duly in 
Koiilucky .'iiid ToinH'SsiM^ LoL>'ii;oil's .'iiid (h'cshiun's 
divisions wcm'o Ji.bsonl^ on rnrlonj>;li ; ]}I;iir w;is occnpying 
a sciil in lli<^ IF. S. Coni^i-(>ss jii llic iinio 81iovni;Mi \n\i 
his army in motion. ll(^ did not join McPlicrson until 
Juno !), .'it Ac.vvorlli. Tlu^ ('.'i,v;i,li-y ('orc(^ was in lour 
divisions, niidor Conorais (mmit^'o Sloncman, Kimnor 
Carrard, Judson Kilpa,tri(;k, and Tlldvvard M. McOooiv. 
Tlio divisions of Stoiuunan and (larra.rd wore still re- 
cruiting in Koiilii('l<y aiul T(Miiiosso(i wlioii SiuM'man 
started, but soon al'terwai'd joiiuMJ liini vvilh a,bout 4,000 
in(Mi (\'i('li, vviiich iii(M-eas(Ml Sii(>rmairs total force to about 
108,000. His arlilh>ry numlioriMl '250 guus. 

Tho (Mioniy undor (J(>noral dosopli 1*1. -loiinslon, Slior- 
inan's oh/cr/irc poinl, numbering about 48,000 men, Indd 
l)altoii, (u'l., strongly forliruMl and (!0V(M'(m1 at (lu^ norlli 
by Ivoeky Vaw Ividge, whieh at Bu/,/,ard Koost Cap 
is four n\iles north of Daltou. Dallon is thirty-uino 
uiih>s soullit^ast ol" ( 'haltanooga, and niiudy-nine north of 
Atlanla. 

rlolinston's army was in two eorjts, under Hood and 

Hardee. On May 7, MePluM'son on the Federal right 

lav at L(M> and Coriions Mill, Tliomas in the center at 

'^'"•^' "•, and n(>ar iJinii^'old, Schofudd on Tiiomas's left at Jved 

i{,...Hi (iMp. (^l.,y. Allliougli liiert^ was severe lighting on the 8th 

^,„^. (, and 0th ai Hu/zard Koost (^ap, Ivoeky I'aee Ividge, and 

DMion. l);il|,)ii, SluMiiiaii did not inliMid to atlai'k Ihe enemy's 

Miiy a-ia. naturally sirong iu)silion, but to Hank him out. Thomas 

km''.'! '''""' an (1 Schorudd pn^ssiMJ liiiii idos(> in IVont and on his 

rigid, wliil(> Mcpherson, preceded by Kilpalrick's eav- 



SIIKKAfA N: 295 

nlry, inovtul upon l\os;u';i, whuli lu's i>ii (lie Ooytaniuila, isr,i. 
llivor, Urtoou inilos south of Daltou. Tlioiuas drove Iho 
enemy's outposts IVom Tuiuk^I Hill on the 7th, aiul m.mv v. 
sUii inish nud nrtillory tiring continued at this point; but ,,','|',"" 
other oi)er:itions awaited the result of JMcPhersou's 
movement. The latter appeared before Kesaea on the 
i)(h, but believini;- the garrison tliere too strong, fell sii,iu,- 
back to Snake (^reek (ia[>, and notified Sherman of these*"" *"'''' 
faets. Kilpatrick had been wounded this dayin a sharp 
engagement with a detachment of the enemy's cavalry 
at a cross road near Resaca. 

Sherman was greatly disappoint imI, for he had hoped 
TMcPherson could take Uesaea, and thus cut oil' dohn- 
ston's escape to the South. On the 11 th, lea\iiig 
Howard's corps and Stoneman's cavalry in front of 
l>u/,/,ard Roost Ga[), he moved the rest of his army in 
the tracks of McPherson, upon Ivesaca. When McPher- 
son first appeannl before Kesaea, its works were gar- 
risoned by only one brigade; but dohnston, bcMug 
warned on the afternoon of the 9th of the danger, dis- 
patched Hood with his trooi>s to that place, where ho 
was joined by a, division under (general !\)lk which had 
just arrived. This, with other reinforcements, increased 
Johnston's army to GT),!)!)!) uumi. 

On the night of the rJth, Johnston evacuatcil Dalton, 
concentrating his whole army around Ivesaca, w'hero 
strong fortifications had been previously made, Howard 
and Stoneman following closely upon his rear. Slu>r- 
man was now a[>proai'hing, and McPherson nu)ved for- 
ward, driving the enemy's [»ickets before him, and took 
position with his right on Oostananla River. Thomas 
came in on McPherson's left, and Schotield on the lef"l mmv i.i ic. 
of the army, with Stoneman on the extreme left. l>y 
the 14th Sherman had his army well in [)Osi(iou, envel- 
oping tl\e town at the* north and west, his limvs IxMug 



296 SHERMAN. 

IS 4. gradually pressed forward. Heavy musketry and artil- 
^^ lery firing continued throughout the 14th and 15th, the 
battle becoming heavy on the afternoon of the 16th. 
The Federals succeeded in forcing both flanks of the 
enemy backward. McPherson gained a ridge overlook- 
ing the town, which he held against the most determined 
efforts of the enemy to retake it. Johnston retired from 
Resaca during the night, moving southward. The Fed- 
erals took possession of the town at daylight on the 16th. 
The Federal loss before Hesaca was about 4,000 in killed 
and wounded. 

Sherman at once crossed the Oostanaula, and started 
in pursuit. Newton's division of Thomas's army, which 

May 17. -^ , _ '' ^ 

Adairsviiie. was iu advaucc, had a brief engagement with Johnston's 
May 19 ^'^'^^" ^^^ Adairsvillo. The Confederates reached Cass- 
cassviiie. yille ou the 19th with the Federals close upon them. 
Some fighting took place here just at night, but in the 
morning the foe was gone ; Johnston had crossed the 
Etowah River during the night, burning the bridges, 
and now halted at Allatoona Pass. Sherman, now on 
the right bank of the Etowah, also halted to rest his 
troops, repair railroads, and bring up supplies. 

General Sherman was somewhat familiar with this 

section, having spent some time here in 1844, while 

serving in the regular army. He again flanked the 

enemy's position, when Johnston fell back to Dallas, 

,, „^ ^ thirty-five miles northwest of Atlanta, and extending his 

May 25 to '^ ' O 

-Tune 4. liucs to Marietta, intrenched. Sherman confronted" his 
Church. wary antagonist at this point on the 26th, McPherson 
still on the right, Thomas in the center, Schofield on the 
left. General Milo S. Hascall now commanded Judah's 
division. Hooker's corps in Thomas's advance had 
fought a severe battle with the enemy on the afternoon 
of the 25th, and again on the morning of the 26th at 
i^'^iias- ]v^g^y Hope Church, about four miles north of Dallas; 



SHERAfAISr. 297 

but the enemy's position was a strong one, and Ilooi^er is 64. 
was unable to drive him out. McPherson had reached 
Dallas, leaving a gap of about three miles between his gu^^t 
army and Thomas. Finding the enemy's position very Hickory. 
strong at New Hope, Sherman ordered McPherson to Aitoona 
move to the left, so as to unite with Thomas's right. In pi'im^pklil 
endeavoring to accomplish this, McPherson was savagely vinecreek. 
attacked on the 28th. His soldiers had erected good • 
breastworks, and gave the enemy a terrible repulse ; but 
he was not enabled to effect a close junction with 
Thomas until June 1. Meanwhile the Federal left was ^"^.",^0^11 ^ 
gradually extended to Acworth. 

Since May 25, and durino; the maneuverin<2: of the 

•^ ' '^ ^ ° June 9 to 

Federals, there had been a continuous and severe con- July 2. 
flict of arms. Wood's division, supported by Johnston's, Pi^nT,and 
while feeling for the enemy's right flank, had a hot en- J'^^fg^""'^" 
gagement at Pickett's Mill on the 27th. June 4, John- 
ston withdrew from New Hope Church, and took position 
about the twin mountains (Little and Big Kenesaw), 
also occupying Pine and Lost mountains covering 
Marietta. The Federals occupied Big Shanty on the 
9th. McPherson had been transferred from the right to 
the left of the army June 4. During a cannonade on 
the afternoon of the 14th, while Johnston, Hardee, and 
Polk were reconnoitering Sherman's position, a Federal 
shell exploded near, a piece striking General Polk in the Cxenerai 
breast, killing him. General Leonidas Polk was a ^°"' '''"''*■ 
graduate of West Point. At the breaking out of the 
war he was an Episcopal Bishop of Louisiana. 

Up to this time the losses in killed, wounded, and 
missing had been about 10,000 men on each side; but 
Johnston's number missing was much larger than Sher- 
man's. 

On June 15 the Federals, pressing forward, forced 
the enemy from Pine Mountain, taking several hundred 



.Iiitic 17. 
CivoU 

riiio Kn 

.In III- V!0. 
» rowdor 
.Spriiij;' ,'in 



298 SHERMAN: 

iH<i4. prisoners. On llic UUli llu^ liglilinji; couiiniKMl, ilio 
" (Micniy le.'ivini;' Losl Moinilain in lln^ li.inds oI'IIk^ Fod- 

<u-;ils. SluM-nmn \v;is aclivo, jj;r!uluMlly i'orc.ing Joliusion 
bnck upon MiirioU.'i, ilio fii^liling Jil tinios being severe. 
,hnu. 111. Sharp conllieis ocuiurred on (lie 17i.li Jil. Noses Oriudv, on 
■■';;'';;;'' Ihe \\)\\\ -a. rine Knob, and on the 'JOi-h ai Powder 

Spring and Noonday Creek. 

N.u.M.iiiy On dune 21j, Hood, with Ids eor])s, made a sally, 

striking between Thomas and Scholiehi, near wliat is 

•"'"<■ aa, known as Gulp's House. The attack was mainly u{)ou 

Moimo. Williams's and llascairs divisions. The Federal lines 

were sonu^whai foreed back at first, but recovering they 

charged the (Joufederates, driving them back in disorder 

and with severe loss. On June '27 the Federals made a 

general assault, lasting IVoui !) lo 1 I : ;>() a. m., but w-ere 

n.'Mdi ..f r<M)uls(Ml willi hea.vy loss, (lieneral llarker and Colonel 

Mm. iv.'i .111,1 Daniel Mc(\)ok bolli fell, nu)rtally wounded. The latter 

Cook! ' *''*'•' •>'' St(Mibcnville, Ohio, .luly 17. The l^'cderal loss 

in the assault was about 2,500 in killed and wounded; 

the loss ofllu^ (MiiMoy was estimated at about 1,000. 

Sherman now concludiMl (o (ry the (lank Ircalnu^nt 
again, and on llu^ night ol" duly 2, McThcrson was 
.iiii.v :i. brought back lo llu^ right. Johnston promptly evac- 
uatiMl as SluM-man again tlircalcncM] his rc^ir. Ivetreating 
toward Atlanta, he made a stand on the north and west 
bank of the (Chattahoochee, within strong intrenchments 
previously ilirown up. Sherman had now forced the 
cntMuy back lo within t(M» mih\s oi' Atlanta. The i^'cdcr- 
als at onci^ moviMl forward, the head of Thomas's column 
having a sevens (MigagiMucnt with dohnslon's rear six 
miles beyond Maritdta. After sonu^ heavy skirmishing 
and maneuvering, SluMMuan again tlankc^l. Schofield 
crossing tlu^ (M>alialmochc(^ just bidow llu^ nu>ulh of 
St)ap's Cnndv. for the purpose of threatening Atlanta.. 
This compelled .K)hnston to change his position so as to 



.lohnnloii 
.•i^riiiii 1 

l.ll'OH. 



.iiil\ ;i \i. 

ell!ll(;llloo 
clioc HiVlM 



cover Atlanta, and during- the niglU of the Olh he i.s«4. 
orot?sed the river, taking a new position, his loft on the ,,„,j. ,, 
Chattahoochee, his right on Peach Tree Creek. Both [J;;;;;; ■^'■ 
armies now r(>s(od a few da^'s. 

Jnly 17, ,)cllerson Davis relieved General Johnslon, .luiy ir. 
and placed Hood in chief ooniniand. On this day I^hcr- 'J,i"^^,|j'\,y 
man a52;ain advanced, skirmishing- and fighting con tiiui- """**• 
ously. ]\Icrhcrson had crossed (he river at UoswcU on 
the loth, and Thomas on the 17(h on his own pontou 
bridges at Powers's and Paice/s ferries. The Federals 
were well closed in upon Hood's position by the 20(h, 
when soon after noon of that day Hood sallied out in 
heavy force fronv his Peach Tree Oreek line, striking in .i„)y -o. 
the order named the divisions of Newton, Wm. T. ^,',;;^'J 
Ward (Buttertield's division), Geary, Williams, and 
Johnson. The battle lasted nearly two hours, and was 
fierce and bloody. The Federal line was partially pro- 
tected by barricades of rails ;uul h\gs. hastily thrown to- 
gether. The enemy was finally repulsed with fearftil 
slanghter. His loss, partly estimated, was 5,000 in 
killed, wounded, and prisoners; the Federal b)ss was 
about 1,000. (uMierals A. L. Kong ot (icorgia, Johu J. oouorais 
Pettus of Mississippi, and Ceo. M. Stevens of ^lary- J;;'J^'^;J^'''" 
land WTU-e anuing the enemy's killed. INleantime the st'-'^'-^"^- 
other Federal divisions were working up on the north 
and east of Atlanta. McPherson was forcing his way to 
the east siilc. with Ulair on the left, Logan uniting with 
him, and Schofield and Dodge in the rear. General 
Gresham was severely wounded during the afternoon, 
while leading his division to the attack in Ulair's 
advance ; General Ciiles A. Smith was placed in conunand 
o( his division. When night closed in, the enemy had 
been pushed back to an eminence styled Bald Hill, 
which was steep and strongly fortified. 

Ou the 21st, General Sherman ordered the destruc- 



Hood's first 
sortie. 



300 SHEEAIAN. 

1SG4. tion of the Augusta Railroad from Decatur to Atlanta. 
juijTTi to McPherson, on the left, lay across this road, which runs 
Sept. 2. Q^^ |.Q ^Y\Q east, Schofield was now in the center, and 

Atlanta. ^ 

Thomas on the right. After the destruction of the rail- 
road, Sherman intended to bring McPherson to the right 
of Thomas, for the purpose of reaching another railroad 
July 21. running to East Point. On the evening of the 21st, 
Bald Hill. i^\r^\Y succeeded in getting possession of Bald Hill. 
Leggett's division led the charge, and captured the hill, 
which was afterward called Leggett's Hill. During the 
night. Hood abandoned the Peach Tree Creek line, and 
withdrew into the defenses of Atlanta, facing north and 
east. But the position captured by Blair alarmed him. 
From this height the Federal guns overlooked Atlanta, 
July 22. and during the night Hardee was dispatched stealthily 
to the right with his corps, led by Wheeler's cavalry, 
and on the morning of the 22d he was creeping upon 
Blair's left and rear. Feeling that his left was not 
strong enough, McPherson had that morning directed 
Dodge to move to Blair's left. Smith's division was on 
Leggett's left, with his own left somewhat refused. At 
the moment of attack by ILardee, Dodge was marching 
right in front, and was nearly up. He had but to halt 
and face to the left to be in line of battle before the 
surprised enemy, who had made a long night's march, 
thinking to bag Blair. 

During the morning, McPherson, accompanied by his 
staff, had visited Sherman at his headquarters, which 
were with Schofield. Their consultation was about con- 
cluded when heavy musketry firing was heard in the 
direction of Blair's position. McPherson hastily mounted 
and rode away, promising to send Sherman word as to 
its meaning. McPherson, becoming satisfied by the 
rapidly increasing sounds of battle that there was 
serious work ahead, sent his staff one after another on 



SHERMAN. 301 

different errands, and dashing forward, soon joined iso4. 
Dodge, who was now hotly engaged with his back to 
Atlanta. There was a gap between Dodge and Smith ; 
McPherson sent for a reserve brigade of the 15th Corps 
to fill it, and at once started to find Blair. He soon dis- 

July 23 

appeared in the woods, to be seen alive by his friends McPhcrson 
no more on earth. The enemy had penetrated the gap, ^"'^^''' 
and he rode directly into Hardee's skirmish lines, and 
refusing to surrender he was killed while endeavoring to 
escape. It was but a few minutes after he rode into 
the woods that his horse returned, bleeding and rider- 
less. The enemy was soon forced back, when the body 
of the greatly lamented General was recovered. His 
pockets had been emptied, but the soldier that had the 
effects was captured, and the papers and wallet were 
recovered. General Sherman sent the body to Clyde, 
Ohio, his home, in charge of his staff. General McPher- 
son was a graduate of West Point, and had been a class- 
mate of Schofield, Sheridan, and Hood. 

The first blows of Hardee had fallen upon General 
J. W. Fuller's (formerly Yeatch's) and Smith's divisions ; 
but Sweeney and Leggett were soon engaged, and alto- 
gether they gave the enemy a terrible reception, soon 
checking his advance ; and although he made desperate 
attempts, he could gain but little ground. There had 
been a gap between Dodge and Blair, as previously 
stated, which had been filled by troops from the 15th 
Corps ordered by McPherson — his last order, just before 
he entered the fatal woods. 

Logan was placed in command of McPherson's army, 
M. L. Smith was given the 15th Corps temporarily, and 
General J. A, J. Lightburn assumed command of Smith's 
division. It was now a little after noon, and from that 

Desperate 

time until dark the battle raged furiously. Seven times charges of 
did the enemy charge savagely, and seven times was he troops. 



;U)2 jSJJJi'JiMAN. 

is<i4. terribly ropulsed. Hardee felt that the Federals must 
be drhoii froui this position, or Atlanta must be evacu- 
ated, and was consoquenlly des[terate. At about 4 
r. M. Hood's old corps, now under Cheatham, moved out 
IVoni Atl.'iuta, attacking the line held by the 15th Corps, 
also Leggett's position on the hill. General Charles R. 
Wood, now in command of Osierhaus's division, joined 
Scholield. M. L. Smith held the center, and Harrow's 
division the right, of the 15th Corps, connecting 
with Blair. Leggett's breastworks faced Atlanta; but 
when attacked by Hardee in the rear, his men had 
leaped to the other side, and fonght with their backs to 
Atlanta. They were now assaulted in their new rear 
by Cheatham. Fortunately, Hardee's troops had just 
been repelled, and they \\;ere enabled to use the east 
side again, where they also repelled Cheatluim's men, 
though it was by desperate fighting. 

Meantime the enemy had gained considerable ground 
from the 15th Corps, capturing a battery. But the 
15th Corps soon rallied under the leadership of the 
gallant Logan, and aided by a heavy battery fire from 

nooiVs Schofield's guns, the Federal troops charged, driving the 

puisua. Confederates back in great disorder, and intlicting fear- 
ful loss in their ranks, recapturing a part of the lost 
battery. Cheatham was driven back into Atlanta. An 
attack had also been made upon Schofield's troops by a 
division of Georgia militia, which formed a part of Hood's 
army. This was easily repulsed. 

During the battle, Thomas felt of the enemy's works 
held by l\)lk's old corps, under Stewart, but did not con- 
sider it wise to assault. Before daylight the following 
morning, Hardee had retired to the fortifications at 

June 8s. Atlanta. AVlieeler's cavalry had passed on to Decatur 
when Hardee had begun his assault, and had attempted 
the capture of Sherman's trains which were there 



SJ/ERMAN. 803 

guarded by a brigade of Fuller's divisiou of the lOlli isg4. 
Corps, uuder Oolouel Sj»rngue. luung warned in tinu% 
the trains were nu)vtHl to Schofu^ld's rear. Wheeler 
attacked the Federal brigade whieh, being reinforeed by 
a brigade hastened thither by Sehofieh], gave the South- 
ern eavah'v-nien a lu)t reeeption, from whieh they were 
soon glad to wilhdiaw. 

The total loss of Sherman's army was about 8,500 
in killed, wounded, and missing. This was light, eom- 
pared to that of the eniMuy. Blair was intrenehed, and 
during the first lull in tlu> battle Dodge was enabled to 
construct light breastworks, whieh may in part aeeonnt 
for it. The 15th Corps was also intrenehed. The loss 
of tlie enemy was about 2,500 killed and 2,000 taken 
prisoners, 1,000 t)f wliom were wonndinl ; his total loss 
was estimated ;is 10,000 at least. This battle was 
fought, on the Federal side, by the Army of the Tennes- 
see. William Walker, of Georgia, a JNlajor-General in t^'«»^ «* 
the ranks of the enemy, was killed this day. Tie was a waiutr. 
graduate of West Point, and had served with distinction 
in the Mexican war. 

Some changes in Federal commanders now occurred. 
General 0. 0. llow-ard was chosen to fill the vacancy ,^''"""i - 
caused by JMcFherson's death, Logan returning to the i>iomotod. 
command of the l^th corps. General D. S. Stanley was 
given the 4tl\ ('Or{)s, and General Nathan Kimball suc- 
ceeded to the command of Stanley's division. At this 
time General Hooker asked to be relieved, which rciiuest """'^'"'" 
was granted. General Henry W. Slocum was called 
from Vicksburg to conunand the 20th Corps. He did 
not arrive, however, until the latter part of August. 
The corps was commanded by (uMieral A. S. Williams 
during the interval. In the eniMuv's ranks (HMUMal 
S. D. Lee had been given Hood's old corps, Cheatluuu 
returning to his division in Hardee's corps. 



801 >S7/A'AMALV. 

ISO i. Tho dosiruciion of ilio Auuusln Ivailrdnti. Avliich 81um-- 

man im-(1(M"0(1 lu^foro the battU^ of (lio 'J-d. was now 
llu)i\)ni;'hly a('('(Mn|)lisluMi, ovor (liirtv niilos boinj;' de- 
slrovod. A now niovo to (ho ri^lit was now ordorod on 
Jnlv l^i'i l\)i" (ho t'ollowiui;- niovninu'. wIumi tho arniv oi' 
tho Tonnossoo was put in motion for 'Idionias's rii!;ht. 
iMoving by tho rear, Dodgo oamo into position on Pal- 
mor's rii^lit at Trootor's (^rook. l>lair on tho right of tho 
loth (\)rps. and Logan on tho oxtronio right, (lonoral 
JotVorson 0. Davis's divisi(>n oi' Pahnor's oorps was 
(M'dorod to tho oxtromo right to strongthon that think. 
Jlooil did not relish the way Sherman had o[' moving 
armies nronnd just where he ph^isetl.and again attempted 
•'"'> -^- io frustrate his idans on the -Sih. hv attaekin«;- Ids 
vMui soriio. right in the manner he had his \o\\ on the 'I'ld. Loo's 
corps was to attaek (lie ir)lli (\n-ps, and 8iewart's oorps 
to folhnv, nuning arounil to Logan's rear. Lt>gan had 
seareidy arrivoil in Ids new position on the morning o( 
the 'JStli when skirmishing began. folK>wed by artillery 
firing; but the 15th (\)rps had time to throw up slight 
breast W(n"ks ol' h)gs anil rails. 

-Vbout 1 1 v. M. liOe slruid; tho loth Corps. A fioree 
battle at onee h(\i;an. The divisions oi' M. L. Smith 
auil Harrow, whieli were the eeuter and right oi' the 
ir^th (\nps, roeoived the weight oi' tho attaek. The 
battle lastoil until about I r. m.. the enemy making sev- 
eral desperate assaults, but was eaeh time repulsed. 
Stewart mo\ed t'erward to Lee's assistance after the first 
repulse. The slaughter ot' the enemy \vas terrible. 
Thi^ foidederates displayed great bravery and determina- 
tion in their assaults, but they were eompletely roiuilsed, 
anil at last relumed, sorely smitten, to their intreneh- 
numts. The Lnion soldiers had held their ground tirndy 
against a largely superior foree. and had caused a loss 
to the euoiuN' oi' about 4,0t)t) men in killed, wounded, 



.S7/A7M/.(X ^05 

ami missing ; the Federal loss was about 800. Davis's /.v<;j. 
division had taken the wrong road, and did not Jirrive 
on the ground until after the batth^ was over. Ward's 
division of Pahner's corps was now drawn out of 
Thomas's line and sent to the right to further strengthen 
that point. The wdiole army now stretelnnl over ten 
miles of grountl, from the Augusta Railroad on the left 
to the Sand Town road on the right. 
20 



CHAPTEK XVII. 

ATLANTA TO THE SEA. 

SHERMAN. 

iHii4. A S General Sherman had already determined on his 
J~\- march to the sea, this chapter is begun at this 
point, and for the further reason that nil his movements 
from this time are made with that end in view. 

AVhen he began his movement to the riglit, he sent 
liis cavalry to the enemy's rear for the purpose of 
destroying the railroads about Jonesboro. On -the 27th 
of July, McCook's cavalry, moving from the right fl;ink 
of tlie ai-my, tore up the track near Palmetto station, 
and going on to Fayetleville, captured and burned a 
large train of wagons, taking about 400 prisoners and 
1,000 mules: but Wheeler's cavalry was close upon 

July -JO, f!0. ' ' . • 1 T • » 

Lovijoy'H them. Stoneman s cavalry was to join them at Lovejoy s 

station. gtjitiQjj^ Itt^t, it did not arrive, and McCook was compelled 

to move on. At Newnan station he came upon a 

July' so. gjj-oiio; force of the enemy's infantry. lie was now 

station. compelled to fight, llis men gallantly charged the 

enemy, and after a severe conflict cut their way through, 

with the loss of about 500 men and the prisoners they 

had previously captured. McCook reached the right of 

the Federal army at Turner's Ferry on the 3d of 

August. 

Stoneman had started from the left flank also on 

July 27, but instead of proceeding to Jonesboro as 

Macon. intended, he pushed toward Macon, tliiuking he might 

be able to liberate the Federal prisoners there; but 



SHERMAN. 307 

finding the enemy's position difficult to attack at that i864. 
point, he gave up the attempt, and returned to Clinton. 
Here he found the enemy in strong force before him. 
Supposing that he was surrounded, he directed his 
brigade commanders to force their way through, and re- 
join the army. Stoncman himself, with about 700 men, stoncniim 
made a gallant stand, fighting the enemy bravely, and 
holding them in check until the escaping troopers were 
well away, when, being at last surrounded, he was com- 
pelled to surrender. 

For the purpose of reaching farther to the right, 
Sherman moved Schofield's army from left to right, as 
had previously been done with Howard's. The 14th 
Corps was also withdrawn from Thomas's line, and 
taken to the right to support Schoficld, who, in working 
his army toward East Point, had shai'p engagements 
with the enemy at TJtov Creek, on the 5th and 6th of ^"«- -'^ ^■ 

■^ "^ ' . U toy Ci-fuk. 

August. On the 6th, General Palmer was relieved of 
the command of tl)e 14th Corps at his own request, and 
General Jefl'erson C. Davis appointed to fill the vacancy. 
General James D. Morgan was given Davis's division. 
About the middle of August the enemy's cavalry made 
a raid northward upon Sherman's communications, but 
all damage done was soon repaired. 

August 18, Kilpatrick, with his division of cavalry, 
started upon another raid upon Hood's communications 
south of Atlanta, having an engagement at Jonesboro, ^"^- ^"•" 
routing the enemy and destroying considerable railroad 
track. At Lovejoy's he again met the enemy, capturing Ang. 20. 
a battery and about seventy prisoners, when he returned 
to the army, arriving there on the 23d. ' 

The efforts of the Federal cavalry to destroy Hood's 
source of supplies had not been satisfactory to General 
Sherman, and he now determined to move his whole 
army upon it. The movement began on the 25th, orders 



308 SHERMAN. 

186 4. having been previously given. Before the movement 
began, the army lay from left to right : Stanley, 4th 
Corps ; Williams, 20th Corps ; Howard, Army of the 
Tennessee; Davis, 14th Corps; and Schofield, 23d 
Corps. Stanley was north of Atlanta ; Schofield, west. 
Williams, 20th Corps, was moved back to the Chatta- 
hoochee with the sick and wounded and extra supplies, 
occupying strong works there which had been previously 
prepared. General Slocum arrived at this point, and 
assumed command of the 20th Corps. Stanley marched 
by the rear of the army, and arrived next day at Utoy 
Creek, in the rear of the 14th Corps. At the same time 
Howard moved out to the west of Thomas. General 
Dodge had been wounded, and the 16th Corps was now 
commanded by General Ransom until after the fall of 
Atlanta, when Sweeney's division was transferred to the 
15th Corps and Fuller's to the 17th Corps. 

The army was now west of Atlanta, and facing 
south, Howard on the right, Thomas in the center, and 
Schofield on the left, where the latter continued active 
East Point, demonstrations about East Point. Hood knew that 
Sherman was making some new move, but believed the 
Federals were short of rations, and were about to retreat 
across the Chattahoochee. On the 30th, having discov- 
ered his error, he hastened the corps of Hardee and Lee 
to Jonesboro, where they arrived on the morning of the 
31st. On the 28th, Howard moved forward to Fairburn, 
and Thomas to Red Oak. Meanwhile Schofield pre- 
sented a bold front toward the enemy. On the 29th, 
Howard and Thomas thoroughly destroyed the railroad 
from East Point to Fairburn. On the 30th the march 
southward was resumed. Howard moved along the road 
from Fairburn to Jonesboro, skirmishing heavily with 
the enemy's cavalry all the w^iy. Schofield marched to 
Rough and Ready. Thomas was between them. How- 



SHERMAN. 309 

ard advanced rapidly, reaching Flint River that day, and is a 4. 
driving the enemy from the bridge, secured it, and 
crossed Logan's corps over that evening. Logan placed 
M. L. Smith's division, now commanded by Wm. B. 
Hazen, on the left, Harrow's division on the right, and 
Osterhaus in reserve. The 16th Corps, under Ransom, 
moved to the right of Logan, but remained on the west 
side of Flint River. Blair arrived on the 31st, and 
joined Logan's left, but also remained west of the river. 
These three corps connected their lines, however, by 
numerous bridges, Logan's corps occupying a ridge 
where they were strongly intrenched. 

Hardee with his own and Lee's corps was now at 
Jonesboro, and the opposing forces were scarcely two 
miles apart. Jonesboro is about twenty miles south of An-siand 
Atlanta. About 3 p. m. on the 31st, Lee's corps savagely j^Jfj^boi-o 
attacked Logan. The battle raged for two hours, but 
the 15th Corps could not be moved; a division each 
from the 16th and 17th Corps had been sent to Logan's 
assistance. The enemy was finally repulsed with a loss 
of about 2,000 in killed and wounded ; Howard's loss 
was about 1,000. Hardee's corps had been engaged 
farther to the right, disputing the passage of the river Flint River. 
with Kilpatrick's cavalry. 

Hood was bewildered. The Federals were reported 
as moving northward from Rough and Ready station. 
He ordered Hardee to send back Lee's corps in all 
haste. Lee started that night; this left Hardee alone 
at Jonesboro. Sherman soon learned this, and ordered 
a concentration around Hardee, hoping to capture the 
whole corps. About 4 p. m., September 1, Davis's corps 
approached the north front of Jonesboro, his right join- 
ing Howard. Davis at once charged upon the enemy's 
works on his front, capturing them with their defenders 
— a whole brigade — and two field-batteries of ten guns. 



310 SHERMAN. 



I s « i . 



luUos 
laiitii. 



Although Howard endeavored to get below Jonosboro, 

~~ and Stanley's corps to the east of the town, night closed 

Death of \\\ beforo these movements could be completed. Among 

iCierlni, the enemy's losses at Jonesboro were Generals Anderson, 

c'uuiming, Cummino- and Patten. Hardee escaped to Loveioy's 

luul Patten. °' _ ^ «J. •' 

Station during the night. 

The following morning Sherman pushed forward, but 
had scarcely reached Hardee's new front when news 
arrived that Atlanta was evacuated by Hood, and Gen- 
eral Slocuni was in possession. Sherman suspected 
this, as he had heard heavy explosions during the pre- 
vious night in the direction of Atlanta. Hood evacuated 
Sept 2. ju^-iiio; thc uight of September 1, ioining Hardee soon 

Hood evac- O D r ' i» o 

At- afterward. The Union soldiers were overjoyed at the 
good news. General Thomas was ji boy again in his 
glee. The whole country was cheered. The President 
wrote a hearty letter of congratulation to Gceneral Sher- 
man. General Grant telegraphed that he had ordered a 
salute to be fired, with guns shotted, from every battery 
bearing upon the enemy in his front. 

General Sherman now determined to give his tired 

soldiers the rest they had so nobly earned, and at once 

ordered his army back to Atlanta, which movement was 

Sept. 8. begun on the 5th, and by the 8th they were encamped 

Sherman ^^pQuud Atlanta, Thouias's troops in and about Atlanta, 

vests at At- 7 jr 7 

hvnta. Howard's at East Point, and Schofield's at Decatur. 

The enemy's cavalry, under Wheeler and Forrest, 
were now threatening Sherman's communications in 
Northern Georgia and Tennessee, and about the middle 
of September Newton's division, now commanded by 
General George D. Wagner, was sent back to Chatta- 
• nooga, and Sweeney's division, which was now com- 
manded by General John M. Corse, and belonged to the 
17th Corps, was sent back to Rome. Toward the end 
of September, Hood became active, and was moving 



SIIMRMA^. 311 

northwartl. Shernian was now convinced that the cucuiy i «« j. 
was making a general movement npon his rear, lie g^.^t. 29. 
therefore sent General Thomas to Chattanooga on the J^lj'^'u,. 
29th, with Mormm's division of the 14th Corps. ^ ^■'"'•t''- 

Sherman's losses since leaving Chattanooga m May 
had'been 31,687 ; those killed numbered 4,442, wounded, 
22,822, missing, 4,423. The loss of the enemy was 
estimated at between 35,000 and 40,000, 12,000 of 
whom were prisoners. This had been a severe campaign ; 
scarcely a day had passed since the 7tli of May without 
a heavy skirmish or battle. 

Hood crossed the Chattahoochee about the 1st of J^^^^^; ^ J- ^^^. 
October with an army of 40,000 men. Hardee had i"g noiti.. 
been called to Charleston, S. C, to relieve Bcaurogard, 
the latter having been placed at the head of the enemy's 
forces in the central region. Hood's three corps were 
now commanded by Cheatham, S. D. Lee, and Stewart. 
The enemy's cavalry in advance captured about 400 
Federal soldiers at l>ig Shanty and Acworth. On the umsiLmiy. 
5th of October a. division of Hood's infantry ap[)eared 
before Allatoona, which was garrisoned by three reg- 
iments under Colonel Tourtelotte. An immense quantity 
of supplies was stored at that place, which Sherman 
made haste to protect. Leaving Slocum at Atlanta 
with the 20th Corps, he started northward, Oct. 3. The siurm„n 

^ after lUx 

army had undergone many changes. General J. D. Cox 
was now in command of the 23d Corps, General Schotield 
having gone to Knoxville to look after some business 
connected with his Department. General Stanley took 
Thomas's place, assuming command of the troops of the 
4th and 14th Corps that were not with Thomas at Chat- 
tanooga. Generals Logan and Blair had gone north, 
leaving the 15th Corps in connnand of General Osterhaus 
and the 17th under General T. E. G. Ransom. Sherman 
moved north after Hood with about 00,000 men. 



Hood. 



Oct. 5. 

Allatoona 



312 SHJiJBMAN. 

1864. On Oct. 4, General Sherman signaled from Yining 

Station to Kenesaw, and there repeated to General Corse 
at Rome, to hasten back to the assistance of the garrison 
at Allatoona. Corse arrived in the nick of time with 
three regiments, increasing the garrison to nearly 2,000 
men. On the morning of the 5th a division of the enemy, 
about 5,000 strong, under General French, appeared be- 
fore Allatoona, and demanded its surrender. General 
Corse refused, when the enemy assaulted on all sides at 
once. They attacked furiously, but after a desperate 
struggle were finally repulsed, with a loss of about 1,500 
in killed and wounded and 400 prisoners. The Federal 
loss was about 700. Sherman, from the top of Kenesaw, 

"Hold the eighteen miles distant, signaled to Corse, " Hold out, re- 
fort! I am • „ ' o ? ? 

coming!" hei IS couimg ! which he did most nobly. Assault 
after assault was gallantly repulsed, and General Cox, 
approaching with the 2od Corps, decided the enemy to 
hastily decamp. The battle had lasted from about 9 
A. M. till about 2 p. m. General Corse and Colonel 
Tourtelotte were both severely wounded. 

During this battle. Hood with his main force was at 
Dallas. He continued to move northward, with Sher- 
man close after him. Hood's men complained that the 
raid upon Sherman's communications was of no use, as 
Sherman carried duplicate railroads, bridges, and tunnels 
along with him. Sherman reached Kingston on the 
10th and Rome on the 11th, (the latter place is about 
80 miles northwest of Atlanta,) arriving on the 13th at 

Oct. 12. Resaca. Hood had appeared before Resaca on the 12th, 
demanding its surrender. Colonel Weaver, in command 
of a small Federal force there, refused the demand ; but 
Hood concluded not to attack, and after some skirmish- 
ing he moved away, destroying the railroad and captur- 

oct. 13. i^g ^^^ garrison at Dalton, consisting of a regiment of 

Daiton. colored troops. 



SIIEBMAN. 31 a 

Sheiiiiiin followed Hood as far as Gaylesville, Ala., is 04. 
which place he reached on the 21st of October. But 
now he concluded that Thomas could take cave of Hood, 
and at once began organizing for a march through Geor- 
gia. General Ransom, who had commanded Blair's Death of 
corps since leaving Atlanta, died of fcA'er Oct. 29, near Ran!ol. 
Rome. Schofield, who had rejoined Sherman at Gayles- 
ville with the 23d Corps, and Stanley with the 4th 
Corps, were ordered to report to Thomas. General 
Wilson, who had been sent from Petersburg by General shcnnan 
Grant to take command of the cavahy in this Depart- ^Z^'i^T 
ment, was also ordered to report to Thomas, Sherman ""'''''' '" 

. . ^ . . . . the sea. 

retaining Kilpatrick for his chief cavalry commander. 
General Thomas would also have the following-named 
troops to aid him in repelling Hood ; viz, 10,000 troops, 
mostly new, at Nashville, Steedman's division at Chat- 
tanooga, Ronssean's division at Murfreesboro, R. S. 
Granger's division at Decatur and Huntsville, Ala., the 
garrisons at Bridgeport and Stevenson, about 8,000 cav- 
alry, under Edw^ard Hatch, Croxton, and Colonel Capron, 
besides some 10,000 cavalry now collecting under Wil- 
son ; also General A. J. Smith, with his two divisions of 
the 16th Corps, who was soon to arrive from Missouri. 
These troops would give Thomas a force largely superior 
to Hood's, and on Nov. 2 General Grant finally gave his 
consent to Sherman's " march to the sea." 

On the 14th of November, General Sherman was ^^^ ^^ 

again at Atlanta, Ga., with the 14th, 15th, 17th, and sherman 
J? I'll • """"^ ^^ 

20th Corps, which he organized in two grand divisions : Atlanta. 

the 7ight, under General Howard, — 15th Corps, P. J. 

Osterhaus ; divisions, Charles R. Woods, W. B. Hazen, 

John E. Smith, John M. Corse,— 17th Corps, Frank P. 

Blair; divisions, J. A. Mower, M. D. Leggett, Giles A. 

Smith. The left, under H. W. Slocum,— 14th Corps, 

Jefterson C. Davis ; divisions, W. P. Carhn, James D. 



;U I .s7/A7;.i/.i.r. 

I sot. Morgan. A. Hainl, 'JOtli (\)ips, A. S. Williams; divis- 
""■ ions, N. .1. Jackson. John W. (]c:\y\, W. T. Ward. The 
cavalry uudiM" .hulson KilpalrioU was in (wo briii;ado8, 
oonunandoil by (\>lonols I'Mi II. Mnnay and Smith 1). 
Alkins. (uMUM-al John .\. I^i^an took oommanci of the 
h)th (\>rpsat Savannah. This aiany. nil iolA. nuiuluM'od 
ahont lU),0(H) mon, bosidos abont. 6, <")()() i'a\alry nniliM- 
K ilpalrii'k. 

(h> Nov. h), SluM-nian's army swnnt;- out into tlio 

shonuMu-s tMUMn\'s I'ouutrN , (MitiroU out looso iVom all thoir oom- 

iio>>i>s muuioations. Tho artilhM'y was iH^hu'od to l>5 i^iins, or 

willa iiu- about t)Uo gun toi\u'h l,()l)() num. l-laoh gun. caisson, and 

>xou. foroo was drawn by oight horses, and (\aoh oin-jts had a 

wagtMi train of about UOO wagons, with six n\nlos oacli, 

and L->1^ ambulanros. with t.wo horsost\aoh. ThoriMVoro 

altogvthor l!.c>(H) wagons, and 000 ambnlanoos; oaoh 

wagmi oarriod about -.T^tU^ pcuiiuls' weight. Tlu^ armv 

starttnl with '100 rounds oi' ammunition [hm' man, (\'U'h 

s(ddi(M' carrying on his jum'sou t'ort\ nnuids ; and cac\\ 

\uccc o[' arlillory had -(U) rounds ol" assorted auununition. 

Tho army was also [U'ovidod with about twenty da\s' 

ratiims pov man. auil tivi> days' t\n-ag(^ tor the animals. 

This, with the eorn and beet' t'ound in tlu^ ouimun's 

country , }u\>\ 1^1 sutlieient for the needs ot" the troo[>s. 

.\(i;>n(:»'s Ind'oro the last troops left Atlanta, the ilestruetion oi' 

loiuuirios (\miulries, arsenals, maehiuc^-shops. etc.. was eompleleil ; 

Hsuos. eviuything that eould be oi" use io the enemy wa^s laid in 

aslu^s. 

(\eneral Sherman had drawn his supjdies from Louis- 
ville via Naslnilh', up to this tiuu\ It is -tTl uules 
from .Vtlauta to l.onis\ ille, and l^SO nuK\s lo Masln ille. 
It required a large luimber oi troops io guard these 
lines; strong guards had t(> be maintaiueil at Marietta, 
Kenesaw, .Vllatooua, b'towah Hridge. Kingston. lu>me. 
.Uesaca, Oalton, Kiutru'old. and ('hattam>Oiia. alsi> at all 



SN/:h\UAX. 



;vi5 



imjH>rl;in( bridges luu] railroMil sl;i(i(>iis. l^il (uMioral isr.t. 
Sherman adopdnl a. now plan, — ho wilhdrow all (ho 
(roops from Ihoso points, llo aided the ononw in de- 
stroying the Federal eonununioations, hinisoll' snb- 
sisting on southern ei>rn and hccW and at the same time 
iiave himself and Thomas more men. delVerson Daxis 
sent Uootl upon SluMinan's eommunieatu>ns tor the spe- uoips iio.hi 
eial purpose of drawing him northwaril out of ^'i^'>^i"gi:v ; i.'^.'^JrMi 
detV must, therefore hav(^ be(M\ set a-gu(\^sini;- when h(^ '•>^'>"""- 
saw Sherman helping Wood by burning bridges and tear- 
ing up railroad trai'ks in his rear, llowovor, SheiMuan 
did not ilestrov [\\o rails or (he rolling stock; they were 
sent (o (Miattau(niga I'or I'uture us(\ 

Th.e proposeil march to the si\i was (uMuu'al Sher- i,,..,„t „„a 
man's d(digh( ; (he ma((er had oeeupied his mind {'or ^"'''""""• 
sonu^ time before tlu^ taking o\' .Vtlanta. Visions 
of bursting (lu^ (U\emy"s empty sludl wtu'e t'ons(au(ly 
before him. With a k(HM> insight he foresaw what (he 
etVeet of that ex[>losiou wt>nld lu\ and was eager to begin 
the movenuMit ; and to him next afl(M- (uuu'ral (^rant 
belongs (lu^ eredit for the bearing that I'ampaign had 
towartl the eiuling of the war. It is elaimed by some 
tha.t all eredit is due to tyrant, and by o(hers (o Sher- 
man, for the eoneeption of (his grand eampaign; bn( '( is 
half and half. When (Irani had routetl and defeated 
Bragg at (^hattauooga, and been made ehief of all (he 
armies, he seleeled tuuieral SluuMuan for his sueeessor, 
us leader in that seetion. and direeteil him to nu>ve into 
the enemy's eonutry. In a le((er (o Sherman, daled 
April 4, 18G4, (^u'ant said, " Vou I. propi>se (o move 
against Johnston's ariuy, to break it up, and to go into 
the interior oi' the ^Miemy's eonutry as far us you eau, 
intlieting all (he damage you eau against all their war 
resourees." "I do not propose to lay down for you a. 
plan eampaign, but simply to lay down the work it is 



316 SHERMAN. 



IS 04, 



desirable to have done, and leave you free to execute it in 
your own way." Again Sept. 12, 1864, in a letter to Sher- 
man, Grant said that his plan would be to send a force 
to Mobile and another to Savannah from the Department 
of the Mississippi, with Sherman moving at the same 
time upon Macon and Augusta, Ga. A great deal of 
correspondence passed between these two master spirits 
concerning future operations, Grant giving his own ideas, 
asking Sherman his views, and finally leaving him to 
plan and execute what they both had decided upon. No 
doubt both Generals smile at the efforts of their respect- 
ive friends and admirers to give one or the other the 
whole glory. To each other they are the fastest of 
friends ; one cannot speak in too high terms of the other. 
And certainly they were both honest in their endeavors 
to put dowm the rebellion and end the war. Neither 
thought of reward or promotion or personal glory ; both 
were practical soldiers, knew nothing of politics, worked 
unitedly and in harmony, and thus with the aid of good 
lieutenants of their oAvn selection, they ended the war. 
It is 300 miles from Atlanta to Charleston, and 292 
Tho army to Savanuah. Howard's column moved toward Gordon, 



moves. 



while Slocum marched toward Milledgeville. These 
points were reached on Nov. 22. The railroads were 
destroyed as they moved along. Howard had passed 
through Jonesboro and Monticello, while Slocum had 
moved via Decatur, Stone Mountain, and Eatonton. On 
the 22d, while the right of the 15th Corps was operating 
Nov. 23. near Griswoldville, it was attacked by a brigade of the 

Grisvi'old- • n -\t rm 

viiie. enemy s troops coming from Macon. Ihe enemy was 
handsomely repulsed, and driven back into Macon, with 
severe loss. Kilpatrick met a detachment of Wheeler's 
cavalry at East Point, driving them before him and pur- 
suing to Lovejoy's, where they took possession of some 
intrenchments and made a stand. The Federals charged, 



SHERMAN. 317 

driving the enemy from the works, and taking a number i864. 
of prisoners. Kilpatrick moved thence through Clinton Ki,j,^ 
to Macon, where he met another force of the enemy's "'^'''^ '^''^' 
cavahy, and drove them into the works of Macon, then 
marched on through Gordon, Milledgeville, Gibson, and 
Waynesboro. Turning to the right here, he moved 
toward Millen, hoping to liberate the Federal prisoners 
there ; but before reaching that place he learned that 
they had been removed. He then fell back, arriving at 
Louisville on the 29th of Nov., followed by Wheeler's 
cavalry, skirmishing continuously. During this latter 
movement Kilpatrick, with his staff and the 8th Indiana 
and 9th Michigan, were isolated from the rest of the 
command, and nearly surrounded ; they cut their way 
out, however, with little loss. 

On the 2d of December, reinforced by Baird's divis- 
ion of infantry, Kilpatrick again moved toward Waynes- 
boro, near which place Wheeler was again encountered waynes- 
and driven through the town, on toward Augusta. Kil-^""^^* 
patrick covered the left flank of the army, and was per- 
sistently followed by Wheeler's cavalry. Sharp skir- 
mishing and frequent brisk engagements were contin- 
uous. 

Howard moved from Gordon, following the Savannah 
Railroad, having a small fight at the Oconee River, Nov. j^q^ gg. 
30. Slocum moved from Milledgeville to Sandersville. Sconce 

° River. 

Thence the army moved direct for Savannah, continuing 
the destruction of railroads and rolling stock, which had 
been pretty thorough since leaving Atlanta; over two 
hundred miles of railroad had been destroyed when 
Savannah was reached. Sherman passed through Millen 
on the 3d of December, and by the 10th he had Savan- Dec. lo. 
nah shut up. As the army neared the coast, swamps reaches 
and marshes became more frequent, and many miles of ^'^'''^°"*^* 
corduroy had to be built ; but as Sherman carried bridges 



lister, 



318 SHERMAN. 

1S04. and corduroy along with him, nothing stopped him. 
The boys moved rapidly; at least 15 miles each day 
was the rule. 

The entrance of the Ogeechee River to Ossabaw 
Sound was guarded by Fort McAUister, which stood be- 
siege ^ot^ ' tween Sherman and the Federal fleet. To reduce this 
Savannah, f^j.^ ^g^g ^}jq next thing the Federal general wished to 
accomplish. To a division of the 15th Corps, commanded 
by General Hazen, of Stone River fame, was allotted 
this work. On the night of Dec. 12, General Howard's 
engineers built a bridge 1,800 feet long over the Ogee- 
chee, where King's bridge had been destroyed, and at 
sunrise on the 13th, Hazen with his division passed over. 
Fort McAi- Fort McAllistor was garrisoned by about 250 men. 
Hazen completed his preparations about 3 p. m., when 
his soldiers moved forward as if on parade. The garrison 
fired every gun available, but the Union boys pressed 
steadily onward, soon taking the double-quick, then the 
charge. The smoke from the enemy's guns for a moment 
enveloped them, and then cleared away to discover the 
Union blue in possession of the fort. The Federal loss 
was about 90 in killed and wounded ; about 50 of the 
garrison were killed or wounded. Major Anderson, who 
commanded the fort, w^as taken prisoner, together with 
the garrison. 

December 14, General Sherman met General Foster, 
who commanded the Federal forces in that Depart- 
ment, and Admiral Dahlgren, who was in command of 
the naval fleet there, arranging with Foster for some 
siege guns, and with Dahlgren to assist in the bombard- 
ment of Savannah. On the 16th a steamer, sent by 
General Grant, arrived with a large amount of accumu- 
lated mail for the boys, and all had a good time reading 
news from home. Several ships loaded with stores were 
lying in the harbor for Sherman's army. 



SHERMAN. 319 

General Hardee was in command of the enemy's is a 4. 
forces in Savannah, which numbered about 12,000 men. 
Every avenue of escape was closed to him except to the 
northeast, toward Charleston. General Sherman de- 
manded the surrender of Savannah on the 17th, which 
Hardee refused. Sherman at once began preparations 
for a more complete investment and assault ; but Hardee ^^^ ^^ 
was too quick for him, and escaped with his troops on savannah 

■*■ evacuated. 

the night of the 20th to Charleston. The Federals at 
once took quiet possession of the city. The enemy had 
left behind 230 cannon, a large quantity of ammunition, 
and 30,000 bales of cotton. 

The army had been twenty-seven days on the march, 
leaving a track of ruin thirty miles wide in its rear. It 
had destroj^ed 20,000 bales of cotton, 200 miles of rail- 
road track, and had taken from, the country through 
which it passed, sufficient provision for its subsistence. 
More than 200,000 bushels of corn were taken, but 
soldiers were not permitted to enter dwellings, and noth- 
ing was taken from the poorer classes. Besides destroy- 
ing railroads, the army also gave to the flames all depots, 
engine houses, repair shops, foundries, cotton gins, etc., 
in fact everything that would afford sustenance to the 
enemy. 

During the twenty-seven days of isolation, the North 
knew nothing of the fate of Sherman's army, except 
through the enemy, and these reports were meager. 
The Federal loss during the march was about 750 in 
killed, wounded, and missing. They had captured about 
1,300 prisoners. It is 190 miles in a straight line from 
Atlanta to Savannah, but 255 miles as the army marched. 
About this time Thomas had secured his great victor}'^ iscs. 
over Hood, and that, with Sherman's success, filled the ^^^ . ^^^ 
hearts of all Union loving people with joy. The North hearts eicc- 

r\ T trifled. 

was electrified, but the shock was pleasant. On January 



320 



SHERMAN. 



1865. 

Congress 
votes 
thanks to 
Sherman 
and his 
men. 



14 the United States Congress passed a resolution ten- 
dering the thanks of the people and of Congress to 
Major-General William T. Sherman and the soldiers 
under him, for their great acheivements from Chattanooga 
to Savannah. 



CHAPTER XYIII. 

THROUGH THE CAROLINAS. 

SHERAfAN. 

EARLY in January, 1865, Sherman began making i8G5, 
preparations for moving northward through the 
Carolinas. His army now numbered about 60,000 men. 
No changes had occurred in corps and division com- 
manders, except that General Logan had arrived from 
the North, and resumed command of the 15th Corps, 
and General M. F. Force was now in command of Leg- 
gett's division of the 17th Corps. The 17th Corps was 
sent around- by water to Beaufort Island, S. C, march- 
ing thence to Pocotaligo, twenty-five miles to the north- 
ward, where it arrived on the 15th of January. 

On the 18th of the same month, Sherman turned 
over Savannah and its surroundings to General Foster, 
and on February 1 he again cut loose. General Grant Feb. i. 
had sent Grover's division of the 19th Corps to garrison leaves 
Savannah. Slocum, with Kilpatrick's cavalry, moved ^^''''°"^^- 
from Sisters Ferry to Barnwell, through swamps, while 
the right wing, accompanied by General Sherman, 
marched toward Branchville. When the latter reached 

Feb. 6. 

the Salkehatchie, the enemy disputed its passage, hav- saike- 
ing previously destroyed the bridges. Generals Mower "^^^^^^ 
and G. A. Smith led their columns through the swamps 
in water up to their watch pockets, in fact, up to the 
necks of short men, soon putting to flight the brigade of 
the enemy on the other side. Sherman's soldiers saw 
hard times in those days ; a cold, chilling rain came 

21 (321) 



322 THOMAS. 

186 5. down in torrents, and the country through which they 

were passing was half under water. Howard pressed on 

to the South Carolina Railroad, destroying the track for 

many miles. Continuing the march, he arrived at 

Feb. 13. Orana'eburo; on the 12th, having a sharp engagement 

Orange- & & 7 o r o n ^ 

burg. with the enemy that day near that place, on the Edisto 
River. After destroying the railroads at this point, 
Howard pushed on for Columbia, driving the enemy 
before him. 

The enemy's forces now opposing Sherman's march 
were composed mostly of militia. The left wing moved 
via Barnwell, Windsor, and Lexington to Columbia, 
Wheeler's cavalry contesting the Federal advance; 
but Kilpatrick pressed them back constantly, with con- 
tinual sharp skirmishing, amounting often to severe en- 
gagements. Both wings reached Columbia about the 

Feb. 16-18. same time on the 17th, and the United States flag again 
floated over the capitol of South Carolina. .The Mayor 
had hastened forward to surrender the city on the 
approach of Howard's troops. Beauregard, who had 
recently been in Tennessee endeavoring to assist Hood, 
had been in command at Columbia, but fled on Sherman's 
approach, leaving Wade Hampton with his cavalry to 
cover the rear. Hampton set fire to a large quantity of 
baled cotton ; and it being a very windy day, the flames 
caught in the buildings, and spread rapidly, burning 
a large part of the city in spite of the endeavors of the 
Union soldiers to quench the conflagration. 

Hardee was now compelled to evacuate Charleston. 
On the morning of Feb. 17 he began destroying the city 
by setting fire to warehouses filled with cotton and other 
stores, and a fearful loss of property followed, including 
railroad bridges and shipping. Thus Charleston suff'ered 

^^^- ^^- at the hands of her defenders almost as much as Colum- 

Charleston 

evacuated, bia. Hardce evacuated on the 18th, going into North 



SHERMAN. 323 

Carolina to join General Joseph E. Johnston, who had isns. 
now been hastily called to oppose Sherman. The 
United States flag again floated over Sumter, and over 
Charleston, the cradle of secession. 

Kilpatrick had a sharp fight with Wheeler's cavalry 
at Williston station on Feb. 8, and again near Aiken on wiiiiston. 
the 11th. The enemy was defeated on both occasions. ^^^ "• 
Kilpatrick then proceeded northward, crossing the 
Saluda on the 17th. On the 18th he tore up the railroad 
track at Alston, crossing Broad River on the 19th, and 
moved on nearly to Chesterfield, when he learned that 
Wheeler and Hampton had united their forces. Being 
far in advance, he now retired toward the main body. 

Sherman pushed forward from Columbia on Feb. 20, 
marching in the direction of Charlotte, N. C, and crossed 
the line dividing the Carolinas on the 8th of March. The 
enemy's forces under Beauregard, Wheeler, and Hamp- 
ton were awaiting the Federals at that place ; but they 
were deceived. When Sherman reached Winnsboro, he 
turned to the east, destroying the railroads as he went. 
The right wing crossed the Catawba at Peay's Ferry, 
and marched nearly direct to Cheraw, reaching that 
place about noon, March 3. The left wing, after de- 
stroying the railroad nearly to Chesterville, turned east, 
crossing the Catawba at Rocky Mount on February 23, 
thence proceeding throusih Chesterfield, March 2, to ^''"'°^ ^■ 
Sneedsboro, a little north of Cheraw, driving a detach- aeid. 
ment of the enemy's cavalry before it. Sherman had 
expected an encounter with Hardee at Cheraw, but on 
his approach the enemy retreated to Fayetteville. It 
had been a very tedious march since leaving Winnsboro, 
through swamps and a low country flooded by recent 
rains. The Federal army reached Fayetteville on the 
11th of March. 

When the left wing moved from Rocky Mount, 



324 SHERMAK 

180^5. Kiipatrick proceeded to Lancaster, for the purpose of 
misleading Beauregard, who thought the Federals were 
moving on Charlotte. Kilpatrick continued in that 
neighborhood some days, skirmishing with Wheeler and 
Kiipltrick Hampton, having a severe engagement on March 9 near 
ton ^^™^" ^^-ystteville. He had been following Hardee's rear, 
when he learned on the 8th that Hampton was in his own 
rear. Turning back with Spencer's brigade, he made a 
night march, going into camp toward morning, Kilpatrick 
himself resting at a farm house some distance from the 
main body, surrounded by a small body guard. Here 
Hampton charged him suddenly, capturing a part of his 
staff and the brigade commander, and drove the Federal 
guards out of their camps. Kilpatrick barely escaped 
capture. Then at the head of the aroused brigade he 
charged the enemy in turn, and completely routed them, 
retaking his camp and the prisoners which Hampton 
had just captured. Kilpatrick then proceeded to Fay- 
ette ville. 

General Sherman now gave his troops a little needed 
rest, and moved again on the 15th of March for Golds- 
boro. He now expected more serious work than he had 
experienced since leaving Atlanta. General Johnston 
was before him with the forces of Hardee, Beauregard, 
Cheatham, with what there was left, of Hood's army, 
Hoke, with the troops that had been operating on the 
seaboard of North Carolina, and Wheeler's and Hamp- 
ton's cavalry, numbering in the aggregate about 40,000 
men. On moving, Sherman sent Slocum in the direction 
of Averysboro, accompanied by Kilpatrick's cavalry, to 
attract the enemy to the defense of Raleigh, Howard 
moving more directly toward Goldsboro, Sherman him- 
self remaining with Slocum. 

Kilpatrick had a sharp skirmish with Hardee's rear 
guard on the evening of the 15th, capturing a number of 



SHERMAN. 325 

prisoners. On the following morning (the 16tli), S"locum is a 3. 
found Hardee intrenched near Averysboro, with about MardT 
15,000 men. Johnston was expected to ioin him with f' ^'^• 
the rest of his army. Sherman directed Slocum to ^^vo. 
attack at once. Williams led the attack with the divis- 
ions of Jackson and Ward, sending a brigade under 
General Casey to turn the enemy's right flank. After a 
short but severe conflict, the enemy was driven from his 
first line. Slocum now pushed forward Davis with two 
divisions of the 14th Corps on Williams's left, while 
Kilpatrick was hotly engaged on the right, and the 
battle became general. Hardee held his ground with 
difficulty until dark, when he retreated to Smithfield. 
The Federal loss was 77 killed and 477 wounded -, the 
loss of the enemy was unknown, except 217 who were 
taken prisoners, and 108 of their dead whom the Union 
soldiers buried upon the field. 

The left wing moved toward Goldsboro on the 17th, 
the 14th Corps in advance. On the morning of the 19th, 
Sherman left Slocum to ioin Howard. Soon afterward, ^arch 

. . 18-21. 

about 6 A. M., the 14th Corps, having resumed its march, Benton- 
came upon the enemy's cavalry near Bentonville. Heavy ^*"''' 
skirmishing followed, gradually increasing to a battle, 
the enemy retiring slowly. At noon the Federals found 
a heavy force of Johnston's infantry before them. The 
battle now became fierce and determined. Slocum, be- 
coming satisfied that Johnston was before him with all 
his forces united, hurried messengers for the 20th Corps. 
About 3 s. M. the enemy in strong columns charge 
furiously upon Carlin's division, at the same time striking 
the rest of the corps heavily. Carlin's troops gallantly 
withstand superior numbers for a time, but are finally 
giving way, when Davis hastens to the right, where 
Colonel Fearing, with his brigade of Morgan's division, 
is held in reserve. He now sends Fearing at double- 



32C) SHERMAN. 

IS 5. quick against the enemy's flank. Nobly do the soldiers 
of that brigade perform the work ; they see the danger 
of the moment. The charge is magnificent, checking 
the exultant enemy, then forcing him back. Colonel 
Fearing is wounded, and many of his men are killed and 
wounded in the charge. The 14th Corps is saved from 
a greater disaster, but the battle is not ended. The 
enemy press with great determination upon Morgan's- 
position, and the fighting becomes hotter and fiercer. 
Morgan is nearly surrounded, but he has old and tried 
veterans who repulse charge after charge of the furious 
and exasperated foe. One brigade of the 20th Corps 
arrived about 5 P. M., and at once entered the fight. The 
battle raged from right to left until dark, but Johnston 
failed to force the 14th Corps from its ground. 

During the night, two divisions of the 20th Corps 
came up, and the following morning (the 20th) Howard 
joined his left to Slocum's right. Skirmishing was kept 
up, and on the 21st the Federals pressed closely upon 
the enemy's intrenchments ; heavy skirmishing continued 
all day. 

In January, General Grant had brought General 
Schofield, with the 23d Corps, from Thomas's army in 
Tennessee to the coast of North Carolina. Schofield 
Schofield in i^^^^^Q^i at Fort Fishcr Feb. 9. General A. H. Terry was 
''"'*• there, having recently captured that fort. Schofield 

was placed in command, and with his own corps and two 
divisions of the 10th Corps, under General Terry, soon 
afterward captured Wilmington, moving thenae to Golds- 
boro for the purpose of operating in conjunction with 
MuiTh 21. Sherman. He arrived at Goldsboro on March 21. 
Learning of this, Johnston withdrew that night to 
Smithfield. The Federal loss on the 19th, 20th, and 
21st was about 1,700 ; the loss of the enemy was es- 
timated at 3,000. General Sherman moved his army 



iiUEKMAN. 327 

the next (lay to the vicinity of Goldsboro, where Scho- is 05. 
field reported to him for orders. 

General Sherman now visited General Grant at City 
Point, Va. These heroes of the war and the noble Lin- 
coln met on March 27 at City Point, to congratulate, and ^^^J^' 
arranee for the finish. Until April 10, Sherman's army ^inuit, and 
rested around Goldsboro, where the soldiers were sup- meet. 
plied with new clothing, which must have been a great 
treat to them. They had marched over 425 miles since 
leaving Savannah, crossed five large rivers, — Edisto, 
Broad, Catawba, Pedee, and Cape Fear, — marched 
through swamps and roads of mud, and were compelled 
to build many miles of corduroy road. But the boys 
had made the march ; they had raised the flag of the 
Union at Atlanta, Savannah, Charleston, and Columbia, 
and reduced the difference between gold and greenbacks. 
The shell was exploded. 

On April 10, Sherman again put his army in motion 
toward the enemy. Arriving at Smithfield on the 11th, 
he found that Johnston had retreated to Raleigh. That 
night General Sherman received a message from General 3,^^,,,,,^,, 
Grant, conveying the information that Lee had surren- 1^''^"'^ ">'^t 
dered at Appomattox Court House on the 9th. The surren- 
following morning (the 12th), General Sherman issued '""' 
" Special Field Order No. 54," in which he said, " Glory shcnmin 

^ very happy. 

to God and our country, and all honor to our comrades 
in arms, toward whom we are marching. A little more 
labor, a little more toil on our part, and the great race 
is won, and our Government stands regenerated, after 
four long years of war." 

Some changes had occurred in the commanding offi- 
cers of the army since its arrival at Goldsboro. Scho- 
field's army had been incorporated in Sherman's grand 
army. Armies, corps, and divisions were officered as 
follows : — 



328 SJJJSBMAA\ 

1SG5. Right wing, 0. 0. Howard. 1 5 tli Corps, John A. 

Logan ; divisions, C. R. Woods, Wm. B. Hazen, J. E. 
Smith, E. W. Rice. 17th Corps, Frank P. Bhiir; divis- 
ions, M. F. Force, M. D. Leggett, G. A. Smith. 

Left wing, H. W. Slocum. 14th Corps, J. C. Davis ; 
divisions, C. C. Walcott, J. D. Morgan, A. Baird. 20th 
Corps, J. A. Mower; divisions, A. S. Williams, John 
W. Geary, W. T. Ward. 

Center, John M. Schofield. 10th Corps, A. H. 
Terry; divisions, H. W. Birge, A. Ames, C. J. Paine. 
23d Corps, J. D. Cox ; divisions, Thomas II. Rnger, D. 
N. Conch, S. P. Carter. Cavalry division, Judson Kil- 
patrick. 

General Sherman resumed his march after Johnston's 

army on the morning of the 12th, reaching Raleigh on 

the following day to find that the enemy had retired to- 

Miuih 14. ward Ilillsboro. On the 14th, General Sherman received 

The t'liomy in t i i • 

opoiis lugo- <v note irom Johnston asking a suspension of hostilities 
forTimen- "^^'^^^^ ^ ^'^^^^ ^^ suiTcnder. Negotiations were carried on 
•ier. until the 26th, General Grant in the meantime arriving 

and holding a conference Avith General Sherman. Fi- 
nally on the 26th Sherman and Johnston met at the 
house of James Bennett, near Durham station, in Or- 
ange County, N. C, and terms were agreed upon, 
Johnston surrendering on the following day with about 
37,000 men. Wade Hampton rode away w^ith a portion 
of his troops, indignantly refusing to surrender. 

On the 29th of April, General Sherman, with his 
The war is gtaft; proccedcd on official business to Savannah, by rail 

over. ' _ _ ^ ^ 

to Wilmington, and by w\ater from there, leaving Gen- 
eral Schofield to carry out the details of the surrender, 
at the same time ordering his army to Richmond to 
await there his return, except that Schofield, Terry, and 
Kilpatrick, with their forces, were to remain on duty in 
the Department of North Carolina. On the 9th of May 



Sherman rejoined his veterans, who Avere eneaniped at isus, 
jNlanchester, near Iviehinoiid. On the 11 th he put his 
army in motion tor Alexandria, arriving there on the 
19th. These ohl hero "bummers" must have been 
tired. They had marched over tedious roads, through 
mountains, valleys, overflowed swamps, and rivers, skir- 
mishing and tighting most oi^ the way, a distance, since 
leaving Chattanooga May 5, 18G4, of 1,500 miles, and 
those troops of the 15th and 17th Corps which came 
from Vicksburg, had marched over 2,000 miles. At that 
time the country no doubt felt grateful ; but to-day 
(1885) the soldier is forgotten in the distribution of of- 
fices ; and if he gets up suilicient courage to ask for a 
place, he is met with the cry, " The soldier wants every- 
thing !" Buncombe resolutions answered for a time, but 
like chaff in the stomach, they are not strengthening. 

The army of the Potomac passed in grand review in 
Washington on the 23d of May, and Sherman's army on gh'orma,i's 
the 24th, — a grand sight those tw^o days. President '^""^■i^"^^'^^ 

^ o o ^ ^ j,^ review 

Johnson and his cabinet were the reviewing officers. «! wash 
(IIow" sad that Lincoln could not have witnessed this 
grand closing of the war !) All who witnessed the re- 
view were surprised at the excellent marching of these 
veteran troops, 60,000 veterans, — the regular tread, the 
perfect alignment, the steady, solid mass of passing 
steel, moving with the regularity of a pendulum. These 
old veterans were citizen soldiers from Ohio, Indiana, 
Illinois, Michigan, Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and 
Missouri, including several regiments from New York 
and Pennsylvania, wdth a sprinkling from New Jersey, 
Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, 
Kentucky, and Tennessee. 



ARMY OF THE POTOMAC. 

May, 1864, TO April, 1865. 



Section Second. 



CHAPTER XIX. 

PREPARATIONS FOR THE FINAL ADVANCE. 

" They boldly closed in a hand-to-hand contest with their enemy," 

—PBESCOTT. 

THE CONQUEROR.* 

1864. rr^HE spring of 1864 opened a new era for the armies 
JL of the Union. The Honorable Elihu B. Washburne 
introduced a bill in the United States House of Repre- 
sentatives for the revival of the grade of Lieutenant- 
General; it passed both Houses on Feb. 26, and was 
signed by the President March 1. The President at 
once nominated General Grant for the place, and on 

March 2. ^jjg 2d of March the Senate confirmed the nomination. 

Grant a /-s p 

Lieutenant- Tho grado of Llcutenant-General had been created for 
Washington in 1798, and was discontinued at his death. 
It was conferred by brevet upon General Scott in 1855. 
Grant received his commission as Lieutenant-General 
and General-in-Chief of all the armies, from the hands of 
the President, whom he now met for the first time, in 
the presence of the Cabinet, on March 9. It came to 

*NoTE. — The above title was given to General Grant in this volume more 
than one year before he was taken sick, and was not so given because of r& 
cent but just populai- sentiment. 
(330) 




'^ <^ ^^p-^:^^,^ 



'SnqA -DyS.P.mill R. Sons. Wew Torlc 



THE CONQUEROR. 331 

him unasked, and in fact, every promotion he had ever is 64. 
received had come to him unsaught. 

General Grant was born April 27, 1822, at Point Brief wog. 
Pleasant, Clermont County, Ohio. At the age of seven- Qg^^e^rai 
teen he entered the Military Academy at West Point, ^''''''^• 
from which he graduated in 1843. He was at once 
assigned to the 4th infantry as brevet 2d Lieutenant. 
He was engaged in nearly all the battles of the Mexican 
war, and received two brevets for bravery. In 1848 he 
married Miss Julia Dent, the daughter of a leading 
merchant of St. Louis, Mo. He left the army in 1854, 
and engaged in farming near St. Louis. In 1860 he en- 
tered the kather-trade at Galena, 111., with his father. 
Four days after Lincoln's first call for troops, April 15, 
1861, he was found drilling a company of volunteers at 
Galena. From that date to this we have been reading 
the glorious history of the General and his operations as 
recorded in the part of this volume headed. Central De- 
partments 

General Grant wasted no time on dinners or recep- 
tions, nor did he even take the rest which he must have 
needed, but at once began the work that lay before him. 
He visited the army of the Potomac on March 10. 
Meade's headquarters were at Brandy Station ; here Grant visits 
Grant and Meade met for the first time since the Mex- Meade. 
ican war, Avhen both had been lieutenants in the regular 
army. At this time, General Meade told General Grant 
not to hesitate to make a change in the commanding 
officer of the Army of the Potomac, if he so wished to 
do ; that he (Meade) would serve to the best of his 
ability wherever placed. Grant replied that he should 
make no change. General Grant says in his " Memoirs " : 
" This incident gave me even a more ftivorable opinion 
of Meade than did his great victory at Gettysburg, the 
July before. It is men who wait to be selected, and 



Sliornian'8 
promotion, 



5333 TIIJE COmjUmWE. 

IS a 4. not tlioso who seek, from whom we may always expect 
~~ tlio most efficient service." Grant remained with Meade 
over night, discussing future movements, and returned 
to Washington on the 11th. He held a consultation 
with tlie President and Secretary of War during the day 
on military matters generally, also securing the appoint- 
ment of ShernNxn as chief of the military division of the 
Mississippi, and McPherson of the Department of the 
Tennessee. Halleek was made Chief-of-Staff to remain 
in Washington, but General John A. Rawlins continued 
to be Grant's Chief-of-Staff in the field. 

The General left Washington that night to go to 

Nashville for the purpose of making arrangements for 

the spring campaign in Sherman's Department. He met 

March 17. General Sherman at Nashville on the 17th, the latter 

Gnmt visits , . •.! -in ^ • n it • i- • t-v 

Sherman at haviug just retumcd from his Meridian campaign. Dur- 
Nashviiie. -^^g ||^^ consultatiou of these two friends, Sherman urged 
Grant vehemently to stay away from Washington, to 
make his headquarters with the Western armies, saying 
to him that the politicians of Washington would ruin 
him. But Grant decided that for the best interest of 
the service he should be in person with the Army of the 
Potomac, and besides, the President had assured him 
that he should have absolute control of all military 
movements, giving Grant to understand that he never 
had and never would interfere with commanders who 
moved. Grant returned to Washington, arriving there 
March 33. on the 23d of March, and at once began preparations for 
the concentration of troops for a vigorous spring cam- 
paign. The main armies of the enemy were*under Lee 
in Virginia, and Johnston in Georgia. He gave orders 
for abandoning all posts it was not absolutely indispen- 
sable to hold for .the purpose of maintaining the blockade. 
His plan was to move all armies at the same time, so 
that the enemy should be kept busy at all points at once, 



Grant at 

Washin 

ton. 



lH(i4. 



THE GONQUEWR. ^^^ 

thus being unable, as heretofore, to reinforce one army 

with another. tt -^ i 

The armies and military departments of the United 
States, with aggregate numbers of officers and men of all 
arms present for duty and fully equipped on May 1, 
1864, are given as follows : — 

A^y of the Potomac. Ma^-Gen. a ^-M-ao, ........ 07,.J3 An.u. of 

ry'SS, " B:..BuUer 3W States. 

Bep-tonhcCn™.e.anO-n.. ;; f^ S;;^— i ! ! ! ! ! ! ^SS^ 
. . , :: Oh~^' i-.- " J-.M-SConCd, 26,040 

Dcp't of the South (Southern CoaBt), ;; S! p! SC'''" ■" "• • ^S' 

."" ' „„ " Frederick Steele, 18,01.3 

" Arkansas, ,, „ o wv/ 

n W. S. Rosecrans, %'^^' 

Missouri, " „„ 0(1(1 

» West Virginia, " Pnuiz Sigel -6;-% 

" Washington, John A D^ l'^97 

East (NewKuglamlnn.lN.Y.), John A. IJIX, 

» Northwest ]:::;;:;::■ - j^'-p^p^' ^'^^^ 

» Snsquehannah(Pa), " ^^•^•^''"t S>1 

. New Mexico, Brig.-Gen. J. IL Carcton, ,V~ 

» Pacific (Cal. and Oregon), " «-J"Sl^';. 4033 

» Kansas, Maj.-Gen. S. R. Curtis, 4,033 

" va.andN.c.]-:;:,:r " ^•^•^""" ''''!' 

Middle Dept. (Maryland and l)eh) ^ ^t^S:!::h;;an;:::: :i;:5 

Nortliern Dep't. (Ohio, Ind., 111., Mith.), o- 

Aggregate : 533,417 

This was the fighting strength of the United States 
forces, although there were reported as present for duty 
on the 1st of May, 662,345 men. , ^ ,, 

The following is an extract from General brants 
Report to the Secretary of War, dated, lIc^dquaHers 
Armies of the United States, Washington, D. C., July 
22 1865 The report covers the time General brant 
commanded all the armies, and the extract frem it is m- 
serted to show the situaiion of the contending forces, 
and General Grant's views at that time. 



334 THE CONQUEROR. 

18 64. From the first, I was firm in the conviction that no peace 

— could be had that would be stable and conducive to the happi- 

Mav 

Extract ^®^^ ^^ ^^® pcople, both North and South, until the military 

from Gen- power of the rebellion was entirely broken. 

Repoi-r" ^ I therefore determined, first, to use the greatest number of 
troops practicable against the armed force of the enemy, pre- 
venting him from using the same force at different seasons 
against first one and then another of our armies, and the pos- 
sibility of repose for refitting and producing necessary supplies 
for carrying on resistance; secondly, to hammer continuously 
against the armed force of the enemy and his resources, until 
by mere attrition, if in no other way, there should be nothing 
left to him but an equal submission with the loyal section of 
our common country to the Constitution and laws of the land. 
These views have been kept constantly in mind, and orders 
given and campaigns made to carry them out. Whether they 
mio-ht have been better in conception and execution is for the 
people who mourn the loss of friends fallen, and who have to 
pay the pecuniary cost, to say. All I can say is, that what I 
have done has been done conscientiously, to the best of my 
ability, and in what I conceived to be for the best interests of 
the whole country. 

At the date when this report begins, the situation of the 
contending forces was about as follows : The Mississippi River 
was strongly garrisoned by Federal troops from St. Louis, Mo., to 
its mouth. The line of the Arkansas was also held, thus giving 
us armed possession of all west of the Mississippi, north of that 
stream. A few points in Southern Louisiana, not remote from 
the river, were held by us, together with a small garrison at and 
near the mouth of the Rio Grande. All the balance of the vast 
territory of Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas was in the almost 
undisputed possession of the enemy, with an army of probably 
not less than 80,000 effective men, that could have been brought 
into the field. ... To the east of the Mississippi we held substan- 
tially with the line of the Tennessee and Holston rivers, running 
eastward to include nearly all of the State of Tennessee. South 
of Chattanooga, a small foothold had been obtained in Georgia, 
sufficient to protect East Tennessee from incursions from the 
enemy's force at Dalton, Georgia. West Virginia was substan- 



THE CONQUEROR. 335 

tially within our lines. Virginia, with the exception of the is 64. 
northern border, the Potomac River, a small area about the ' 

' ' May. 

mouth of James River, covered by the troops at Norfolk andj;xtract 
Fort Monroe and the territory covered by the Army of the fi"°°i Gen- 
Potomac, lying along the Rapidan, was in the possession of the Report, 
enemy. Along the sea-coast, footholds had been obtained at 
Plymouth, Washington, and New Berne in North Carolina; 
Beaufort, Folly, and Morris Islands, Hilton Head, Fort Pulaski, 
and Port Royal in South Carolina ; Fernandina and St. Augus- 
tine in Florida. Key West and Pensacola were also in our 
possession, while all the important ports were blockaded by the 
navy. * * * 

The enemy had concentrated the bulk of his forces east of 
the Mississippi into two armies, commanded by Generals R. E, 
Lee and J. E. Johnston, his ablest and best generals. The 
army commanded by Lee occupied the south bank of the Rap- 
idan, extending from Mine Run westward, strongly intrenched, 
covering and defending Richmond. . . . The army under 
Johnston occupied a strongly intrenched position at Dalton, Ga., 
covering and defending Atlanta, a place of great importance as 
a railroad center. ... In addition to these armies he had a 
large cavalry force under Forrest, in Northeast Mississippi, a 
considerable force of all arms in the Shenandoah Valley, and in 
the western part of Virginia and extreme eastern part of Ten- 
nessee; and also confronting our sea-coast garrisons, and holding 
blockaded ports where we had no foothold upon land. 

Alft al*. jl* Alf. ^ ,^^' ,-jj' -S*. -jf- -^If- 

General Sherman was instructed to move against Johnston's 
army, to break it up, and to go into the interior of the enemy's 
country as far as he could, inflicting all the damage he could 
upon their war resources. * * * 

Major-Gen eral N. P. Banks, then on an expedition up Red 
River against Shreveport, La., (which had been organized pre- 
vious to my appointment to command,) was notified by me on 
the 15th of March, of the importance it was that Shreveport 
should be taken at the earliest possible day, and that if he 
found that the taking of it would occupy from ten to fifteen 
days' more time than General Sherman had given his troops to 
be absent from their command, he would send them back 



336 THE CONQUEROR. 

1864, at the time specified by General Sherman, even if it led to 
t ~~ the abandonment of the main object of the Red River expe- 
Estract dition, for this force was necessary to movements east of the 
from Gen- Mississippi; that should his expedition prove succes,sful, he 
Report. would hold Shrcvcport and the Red River with such force as 
he might deem necessary, and return the balance of his troops 
to the neighborhood of New Orleans, commencing no move for 
the further acquisition of territory, unless it was to make that 
then held by him more easily held ; that it might be a part of 
the spring campaign to move against Mobile; that it certainly 
would be, if troops enough could be obtained to make it with- 
out embarrassing other movements; that New Orleans would 
be the point of departure for such an expedition; also, that I 
had directed General Steele to make a real move from Arkansas, 
as suggested by him (General Banks), instead of a demonstra- 
tion, as Steele thought advisable. 

* * * * ** * * ^ * 

Major- General Meade was instructed that Lee's army would 
be his objective point; that wherever Lee went he would go 
also. For his movement two plans presented themselves: One 
to cross the Rapidan below Lee, moving by his right flank; the 
other above, moving by his left. Each presented advantages 
over the other, with corresponding objections. By crossing 
above, Lee would be cut off from all chance of ignoring Rich- 
mond or going north on a raid ; but if we took this route, all we 
did would have to be done while the rations we started with 
held out; besides, it separated us from Butler, so that he could 
not be directed how to co-operate. If we took the other route. 
Brandy Station could be used as a base of supplies until an- 
other was secured on the York or James rivers. Of these, 
however, it was decided to take the lower route. 

The following letter of instruction was addressed to Major- 
General B. F. Butler: — 

Fort Monroe, Virginia, April 2, 1864. 
General: — 

In the spring campaign, which it is desirable shall commence 
at as early a day as practicable, it is proposed to have co-oper- 
ative action of all the armies in the field, as far as this object can 
be accomplished. 



THE CONQUEROR. 337 

It will not be possible to unite our armies into two or three _j s(>4. 
large ones to act as so many units, owing to the absolute neces- — 
sity of holding on to the territory already taken from the enemy; '^^' 
but, generally speaking, concentration can be practically effected fro„,' ^p,,. 
by armies moving to the interior of the enemy's country from eiaiGrants 
the territory they have to guard. By such movement they in- '^^^°' ' 
terpose themselves between the enemy and the country to be 
guarded, thereby reducing the number necessary to guard im- 
poi'tant points, or at least occupy the attention of a part of the 
enemy's force, if no greater object is gained. Lee's army and 
Richmond being the greater objects toward which our attention 
must be directed in the next campaign, it is desirable to unite 
all the force we can against them. The necessity of covering 
Washington with the army of the Potomac, and of covering 
your department with your army, makes it impossible to unite 
these forces at the beginning of any move. I propose, there- 
fore, what comes nearest this of anything that seems practica- 
ble : The Army of the Potomac will act from its present base, 
Lee's army being the objective point. You will collect all the 
forces from your command that can be spared from garrison 
duty — 1 should say not less than twenty thousand effective men 
— to operate on the south side of James Eiver, Richmond being 
your objective point. To the force you already have will be 
added about ten thousand men from South Carolina, under 
Major-General Gillmore, who will command them in person. 
Major-General W.. F, Smith is ordered to report to you, to com- 
mand the troops sent into the field from your own department. 

General Gillmore will be ordered to report to 3'ou at Foi'tress 
Monroe, with all the troops, on transports by the 18th inst. or as 
soon thereafter as practicable. Should you not receive notice 
by that time to move, you will make such disj^osition of them 
and your other forces as you may deem best calculated to de- 
ceive the enemy as to the real move to be made. 

When you are notified to move, take City Point with as much 
force as possible. Fortify, or rather intrench, at once, and con- 
centrate all your troops for the field there as rapidly as 3'ou can. 
From City Point directions cannot be given at this time for your 
further movements. 

The fact that has already been stated — that is, that Eich- 
mond is to be your objective point, and that there is to be co- 
operation between your force and the Army of the Potomac — 
must be your guide. This indicates the necessity of your hold- 
32 



388 THE CONQUEROR. 

1864. i'lg close to the south bank of the James Eiver as you advance. 
— Then, should the enemy be forced into his intrenchments in 
^^' Richmond, the Army of the Potomac would follow, and by 

Extract ' j ^ j 

from Gen- means of transports the two armies would become a unit. 

erai Grant's j^\\ i]^q minor details of your advance are left entirely to your 
direction. If, however, you think it practicable to use your 
cavalry south of you, so as to cut the railroad about Hicksford, 
about the time of the general advance, it would be of immense 
advantage. 

You will please forward for my information, at the earliest 
practicable day, all orders, details, and instructions you may 
give for the execution of this order. 

U. S. G-RANT, 

Lieutenant- General. 
Major- General B. F, Butler. 

On the 16th these instructions were substantially reiterated. 
On the 19th, in order to secure full co-operation between his 
army and that of General Meade, he was informed that I ex- 
pected him to move from Fort Monroe the .same day that Gen- 
era,! Meade moved from Culpepper. The exact time I was to 
telegraph him as soon as it was fixed, and that it would not be 
earlier than the 27th of April; that it was my intention to 
fight Lee between Culpepper and Richmond, if he would stand. 
Should he, however, fall back into Richmond, I would follow 
up and make a junction with his (General Butler's) army on 
the James River ; that could I be certain he would be able to 
invest Richmond on the south side, so as to have his left resting 
on the James, above the city, I would form the junction there; 
that circumstances might make this course advisable anyhow ; 
that he should use every exertion to secure footing as far up 
the south side of the river as he could, and as soon as possible 
after the receipt of orders to move ; that if he could not carry 
the city, he should at least detain as large a force thei'e as pos- 
sible. 

In co-operation with the main movements against Lee and 
Johnston, I was desirous of using all other troops necessarily 
kept in departments remote from the fields of immediate oper- 
ations, and also those kept in the background for the protec- 
tion of our extended lines between the loyal States and the 
armies operating against them. 



THE CONQUEROR. 339 

A very considerable force, under command of Major-Gcn- is 64. 
eral Sigel, was so held for the protection of West Virginia, and 
the frontiers of Maryland and Pennsylvania. While these Extract 
troops could not be withdrawn to distant fields without expos- from Gen- 
ing the North to invasion by comparatively small bodies of the Report, 
enemy, they could act directly to their front, and give better 
protection than if lying idle in garrison. By such a movement 
they would either compel the enemy to detach largely for the 
protection of his supplies and lines of communication, or he 
would lose them. General Sigel was therefore directed to or- 
ganize all his available force into two expeditions, to move from 
Beverly and Charleston, under command of Generals Ord and 
Crook, against the East Tennessee and Virginia Railroad, 
Subsequently, General Ord having been relieved at his own re- 
quest. General Sigel was instructed, at his own suggestion, to 
give up the expedition by Beverly, and to form two columns, 
one under General Crook, on the Kanawha, numbering about 
ten thousand men, and one on the Shenandoah, numbering about 
seven thousand men; the one on the Shenandoah to assemble 
between Cumberland and the Shenandoah, and the infantry 
and artillery advanced to Cedar Creek with such cavalry as 
could be made available at the moment, to threaten the enemy 
in the Shenandoah Valley and advance as far as possible; while 
General Crook would take possession of Lewisburg with part 
of his force and move down the Tennessee Railroad, doing as 
much damage as he could, destroying the New River bridge 
and the salt-works at Saltville, Va. 

Owing to the weather and the bad condition of the roads, op- 
erations were delayed until the 1st of May, when, everything 
being in readiness and the roads favorable, orders were given 
for a general movement of all the armies not later than the 
4th of May, 

My first object being to break the military power of the 
rebellion, and capture the enemy's important strongholds, made 
me desirous that General Butler should succeed in his move- 
ment against Richmond, as that would tend more than any- 
thing else, iinless it were the capture of Lee's army, to accom- 
plish this desired result in the East. If he failed, it was my 
determination, by hard fighting, either to compel Lee to re- 



340 THE CONQUEROR. 

18 6 4. treat, or to so cripple him that he could not detach a large 
~ force to ffo north, and still retain enouo^h for the defense of 

May. . 

Extract Richmond. It was well understood, by both Generals Butler 
from Gen - and Meade, before starting on the campaign, that it was my 

eral Grant's .. iii- • ictt -n- 

Report. mtention to put both their armies south or the James Uiver, m 
case of failure to destroy Lee without it. 

Before giving General Butler his instructions, I visited him 
at Fort Monroe, and in conversation pointed out the apparent 
importance of getting possession of Petersburg, and destroying 
railroad communication as far south as possible. Believing, 
however, in the practicability of capturing Richmond unless it 
was reinforced, I made that the objective point of his opera- 
tions. As the Army of the Potomac was to move simultane- 
ously with him, Lee could not detach from his army with safety, 
and the enemy did not have troops elsewhere to bring to the 
defense of the city in time to meet a rapid movement from the 
north of James River. 

I may here state that, commanding all the armies as I did, 
I tried, as far as possible, to leave General Meade in indepen- 
dent command of the Army of the Potomac. My instructions 
for that army were all through him, and were general in their 
nature, leaving all the details and the execution to him. The 
campaigns that followed proved him to be the right man in the 
right place. His commanding always in the presence of an 
officer superior to him in rank, has drawn from him much of 
that public attention that his zeal and ability entitle him to, 
and which he would otherwise have received. 



CHAPTER XX. 

WILDERNESS TO COLD HARBOR. 

THE CONQUEROR. 



1864. 



The battle 



rpHE central point of the great struggle must still be 
i in Vir-inia. The Alleghany and Blue Ridge mount- 
ains travers'e this State its entire length from north to 
south, running parallel with each other. West of these 
mountains lies West Virginia, and between them hes the ^^^ ^^ 
valley of Virc^inia. The Potomac and the James rise m g,,,„d i 
the Alleghanies, at a distance from each other of about ^"•^-• 
150 miles, making their way across the valley and 
through the ridge to the Atlantic, uniting with the 
waters of Chesapeake Bay about fifty miles apart The 
space between these two great rivers is watered by tour 
smaller streams : the Rappahannock, whose most impor- 
tant affluent is the Rapidan; the Mattapony, formed by 
the Mat, the Ta, the Po, and the Ny ; the Pamunkey, 
whose largest branches are the North and South Anna 
(the Mattapony and Pamunkey enter the York River, 
reaching the bay through that stream); and the Chicka- 
hominy, which is a tributary of the James. The waters 
of all these rivers flow between Washington and Kich- 
mond, these cities being but one hundred miles apart 

General Grant established his headquarters with the 
Army of the Potomac. He also had a headquarters 
office in Washington, of which Ilalleck was the chief 
for the receipt of all communications from the several 
armies, except the Army of the Potomac, which reported 
to Grant direct. General Meade was continued m com- 

(341) 



342 THE COXQUEBOR. 

1S64. mand of the Army of the Potoinac to the end of the war. 
Gcn^ His army was reorganized and divided into three corps, 
jicaeu. con- ^jie 2d, 5th, and 6th. General W. S. Hancock retained 

timuHi 111 ■' ' 

command, command of the 2d Corps, in four divisions, under Gen- 
erals F. C. Barlow, John Gibbon, D. B. Birney, and J. B. 
M?km"of Carr, General G. K. Warren was placed in command 
the army, gf thc 5th Corps, In four divisions, under Generals 
Charles Griffin, J. C. Robinson, S. W. Crawford, and 
J. S. Wadsworth. General John Sedgwick commanded 
the 6th Corps, composed of three divisions, under Gen- 
erals H. G. Wright, G. W. Getty, and J. B. Blcketts. 
Chief-of-Artillery was General H J. Hunt, assisted 
by Colonel H. S. Bui'ton ; Chief-Quartermaster, Bufus 
Ingalls ; Chief-of-Cavalry, General Philip H, Sheridan. 
The caAahy was in three divisions, under Generals 
H. T. A. Torbert, D. McM. Gregg, and J. H. Wilson. 
General Kilpatrick was assigned to the command of the 
e-jivahy corps attached to Sherman's grand army, and 
General Pleasonton to the cavalry force in Missouri, re- 
porting to General Rosecrans. General A. A. Hum- 
phreys was Meade's Chief-of-Staff. General Burnside, 
who had been relieved at Knoxville in December, had 
since that time been engaged in reorganizing and recruit- 
ing his old 9th Corps. There was one division (Ferre- 
ro's) of colored troops in this corps. Burnside joined the 
Army of the Potomac in the latter part of April. His 
four divisions were under Generals T. G. Stevenson, 
B. B. Potter, 0. B. AVillcox, and E. Ferrero. 
Lee still at Tho two great antagonists lay on opposite sides of 
and'onthethe Bapidau. Lee, on the south bank, was at Orange 
Eapidan. q^^^^ House, his right resting on Mine Run, his left ex- 
tending up the Rapidan fav above Orange Court House. 
Longstreet had returned with his corps from Tennessee, 
and was encamped near Gordonsville. The Federal 
army numbered about 115,000 men; that of the enemy, 



THJ^ CONQUEHOll. 843 

about 75,000. The General-in-Clnel' issued orders for a is<;4. 
general movement of all the armies to begin on May 4, ^^ay 4. 
writing Sherman to hammer away at the enemy in his ^^'''j,^'"''""^^ 
front, and should he attempt to ioin Lee, to follow him ^-nitwi 
up, and that he (Grant) would prevent Lee from concen- mouou. 
trating with Johnston ; thus both armies would work 
together, Meade's instructions were, " Lee's army is to 
be your objective point; wherever that goes, you must 
go." Sigel was put in motion in West Virginia; Butler 
moved up the James, having been joined by General 
Gillmore with 10,000 men from South Carolina, which 
gave him an army of 30,000 ; Sherman moved from 
Chattanooga on May 6. 

At midnight of the 3d of May, Meade's army was put .pj^g ^^.^^y 
in motion toward the enemy. The 5th and 6th Corps, °^^*^*'' 

•^ ^ ^ Potomac 

with Warren in advance, Wilson's cavalry leading, crossed crosses the 
the Rapidan at Germania Ford on the 4th. The 2d to stay. 
Corps, preceded by Gregg's cavalry and followed by 
4,000 wagons, crossed at Ely's Ford on the same day. 
Warren, moving into the Wilderness, encamped that 
night at Old Wilderness Tavern, Wilson's cavalry ex- 
tending toward Robertson's Tavern, Sedgwick going into 
camp near the river. Hancock bivouacked at Chancel- 
lorsville on the old battle-field, with Gregg's cavalry ex- 
tending toward Todd's Tavern. Torbert's cavalry was 
left north of the Rapidan for a time to guard the rear. 
Burnside, with the 9tli Corps, which had been held back 
at Warrenton until the other corps had successfully 
passed over, crossed the Rapidan on the 5th. 

On the morning of the 5th, Meade's army was 
a^ain in motion. Lee had moved out from his works on ,, _ „ 

O May 5-7. 

the 4th, and the opposing forces were about to clash, wucrmess. 
Warren's advance, under Crawford, set in motion toward 
Parker's store, came upon the enemy in strong force 
about 8 A. M., and the battle of the Wilderness com- 



SU Till! CO^'QUmiOR. 

IS 04. menced. At the same time, skirmishing began on 
„ ,v Griffin's front. Wads worth's division was on Griffin's 

V, lid mess. 

May 5. left; Eobinson's was held as support. Crawford was 
directed to draw back, which he succeeded in doing, 
skirmishing heavily. 

Grant now prepared for battle, and at noon the Fed- 
erals advanced to the attack. Griffin's division pushing 
back Johnson's division of Ewell's corps, causing it 
severe loss. But Johnson was soon reinforced by 
Rodes's division. Warren's right had not yet been 
joined by Sedgwick's left, owing to the difficulty of get- 
ting through the dense woods. Griffin, being thus un- 
supported, was forced back with considerable loss. 
Wadsworth had become engaged on Griffin's left, and 
was also driven back. Crawford, still farther to the 
left, was likewise compelled to retire. He had sent a 
brigade -to assist Wadsworth, which was savagely at- 
tacked by superior numbers while on its way, and with 
difficulty escaped, but with the loss of two regiments 
made prisoners. About 1 o'clock the 6th Corps was 
attacked by a portion of Ewell's troops, while endeavor- 
ing to join the 5th Corps. The fighting was fierce and 
bloody, ending about 3 : 30 p. m. with the repulse of the 
enemy. Soon after this, Rodes's division led by Gor- 
don, made a furious charge ,upon Sedgwick's troops, 
meeting with some success, when the Federals made a 
counter-charge, driving the Confederates back to their 
breastworks. Night ended the battle at this point. 

At the first attack in the morning. Grant had sent 
orders to Hancock — who in accordance with instructions 
was marching for Shady Grove Church, and was now at 
Todd's Tavern — to hasten to the main body by the 
.Brock road, and Getty's division was advanced to that 
road to hold it at the junction of the plank road, which 
point was menaced by Hill. Getty was pressed hard, 



THE GONQUEROli. 84.^ 

but liold his ground until 3 r. inf., when liirney arrived, isg4. 
and the position was secured. The rest of the 2d Corps 

^ ' WiUrrnoss. 

came up soon afterward. Hancock was now directed to 
push llill back, and the battle at once became a continu- 
ous roar, the conflict rnging fiercely until dark. The 
combatants were close, the losses dreadful ; but Hill 
could not be driven. Among the Federal killed was Gen- 
eral Alexander Hays, Avho had won fame at Gettysburg, aonerai 
He was a graduate of West Point, and had served in uiu-a. 
the JMexicau war. Meade had sent Wadsworth's divis- 
ion and a part of Robinson's to aid Hancock ; but owing 
to difficult marching through tangled thickets, they did 
not reach the battle-ground until the fighting was over. 

The whole battle-field was, generally speaking, a 
dense forest, the roads narrow and bad, these conditions 
greatly favoring the enemy in their defensive operations. 

Wilson's division of cavalry had moved in advance 
of Crawford toward Parker's store in the morning, and 
Hill's movement up the plank road had cut him off. 
After a short engagement at the store, Wilson moved 
around Hill's flank, meeting Fitzhugh Lee's cavalry in 
superior lorce at Craig s meeting house. A severe , matins 
fight followed, when the Federals succeeded in cutting '"'"'"^" 
their way out, pushing rapidly on to Todd's Tavern, 
Lee's cavalry pursuing. General Sheridan, having 
learned of Wilson's isolation and surmising the route he 
would take to get back, sent Gregg's division to meet 
him. Gregg was just in time ; Lee was pressing hard, 
when Gregg joining Wilson at Todd's Tavern, tliey 
togetluu- gave the foe a severe repulse, when he retired. 
Sheridan now concentrated his cavalry, holding aline on 
the Federal left from Todd's Tavern to Piney Bijinch. 
This ended the fighting for the day, except that heavy 
musketry firing was kept up on the Federal right till 
nearly midnight. 



Wild' mess. 



346 THE coNQUJ^non. 

1S64. Both Grant and Lee made about the same arrange- 

ments for the next day's battle ; the former strengthen- 
ing his left to break the enemy's right, while the latter 
^^^ ^- massed upon his right to break the Federal left. Han- 
cock commanded the left, composed of his own corps and 
the divisions of Getty, Wadsworth, and Stevenson. 
Burnside had been brought up from Sedgwick's right 
at dawn of the 6th, and directed to send Stevenson's 
division to Hancock, while he should press forward to 
fill the gap between Hancock and Warren with two 
divisions, leaving Ferrero's division to guard the trains. 
Grant ordered a general attack at 4 : 30 a. m., but 
Meade could not get ready before 5 o'clock. Lee's left 
opened the battle by an attack upon Sedgwick, which 
the Federals repulsed. Warren's front then became 
engaged, driving back the enemy after a severe fight ; 
but the weight of the battle was between Hancock and 
the enemy's forces under Longstreet and Hill. 

At 5 A. M. Hancock pushed forward the divisions of 

Birney, Mott (Carr's division), Getty, and Wadsworth. 

Barlow's division guarded the left flank. Gibbon next 

to him was also left to guard against an expected flank 

Desperate attack by Lougstrect. Hancock at once became en- 

combatbe- grao'ed. The contest was desperate for more than an 

tween Han- " o i 

cock and hour, but finally Hill's line was broken at all points, and 
erate forces he was drlvcu back about a mile, the Federals capturing 
and'^Lo™- ^^^ position with many prisoners. But Hancock's troops 
street. bocamo disordered by the rapidity of the pursuit and 
the obstacles of the forest, and he halted to reform his 
line. Stevenson's division now joined him. 

At 9 A. M. he attempted another advance, when he 
was suddenly confronted by Longstreet's whole corps as 
well as Hill's. The battle again became furious ; the 
Federals were checked, and after a terrible struggle of 
more than two hours against vastly superior forces, 



THE CONQUEROR. U1 

Hancock was compelled to retire, which he did slowly i8 64. 
and in good order, until he reached the breastworks he 
had left in the morning. Meantime Burnside had en- 
deavored to reach Hancock's right, as directed, with the 
divisions of Potter and Willcox ; but he failed, owing to 
the thickets of underbrush and dense woods. He had 
become engaged, however, and fighting continued along 
his front during the afternoon as well as in the front of 
Warren and Sedgwick, which was generally heavy 
skirmishing, although at times the conflict would rise to 
a battle. 

Sheridan was also having a severe battle with Stu- 
art on Hancock's left, at Todd's Tavern, which ended 
in the complete defeat of Stuart. During Hancock's 
retreat, the brave and noble General Wadsworth, while General 
rallying his men, was shot in the head, and expired soon jjiued. 
after in the hands of the enemy. He had previously 
had two horses shot under him. Longstreet was victo- 
riously pressing forward, endeavoring to turn the Federal 
left flank, when he fell, seriously wounded, and was Longstreet 
carried from the field. Lee now took immediate com- 
mand of Longstreet's troops, but halting to reform them, 
he gave Hancock opportunity to recover. At 4 p. m. 
Lee made a desperate assault upon Hancock's position 
with the troops of Longstreet and Hill, and it seemed 
for a time that victory would be with him. Nobly did 
the Federal soldiers stand the test. They were terribly 
tried by a fire which caught in their breastworks of logs, 
the wind blowing the flames upon them ; but after a 
fearful struggle, in which the combatants were close 
upon each other, the enemy was repulsed. Lee now 
drew off, leaving many dead and wounded within the 
Federal lines. The battle was over on the left. 

Immediately after Ewell's repulse in the morning, 
Sedgwick advanced, making determined efforts to carry 



348 THM COi^QUEROR. 

1864, Ewell's position; but the enemy was strongly posted, 
and held his ground. Just before dark a heavy force 

Wild' mess 

' under Gordon moved out from Ewell's left, and suddenly 
struck Sedgwick's right, enveloping the brigades of 
Seymour and Shaler, capturing both generals, with sev- 
eral hundred men, and throwing the Federal right into 
considerable confusion. Order was soon restored, how- 
ever, and the enemy driven off. It was now dark, and 
the tired troops rested ; the battle of the Wilderness 
was over. It was a drawn battle, although in one sense 
a Federal victory, as Lee had come out to overthrow 
Grant, and had been driven back to his intrenchments 
on Mine Run. The Federal loss in this terrible two 
days' battle as reported had been 6,597 killed, 21,463 
wounded, and 10,677 missing, one half of whom no 
doubt returned soon after the battle, having been lost 
in the woods. The enemy's loss, as reported, was 
11,400, but was undoubtedly much greater. Among 
Generals the losscs of the oucmy was General John M. Jones 
JoIIerand ^iH^d aud Goucral L. A. Stafford wounded. The latter 
Stafford, ^[q^ of his wouuds at Richmond on the 11th of May. 
General Jones was a graduate of West Point. 

Lee lay quiet within his works on the morning of the 
May 7. 7th, whilo Grant made preparations to ^et out of the Wil- 
derness, where he had been unable to use his artillery or 
cavalry, and where one army corps was isolated fron;i 
another by thickly tangled underbrush. No fighting 
occurred with infantry on the 7th, except skirmishing. 
Warren advanced about noon, r.econnoitering, but there 
was no engagement beyond skirmish firing. Sheridan, 
however, had a sharp fight with Stuart near Todd's 
Tavern, resulting in the retreat of the latter. Orders 
Grant or- wcrc giveu to thc Federal army to march to Spottsylva- 

ders tlie . . 

army to uia, about fifteen miles distant. This movement proved 
nir. ^^^^ sufficient for flanking Lee out of his strong position. 



THE CONQUEROR. 349 

The troops were not to march till after dark, that the i86 4. 
movement might not be discovered by the enemy, but 
unfortunately the Federal wagon trains were started in 
the afternoon. Lee, learning this, supposed Grant to be 
retreating to Fredericksburg, and ordered Anderson, 
now in command of Longstreet's corps, to march to 
Spottsylvania. On account of fire in the woods, Ander- ^^^^ ^^ ^^ 
son started earlier than intended ; thus by an accident cident, gets 

there first. 

Lee stumbled upon Spottsylvania first. 

At 9 p. M. Warren started in the Federal advance, 
by the Brock road, Hancock following, Sedgwick and 
Burnside moving to the left by way of Chancellors- 
ville and Piney Branch Church. Sheridan's cavalry 
cleared the way, continually skirmishing and fighting 
with Stuart. Warren arrived near Spottsylvania about 
9 A. M-. on the 8th, to find Anderson with Longstreet's 
corps strongly intrenched. Bobinson's and Griffin's 
divisions in advance received a terrific fire, which was 
gallantly returned, when the Federals fell back. Bob- General 
inson had been severely wounded. Warren now came i^o'^'nson 

•^ woundeu. 

up with Crawford's division, and Wadsworth's under 
Cutler, when he moved his whole corps forward, and 
succeeded in intrenching near the enemy's line. Sedg- 
wick arrived in the afternoon, assuming command in the 
absence of Meade, and toward night made a movement 
forward, but without result. 

Sheridan had placed a division of cavalry at the 
bridge crossing the Po River, which the enemy would 
have to cross to reach Spottsylvania. Meade came 
along afterward and ordered this division upon other 
duty, thus opening the way for Anderson; otherwise 
Warren would have reached the goal first. On the 
morning of the 8th Lee still thought Grant to be retreat- 
ing to Fredericksburg, no doubt, as one corps (Hill's) 
under Early quietly followed along after Hancock upon 



350 THE CONQUEROR. 

1S64. the same road until near Todd's Tavern before he dis- 
covered the error, and withdrew to the Catharpin road. 
Night found Lee with his whole army at Spottsylvania, 
intrenched on a ridge between the Po and Ny rivers. 
During the morning Wilson's cavalry had entered Spott- 
sylvania, but being unsupported was compelled to retire 
on the approach of Anderson. General Miles, with a 
brigade of Hancock's corps and Gregg's cavalry, also had 
a sharp encounter at Corbyn's bridge. 

The morning of the 9th found the opposing armies 

spousyiva- facing each other at Spottsyh^ania. Hancock had the 

iii"^- Federal right, Warren joining him, Sedgwick next, and 

Burnside on the extreme left. The day was spent in 

preparing for a new battle, sharpshooting continuing 

throughout the day. Grajit met with a sad loss during 

the morning of this day : while General Sedgwick was 

giving directions about the disposition of his troops, he 

General was killed lustautly by a bullet from one of the enemy's 

killed."^ sharpshooters piercing his brain. General Sedgwick 

was a graduate of West Point, and had served in the 

Mexican war with distinction. General H. G. Wright 

was placed in command of the 6th Corps. 

When the opposing forces were making all haste to 
reach Spottsylvania, Hancock's corps remained on the 
Brock road, between Todd's Tavern and Spottsylvania, 
his left touching Warren. Lee had also left Hill's corps 
on the Catharpin road. These forces were watching 
each other and the rear of their respective armies. 
During the forenoon of the 9th, Hill's corps moved rap- 
idly by a road south of the Brock road, and took position 
on Lee's right. Hancock at once moved up on a line with 
the rest of the Federal army, crossing to the southern 
side of the Po with the divisions of Birney, Barlow, and 
Gibbon, Mott's division going to the left of Wright to 
fill a gap between him and Burnside. Hancock now 



THE CONQUEROR. 351 

threatened Lee's left flank, which had the effect to bring i86 4. 
back one half of Hill's corps, commanded by Early, from spottsyi- 
the enemy's right. ^ ^'^_ 

On the morning of the 10th, Grant made preparations 
to assault, believing success possible, as Lee had weak- 
ened his right to oppose Hancock, who threatened his 
left. Hancock examined the enemy's position in his 
front, and found them too strong to be attacked with 
any hope of success. He was now ordered to withdraw 
Gibbon and Birney, and join the 5th and 6th Corps in a 
general assault on Lee's center. Gibbon withdrew with- 
out difficulty ; but the enemy perceiving the movement, 
immediately pushed forward in heavy force ; Birney's 
rear became sharply engaged while retiring. Barlow 
was now alone on the south side of the Po, but he also 
was ordered to cross to the north side. It was about 2 
p. M. when Barlow began to retire. The movement was 
one of o-reat difficulty, as the troops were to cross a deep Baiiow's 

° *' ' -^ _ ^ division 

and rapid stream in the presence of a superior foe, who in a dan- 
now attacked furiously. Three separate, desperate gJtion. 
charges were made by the determined enemy, who 
seemed to expect an easy victory ; but Barlow's men 
stood firm, delivering a fire so continuous and deadly 
that the enemy broke each time, and retired in confusion, 
leaving the ground covered with their dead and 
wounded. Barlow finall}^ succeeded in crossing, but 
with considerable loss. 

At 11 A. M., Gibbon having reached the right of the 
6th Corps, Warren pushed forward two brigades of his 
division to feel the enemy. They were obstinately 
resisted, and soon retired with loss. During Barlow's 
struggle, Birney was returned to the heights north of 
the Po, to his support, and at 3 p. m. Warren assaulted 
the enemy on his front, with two divisions, also for Bar- 
low's relief. Warren's troops retired after suffering 
severely. 



352 THJH CONQUEROR. 

18 64. At 4 P. M. the general assault began, the 5fh Corps 
, ~ with Gibbon's division attackinar in Warren's front, Mott 

Spottsyl- P ■" 

vania. joining the 6th Corps in an assault upon Wright's front. 

assaui'r^^ The assault was bravely made in the face of a terrible 
fire. Warren's point of attack was a densely wooded 
hill crowned with earthworks, and the front swept by 
an enfilading fire of musketry and artillery. The gal- 
lant Federal soldiers reach these works, but cannot stay 
there, and after a fearful struggle they slowly and re- 
• luctantly retire. Wright's troops met with more suc- 
cess. A storming force of twelve regiments, under Col- 
onel Emory Upton, 121st New York, led the assault. 

Colonel Up- They reach the enemy's works, and with a cheer they 

ton storms ^^^^j^ j^j intronchments, capturinsr a whole brigade 

the enemy s . 7 Jr o o 

works, cap- of infantry and a battery of artillery, and turning to 

turing a in 

whole bri- right and left drive the disordered enemy a quarter of 
^'^ ^' a mile. By this time Warren has been repulsed. 

It was now necessary to sustain the 6th Corps or 
withdraw it ; Lee being relieved by the repulse of War- 
ren, would overwhelm Wright. Hancock having arrived 
with Birney's division, — Barlow having reached a se- 
cure position, — he was ordered to join the 5th Corps, 
assume command, and renew the assault. Meantime a 
furious cannonade had been kept up. He moved for- 
ward at 6 : 30 p. M. with Warren's troops and the divis- 
ions of Birney and Gibbon. The action was bloody 
and the losses on both sides dreadful. The enemy's 
works were again reached ; but at dark, after a terrible 
struggle, the Federals again retire. At the same time 
the 6th Corps was ordered to give up the works it had 
so bravely held, and Wright returned to his former line, 
bringing along the prisoners he had taken. He was 
obliged, however, to leave the captured battery behind. 
General Grant made Colonel Upton, who had been 
badly wounded, a Brigadier-General at once for gallantry 
in the assault. , . . i , , 



THE CONQUEROR. 353 

General Rice, commanding a brigade in the 5th is 64. 
Corps, was among the killed. Burnside, on the extreme gpott^i- 
left, did not become seriously engaged. General Steven- "*'^'^**- 
son, one of his division commanders, was killed by one Rice and 
of the enemy's sharpshooters, while near his own head- ^■ii7j['^°" 
quarters. This had been a terrible day for the 2d, 5th, 
and 6th Corps. Count Hermann Hacke, of the Prus- ^^""""^ 

■"■ Hermann 

sian army, Avho had secured a furlousrh, come to this Hacke 

. . killed 

country, and volunteered as a 1st Lieutenant in a New 
York regiment, was killed while leading a charge. Death of 
Among the enemy's killed were Generals Abner Perrin Pemn and 
and Julius Daniels. ^'^''*'^^'- 

During the 11th there was no severe engagement. May ii. 
the day being spent in reconnoitering and preparing for 
another assault. On the morning of this day. General 
Grant wrote the government at Washington encourag- 
ingly, giving birth in his dispatch to that famous sen- 
tence, " I propose to fight it out on this line if it takes all 
summer." Soon after dark, Hancock moved by the rear 
of the 5th and 6th Corps during a heavy rain storm, and 
at midnight was in position between Wright and Burn- 
side, and about 1,200 yards from the enemy's works. 
Grant directed that the 2d and 9th Corps should assault 
at daylight, Warren and Wright to attack vigorously, and 
push in if an opportunity offered. 

At about 4 : 30 A. m. of the 12th, Hancock moved May is. 
forward, Birney and Barlow in advance. Gibbon and 
Mott following. The troops move in quick time for 
about one half of the distance, when they can no longer ' 
be restrained, and they spring forward at double-quick. 
With a tremendous cheer they go over the intrench- ^"^^0^^°^ 
ments, carrying the works at all points, though they are 
desperately defended. A fierce and bloody conflict fol- 
lows inside the works with bayonets and clubbed mus- 
kets. Johnson's division, which guarded this point, was 

23 



354 THE CONQUEROR. 

ISO 4. completely taken by surpise, and after a short struggle 
spotte^i- was routed, with the capture of Generals Johnson and 
vania. Qeo. H. Stowart, with about 4,000 prisoners and twenty 
pieces of artillery. These were sent to the rear, when 
Hancock pushed on, pursuing in the direction of Spott- 
sylvania for about half a mile, until a second line of 
works was reached, when he sent back the cheering 
words to Grant, " I have finished up Johnson, and am 
going into Early." Here Lee had rallied Ewell's men, 
also hastily bringing reinforcements from Hill and Long- 
street. The 2d Corps had become disordered in the pur- 
suit, and before Hancock could restore his line the en- 
emy attacked savagely, forcing the Federals back step 
by step to the works they had first carried. The 6th 
Corps, having been previously ordered forward, now 
reached the captured works on the right of the 2d Corps. 
A terrible conflict followed, the enemy making every 
effort to recapture the position ; but the Federals val- 
iantly repelled assault after assault. 

Burnside, on the left of the army, had attacked at 
daylight, and had succeeded in capturing a part of the 
works in his front, but was soon afterward forced back. 
one of the Thc fighting was severe, and the 9th Corps gained some 
perate bat- grouud, but it could uot dislodgc the enemy. Warren, 
ties of the ^^ |.j^g right, had also attacked, and fighting continued 
throughout the day. The 6th Corps, however, met with 
no better success than the 9th Corps. Cutler's and 
Griffin's divisions were taken from Warren and sent 
to Hancock and Wright; Warren, with his remaining 
two divisions, closed up to the left, shortening the line. 
At the center the battle raged furiously all day and far 
into the night. Forest trees were blighted by the rain 
of shot; a tree eighteen inches in diameter was cut 
down by bullets. At the close of the battle the position 
of the combatants remained the same ; the Federals still 



THE COXQUEROR. 355 

held the captured works. The losses in this battle, on iin;4. 
the memorable 12th day of May, were frightful, proba- gpo|^i. 
bly 10,000 on each side. ^'""'"• 

On the night of the 13th, the 5th and 6th Corps 
were moved to the left of Burnside, Wright having the 
extreme left. This formed a new line north and south, 
and east of Spottsylvania. In this movement the bri- 
gades of Upton and Ayres, the former of the 6th Corps, 
the latter of the 5th, had a severe engagement with the 
enemy, whose attack was gallantly repulsed, and the 
6th Corps was established in the desired position. This 
move compelled Lee to bring his left to his right. From 
the 12th to the 18th no general engagement occurred, 
but there was continued fighting. 

On the 18th, the 6th and 2d Corps advanced against ^^y ^^^ 
the enemy, Wright having been moved to Hancock's 
right the night before. The battle was renewed on the 
ground where Hancock had been so successful on the 
12th, but after desperate fighting the Federals were 
repulsed, and withdrew. Mott's division had been re- 
duced to a brigade, and placed in Birney's division. A 
division of new troops under General Tyler had arrived 
from Fredericksburg, which was assigned to Hancock's 
corps. On the afternoon of the 19th, an assault was ^"^ ^^• 
made by Ewell upon the Federal right. The blow fell 
heavily upon Tyler, whose new recruits fought splen- 
didly, holding the enemy at bay until the arrival of aid 
from Hancock and Warren, when Ewell was repulsed 
with heavy loss. Ferrero's colored division, guarding 
trains on the Fredericksburg road, was also attacked by 
a heavy force ; it did splendid work, repelling the 
assault with great gallantry. 

General Grant now determined to flank Lee out of 
his stronghold, and on the 21st put his army in motion ^^^^ ^^' 
for the North Anna River, twenty miles directly south. 



356 



THE CONQUEROR. 



1864. 

March to 
the North 
Anna. 



May ^3-27. 
North Anna 
River. 

Jericho 
Ford and 
Taylor's 
Bridge. 



Hancock started at midnight of the 20th, Warren fol- 
lowing during the forenoon of the 21st. Burnside mov- 
ing that afternoon, left Wright to cover the rear. Dur- 
ing the day, Lee had discovered Grant's movement, 
and at once put his army in motion to shield Richmond. 
Hill, whose corps was the last to follow Lee, attacked 
Wright after Burnside's departure, but was repulsed ; 
both corps then followed their respective armies. When 
Grant reached the North Anna on the 23d, he found 
Lee there looking at him. The latter had just been 
reinforced by about 15,000 men from Richmond and 
North Carolina. Warren crossed the river at Jericho 
Ford in the afternoon, and at about 5 p. m., while in- 
trenching, Hill savagely attacked him, throwing a divis- 
ion under General Browu upon Cutler, while his division 
was getting into line on Warren's right. Cutler was 
thrown into some confusion, when Griffin came to his 
assistance, and the enemy was repulsed with heavy loss, 
the Federals taking five or six hundred prisoners. Han- 
cock was at Chesterfield Bridge, and at 6 p. m. captured 
some works on the north side with a considerable num- 
ber of prisoners, and saved the bridge, which the enemy 
was trying to destroy. 

On the morning of the 24th, Hancock crossed over, 
Wright also crossed at Jericho Ford, forming on Warren's 
right. Burnside had arrived at Ox Ford on the night 
of the 23d, where, owing to the darkness, he halted 
until the morning of the 24th, when he found Lee's 
forces holding the ford. Burnside was now in the cen- 
ter, about half way between Hancock and Warren, and 
three miles from each, but unable to cross. Lee's army 
lay in the shape of a wedge, with the point at Ox Ford, 
interposed between Grant's two wings. About 2 p. m., 
Burnside succeeded in crossing one division, under Gen- 
eral Crittenden, at a point half way between Ox Ford 



THE CONQUEROR. 357 

and Jericho Ford; and joining Crawford's division, he isg^. 
attacked the point of the wedge, which was defended by 
Hill, whose troops were covered by strong earthworks. 
After a severe fight the Federals were repulsed, having 
suffered a loss of six or seven hundred men. Meantime 
Burnside had sent Potter's division across to join Han- 
cock, who now sent Potter, Gibbon, and Barlow against 
the enemy from that side ; but Lee's position could not 
be shaken. Thus Grant was unable to connect his two 
wings, and he quietly recrossed his army to the north 
side on the 26th. On the 24th, General Grant issued 
an order uniting Burnside's command to the Army of 
the Potomac (it had been a distinct organization up to 
this time), Burnside receiving his orders direct from the 
General-in-Chief. He must now report to Meade, his 
junior in rank, who had been a division commander when 
Burnside commanded the Army of the Potomac. Gen- 
eral Burnside accepted the new condition with the 
patriotism of a true soldier. 

Sheridan had just returned from a raid upon Lee's siiendan. 
communications. When Grant came out of the Wil- 
derness, he sent Sheridan to cut the railroads between 
Lee and Richmond. On the 9th of May, Sheridan May 9. 
arrived at Beaver Dam station, where he destroyed Dam sta- 
ten miles of railroad track, an immense amount of*^'"''" 
supplies, and recaptured 400 prisoners taken by the 
enemy in the Wilderness. Stuart's cavalry followed 
Sheridan, his advance savagely attacking the Federal 
rear this day near the North Anna. After a severe 
fight the enemy was driven off. Stuart did not annoy 
Sheridan further at this time, but put his horses to their 
mettle to get between the Federal cavalry and Richmond. 
At Ashland Depot, on the 11th, Sheridan also destroyed May 11. 
the railroad and a large quantity of supplies ; he then DepoT 
pushed on in the direction of Richmond. Stuart crossed 



368 THE CONQUEROR. 

IS 4. his track at Yellow Tavern. The Federals charged, 
Yeii7w routing the enemy at all points. Generals Stuart and 
Tavern. Q^ordoii wcrc both mortally wounded, which was a severe 

Generals "^ 

Stuart and loss to the enemy. Greneral Stuart died in Richmond 

mortally Oil the 11th of Juuc. Hc was a graduate of West Point. 

wounded. Q-gj^g^jj^ Gordou also died of his wounds soon after this. 

Sheridan now approached the Richmond fortifications. 

Custer charged, taking the outer works and capturing 100 

prisoners ; but an attack upon Richmond formed no part 

of Sheridan's plans, and he quickly retired to Meadow 

May 12. Bridge. Here, on the 12th, the enemy fiercely attacked 

Meadow i « n -\ o 

Bridge. both front and rear, but was routed after a sharp 
engagement. The Federals, pressing on, reached Hax- 
all's Landing on the 14th of May, where they obtained 
supplies from Butler. Resting his troops till the 17th, 
Sheridan resumed his march to rejoin Grant. He was 
obliged to move cautiously, not knowing just where the 
contending armies were. He reached White House on 
the Pamunkey on the 19th, and rejoined the Army of 
the Potomac near Chesterfield on the 24th. He had 
marched about 200 miles ; his losses had been about 400 
men in killed, wounded, and missing. 

Immediately after recrossing the North Anna, Grant 

put his army in motion for the Pamunkey, Sheridan 

leading, Wright, Warren, and Burnside following in the 

order named, Hancock remaining until the morning of 

May 27. the 27th, bringing up the rear. The army now came to 

xran^again ^ ^,Q^-^j^|.j,y difficult to march over, on account of the many 



moves 
the left 



swamps to go through, and the sluggish streams with 
low banks to cross. On the 28th the army was on the 
south side of the Pamunkey, having crossed at and near 
Hanovertown, which place is about thirty miles south of 
the position just left on the North Anna, and within 
May 38. twcuty mllcs of Richmoud. White House now became 
8hop!^^ Grant's base of supplies. On the afternoon of the 28th, 



THE CONQUEROR. 359 

Sheridan pushed forward to Hawe's shop, where he had i s « 4 . 

a hard fight with Hampton's and Fitzhugh Lee's cavahy. 

The enemy was defeated with heavy loss. The Federal nanover 

• • • -nir • 1, Court 

army moved forward, skirmishing on the 29th, Wright House. 
reaching Hanover Court House. Hancock met strong May 28-31. 

/-Ill -XTtr Tolopot- 

opposition on the 30th at Tolopotomy Creek, and War-omy. 
ren's march was checked at Bethesda Church. The Buthcsda. 
latter had a severe engagement, but finally repulsed the 
assaults of the enemy, and secured a good position. 
Hancock then drove the enemy before him, capturing his 
rifle-pits. 

On the 30th, at night, Lee's army, which had con- 
stantly retired so as to keep between the Federals and 
Richmond, lay from Atlee's Station, on the Virginia 
Central Railroad, to near Cold Harbor. Grant confronted 
him, the lines of each army stretching southeast to 
northwest, covering about ten miles of ground. The 
Federal army lay from right to left in the following 
order : the 6th Corps, the 2d Corps, the 9th Corps, and 
the 5th Corps, with Sheridan on the extreme left, except 
Wilson's cavalry, which was operating upon the railroads 
and bridges on the right, completing their destruction as 
far as possible. Sheridan pushed his pickets out toward 
Old Cold Harbor, w^iich brought on a sharp fight, result- 
ing in the withdrawal of the enemy. 

On the 31st, Sheridan again advanced, finding a May 31 to 
strong force of the enemy at Old Cold Harbor behind coid Har- 
breastworks of logs and rails. The Federal cavalry 
charged, and after a stubborn fight succeeded in carrying 
the position. Grant realized the importance of the cap- 
ture, and directed Sheridan to hold it at all hazards 
until the 6th Corps arrived, which he at once ordered 
from the extreme right. The conflict then ceased for 
the night. At daylight, June 1, the enemy assault 
Sheridan in heavy force, determined to regain the lost 



3G0 THE C0i\qUEHOJL 

Iff it 4. position. Ag.'iin and again the Federal cavalry drive 
theni back. For four hours Sheridan's men hold out 
against greatly superior numbers, causing the enemy 
fearl'ul loss. At about 9 a. m. the 6th Corps arrives, 
and Old Cold Harbor is secured. About 3 i\ m. General 
W. F. Smitli, with three divisions under Generals Devens, 
Martindale, and lirooks, numbering about 10,000 men, 
from the 10th and 18th Corps of the Army of the 
James, joined Meade's army. Smith had left one 
division at White House to guard tliat point. His 
troops were phiced between Wright and Warren. Lee's 
right, which h.'id been so bravely resisted by Sheridan's 
men, had fallen back a short distance, and fortified. At 
about 5 I". M., Wi'ight juid Smith attacked these works. 
The enemy was driven out and forced back to New Cold 
Harbor, with a loss of 700 prisoners. At the same time 
the enemy on Wa,rren's front attacked savagely, and was 
t.hr(!e tim(\s repulsed. Ha,nc()(;k and liurnside also be- 
came engaged. The battle raged till night along the 
whole line, and long after dark on the Federal left, Lee 
making desperate efforts to drive Wright and Smith 
back, for Grant's continual movement to the left was 
forcing Lee into Richmond. 

During the night of June 1, the 2d Corps was trans- 
ferred from its position on the right to the extreme left, 
joining its right to the 6th Corps. Warren and Burnside 
were moved to tlui left on the 2d, so as to make the line 
more compact. During the movement the vigilant enemy 
fiercely attacked both corps, but were repelled after a 
severe fight, Burnside, however, losing about 400 men 
taken prisoners. Among the enemy's killed was General 
George F. Doles. 

The entire 1^'ederal army was now south of the 
Tolopotomy, and Lee, following the Federal movement, 
transCcrrcd liis ti'oo[)s from his extreme left to his right. 



Di'mI.Ii of 
DoloB. 



TIIK CONQUEROR. ^WX 

Grant now niado propurulions for a gonci'al assault, and iin>4. 
at about 4 a. m. the Federals bei>an the attack. II an- ^ , 
cock's, Wright's, a.iid Smith's tro()[)S chargcid the enemy's "''H'-^ "f 
works, wliile Warren and Burnside engaged in artillery i,,„.. 
firing and heavy skirmishing, capturing the enemy's 
ride-pits in their respective fronts. The assault was 
twice made by the three fii-st-nanied (;or[)s with gr(;a.t 
galL-mtry and determination, and the enemy's works 
were momentarily ca[>tured a,t many points; but IjCC 
held his ground, and after suffering terrible losses the 
Federals desisted at a,bout 10 a. m. They had gained 
some ground, however, along the whole line, and in- 
trenched nearer the enemy. Hancock in his first assault 
reached the works, and though driven back, his corps 
brought out several hundred prisoners. This was a 
bloody battle. The Federal loss wa,s a,b()ut 7,000 during 
the three days' fighting around Cold Harbor; that of the 
enemy is unknown. At this time the Federal army 
numbered about 100,000 men ; the enemy's about 
75,000. 

On the 4th, 5th, and 6th, Grant remained on the de- 
fensive, or rather did not attack, but received each day 
an assault of the enemy on different points of the line, 
which was on each occasion repulsed. On the 7th, 
Sheridan was sent on another raid upon the enemy's 
railroads. He destroyed the railroad at Chesterfield 
station, tlien crossing the North Anna, destroyed the .Tmn; 11,12. 
line from Trevilian's station to Louisa Court House, station. 
having on the 11th a severe engagement with Hampton's 
and Lee's cavalry at the former place.- Sheridan, Cus- 
ter, Torbert, and Gregg led their men into the fight, and 
each soldier was a host. The enemy was behind breast- 
works, but the Federals completely routed them, taking 
500 prisoners. On the morning of the 12th, Sheridan 
destroyed about ten miles of railroad, then returning 



June 21. 

White 

House. 



362 THE CONQUEROR. 

1864. toward the army, he met the enemy at Mallory's Ford 
on the North Anna. After a sharp engagement, he 
determined that the resistance was too strong, and 
retired northw^ard to Spottsylvania, thence southward 
by Bowling Green and Dunkirk, crossing the Mattapony 
on the 20th, and reached White House on the 21st. 
Near this place he had a slight engagement, driving the 
enemy out of sight. 

General Grant now made James River his base of 

supplies, and ordered Sheridan to break up the depot at 

White House, which he did, bringing the garrison and 

wagon trains with him. Leaving White House on the 

June 26. 24th, he moved toward Meade's army. At St. Mary's 

St. Mary's (]hurch, ou the 26th, a severe battle was fought between 

Church. ' ' ° 

Gregg and Hampton. Gregg was outnumbered two to 
one, but resisted until Sheridan's trains were safe at 
Wilcox's Landing, when he slowly retired. Sheridan 
soon afterward rejoined the army. 

General Grant now decided to move the army across 

the Chickahominy and to the south side of the James 

Grant Rivcr, and then against Petersburg and Richmond. He 

forces Lee 70 <-> 

into Rich- instructed General Butler to prepare ferry boats and 
^°^ ' ponton bridge material for crossing the James at Wil- 
cox's Landing. This was a large flank movement, it 
being thirt3''-five miles to the James, and after crossing 
to Windmill Point, it is twenty miles to Petersburg- 
Lee was but six miles from Richmond and twenty-five 
miles from Petersburg. 

The Federal army at once began the side step to the 

June 4. left. On the 4th, the 9th Corps was drawn from the 

thrchick- right and placed between Smith and Warren; on the 

ahominy. g^^^ Warreu was moved from the right and massed in 

the center rear, Burnside again becoming the right ; on 

the 7th Warren's corps moved to the left of Hancock, 

reaching to Bottom's Bridge, preparations thus continu- 



THE CONQUEROR. 363 

ing until the night of the 12th, when the army moved iso4. 
rapidly for the James, except Smith's troops, which 
were marched to White House, thence to go by boats 
around to City Point and rejoin Butler. White House, 
which had been Meade's base of supplies, was now to be 
abandoned for a new base at City Point, on the James. 
The Federal army began crossing the Chickahominy 
that night; Warren was over by 7 a. m. of the loth, J"°« is- 
Hancock closely following. Burnside marched eastward 
to Tunstall's station, then directly south to Jones's 
Bridge on the Chickahominy, where his corps crossed, 
followed by the 6th Corps. Hancock reached Charles 
City Court House that night. Warren, with Wilson's 
cavalry, guarded the rear, and also made demonstrations 
as if to move against Richmond up the north bank of 
the James, for the purpose of deceiving the enemy. 
Warren and Wilson soon afterward withdrew, and fol- 
lowed the rest of the army, which was all across the J^ne le. 

Tli6 3.rrny 

James by the morning of the 16th. Lee now retired across the 
into the Richmond and Petersburg; fortifications. James. 



CHAPTER XXI. 

PETERSBURG AND RICHMOND. 

THE CONQUEROR. 

IS 64. /^N the 4th of May, General B. F. Butler, now in 
V — ' command of a newly organized army, named the 
Army of the James, moved from Yorktown and Glouces- 
ter Point by boats down York River and up the James, 
Gen Bnt- ^^^^^^^g thc uext day at City Point and Bermuda Hun- 
ler at Ber- drcd, at thc mouth of the Appomattox, which points 

iimda Him- . . ^ 

died. were a distance of twenty miles from Richmond, and 
ten from Petersburg. Here Butler strongly intrenched. 
The 10th Corps, under General Gillmore, had been 
brought from South Carolina, and now formed a part 
of this army, as did also the 18th Corps, under General 
W. F. Smith. 

On the 7th and 9th Butler made demonstrations 

against the railroad between Petersburg and Richmond, 

destroying portions of the road. Detachments of his 

May 6. army also had slight engagements with the enemy at 

tiiln. Port Walthall on the 6th, and at Swift Creek on the 9th. 

May 9. Bcaurcgard now arrived to oppose Butler, the enemy 

Creek. havlug hasteucd troops from North and South Carolina. 

Beauregard had about 20,000 men, and occupied Fort 

May 12-16. I^arliug aud the adjoining works, about half way be- 

Fort Bar- tweeu Bcmiuda Hundred and Richmond on the James. 

ling and 

Proctor's Butlcr movcd against these works on the 13th, capturing 
a portion of the outer intrenchments ; but the interior 
works were very strong, and here he hesitated. On the 
morning of the 16th, before daylight and during a thick 

(364 



THE CONQUEROR. 365 

fog, Beauregard suddenly attacked. A sei^ere battle i8G4. 
was fought on Proctor's Creek, resulting in the with- 
drawal of the Federals to Bermuda Hundred, after hav- 
ing suffered a loss of about 2,000 men in killed and 
wounded, and 1,500 taken prisoners. The loss of the 
enemy was about 3,000, mostly in killed and wounded. 
Among the enemy's killed was General Watt Ransom. General 
About this time General Grant ordered Butler to ''°*°"^- 
send Smith's corps to Meade's army. On the 19th and May lo, 20. 
20th of May, Beauregard attacked Butler's position, but mmdred. 
was repulsed on both occasions. On May 12, General 
Kautz with his cavalry started on an expedition against 
the Danidlle Railroad, which he struck at Coalfield, 
Powhatan, and Chula stations, destroying the road and 
rolling stock at these points ; then moving to the South 
Side Railroad, he caused the same destruction at Wilson's 
Wharf, Wellsville, and other stations, returning to City 
Point on the 18th. On the 24th of May, Fitzhugh Lee May 24. 

\ViIsoii^s 

attacked two regiments of colored troops under General wharf. 
Wilde, at Wilson's Wharf, but was handsomely repulsed. 
Butler sent a force of about 3,500 men, infantry and 
cavalry, under Gillmore and Kautz, to attempt the cap,- june 10. 
ture of Petersburg, but they failed to accomplish their ^^^^'■^^"'■s- 
object. Kautz's troopers entered the town, but were 
soon forced to retire. Again urged forward by General 
Grant, Butler made another attempt on the 15th, on the ^ ruses' 
northeast side, between City Point and the Norfolk Petersburg. 
Railroad. This time he nearly succeeded; the outer 
works were carried by Smith's troops, which had re- 
joined Butler. But it was now night, and Smith, in 
command of the attacking forces, determined to defer 
further advance until morning — a fatal delay! Lee 
was hastening his army to the defenses of Richmond 
and Petersburg, and at daylight of the 16th Smith found 
the works in his front strongly garrisoned by the veteran 



366 THE CONQUEROR. 

18 64. troops of Lee's ;irmy. Meantime Meade's army had 
PeteT^urj. 06611 hastening forward. Hancock arrived on the night 
of the 15th, and took position on Smith's left, Burnside 
came up the following morning with the 9th Corps, join- 
ing Hancock's left, and Warren arrived on the morning 
of the 17th and was placed on Burnside's left. The 
same day Wright was directed to take two divisions of 
the 6th Corps to Bermuda Hundred to aid Butler, who 
was resisting a determined attack of the enemy under 
Pickett. The other division of the 6th Corps relieved 
Brooks's division of the 18th Corps, which, under Smith, 
also went to Bermuda Hundred. 

Although Petersburg was not taken, yet Grant had 
made a magnificent and successful movement. His 
army had marched fifty-five miles, crossed two large 
rivers, and brought along his immense trains without 
loss, in the presence of a powerful and vigilant enemy. 
The Federal army had been marching and fighting, and 
fighting and marching, for six weeks through the enemy's 
country, over difficult roads, fording rivers and swamps. 
The last march was extremely severe, and the soldiers 
must have been neaily exhausted with fatigue when the 
first assault upon Petersburg was made ; and before the 
second one could be made, Lee, who had taken a much 
shorter route, was there with his army. It should not, 
therefore, be surprising that Petersburg was not taken. 

At this time, the strength of the Federal army was 
about 115,000, that of the enemy about 80,000. The 
Federal losses had been, as given by General Badeau 
in his valuable military history of General Grant,in the 
Wilderness, 13,948 ; at Spottsylvania, 13,601 ; at the 
North Anna, 1,143 ; and at Cold Harbor (May 31 to 
June 12), 10,058. This includes the killed, wounded, 
and missing during the several engagements at the re- 
spective places. 



THE COSQUEEOn. 307 

On the IGth, 17th, and 18th, the Federals made isa^. 
determined attempts to oaptuie Petersbnrg, and although Petersburg. 
gallant charges were made, the fortifications at several jnne is-is. 
])oints carried and held, and over 1,000 prisoners taken, n^'giuiits. 
yet Lee still firml}^ held Petersburg. The Federals had 
suflered a loss of about 6,000 men in killed, wounded, 
and missing during these three terrible days. General 
Grant was greatly disappointed at the failure to capture 
Petersburg, but he had a good hold, and would not let go. 
Quietly accepting the situation, he determined to lay 
siege, and the spade became busy. The Federals now 
had possession of the works which originally defended 
the town on the south and east, but the enemy had con- 
structed strong works in the rear, which were begun on 
tlie night of the 15th. 

General Grant now began his dispositions to envelop 
Petersburg and strike the southern railroads. The bal- 
ance of the 18th Corps was restored to Butler, and 
Wright rejoined Meade. General Gillmore had been 
relieved of his command, and Brooks given the 10th 
Corps. General Ledlie superseded Crittenden in the 
command of a division of the 9th Corps. Hancock was 
compelled to relinquish active duty in consequence of 
the reopening of an old wound, Birney assuming com- 
mand of the 2d Corps. On the 21st Grant again began 
his side step to the left; Butler extended his left so as 
to reach Burnside's right, the 2d Corps having been 
drawn out and moved to Warren's left, and the 6th 
Corps to Birney's left. The siege was already begun, 
the Federals throwing up a line of fortifications parallel 
to that of the eneniv. On the 22d Wridit and Birney J""'^ - 

^ _ The enemy 

were pushed westward for the purpose of seizing the make a 
Weldou Bailroad. During this movement a gap occurred weidon 
between the two corps, of which Hill, who held Lee's ^'"•'■^"''• 
right, took advantage, attacking Birney fiercely. Bar- 



368 TlJJi: CONQUMUOR. 

IS 4. low's division, on the loft, received the onset, and for a 
Potersburg. ^''^H! there \v;is eonsiderable conlnsion, the 2d Cori)S los- 
ing abont 1,400 taken prisoners; but order was soon 
restored a.nd the enemy checked, then driven back, when 
Wright, was bronght back to connect with Birney. On 
the 23d these two corps again advanced, driving back 
the enemy's skirmishers, Wright sending working par- 
ties to tear np the Weldon Ivailroad ; but the enemy soon 
ap[)eared in strong force, and the work upon the railroad 
stopped. Wright was withdrawn to the rear of Birney. 
On the 22d of June, Wilson, with his division of cav- 
alry and Kautz's cavalry of the Army of the James, al- 
together numbcn-ing about 0,000 men, started upon a. 
raid on the enemy's railroads south of Petersburg and 
stiuion. Kicluuond. At Kc^am's 8-ta.liou on (he Weldon Kailroad 
thai (lay he destroy (hI (he dejiot and several miles of 
railroad, then moved west to the South Side Railroad, his 
rear gua.)"d having a slight engagenu)nt just as it was 
leaving Iveam's Station. Between NottoAvay Station and 
Ford's Depot, several miles of railroad were destroyed. 
Juno 33. ^t 2 A. M. on the 23d, Kautz pushed on to Burkeville 
Court station, and that afternoon destroyed (he road at that 
point, while Wilson operated about Nottoway. Here on 
the 23d ^Vilson w;is savagely attacked by W. 11. V. Lee's 
cavalry. The enem}^ was repulsed after a, severe en- 
gagement, and Wilson pressed forward to the Danville 
road, where he rejoined Kaut/ not far from Burkeville 
junction. Together they des(roytHl the track pretty 
thoroughly to Boanoke Stafion, a distance of about 
eighteen miles. This point was reached on the 25th. 

The enemy had by this time collected a strong force, 
and was in close pursuit. \Vilson was now at a point 
about seventy-(ive miles soudiwest of i\4ersburg, and 
felt that he must return rapidly eastward *o est'ape (he 
enemy's supericu- forces concentrating about him. On 



Houso. 



iho ljr)(h, iiour Jloaiioke l)iuli;(i on Stauiitoii iUvor, about tso4. 
() v. iM., a. sevove liglii took place, in wliicli tho attack of p,,,,^,„,„ 
tluMMUMiiv was ropiilsiMl. Diirina- (ho night the l^'eder- .imu' •,•:.. 
His moved eastward, niarching all da.y the 2Gth and 27th, ;".':';'""" 
reaeliinii' Nottoway Iviver by noon of the 28th. Near 
here, at the Wcddou raih'oad crossing ol' Stony Creek, a. ''"'"' ~^' 
severe contlict took place bi^tunuMi Wil.-'on and I lamp- ''•''*''- 
ton's and Lee's cavalry. 1 lampion had coiiu^ in hot 
haste direct from his fight with Sheridan, and Inid just^ 
arrived. Learning this (act, AVilson Tell back, and en- 
deavored to escape by way of Ream's Station. Arri\- 
ing at tho latter point on the morning of the 21)1 h, lu* -'""i' -!>• 

Kciiin's 

Ibnud a Jieavy force ol'inl'antry in his IVont, instead ol, stMiion. 
as he had ex[)ected, Meade's hd't, wdiich he supposed ex- 
tended to the Weldon road. He at t)nce prepared to re- 
turn southward. Scarcely had tlu^ retreat begun when 
the enemy attacked heavily. After a short slruggh\ the 
Federals abandoned their artillery, haxing previously 
d(>stroycd their trains. Wilson and Kant/ became sep- 
aialed. Wilson suci'ccded in crossing the Nottoway at 
Double Bridge, and on the aOth he es(^ai)ed across the 
Blaekwater River, reaching Meade's army in a nu)st 
wretched plight. Kautz also succeeded on July 2, in 
reaching the Federal lines. Wilson's loss had been 
about 1,000 nu'U, bi'sid(\s his trains and artillery; but 
he had inflicted iuuucnsc^ damage upon the enenry. 
Meade had sent i\\v Oth Corps to Ream's Station on tht^ 
20lh, where it arrived iu the evening to find tha.t the 
eonteudiug forces had gone south. Wright's orders were 
to remain at that point until Sheridan arrivctl there. 
Meantime Kautz came iu to Wright's lines, ami reported 
the direction Wilson had taken. Sheridan came up on 
the nu)rning of the l)Oth, when it being ascertained that 
Wilson had escajxHl, Sheridan and Wright returned to 
the army. 

2i 



370 TIIJH CONQUEROR. 

I so 4. Grant sent Wright with the 6th Corps to Washington 

on ihe Otli oi' July. The capital was threatened by a 

July ,). Ibrce of the enemy under Early, who had been sent 

corps'Icni northwMrd by Leo, in hopes he could succeed in his old 

to wa^h- {y\(^\^ of IViu'lilcniuii- the Federal army belore him back to 

the dcleusc of the nation's heart. But not so; Grhut 

had a good hold, and would not let go. (An account of 

Early's raid will be I'ounil uiulcr the head, '"Virginia 

outside of the Army of the Potomac") Grant now 

contracted his lines for awhile. General W. F. Smith 

asked for a leave of absence, which was granted, and 

General Ord was placed in command of the 18th Corps. 

The army now extended only to the Jerusalem plank 

road, with Warren on the left, Burnside in the center, 

and Old on the right. Hancock, again in command of 

the 2d Corps, lay in the rear of Warren ; Butler, with 

the 10th Corps, held the right at Bermuda TInndred 

and Deep Bottom. General I). B. Birncy was placed in 

command of the lOth Corps by order of General Grant 

on July 23. This brave oilicer w;»s attacked by fever 

about, two uiouths afterward, and taken to Philadelphia, 

ivMih of ^vhere he died Oct. 18, 1864. His lather, lion. J. 

I'inuv. C\. Birney, was at one time an Alabama planter; but 

bccomiug satisfied of the injustice of slavery, he set his 

slaves free, and came north. 

On the 26th of July, Grant ordered a denmnstration 

north of the James, via Deep Bottom, by Hancock's 

corps and Sheridan's cavalry. The expedition started 

.n.i.v -,'r,28. .,t, 4 p. M. of the 26th, and by the morning of the 27th 

Doi'p Hot- ■ -,■ -i^ 1-. I 1 mi > 

torn. had crossed the James at Deep Bottom. 1 ho enemy s 

advance posts were driven back, with the capture of a 
small work and four pieces of artillery. Nothing turther 
was accomplished this day. The Federals formed line 
on Bailey's Creek. The object of this move was to draw 
olfa part of l/ce's nrmv to the defense of Richmond; 



THE CONQUEROR. 3Y1 

that accomplished, Hancock was to hasten back and join ^^a*. 
in an assault upon Petersburg. On the morning of the Petersburg. 
28th, Sheridan on Hancock's right was fiercely attacked 
by a superior force of infantry, but the Federal repeating 
carbines drove them back in confusion, with a loss of 
250 taken prisoners. During the night of the 29th, the 
expedition quietly withdrew, and returned to Meade's 
front. 

The movement of Hancock and Sheridan had greatly 
alarmed the Richmond authorities, and by the 28th a 
large part of the defenders of Petersburg had been with- 
drawn to oppose them. On Burnside's front a mine had 
been dug under the enemy's works, the main gallery of 
which was about five hundred feet in length. This 
work had been accomplished by the 48th Pennsylvania, 
composed of miners. Eight tons of powder had been 
placed under the enemy's works, and on the 30th, at jujy 30. 
4 : 30 A. M., the mine w^as exploded. The shock was '^'^® °""° 

' i explosion. 

like that of an earthquake ; the enemy's works were 
torn to pieces ; guns, caissons, and men went up two 
hundred feet in the air. Burnside was ordered to 
charge ; Ledlie's division entered the crater. Every 
order had been given by Grant and Meade to warrant 
success. Ord was to support the 9th Corps, and also 
Hancock's corps, which had returned from Deep Bottom. 
Sheridan had also been directed to engage the enemy's 
left; but without attempting to judge any one, we will 
only say that the assault ended in a miserable failure. 
The divisions of Potter and Wilcox followed Ledlie ; the 
troops became mixed up, orders were misunderstood, 
and confusion reigned supreme. Ferrero's colored divis- 
ion was sent in when it was found that Ledlie's would 
not reach and scale the farther side of the crater, which 
was two hundred feet long, sixty feet wide, and thirty 
feet deep. The colored troops passed the white ones, 



372 TtlE CONqUEROR. 

18 64. and dashed up the slope; but the enemy had now re- 
covered, and soon drove them back. 

Petersburg. -\ir • n n i n* 

Meantime a fearful conflict was going on between 
the white troops and the enemy, who had planted batter- 
ies on both sides of the crater, and was pouring death 
and destruction into the Federal ranks within this 
wretched trap. Ord now attempted to advance, but 
found the way blocked by the disordered troops of the 
9th Corps. He then sent Turner's division against the 
parapet at the right of the crater. A gallant charge 
was made by Turner's troops, but nothing was accom- 
plished. Grant, seeing that every chance of success 
was lost, ordered Meade to withdraw his troops. This 
was a difficult thing to do ; the enemy's musketry and 
artillery covered the ground over which the}^ must pass ; 
but by 2 p. M., after a distressing time, all the troops 
were brought out, though with severe loss. The Federal 
loss in this affair was about 4,000 men, about 1,800 of 
whom were taken prisoners ; the loss of the enemy was 
about 1,000. Warren and Hancock had engaged only 
in artillery firing during the assault. 
Aug 1. Qj^ ^j^g 2g^ qI" Aue-ust, Grant sent Sheridan to 

Grant sends a ' 

Sheridan to Washington. He had lost patience with the officers in 
to look" command of what he considered enough troops to crush 
after Early. -g^^^,|^^ Slieridaii proved to be the right man, and well 
did he accomplish the work before him. (See "Virginia 
outside of the Army of the Potomac") But on the 4th, 
^^^g- ^- at the request of the President, Grant himself proceeded 

Grant goes ^ ^ '■ 

himself, to Washington, for the purpose of arranging matters for 
a new move in that Department. He reached General 
Hunter's headquarters at Monocacy Station on the 
evening of the 5th. Sheridan was in Washington 
awaiting orders. Grant gave Hunter instructions to put 
Sheridan in command of the troops which were to take 
the field, himself establishing his headquarters where he 



THE CONQUEROR. 8T3 

chose within his Department. Hunter asked to be iso4. 
relieved; this was granted on the 6th, and Sheridan ;>i"- Pek^mg 
riving that day assumed command of the Department. Aug. e. 
Grant gave Sheridan his instructions, telling him to relieves 
" find the enemy and pursue him to the death," returning ^''"'^'■■• 
at once to Washington, Mdiere he remained one day, pro- 
ceeding to City»Point on the 8th. 

August the 13th, General Burnside was granted a 
leave of absence and General Parke placed in command 
of the 9th Corps. On General Grant's return he learned 
that Lee had sent reinforcements from his army to 
Early. On August 12, Hancock with his own corps, 
and Birney with the 10th Corps and Gregg's cavalry, 
again proceeded to Deep Bottom, to make a diversion in ^^^s- i4-i9- 

° '^ . ^ ' Deep Bot- 

favor of Sheridan. On the 14th a severe engagement tom. 
took place, the Federals attacking the enemy's w^orks 
near Bailey's Creek. A small portion of the works was 
captured, with four pieces of artillery, but no great 
result was attained, except to detain a division of Long- 
street's corps intended for Early. The 15th was con- 
sumed in reconnoitering, and no attack was made. Dur- 
ing the 16th, considerable fighting occurred, but at night 
each side remained on its ground ; the Federals had, 
however, taken about 500 prisoners. On the 18th the 
enemy assaulted Hancock's lines, but was severely 
repulsed. 

Ord and Parke were now stretched out so as to hold 
the line from the Appomattox to the Jerusalem plank 
road. Warren had been drawn out, and was held in Aug. 18-21. 
readiness to move to the left against the Weldon Bail- Ramord. 
road. Warren moved on the 18th at 4 a. m. and after a 
severe battle obtained possession of the Weldon Railroad, 
having suffered a loss of about 1,000 men in the action; 
but the enemy had suffered fully as much. Lee was 
now alarmed at the loss of this road, and hastened Hill 



Petersbvirg. 



3T4 THJ^ CONQUEROR. 

1864. to recapture it. Hill attacked on the morning of the 
19th. Through a misunderstanding of orders, a gap had 
been left between Warren and the 9th Corps. Hill 
quickly pushed a heavy column through this, and turn- 
ing to the right took Crawford in the flank and rear. 
Crawford's men were thrown into disorder, and compelled 
to give way with a loss of about 1,500 who were taken 
prisoners. Ayres's division also became hotly engaged. 
At this juncture two divisions of the 9th Corps arrived. 
Joining Crawford and Ayres, they soon changed the 
feature of the battle, driving the enemy back to their 
intrenchments, Warren regaining his lost ground. 

On the night of the 20th, Hancock and Gregg were 
brought back to the Petersburg front, Birney rejoining 
Butler. On the morning of the 21st, Lee made another 
desperate attempt to dislodge Warren, The latter was 
now well intrenched, and after a severe struggle the 
enemy was completely repulsed, with a loss of 500 in 
prisoners. Barlow's division of the 2d Corps, with 
Gregg's cavalry, was set to destroying the Weldon Rail- 
road southward. On the 23d, Barlow reached Ream's 
Station, where Gibbon's division joined him on the 24th, 
and the work of destruction continued, the cavalry 
meantime skirmishing heavily to the southwest. Han- 
cock had constructed an imperfect line of breastworks 

Aug. 25. <xt Ream's Station. On the 25th, Hill appeared at the 

Ream's 

Station. west in heavy force ; Hancock at once called his forces 
to these works. General Miles was temporarily in com- 
mand of Barlow's division. At about 2 p. m. Hill made 
a vigorous attack, which was repulsed ; this was at once 
followed by another, but was also repelled. At 5 p. m. 
the enemy made a new and more determined assault, 
before which the Federal right gave way. A desperate 
conflict followed ; the Federals were greatly outnum- 
bered, and were finally forced from their intrenchments. 



^7/ A' COyQUEliOR. 875 

A new line was formed in their rear, which was held is 04. 
against every attempt of the enemy until dark, when i^.torsijurg. 
each side concluded itself vanquished, and retreated, 
each its own way. Hancock's loss w^as about 2,200 in 
killed, wounded, and captured ; Hill's loss is unknown. 
Hancock returned to the rear of Warren ; liill, to 
Petersburg. Mott's division of Hancock's corps and 
Willcox's division of the 9th Corps had been hastened 
to aid Hancock, but arrived too late. 

During this desperate battle the enemy gallantly 
charged, capturing three batteries ; but the Federals as 
gallantly returned the charge, and retook most of their 
guns. Several w^eeks of comparative quiet now followed ; 
both armies sadly needed the rest. On Sept. 16, Hamp- l^^l^;^^^ 
ton made a successful sortie to Coggins Point, capturing Poiut. 
2,500 head of cattle and the guard of 300 men. The Fed- 
eral lines now reached from the James to the Vaughan . 
road, — a wagon road about two miles to the west of the 
Weldon Railroad, — and to provide against further attacks 
on the left flank and rear, the Federals fortified by a 
line of works along their left flank, a mile or more to 
the southward, then turning to the eastward, covering 
the rear of the Army of the Potomac. 

On the night of Sept. 28, with a view to preventing 
Lee from sending reinforcements to Early in the Shen- 
andoah, General Butler, by order of General Grant, 
crossed the James with the 18th Corps under Ord, the 
10th Corps under Biruey, and Kautz's cavalry ; and on 
the morning of the 29th he moved out from Deep Bot- 
tom, Ord on the left, Birney on the right, with Kautz on scpt. 29, 30. 
the extreme right, against the defenses of Richmond. ^.-^^^^ H' 
Ord stormed and captured Fort Harrison and a long line ciwpin's 

^ ° Farm. 

of breastworks near Chapin's Farm, after a desperate 
struffi>;le, in which he lost about 700 men in killed and G^enu 



'tO'^^J 



Burnham 



wounded. Among his killed was General Burnham, idiied. 



376 THE CU.XQUHROR. 

1864. who commanded a brigade. General Stannard lost an 
peteT^urg. ^^"^^^ ^^d Ord liimself was wounded in the leg and obliged 
to leave the field. Fifteen guns and many prisoners were 
taken with the fort. General Weitzel assumed command 
Ft!' Gilmer, ^f the 18th Corps, and attempted to take Fort Gilmer, 
but was repulsed with a loss of 300 men. Birney had 
attacked the enemy's w^orks on Spring Hill, and carried 
them. Kautz had advanced to within six miles of Rich- 
mond ; but the enemy was found in strong force behind 
powerful w^orks, and the expedition accomplished no 
more than to secure Fort Harrison, and to cause Lee to 
keep a stronger force in that part of the Richmond 
defenses. 

September 30, - Lee attempted in three desperate 

Sept.. 30. assaults to retake Fort Harrison, but w^is each time re- 
Fort Harn- ^ 

son. pulsed with fearful loss. Butler's loss in these two days 

. was about 2,000 in killed, wounded, and missing. Gn 

the 1st and 2d of October, the Federals pushed ftirther 

to the left of Petersburg, gradually gaining ground. 

The enemy disputed the advance desperately, but was 

Oct. 7. driven back to the Boydton road. October 7, General 

Olicirlcs 

City cross Kautz's cavalry was attacked on the Charles City road 

"^'"^^* near Richmond, and driven back w^ith considerable loss. 

The enemy, following up their success, attacked the 10th 

Corps, but were repulsed by Birney, causing them a loss 

of about 1,000 men. 

Oct. 27, 28. On the 27th of October, the 2d, 9th, and 5th Corps, 

Hatcher's . . ' . . 

Kun and uudcr the direction of General Meade, in attempting to 
voA^!°^ extend the Federal left, and if possible cut off Lee's 
communication at the west, had a severe battle with the 
enemy at the Boydton plank road and Hatcher's Run. 
In consequence of impenetrable swamps and tangled 
w^oods, only a part of this force became engaged. The 
9th Corps attacked the enemy's intrenchments at Hatcli- 
er's Run, while Hancock's corps, w^ith Gregg's cavalry. 



THJi: CONQUEROR. 377 

moved around to the west for the purpose of seizing the is a 4. 
South Side Ptailway. The 9tli Corps was repulsed. p^,tc^,„.g. 
Warren with the 5th Corps, in moving between Parke 
and Hancock, became entangled in the swamp, and was 
unable to unite his left with Hancock's right. His 
troops, however, had become engaged, driving the ene- 
my's skirmishers back into their works. Hancock thus 
isolated was savagely attacked during the afternoon by 
a superior force sent out by Hill. A hot battle followed, 
the enemy gaining ground in the first assault ; but' the 
Federals quicklj'^ recover, and repay the enemy with 
interest, driving them back in confusion to their in- 
trenchments, with the loss of more than 1,000 taken 
prisoners. The fighting lasted from about 4 p. m. until 
dark. The Federals gave up the attempt for the pres- 
ent, and returned next day to the position occupied on 
the 26th. 

General Grant had ordered Butler to make a demon- 
stration in strong force on the north side of the James, 
in co-operation with the movement on the extreme left. 
Moving toward the York Railroad, Butler's right became oct. 28, 29. 
engaged, and suffered a severe repulse, with the loss of attacks the 
about 1,000 men in killed, wounded, and prisoners. ?'':''"^°"'^ 

' 7 7 r fortifica- 

His operations ceased with those on the extreme left, tions. 
General Wright, with the 6th Corps, returned to Meade's 
army about the first of December, and the Federals 
about Petersburg practicall}^ went into winter quarters. 
In the latter part of November, General Hancock 
was ordered north to organize a corps of veteran troops 
to be ready to enter the field in the early spring. Han- 
cock was also placed in command of what was then des- 
ignated the Middle Department when Sheridan started 
on his raid to the north of Richmond. General A. A. 
Humphreys succeeded General Hancock in command of 
the 2d Corps. 



3t8 THE COFQUEROk. 

1S04. In December, General Weitzel, of Butler's command, 
Petersburg, ^as scnt With an expedition against Fort Fisher, which 
commanded the entrance of Wilmington Harbor, one of 
the chief rendezvous of the enemy's blockade-runners. 
(See Chapter entitled, " North Carolina Coast.") Gen- 
eral Butler accompanied the expedition, and contrary 
to Grant's intentions, assumed command of it. Failing 
to accomplish the capture of the fort, Butler returned to- 
ward the end of the month. In January he was relieved 
of the command of the Army of the James, and General 
jggg Ord was given his place. 
Feb. 5-7. On the 5th, 6th, and 7th of February, 1865, in ex- 

MnC^^ tending the Federal left to Hatcher's Run, the 2d and 
rm Row- ^^^ Corps and Gregg's cavalry had some hard fighting 
anty Creek, at Hatchcr's Ruu and Dabney's Mills. The enemy was 
vaughan again driven back to his intrenchments, and the Federals 
succeeded in extending their lines somewhat to the west- 
Generai Ward. Amoug the enemy's killed on the 6th was Gen- 
kiued. eral John Pegram. He was a graduate of West Point. 



CHAPTER XXII. 

FIVE FORKS TO APPOMATTOX. 

THE CONQUEROR. 

THE opposing armies had been continually recruited, isgg. 
and in March, 1865, each numbered about the pete^„rg 
same as in May, 1864, Grrant having about 115,000 March. 
men, and Lee about 75,000. 

On the 25th of March, 1865, at 4 a. m., Lee — as is Fon sted- 
asserted by some authorities and disputed by others — ™'^°" 
endeavored to break out, pushing a heavy force upon 
Meade's right and against the 9th Corps. The opposing 
lines were not more than one hundred and fifty yards 
apart at this point. It is argued that Lee hoped that 
this attack would compel Grant to weaken his left, and 
in the confusion he would move his main body rapidly 
to the west, the assaulting column to turn and follow at 
the right time. True or not. Grant did not weaken his 
left, and Lee did not go westward. The assault was 
made before daylight, and the enemy succeeded in cap- 
turing Fort Stedman and several adjoining batteries. 
These works were among the first ones taken by the 
Federals in their first assault upon Petersburg. But 
General Parke soon brought his troops into action, and 
put a stop to the progress of the enemy, and after a 
severe conflict forced the Confederates back to their own 
lines, with a loss of about 2,000 men taken prisoners. 
The fort and batteries were recovered, and the former 
line re-established. 

During the battle, Meade saw the opportunity, and 

(379) 



380 THJS COiVQUA'WM. 

1805. ordered the 2d and 6th Corps forward against the works 

Petersburg, i^ their respectlve fronts. Humphreys had already 

March. advanced the 2d Corps to the attack. Wright at once 

moved up, and the enemy's advanced intrenchments 

were carried and held against several desperate efforts 

of the Confederates to retake them. The Federal loss 

in the three corps engaged was about 2,000 in killed 

and wounded. The 2d and 6th Corps captured about 

Genlrai°' 850 prisoners. General William R. Terry was among 

Terry. the cuemy's killed. He was a native of Virginia. Gen- 

Generai ^^^^ Grant highly complimented Generals Parke and 

Grant com- Huuiphreys, also General Hartranft, who commanded a 

pliments t • • • i n i /-^ 

Generals divisiou HI thc 9th Corps, for quick action without wait- 
Hump'hreys^^S for ordcrs, and good generalship displayed at a time 
and Har- whcu hesitation would have been disastrous. 

tranft. 

The following extract from General Grant's Report, 
dated July 22, 1865, will be found interesting at this 
point. 

On the 24th of March, the following instructions for a 
general movement of the armies operating against Richmond 
were issued: — 

City Point, Virginia, March 21^, 1865. 

Generals : — 

On the 29th instant the armies operating against Richmond 
will be moved by our left, for the double purpose of turning 
the enemy out of his present position around Petersburg, and 
to insure the success of the cavalry under General Sheridan, 
which will start at the same time, in its efforts to reach and de- 
stroy the South Side and Danville railroads. Two corps of the 
Army of the Potomac will be moved at first in tAvo columns, 
taking the two roads crossing Hatcher's Run, neai'est where 
the present line held by us strikes that stream, both moving 
toward Dinwiddie Court House. 

The cavalry under General Sheridan, joined by the division 
now under General Davies, will move at the same time by the 
Weldon road and the Jerusalem plank road, turning west from 



THE CONQUEROR. 381 

the latter before crossing the Nottoway, and west with the isas. 
whole column before reaching Stony Creek. General Sheridan — 
will then move independently, under other instructions which ^'-'*'^'"^''"''g- 

, . . . A 11 T '^ 1 11 March. 

Will be given him. All dismounted cavalry belonging to the 
Army of the Potomac, and the dismounted cavalry from the 
Middle Military Division not required for guarding property 
belonging to their arm of service, will report to Brigadier- 
General Benhaiii, to be added to the defenses of City Point. 
Major-General Parke will be left in command of all the army 
left for holding the lines about Petersburg and City Point, sub- 
ject of course to orders from the commander of the Army of 
the Potomac. The 9th army corps will be left intact, to hold 
the present line of works, so long as the whole line now occu- 
pied by us is held. If, however, the troops to the left of the 
9th Corps are withdrawn, then the left of the corps may be 
thrown back so as to occupy the position held by the army 
prior to the capture of the Wei don road. All troops to the left 
of the 9th Corps will be held in readiness to move at the short- 
est notice, by such route as may be designated when the order 
is given. 

General Ord will detach three divisions, two white and one 
colored, or so much of them as he can and hold his present lines, 
and march for the present left of the Army of the Potomac. In 
the absence of further orders, or until further orders are given, 
the white divisions will follow the left column of the Army of 
the Potomac, and the colored division the right column. Dur- 
ing the movement, Major-General Weitzel will be left in com- 
mand of all the forces remaining behind from the Army of the 
James. 

The movement of troops from the Army of the James will 
commence on the night of the 27th instant. General Ord will 
leave behind the minimum number of cavalry necessary for 
picket duty in the absence of the main army. A cavalry ex- 
pedition, from General Ord's command, will also be started 
from Suffolk, to leave there on Saturday, the 1st of April, 
under Colonel Sumner, for the purpose of cutting the railroad 
about Hicksford. This, if accomplished, will have to be a sur- 
prise, and therefore from three to five hundred men will be suf- 
ficient. They should, however, be supported by all the infantry 



Petersburg. 
:March. 



382 THE CONQUEROR. 

18 5. that can be spared from Norfolk and Portsmouth, as far out as 
to where the cavalry crosses the Blackwater. The crossing 
should probably be at Uniten. Should Colonel Sumner succeed 
in reachinir the Weldon road, he will be instructed to do all the 
damage possible to the triangle of roads between Hicksford, 
Weldon, and Gaston. The railroad bridge at Weldon being 
fitted up for the passage of carriages, it might be practicable to 
destroy any accumulation of supplies the enemy may have col- 
lected south of the Roanoke. All the troops wiU move witii 
four days' rations in haversacks and eight days' in wagons. 
To avoid as much hauling as possible, and to give the Army of 
the James the same number of days' supplies with the Army of 
the Potomac, General Ord will direct his commissary and 
quartermaster to have sufficient supplies delivered at the ter- 
minus of the road to fill up in passing. Sixty rounds of ammu- 
nition per man will be taken in wagons, and as much grain as 
the transportation on hand -will carry, after taking the specified 
amount of other supplies. The densely wooded country in 
which the army has to operate making the use of much artillery 
impracticable, the amount taken with the army will be reduced 
to six or eight guns to each division, at the option of the army 
commanders. 

All necessary preparations for carrying these directions into 
operation may be commenced at once. The reserves of the 9th 
Corps should be massed as much as possible. While I would 
not now order an unconditional attack on the enemy's line by 
them, they should be ready, and should make the attack if the 
enemy weakens his line in their front, without waiting for 
orders. In case they carry the line, then the whole of the 9th 
Corps could follow up so as to join or co-operate with the 
balance of the army. To prepare for this, the 9th Corps will 
have rations issued to them, same as the balance of the army. 
General Weitzel will keep vigilant watch upon his front, and 
if found at all practicable to break through at any point, he 
will do so. A success north of the James should be followed 
up with great promptness. An attack will not be feasible un- 
less it is found that the enemy has detached largely. In that 
case it may be regarded as evident that the enemy are relying 
upon their local reserves principally for the defense of Richmond, 



THE CONQUEROR. 383 

Preparations may be made for abandoning all the line north of isos. 
the James, except inclosed works — only to be abandoned, how- 

^ ^ _ ^ ^ Petersburg. 

ever, after a break is made in the lines of the enemy. March. 

By these instructions a large part of the armies operating 
against Richmond is left behind. The enemy, knowing this, 
may, as an only chance, strip their lines to the merest skeleton, 
in the hope of advantage not being taken of it, while they hurl 
everything against the moving column, and return. It cannot 
be impressed too strongly upon commanders of troops left in the 
ti'enches not to allow this to occur without taking advantage 
of it. The very fact of the enemy's coming out to attack, if he 
does so, miffht be resrarded as almost conclusive evidence of 
such a weakening of his lines. I would have it particularly 
enjoined upon corps commanders that, in case of an attack 
from the enemy, those not attacked are not to wait for orders 
from the commanding officer of the army to which they belong, 
but that they will move promptly, and notify the commander 
of their action. I would also enjoin the same action on the 
part of division commanders when other parts of their corps 
are engaged. In like manner I would urge the importance of 
following up a repulse of the enemy. 

U. S. Grant, 

Lieutenant- General. 
Major-Generals Meade, Ord, and Sheridan. 

General Grant now considered matters ripe for a 
decisive movement against Lee, and made preparations 
to move in heavy force to the left, for the purpose of 
flanking Petersburg and cutting off Lee's remaining 
source of supplies. Orders had already been given, on 
the 24th, for this movement to begin on the 29th. 
Sheridan had arrived at White House on the 19th from 
a long and successful raid, " all the way from Winches- 
ter," an account of which is given in another chapter, 
and at once began to shoe up his horses for another trip. 

Before daylight of the 29th the movement began. ^-"-^ ^^' 

J '^ ... The last 

The President and General Sherman had just visited strokes of 
Grant, Sherman's marching veterans had reached North mer. 



384 THE CONQUEROR. 

186 5. Carolina. Sheridan had rested his men and recruited 
Petering, his horses. He had about 10,000 troopers under Gen- 
March, erals Merritt, Devin, Custer, and Crook. The 6th and 
9th Corps were to occupy the works in front of Peters- 
burg. Ord had been brought over with three divisions 
of the Army of the James, and placed on Wright's left, 
his own left reaching the junction of the Yaughan road 
and Hatcher's Run. Humphreys moved to the left of 
Ord, and Warren to the left of Humphreys. Sheridan 
proceeded to Dinwiddle Court House, where he rested 
that night. In advancing to its position, the 5th Corps 
came upon the enemy's advance line at White Oak road, 
Gravelly ncaT Gravclly Run; after a short but sharp engage- 
cinaker uicut tlic cnemy was driven into his intrenchments. On 
Boad. ^i^g 30th of March it rained torrents, and the oppos- 
ing forces remained comparatively quiet, except that 
March 30. Shcrldau sent a division of his cavahy to reconnoitre 
^* Five Forks. A strong force of the enemy w^as found 
there. The men were soaked with rain, and after a 
slight engagement the division returned to Dinwiddie. 
and April 1. ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ March and the 1st of April were glo- 
Giorious nous days for the Federals and for the Union, and also 
the Union, days of great achievements for Phil Sheridan and his 
men. The end was near. During the rainy 30th, all 
but Grant and Sheridan were discouraged. For nearly 
a whole year there had been a continuous battle between 
Grant's Army of the Potomac, and the enemy's forces 
under Lee. The enemy had always been covered by 
intrenchments, thus compelling the Union soldiers to 
attack at a great disadvantage. The whole country had 
become despondent. It was " darkest just before day." 
But now Grant's grip upon Lee's throat was tightening. 
The enemy was nearly surrounded, and his supplies 
vv^ould soon be cut off. Lee fully understood what the 
• movement of Humphreys, Warien, and Sheridan meant. 



THE CONQUEROR. 385 

and he determined if possible to break the Federal left. isgs. 
On the 31st of March he pushed all the troops that petg^^^.^, 
conid be spared from the intrenchments against Warren March. 
and Sheridan. Warren's three divisions were badly 
posted in echelon, although he expected an attack. The 
enemy fell in heavy force upon Warren's corps at White ^^'bo3°i'-'' 
Oak road about 10 a. m. Ayres's division was forced ^o" roads. 
back upon Crawford's, then both back upon Grif&n. 
Humphreys sent Miles's division to aid Warren, and the 
enemy's advance was checked. During the afternoon, 
Warren, with the aid of Miles, droA^e the enemy back to 
his intrenchments, regaining all the ground lost in the 
morning, and a lodgment on the White Oak road. 

At the same time Sheridan was having a hot engage- 
ment at Warren's left with a heavy force under General 
Pickett, which numbered nearly double Sheridan's force. 
A terrible battle was fought. Sheridan had begun an 
advance toward Five Forks when he was attacked. He 
fell back slowly to Dinwiddle, where he held his ground Dinwicuiie. 
against the desperate attempts of Pickett's superior force 
to dislodge him. The fighting lasted until dark, when 
both sides rested on their arms, the Federals at Din- 
widdle, the enemy at Chamberlain's Creek. Sheridan 
had saved the left. Grant was at Dabney's saw mill, 
where he was kept busy during the night receiving re- 
ports and issuing orders. 

At daylight, on April 1, Sheridan moved forward Apni i. 
against the enemy that had driven him the day before. ^''''' ^^°'''^-'^- 
Grant had ordered General Warren to report to Sheridan 
with his whole corps. Expecting Warren's troops to 
be near at hand, Sheridan pressed forward. Pickett, 
seeing the approach of infantry, fell back before the cav- 
alry skirmish lines of Devin and Custer. Crook re- 
mained at Dinwiddle to hold that point and the roads in 
the Federal rear. Devin and Custer have hot work, but 
S5 



3SG THE CONQUMROR. 

iscs. continnally drive the enemy. Warren does not get his 

I'otor^bnrg. troops lip in time, and the cavahy alone drive Pickett 

•''1'"^ ^- back to his works on White Oak road, covering Five 

Forks. It is now noon; Warren has at last reported to 

Sheridan in person. 

Mackenzie's cavahy division of the Army of the 
James, numbering about 1,600 men, joined Sheridan at 
this time, who now makes preparations to assault the 
enemy's works, his own cavalry on the left, the 5th 
Corps on his right, and Mackenzie on the right of War- 
ren. It is 5 p. M, before all can be made ready. Ayres's 
division opened the attack ; Merritt, hearing his guns, im- 
mediately pushed forward Devin and Custer to the as- 
sault. Lee had directed Pickett to hold the works at 
any cost, and the enemy resist with great determination. 
Five Forks rp|-^g jjattlc bocomes fierce and bloody, but the enemy 
cannot long resist the valor of the Union soldiers, led by 
Sheridan, Merritt, Devin, Custer, and Ayres. Sheridan 
remains with Ayres, and seeing a brigade falter before a 
terrible fire, he seizes a battle-flag, and with his sword 
in the air he leads them to the charge. The fiery en- 
thusiasm of the leader at once becomes contagious ; 
Devin, Custer, and Ayres go over the Avorks at the same 
time. Warren had led Griflin and Crawford too far to 
the right, and thus Mackenzie was crowded far away. 
Sheridan sent word to Warren, who was with Crawford, 
to close to the left ; but Griffin had already discovered 
the error, and taking the double-quick, arrived on 
Ayres's right in good time. Crawford soon afterward 
entered the fight. The enemy was completely routed, 
and flew to the westward, the Federals pursuing until 
dark. The Federal loss in killed and wounded was 
about 1,300 ; they had taken about 6,000 prisoners. 
General Warren being too slow and cautious for the 
work in hand, Sheridan relieved him near the close of 
the battle, placing Griffin in command of the 5th Corps. 



THE CONQUEROR. ^^^ 



As soon as he became aware of Sheridan's success, _ 
Grant ordered a general bombardment all along the hne, pete.i.u>,.. 
and the Federal cannon roared and thundered until 4 a. m., ap'^ ^. 
April 2, xvhen a general assault was made from right ^.,,^, 
to left m succession, by Parke, Wright, Ord, and Hum- a..u.u. 
phreys The first two attack at about the same time. 
The battle at once becomes terrific, the enemy resistmg 
with great heroism ; but the outer works ^^'^ soon car- 
ried. Soon afterward, Ord with parts of the 24th and 
25th Corps, and Humphreys with the 2d Corps, jom in 
the assault. Sheridan with his cavalry is agam engaged, 
and the battle becomes a continuous roar from i eters- 
bur- to Five Forks. AH of the exterior works of the 
enemy are wrested from him, and he is confined to his 
interior fortifications, close around Petersburg. Sher- 
idan had driven the forces of the enemy opposed to him 
across the Appomattox River, and the long-coveted 
South Side Railroad was at last in Federal possession. 
The Danville Railroad was now the only outlet for the 
escape of Jefi"erson Davis and his government. 

In the account of this day's battle it would be injus- 
tice to particularize as to individual valor. 5^}'om the 
private to the Lieutenant-General all seemed to feel tha 
Ihe end was near. Victory, victory, for the Union at v.-^^^- 
last ' Every man did his duty. During the hottest ot 
the battle, Lee made a desperate efiort to dislodge the 
0th Corps from the works it had captured, sending a 
strong force under Heth from his left. The attack was 
fierce and determined. Grant ordered troops ft"om City 
Point to the aid of the 9th Corps, and Parke held his 
ground. General A. P. Hill, one of the enemy s best ,.. 
generals and a graduate of West Point, was killed while ,, 
rallying his troops to repel the assaults of the 6th and 

9th Corps. . -, n 4- 

At about 10 A. M., Lee had become convmced that 



th of 



oSS THE CONQUEROR, 

1805. Richmond and Petersburg could be held but a few hours 
Petersburg, louger, aud SO advised Jefferson Davis at that hour. 
April 2. Lee's dispatch found Davis at church, the day being 

Lee advises c\ -, -f-f ^ ./ o 

jefEerson ouuday. He at once left the church and began prepa- 

g^^p^ ° rations for leaving his capital. During the night, Lee 

withdrew his forces. Silently they stole away, sad and 

Petersburg disheartened, blowing up their magazines and burnino; 

and Rich- y o L o O 

mond evac- the bridges across the James behind them. A ram and 

uated. X • 1 T 1 

two iron-clads were also destroyed by them. On leav- 
ing Richmond, the enemy's rear guard set fire to some 
storehouses and tobacco warehouses. A stiff breeze 
blowing, soon spread the flames to the business portion 
of the city, where the conflagration was great; many 
houses, churches, and public buildings were also con- 
sumed. Meantime the hard characters of the town were 
pillaging the stores. All of the better class were leav- 
ing or endeavoring to get away, that they might still 
live under the wings of their portable government. 
Conveyances of all sorts were busy, at big prices, and 
great was the uproar. 

April 3. At 3 A. M., April 3, an explosion was heard in 

Petersburg. Suspecting that Lee would soon evacuate 
his works and attempt to unite with Johnston, whose 
army was now at Smithfield, N. C, Grant had given 
orders that a close watch be kept on all movements. 
General Parke, hearing the explosion, moved forward a 
line of skirmishers, and found the enemy's skirmish line 
weak; and at 4 a. m. he advanced in force, capturing 

Petersburg ^j-^g fg^y remaining pickets, and Petersburg was in the 

occupied by o l j . c 

the Fed- hands of the Federals. General Ralph Ely's brigade of 
Willcox's division, 9th Corps, was the first to enter the 
town, the authorities surrendering to Ely at 4 : 30 a. m., 
and the flag of the 1st Michigan sharpshooters was 
raised on the Court House by Colonel Buckbee of that 
regiment; at the same time the flag of the 2d Michigan 
infantry was raised upon the Custom House, 



THE CONQUEROR. 389 

Grant at once ordered Meade in pursuit of Lee. is a a. 
The 10th and 18th Corps had been broken up early in 
December, 1864, and the 24th and 25th Corps organized, 
the first under General Gibbon, the latter under General 
Weitzel. Gibbon accompanied Ord, leaving Weitzel on 
the north side of the James with one division of the 
24th Corps and two divisions of the 25th. About 
3 A. M. of the 3d, General Weitzel gave orders for a for- 
ward movement at daylight, having become satisfied 
that the enemy was leaving Ptichmond, At 5 a. m. the 
picket line of Devens's division of the 24th Corps took 
possession of the enemy's works. At 8 a. m., General 
Weitzel entered the city, and received the surrender of 
Richmond. The United States flag again waved over 000111X11^ 
the capitol of Virginia, and again the American Eagle Ira J'''^' 
screamed for joy. General Weitzel, by direction of 
General Grant, assumed control of matters in Richmond, 
and at once began the work of restoring order and sub- 

. n • -i-« President 

dumg the conflagration. President Lincoln was at City Lincoln 
Point when Grant telegraphed him the good news, and Tonqulror. 
he came up at once, holding an interview with General 
Grant in Petersburg. His heart was full of forgiveness 
for the erring brothers. 

General Lee having concentrated his broken army 
at Chesterfield Court House, about half way between 
Richmond and Petersburg, moved directly to Amelia 
Court House, where he was compelled to halt for sup- 
plies. His men were without rations, and his horses 
without fonige, obliging him to send foraging parties in 
every direction for food. Sheridan with his cavalry led 
the pursuit, followed closely by the 5th Corps, under 
Griffin. Meade, with the 2d, 6th, and 9th Corps, was 
not far behind ; also Ord's troops, accompanied by Gen- 
eral Grant himself, were in hot pursuit. Sheridan 
arrived at Jetersville, about six miles southwest of 



390 



THE COXQUEROE. 



Namozine 
Church. 



April 5. 
Fame's 
cross roads 
Jctersville, 
or xVmelia 
Springs. 



April 6. 

High 

Bridge. 



Colonel 

Read 

killed. 



Dcatous 
ville. 



Sailors 
Creek. 



Amelia Court House, at 5 p. m. ou the 4th. He had an 
cngngeineut with the enemy the day before at Namozine 
Creek, Namozine Church, and Deep Creek, capturing a 
large number of prisoners. Meade arrived at Jeters ville 
on the evening of the 5th with the 2d and 6th Corps. 
Ord had reached Burkeville at the same time. 

Tow\ard evening of this day, Sheridan sent a brigade 
of cavalry to the left to reconnoitre about Fame's cross 
roads, some five miles northwest of Jetersville. The 
brigade came upon Lee's advance cavalry, moving west- 
w^ard with a train of 200 wagons, and at once attacked, 
repelling the enemy and destroying the train. Lee 
pushed forward infantry, and Sheridan sent tw^ more 
brigades of cavalry to the support of the first. A severe 
battle followed, without' result, the Federal cavalry 
returning to the main body. Mackenzie's cavalry had 
been returned to the Army of the James. 

During the night of the 5th, Lee continued his 
retreat, moving westward, the Federals resuming pur- 
suit at daylight on the 6th. Ord hastened a brigade, 
led by his Chief-of-Staff, Colonel Theo. Read, to Farm- 
• ville, for the purpose of burning High Bridge which 
spanned the Appomattox, and w^iich Lee must cross. A 
heavy force of the enemy was met within a short dis- 
tance of the bridge, and a severe conflict ensued. This 
proved to be Lee's advance, which largely outnumbered 
Read's force. Colonel Read w^as killed, and his force 
repulsed with heavy loss. Crook's division of cavalry 
became engaged at Deatonsville, in endeavoring to im- 
pede the march of the fleeing foe. Time w^as thus 
Grained, and Custer was soon after enabled to overtake 
the retreating enemy at Sailor's Creek. Crook and 
Devin soon came up, and together they pierced the 
enemy's column, capturing a train of nearly 400 wagons. 
By this movement Sheridan had cut off Ewell's corps 



THE CONQUEROR. 391 

which formed Lee's reiir guard. Sheridan's troops now isns. 
fought hard to detain Ewell until the 6th Corps should 
arrive, in which Colonel Stagg, with his brigade, made a 
gallant charge. Seymour's division of the 6th Corps 
arrived at this juncture, when Ewell recoiled, fighting 
desperately. Wheaton's division of the 6th Corps soon 
came up, and after a fearful struggle, Ewell, finding 
himself surrounded, surrendered with about 7,000 men ; Eweii eur- 

. renders on 

five general officers were included in the capture. Harpers 
Humphreys, with the 2d Corps, had pursued the enemy '"^°'' ' 
in a running fight for fourteen miles this day, capturing 
over 1,500 prisoners. On the night of April 6, Ord was 
in front of the flying enemy, Sheridan and the 6th Corps 
on his left flank, and the 2d and 5th Corps on his right 
and rear. The heart of the rebellion was nearly sur- 
rounded. 

Lee, with what there was left of his army, crossed 
to the north bank of the Appomattox, near Farmville, 
during the night of April 6, partially destroying the 
bridges behind him. Humphreys started the 2d Corps 
at daylight on the 7th ; Barlow's division came up in Apm ?. 
time to save a wagon road bridge, near the High railroad 
bridge, some five miles east of Farmville. The enemy 
had set fire to the bridge, and his rear guard endeavored 
to keep tlie Federals off until it should be destroyed ; 
but Barlow's men drove the enemy back, and saved the 
bridge. The 2d Corps at once passed over, and came 
upon Lee, intrenched a few miles north of Farmville. 
Miles's division attacked, but was repulsed with severe 
loss. On Humphreys' left, Crook's division of cavalry 
attacked a strong detachment of the enemy which was 
guarding a train, and was also repulsed. Soon after 
Miles's repulse. Barlow joined him, but it being now 
dark, no further attack ^vas made. 

At this time Sheridan, Griffin, and Ord were all 



392 THE CONQUEROR. 

mo J. south of the Appomattox, at Prospect station and Prince 
Edward Court House. "Wright and Humphreys were 
north of the river, and near the eneni}^, who was 
intrenched. General Piii'ke had left one division of the 
9th Corps in Petersburg, the balance of that corps being 
stretched along the route of the army, guarding the rear 
and trains. General Grant's headquarters for the night 
were at Farmville. In the evening of this day, General 
Grant sent a note to Lee, in which he asked Lee to sur- 
render, and stop further shedding of blood, as further 
resistance on the part of the forces under his command 
was useless. Lee replied by asking terms, and soon 
afterward put his army in motion, moving rapidly 
toward Lynchburg-. But Sheridan was too quick for 
him, and stood in his way at Appomattox Station. On 
April 8. tlie evening of the 8th, Custer had reached that point 
tox'stiuiou. first, capturing four trains of cars loaded with supplies 
for Lee's starving army. Devin came up soon afterward, 
and together they drive back the advance of the enemy 
to Appomattox Court House, four miles north, the fight- 
ing continuing till dark. At daylight of this day Huni- 
phre3^s and Wright started again in pursuit ; but the 
enemy moved rapidly, and was not agahi overtaken 
until about noon of the 9th, when, being within about 
three miles of Appomattox Court House, Lee stopped 
them with a flag of truce. 

On the morning of April 9, Lee endeavored to cut 
April 9. through Sheridan's troopers. The Army of the James 
iox o!h". 1^'^^^ been hastened up on the call of Sheridan, although 
lA^e sun-en- -j-jj^g soldicrs wore foot-sore and worn out. The enemv 

,lors. •' 

move away from Humphreys and Wright, and charge 
Sheridan's line in desperation, forcing it back slowh'', 
but are held in check until Ord and Griffin can get up 
and into position; then suddenly the cavalry move rap- 
itlly to the right, discovering to the astonished Confed- 



THE COXQUEROR. 393 

erates a long line of Federal infantry across their path. ^*^^- 
They recoil \ they are cut off at last. Sheridan makes 
read}^ for a charge. Custer in advance is ready to spring 
upon them. Lee is now convinced that all hope of 
escape is gone, and he hastens forward a messenger with 
a white Hag, asking a suspension of hostilities. Sheridan 
halts, his troopers drop rein and rest. General Gordon, 
one of Lee's ofticers, comes forward, and advises General 
Sheridan that Lee at that moment is endeavoring to 
make arrangements with General Grant for surrender. 

At about 3 p. M., April 9, 1865, General Grant met April 9. 
General Lee at the house of Wilmer McLean, at Appo- antlgonits 
mattox Court House, where the articles of surrender ™^'^*- 
were drawn up and signed. The surrender was com- 
pleted on the 12th. There were 28,356 rebels paroled ; 
many thousands had slipped away to their homes on 
this last march. Grant's armies under Meade and Ord 
had captured, altogether, since the 29th of March, 
74,000 prisoners. The Federal losses sustained by the 
Army of the Potomac and the Army of the James since 
May 5, 1864, had been 82,720 in killed, wounded, and 
missing; in killed, 696 officers and 11,967 enlisted, 
men ; in wounded, 2,324 officers and 47,235 men ; in 
missing, 587 officers and 19,911 enlisted men. This 
statement of losses is taken from Badeau's History, and 
was compiled in the office of the Adjutant-General 
United States army. There are no reports from which 
a reliable statement can be made as to the losses of the 
rebels for the same period. Among their dead were 
Generals J. R. Chambliss, killed near Hichmond, Aug. 
16, 1864 ; J. C. Saunders, at Petersburg, Aug. 21, 1864 ; 
A. Gracie, at Petersburg, Dec. 2, 1864; and John Pe- 
gram, at Hatcher's Run, Feb. 5, 1865. 

The following extract is taken from General Grant's 
Report, giving the correspondence between Grant and 
Lee, leading to Lee's surrender : — 



394 



April. 

Corre- 

spoudence 

between 

Grant and 

Lee. 



THE CONQUEROR. 

Feeling now that General Lee's chance of escape was ut- 
terly hopeless, I addressed him the following communication 
from Farmville: — 

April 7, 1865. 
General: The result of the last week must convince you of 
the hopelessness of further resistance on the part of the Army 
of Northern Yirginia in this struggle. I feel that it is so, and 
regard it as my duty to shift from myself the responsibility of 
any further effusion of blood, b}' asking of you the surrender of 
that portion of the Confederate States' army known as the Army 
of Northern Yirginia. 

U. S. Grant, 

Lieutenant- General. 
General E. E. Lee. 

Early on the morning of the 8th, before leaving, I received 
at Farmville the following:-.— 

April 7, 1865. 
General: I have received your note of this date. Though 
not entertaining the opinion you express on the hopelessness of 
further resistance on the part of the Army of Northern Yirginia, 
I reciprocate your desire to avoid useless effusion of blood, and 
therefore, before considering your proposition, ask the terms you 
will offer on condition of its surrender. 

R E. Lee, 

General. 
Lieutenant- General U. S. Grant. 



To this I immediately replied: — 

April 8, 1865. 
General: Tour note of last evening, in reply to mine of same 
date, asking the condition on which I will accept the surrender 
of the Army of Northern Yirginia, is just received. In reply I 
would say that peace being my great desire, there is but one 
condition I would insist upon; namely, That the men and offi- 
cers surrendered shall be disqualified for taking up arms again 
against the Government of the United States until properly ex- 
changed. I will meet you, or will designate officers to meet any 
officers you may name for the same purpose, at any point agree- 



THE CONQUEROR. 395 

able to you, for the purpose of arraiigiua; definitely the terms inns. 
upon which the surrender of the Army of Northern Vii'ginia — 
Avill be received. ^P'""- 

Corre- 
U. S. GkANT, spoiidence 

Lieatenant- General. 
General E. E. Lee. 



between 
Grant and 
Lee. 



Early on the morning of the 8th the pursuit was resumed. 
General Meade followed north of the Appomattox, and General 
Sheridan, with all the cavalry, pushed straight for Appomattox 
Station, followed by General Ord's command and the 5th 
Corps. During the day General Meade's advance had consid- 
erable fighting with the enemy's rear guard, but was unable to 
bring on a general engagement. Late in the evening General 
Sheridan struck the railroad at Appomattox Station, drove the 
enemy from there, and captured twenty-five pieces of ai-tillery, 
a hospital train, and four trains of cars loaded with supplies for 
Lee's army. During this day I accompanied General Meade's 
column, and about midnight received the following communi- 
cation from General Lee : — 

April 8, 1865. 
G-eneral: I received at a late hour your note of to-day. In 
mine of yesterday I did not intend to propose the surrender ot 
the Army of Northern Virginia, but to ask the terms of your 
proposition. To be frank, I do not think the emergency has 
ax'isen to call for the surrender of this army ; but as the restora- 
tion of peace should be the sole object of all, I desired to know 
whether your proposals would lead to that end. I cannot, there- 
fore, meet you with a view to surrender the Army of Northern 
Virginia; but as far as your proposal mjiy affect the Confederate 
States forces under my command and tend to the restoration ot 
peace, I should be pleased to meet you at 10 a. m. to-morrow on 
the old stage-road to Eichmond, between the picket-lines of the 
two armies. 

E. E. Lee, 

General. 
Lieutenant-General U. S. Grant. 



396 TIIJH CONQUEROR. 



186 5. Early on the morning of the 9th, I returned him an an- 

swer as follows, and immediately started to join the column 
south of the Appomattox: — 



April 9, 1865. 



April.' 
Corre- 
spondence 
between 
Grant and 

Lee. General: Your note of yesterday is received. I have no au- 

thority to treat on the subject of peace; the meeting proposed 
for 10 A. jj. to-da}^ could lead to no good. I Avill state, however, 
General, that I am equally anxious for peace with yourself, and 
the Avhole North entertains the same feeling. The terms upon 
which peace can be had are well understood. By the South 
laying down their arms they will hasten that most desirable 
event, save thousands of human lives, and hundreds of millions 
of property not yet destroyed. Seriously hoping that all our 
difficulties may be settled without the loss of another life, I sub- 
scribe myself, etc., 

U. S. Grant, 

Lieutenant-General. 
General E. E. Lee. 



On the morning of the 9th, General Ord's command and 
the 5th Corps reached Appomattox Station just as the enemy 
was making a desperate effort to break through our cavaliy. 
The infantry was at once thrown in. Soon after a white flag 
was received, requesting a suspension of hostilities pending ne- 
gotiations for a surrender. 

Before reaching General Sheridan's headquarters, I re- 
ceived the following from General Lee: — 

April 9, 1S65. 
General: I received your note of this morning on the picket- 
line, whither I had come to meet you, and ascertain definitely 
w^hat terms were embraced in your proposal of yesterda}'' with 
reference to the surrender of this armj^ I now ask an inter- 
view, in accordance with the offer contained in your letter of 
yesterday, for that purpose. 

R E. Lee, 

General. 
Lieutenant- General L^. S. Grant, 



THE CONQUEROR. 397 

The interview was held at Appomattox Court House, the ises. 
result of which is set forth in the following correspondence: — — 

April. 

Appomattox Court House, Vir(unia, spondence 

Ax>ril 9, 1865. between 

Grant and 

General : In accordance with the substance of my letter to Lee. 
you of the 8th inst, I propose to receive the surrender of the 
Army of Northern Virginia on the following terms; to wit, 
Eolls of all the officers and men to be made in duplicate, one 
copy to be given to an officer to be designated by me, the other 
to be retained by such officer or officers as you may designate. 
The officers to give their individual pai'oles not to take up arms 
against the Government of the United States until properly ex- 
changed; and each company or regimental commander to sign a 
like parole for the men of their commands. The arms, artillery, 
and public property to be pai-ked and stacked and turned over 
to the officers appointed by me to receive them. This will not 
embrace the side-arms of the officers, nor their private horses or 
baggage. This done, each officer and man will be allowed to 
return to his home, not to be disturbed by United States 
authority so long as they observe their paroles, and the laws in 
force where they may reside. 

U. S. Grant, 

Lieutenant-General. 
General E. E. Lee. 



Headquarters, Army oe Northern Virginia, 
April 9, 1865. 
General: I have received your letter of this date containing 
the terms of surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia as pro- 
posed by you. As they are substantial!}^ the same as those ex- 
pressed in your letter of the 8th inst., they are accepted. I 
will proceed to designate the proper officers to cany the stipu- 
lations into effect. 

E. E. Lee, 

Generals 
Lieutenant- General U. S. Grant. 



After the surrender of Lee, General Grant proceeded 



April 13. 



to Washington, arriving there April 13, and spent the Grant at 
day in consultation with the President and the Secretary ton 



398 THE CONQUEROR. . 

1865. of War regarding future military action. On the 14th 
it was announced that General Grant would accompany 
the President to the theater that evening. But the 
General was called away to Burlington, N. J., where his 
children were at school. 

President Lincoln visited Richmond on the 4th of 

April 4, 5. April. He was overjoyed at the close of the war. He 

Lincoln" again visited Richmond on the 6th with Mrs. Lincoln, 

mond ^''^'' accompanied by a number of gentlemen from the North. 

But our noble President was not long to enjoy the glory 

of the hour. He was shot by an assassin on the evening 

of April 14, at Ford's Theater, and expired at 7 A. m., 

April 15. (See closing chapter.) 

The Federal cavalry under General Wilson was at 
Macon, Ga., when Jefferson Davis was endeavoring to 
May 11. escape. Wilson sent Colonel Pritchard with the 4th 
Pritchard Michigan cavalry, and Colonel Hardin with the 1st 
Ith'Mich- Wisconsin cavalry, in pursuit. Pritchard captured the 
igancavai- rascal uoar Irwin ville, Ga., May 11, and he lives to-day 

ry captures j / ./ / ^ ./ 

jefiE Davis, to cujoy the blessings of a free and united country. 
May 22. 2-3. C)n the 22d and 23d of May 200,000 Union veterans 
Grand re- ^oro in Washiuffton, Avhere they rested and feasted and 

view of . . 

troops in passed in review. On the walls of the capitol was sus- 

tor ™^ pended a banner bearing the inscription, " The only 

national debt that we can never pay is the debt we owe 

to the victorious Union soldiers." (The new Pharaoh 

knew not Joseph. It is hoped that the people of to-day 

June 3. will uot, Pharaoh-likc, forget this banner.) 

OTiTorpfd- General Grant issued a congratulatory address to the 

erai troops armlcs on the 2d of June, and the muster out began. 

begun. iiiTi 

.„ , ., , The war was over. Our conqueror had marched steadily 

All hail to i -^ 

the Con- onward from clerkship in the Illinois Adjutant-Gen- 

QUGTOr ! 

eral's office, through the triumphs at Cairo, Paducah, 
Belmont, Fort Henry, Donelson, 8hiloh, luka, Corinth, 
Yicksbur^, and Chattanooga, to the greatest victory of 



THE CONQUEROR. 399 

all — the surrender of the enemy in Virginia. He had ^ * ^' ^ • 
laid seige to Donelson and Vicksburg when out-num- 
bered by the beseiged, and he had never been driven 
from a battle field. 



CHAPTER XXIII. 

DEATH OF GENERAL GRANT. 

EULOGY. 

1H85. (^INCE the completion of the manuvscript for this 
Vv--) work, our Conqueror has died, and we can give 
no fitter words to his memory than the following Eulogy, 
given by the Honorable D. Bethune Duffield before the 
people of Detroit on the burial day of the nation's hero, 



At Rest. 



Aug. 8, 1885. 



THK KXJIvOOY. 



Officers and Men of the United States Army and Navy ; Soldiers of ad- 
jacent States ; Soldiers of the Grand Army of the Eepublic ; 
Neighbors and Guests from the Dominion of her Majesty, the 
Queen ; and Fellow-Citizens : — 

We do well, in this hour of the nation's sorrow, to gather 
A riTTiNG in the shadow of this shrouded monument. It is holy ground, 
Tribute. ^^^ made holier still in memory of him whom to-day the great 
Republic buries. Since the world began, no grander march to 
the grave Avas ever made. The great flag of the Union, with 
its border of crape, floats everywhere half-mast to the breeze ! 
From the dome of the national capitol, and of all the capitols 
of all the States, from every national fort and man-of-war, 
from every mountain peak and every wandering American 
ship, even in the most distant seas, the national colors droop 
to-day in silent grief. Bunker Hill, from Revolutionary 
heights, bows his bandered head; and soldier monuments, 
through all the land, stand draped in gloomy garb for some one 
dead. * 

In Westminster Abbey, where we are told every attendant 
comes attired in full mourning; in Notre Dame ; in the grand 
(400) 



EULOGY. 401 



cathedrals of Germany, Austria, and Rome; in the Httle chapels 
of the Swiss republic; in heathen temples of the Hindoo and 
Asiatic empires, and in all the churches, chapels, and syna- 
gogues of the Western world, men are gathered, offering fare- 
well tribute to some mortal who has passed from earth ! 

"Who is it that is dead? and for whom is poured this tidal 
wave of grief? 

Is it the President of the United States? — No; he walks 
chief mourner behind the biei-. Is it some one or more of the 
distinguished senators, or statesmen, or secretaries high in office 
in the land ? — No ; they, too, are in the line of march, and keep 
step to the plaintive music of mellow horn and muffled drum. 
Is it some great soldier, or national benefactor, who has fallen 
before the one invincible conqueror of us all? — Yes, 'tis even so! 
The General of all generals, the leader of the Union's millioned 
army, the soldier of the age, the greatest soldier perhaps 
of all ages recorded in history, has himself fallen and is no more! 
Ulysses S. Grant, who, when he led an army, led always to 
victory, to-day lies buried, and beneath a greater wealth of love 
than mortal grave has ever known ! 

Does some one ask: But who is this man? and why is he 
to-day so widely honored through all the earth? The answer 
comes. He was a soldier, but by all soldiers conceded the fore- 
most of his time. He was an American citizen, bred to arms 
in the military school of the Republic, and he never forgot his 
country's claims upon him. The vow of the soldier to stand, 
and if need be die, for her righteous laws, her endangered honor, 
and her domestic peace, was by him sacredly taken, and still 
more sacredly kept. 

When a nation falls into grave perils, especially those of 
civil war, there comes an hour when its soldiers, by force of 
intellect move than by the sword, become either its rulers or its 
saviours. And need I here recall the fact that a score and 
more of years since, there came a time when the United States 
Government needed good captains as well as rulers, and cap- 
tains who combined the qualifications of both, — men who 
should not only be in front of her battles, but also in front of 
her people's thoughts, — men, not only of courage and personal 
greatness, but of supreme devotion to duty and to the national 
26 



IS S 5. 



402 EULOGY. 

1885. Constitution ? Such a man in full measure was this dead sol- 
— dier, for whom to-day the nation mourns. He was not only 
the bold and skillful strategist, the pereistent and successful 
fighter, but he was more, vastly more. He knew and under- 
stood the theory of the national government, and the fatal 
error and mistake of those who sought its overthrow. He had 
fully grasped and accepted the interpretation of the national 
Constitution by Webster, its great expounder, given to the peo- 
ple over half a century ago, that the government of the United 
States under its Constitution, was not a mere compact or agree- 
ment, dissolvable at will by the States, but as the result of a 
contract it became the ijeople's government, — a body politic, 
with a will of its own, possessing all needful powers and facul- 
ties to execute that will to its own purpose, and especially to 
protect and defend itself against all foes, either inside or outside 
of the national Union. And these powers were lodged in its 
own supreme authority, and -expressed themselves whenever and 
however necessary under the laws, through its army and navy. 
This was General Grant's idea and theory of our national gov- 
ernment, this his political creed ; and he had taken his oath as 
a soldier to maintain it. He believed in the Union, as the very 
ark of American liberty ; and his whole nature revolted against 
its destruction — with " States dissevered, discordant, belliger- 
ent," and " a land rent with civil feuds, and drenched in frater- 
nal blood." He believed also, when the storm broke upon it, 
that the Union could be saved. In this quiet and fearless heart 
lay the patriot's hope, that stretched far, far beyond the sway 
of the tempest, or the furious sweep of war's desolation; and 
he was determined, so far as he could, to help achieve its full 
fruition. He realized and appreciated, also, what it was to be 
a citizen of a republic as yet unequa'ed in the annals of the 
world, with its free institutions, its high prosperit}^, and the 
wonderful prospect of good that lay before it. Thus believing, 
he accepted the issue made with the Government, and belted 
himself for the struggle. He dealt not in fine phrases, apolo- 
gies, or palliations. He called things by their right names, and 
continued to do so until the last gun was fired. 

There was in him no barbaric thirst or lust for blood}^ 
triumphs, by which he might be personally exalted as the 



EULOGY. 403 

laureled -warrior. Other and far higher aspirations were his. i ss 5. 
If Washington's soul yearned to establish our free government, 
the soul of Grant yearned to rescue and confirm it, as the 
father of our country had given and bequeathed it to us. 

His course, therefore, was onward, straight onward and 
upward, and his pathway clear and well-defined as the milky 
way across the heavens. 

"Although a soldier by profession," he says, "I have never 
felt any fondness for war, nor have I ever advocated it, except 
as a means of peace." 

"The stability of the Government and the unity of the na- 
tion depend solely on the cordial support and earnest loyalty of 
the people." 

And in this hope and this faith in the people, he accepted 
their commission, and gave himself to the work allotted him. 

The heroic story of his struggles, and his march from 
Quincy to Appomattox, by way of Donelson, Shiloh, Vicks- 
burg, and the red-streaming Wilderness, need not here be re- 
hearsed. It is known to every citizen, and is eagerly inquired 
into by every child in the land. Nothing could dissuade him 
from his one purpose, nothing deter him from his fixed deter- 
mination to aid the soldiers and the people by the early over- 
throw of the rebellion. 

And when, in the spring-time of his marvelous victory, he 
found the great work done, he formally disbanded his legions, 
remitted the soldiers of both armies to the delights of home, 
and straightway gave himself to deeds of reparation and peace. 

And in all his great career, few things will be more kindly 
remembered of him than the thoughtful reason he gave at 
Appomattox for permitting the Confederate cavalry to go off 
with their horses: "Let them have them," he said, " they will 
need them for the spring plowing." Twenty years have not 
effaced that genei'ous courtesy from the memory of the South ; 
nor will twenty more dim the beauty of that simple sympa- 
thetic act on the page of American history. 

This was the sort of soldier he was, — a soldier whose zeal 
was limitless and untiring, and whose patriotism was of the 
highest, broadest, and purest order; not that khid we some- 
times hear of, in men who call loudly for liberty while they do 



40J: EULOGY. 

IS S3, nothino- to deserve it; but a patriotism based on "honesty, 
truthfulness, generosity, self-sacrifice, and a genuine love of 
freedom," — a soldier, too, whose sword flashed not for glory, 
but for the divine conquest of peace. "Let us have peace," 
were his noble words, inviting hearty and universal reconcilia- 
tion after tlife bitter struggle was ended, and the Government 
restored to its Constitutional autliorit_y. " Let us have peace! " 
— words worthy of the hour that closed the fratricidal strife! 
And but 3^osterday, behold them fulfilled on the mount of what 
might almost be called his transfiguration, as former chivali-ic 
foes, bringing their magnolia wreaths, clasp hands over his 
casket, and echo from the heart of the New South, "Yes, let 
us have peace!" while Imagination seems to hear the genius of 
American liberty in the words of Holy Writ proclaim, " How 
beautiful upon the mountains, are the feet of them who bring 
glad tidings of good things, and who preach the gospel of 
peace!" 

But great as he was as soldier and patriot, he was also 
great as a citizen. Lideed, if on his monument, wherever 
reared, only three words, " Grant, Our Hero-Gitizen," were 
carved, the strand outline of the man would be drawn. 

As President of the United States, twice elected, he dis- 
played equal loyalty to the people's government as when serv- 
ing them in the field. He suffered no theory of his own to 
stand in the way of his executing in good faith any and all 
orders he received from those in authority over him. " This is 
a republic," he was wont to say, "where the will of the people 
is the law of the land. I beg that their voice may be heard." 
And in his record of eight long years, no man can put his fin- 
ger on a single instance where he was untrue to this declaration. 

And after havmg won and worn the highest military and 
civic honois the Republic could bastow, he stepped quietly down 
from his lofty elevation, and became again as one of us, the 
simple, unostentatious, private citizen. 

" We are a republic ! " (these are his words, not mine) — 
" We are a republic, whereof one man is as good as another 
before the law. Under such a form of government it is of the 
greatest importance that all should be possessed of education 
and intelligence to cast a vote with a right imdei-standing of 



EULOGY. 405 

its meaning. Let us all labor to add all needful guarantees for isss. 
the more perfect security of free thought, free speech, and free 
press; pure moi-als, unfettered religious sentiments of equal 
rights and privileges to all men, irrespective of nativity, color, 
or religion." What noble precepts! Who can aild to, or im- 
prove upon them? 

The father of his country left to us, his children, a " fare- 
well address," which is still annually read with reverence and 
affection. These sentiments just quoted, and other like pre- 
cepts, are among those dropped from the pen of General Grant; 
and it will not be long before he will be awarded by the Amer- 
ican people, a common pedestal with him who, in the early 
days of the Republic, was pronounced "first in war, first in 
peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen." 

Nor could the praises of his own country, or the adulation 
of the various nations that gird the earth, awake any vanity or 
pride of heart in him. To him kings and emperors, as he en- 
countered them, were more matters of study than admiration. 
Their pomp and parade were but glittering vanities in his eye. 
Back of them he was investigating the condition and welfare of 
their subjects. It was that that he was seeking to fathom and 
understand. He knew a far better form of government than 
any he had ever seen of imperial birth, and for that he spoke as 
he stood before kings, or was feted at royal banquets. In his pri- 
vate life and personal habits he studied ever to illustrate the 
democratic simplicity of republican institutions. His two great 
and peculiar virtues were courage and modesty ; courage in time 
of war, modesty in time of peace, — virtues which hypocrisy can 
never imitate, but which in him were pure gold. 

And these qualities of themselves seemed, to endow him 
with a marvelous power of drawing and holding men to him- 
self, and so enabling him to breast successfully all adverse 
forces. Like the waves before a ship in full sail, all opposition 
fell obedient before his advancing prow. 

His bloody march through the Wilderness strikingly illus- 
trated this feature in his character, and obtained for him 
abroad the name of " America's Iron Duke." 

How charmingly he carried this simplicity of demeanor into 
his family life, we have all been lateh^ told. The private life 



406 MULOGt. 

1S85. of very few men has been so rashly and ruthlessly exposed as 
— has been his. The curtain of his innermost chamber has been 
daily and most pitilessly drawn aside during the last two 
months, and the public invited to look, not only upon his 
hearthstone, but also upon his sick and dying bed. But he has 
stood the test, and the beholder has seen only the purest flame 
burning upon the domestic altar. No holier scenes of parental 
and conjugal love, were ever before disclosed, lingering in ten- 
der beauty to the very last; for we are told that after death 
there was found hidden upon his person a farewell message to 
wife and children, to be read after the spirit had taken its flight. 

What General Grant has done for his countrymen in the 
field, in public, and in private life, he has also done, though in 
a different way, in the home thus opened and disclosed to the 
people. Henceforth the shrine of married life will be made and 
kept purer and holier, because of his example. For whatever 
may be said of men who shamelessly fastened themselves like 
vampires upon his great name, to rob confiding friends, his 
personal integrity was above reproach. He was honest and 
generous in all his intercourse with his fellow-men. 

Menander, an old Greek poet of two thousand years ago, 
very truly said: — 

" In our own breast we have a god — our conscience. To 
live for self alone is not to live. Whenever you do that which 
is high and holy, be of good cheer, knowing that God himself 
takes part with rightful courage. The rich heart is the great 
thing that man wants." 

This " rich heart" was found in the breast of General Grant, 
— rich in all its throbbings for country, for family, and for 
fellow-men. And that same heart, acting with the strongr 
mind that ruled it, has left a type of character that will endure 
and bless the generations yet to be. Like those clear-cut col- 
umns that in their ruins stand out against the soft Egyptian 
sky, still gracing the cataracts of the upper Nile, though thou- 
sands of years have rolled away since first they rose in their 
beauty, so the example of this bright life shall stand and her- 
ald down its lessons for generations yet to come. If Joan of 
Arc, who lived four hundred years ago, is still remembered by 
the French soldiers who to this day " present arms " whenever 



KULOQY. 407 

thoy enter her native town, how much more will he be remem- is 8 5. 
bered who has left us this glorious record! Though dead, his 
work is not done ; not half, no, not a thousandth part done. So, 
be assured, if another such day of darkness should fall upon our 
country, and the cannonades of fratricidal war again shake our 
hills, another Grant will arise to protect and preserve the flag of 
the Amei-ican Union. History will preserve the nobility of hLs 
record and hearts yet unborn will be kindled by the fire of 
his patriotism, and inspired to repeat his deeds and renew in 
themselves his primal glory. 

This, then, but alas how briefly told, is the record and the 
character of the man who has gone from us, but not wholly to 
disappear. His sun, apparently, has gone down in clouds, 
amid the muttering thunders of financial disaster and bodily 
distress; but its last rays have fringed them all with the pur- 
ple and gold of a king passing to his coronation ; while its after- 
glow will be transcend en tly glorious, touching as it will with 
heavenl}^ splendor every mountain-top in the land. And when 
its rays shall have faded into the silent night, and men's 
thoughts follow him into the skies through which he has passed, 
and their eyes discern in Orion's belt three shining stars of sur- 
passing glory, they will say: "Behold there the trinity of 
America's heroes! — Washington, Lincoln, and Grant." 

Then with your partmg salute, let us hear the soul-stirring 
strains to which the soldiers always march from the grave of a 
buried comrade; for our Hero has done great things for us and 
our country, "whereof we are glad." We thank God for his 
life and his great career; and to-day we rejoice with his as- 
cended spirit for all he was permitted to do for our reunited 
and happy country. 

Honorable men have already buried his body in the soil of 
the great State in which he died ; but the people through all 
our broad and ocean-girt land, have buried him in their heart 
of hearts ; and in their- imperishable love and that of their chil- 
dren and their children's children, he will live forever. 



CHAPTER XXIV. 

OPERATIONS IN VIRGINIA OUTSIDE OF 
THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC. 

MCCLELLA N—PA TTERSON, 

186 1. T X T^IIEN tlie Richmond Convention declared Vir- 
V V ginia out of the Union, its northwestern coun- 
west vir- ties repudiated the Secession Act, in a convention held 
tTsll. at Wheeling, May 13, 1861. The State of West Vir- 
ginia, containing fifty-four -counties, was afterward formed 
out of this section, thus dividing the territory of Virginia 
into two States. The operations in West Virginia, how- 
ever, will be given under this head. 

On the 22d of April, 1861, the command of all the 
enemy's forces in Virginia was conferred upon Colonel 
Robert E. Lee. On the same day the people of the 
territory west of the Alleghanies, which region had been 
settled mostly from the free States, held a meeting at 
Clarksburg, for the purpose of sustaining the Federal 
government. 

Virginia outside of this section proceeded in hot 
haste with the rebellion. She erected and armed bat- 
teries along her coast. On the right bank of the Poto- 
mac her batteries threatened to blockade the navigation 
of that river. In the latter part of May, .her militia 
were assembling at Harper's Ferry under the command 
of General Joseph E. Johnston. At the same time 
troops were being massed at Manassas Junction, thus 
menacing Washington and Maryland. On the Virginia 
side of the Potomac is a range of hills from Georgetown 

(408) 



M^^GLELLAN. ' 409 

lo Alexandria, which command the national capital, isoi. 
They were connected with the Washington side by a 
bridge at, and one above, Georgetown, and by Long 
Bridge opposite the capital city. The Federals occupied 
these heights on May 24, and strongly fortified them ; 
they also strongly fortified on the Maryland side. These 
operations secured the national capital against its con- 
templated seizure by the enemy. General Scott placed 
General McDowell in command of the Federal forces 
about Washington. On the 1st of June the first shots 
were exchanged between the opposing forces in Virginia. 
A detachment of regular cavalry had moved out to Fair- 
fax Court House, and dislodged a post of the enemy; 
and on the same day the enemy's batteries drove a 
Federal vessel from Acquia Creek. 

At the bea;innino: of the war. General McClellan was General 

AT r^i n. 

assigned to the command of the Department of the Ohio, 
which included West Virginia. Soon after the secession 
of Virginia, McClellan, with about 5,000 men, was 
ordered to cross the Ohio, and advance along the Balti- 
more and Ohio Railroad toward Harper's Ferry. He 
crossed at Parkersburg shortly after, driving a force of 
the enemy, numbering about 1,500, under Colonel Por- 
terfield, from Grafton to Philippi ; the latter had been 
sent by Lee to take possession of the Baltimore and 
Ohio Railroad at Grafton. The Federals followed, and 
on June 3 defeated the enemy at Philippi, after a brief p™^^^; 
engagement, Porterfield retreating to Huttonsville. For 
a time this move of McClellan's cleared the enemy from 
the greater part of West Virginia, and secured the rail- 
road ; but the Confederates, determined to destroy this 
railroad, returned again and again, and were as often 
driven away. Many sharp engagements took place be- 
tween the opposing forces for the possession of this 
road. 



no ' M(^GLELLAN. 

isai. At this time General Robert Patterson was in coui- 

mand of the Department of Pennsylvania, with head- 
quarters at Chambersburg, making preparations to attack 
General Joseph E. Johnston, who had a force of about 
12,000 men at Harper's Ferry, and had sent a detach- 
ment across the Potomac, which now occupied Maryland 

coior.«i Heights. Colonel Lewis Walhice, in command of an 

Lew wai- jYj,jjajja regiment, moving to co-operate with Patterson, 
came upon a force of the enemy numbering about 1,000 

Jane 11. nicu at Romnc}^, June 11, which force was menacing the 
Ohio Railroad. Wallace at once attacked, and routed 
the enemy after a sharp fight. 

On the 13th of June, General Johnston withdrew 
his forces from Maryland Heights, and evacuated Har- 
per's Ferry, retiring to .Charlestown, after destroying 
the railway bridge and the arsenal. He had become 
satisfied that he could not resist the approaching Feder- 
als under Patterson. The latter crossed and occujned 
Harper's Ferry on the 16th, but was obliged to return 
to Maryland on the 18th, as General Scott called a part 
of his force to Washington. The enemy again occuj)ied 
Romney in strong force, and destroyed the bridge of the 
railroad at New Creek. 

June 16. Q^ ^j^g 26th of Juue, Colonel McCook, with an Ohio 

Vienna. ^ 

regiment, defeated a regiment of the enemy at Vienna, 
Va., under Colonel Gregg. 

General B. F. Butler was placed in command of 
some 4,000 men about Portress Monroe and Newport 
News on May 22. General Magruder was in command 
of a strong force of the enemy at Yorktown, which is 
located on the right bank of the York River, ten miles 
from its mouth, with outposts at Big and Little Bethel. 
Butler sent General Pierce with about 2,500 men to 
drive the enemy from the Bethels, who retreated from 
Little Bethel on Federal approach. Pierce attacked 



PATTMHiSON—MGCLELLAN. 4ll 

Big Bethel June 10. At this point, which is about ten isoi. 
miles from Fortress Monroe, the enemy had thrown up j^^^^ 
breastwoi'ks behind a deep, marshy creek. After a B's i^'^t'"^^!- 
severe engagement. Pierce was defeated, with a loss of 
16 killed and 40 wounded. Among the killed were Death of 
Major Theodore Winthrop and Lieutenant Greble of the thio^a"'" 
regular army. Lieutenant Kilpatrick (afterward a fa- ^^^^iT''' 
vorite and dashing general of cavalry) was among the 
wounded. 

On the 7th of Ausrust, General Magruder sent a Aug. 7. 

■ Hampton. 

force against General Butler s outposts at Hampton, not 
far from Fortress Monroe. The enemy attacked the 
bridge spanning Hampton River, but were defeated by 
the Federals guarding it, after a sharp engagement. 
The enemy then burned the village of Hampton, and re- 
turned to Yorktown. 

On the 2d of July, at Falling Waters, Patterson en- July 2. 

1 T 1 Falling 

countered a strong force of the enemy under Jackson waters/ 
(afterward called " Stonewall"), which was a portion of ^- ^^• 
Johnston's force. The enemy was defeated after a 
sharp engagement, when Jackson retreated to Winches- 
ter, where he rejoined Johnston. Patterson occupied 
Bunker Hill on the 15th, but on the 17th he turned J^^y i'- 

-' Bunker 

away from his enem}^, moving to the left in the direction pm, va. 
of Charlestown. This was the time that Johnston sud- 
denly rushed to the rescue of Beauregard at Bull Run.; 
Undoubtedly, if Patterson had kept Johnston in sight, 
the Federals would have won a decisive victory at Bull; 
Run. General Patterson claimed that he followed his 
instructions. He was soon afterward relieved by Gen- 
eral Banks. 

General McClellan, remaining at Grafton some days, 
had by the 4th of July about 20,000 men. General 
Garnett, formerly of the United States army, and a dis- f° ^' 
tinguished veteran of the Mexican war, was in command 



est 
r"inia. 



liavnott 
killod. 



41*2 COX. 

isat. of a strong force of the enemy at Laurel Hill, liaving a 
detaohnieut under Colonel Pegram at Rich Mountain. 
July 8. McClellan moved against these forces witli about 10,000 
orBelHS!men, and on July ^8 and 11 completely routed them, 
'''"■ Colonel Rosecrans with a small brigade having defeated 

Hk-h.Aumu- Pegram on the 11th. The Federals pressing close upon 
^'""" the retreating enemy, Pegram surrendered at Beverly 

Kovoriy? ou the 12th, with about 500 men. Garnett was over- 
.iniy 14. taken at Carrick Ford on Cheat River on the 13th, 
FoX J^i^d on the following day his troops, after a severe 
uouerai encouutcr. were again routed, and dispersed to the 
mountains. General Garnett being among the killed. 

Numerous unimportant skirmishes and small fights 
took place during these early days of the war while 
large armies were being organized for more serious 
work, details of which cannot be presented here, and at 
the same time secure the brevity desired m this work. 
In West Virginia many such engagements occurred, 
which will be found in the list of battles and skirmishes 
given by States at the close of this volume. 

For convenience. West Virginia may be divided into 
two parts : one. the region of the Alleghanies ; the 
other, all that lies between the mountains and the Ohio 
River. Through the northern part of this State runs 
the Baltimore and Ohio railroad ; through the southern 
part, the Great Kanawha River, which flows from the 
east into the Ohio. 

Soon after Garnett's defeat b\' McClellan, a force of 
the enemy, under Wise, appeared on the Kanawha, but 
it was soon forced back across Gauley River by a brigade 
of Federals under General Cox. Wise retired to Lewis- 
burg, on the Greenbriar River, to the east of Sewelfs 
Mountain. Early in August, Floyd, Ex-United States 
Secretar}' of War, was sent from Richmond with a few 
troops to reinforce Wise. Assuming command. Floyd 



cox 413 

drove Cox from Sewell's Mountain back to the south-- tsm. 
west, upon New River. Leaving Wise to watch Cox, 
he proceeded, with about 2,000 men, to Carnifex Ferr}', camifox 
on Gauley River. Before reaching that point, he came y^"^' 
upon a Federal regiment at Cross Lanes, which he 
attacked and routed. He then took a strong position at 
the ferry, intrenching. 

On the 3d of September, Rosecrans started from 
Charksburg with three brigades, under Benham, McCook, 
and Scammon, to go in search of Fh>yd. After a tedious 
march, passing through Weston and Suttonsville, the 
Federals reached Summersville, where the tired soldiers 
obtained a little rest. On the evening of the 9th they 
encamped at the foot of Gauley Mountain, about eight- 
een miles from Floyd's position. Becoming informed of 
the location of the enemy, Rosecrans put his army in 
motion at daylight on the 10th, reaching the vicinity of 
Floyd's position toward night, and at once attacked with 
Benham's brigade, which was in advance. But it be- 
came dark belore the other troops could get up, and 
after a severe conflict Benham withdrew at the order of 
his chief, who now made dispositions for an attack with 
his whole force on the following morning ; but Floyd 
was an adept at shpping out of his jacket, and during 
the night he "* skipped by the light of the moon." Rose- 
crans had accomplished his object, however; he had 
driven the enemy back into the mountains. 

September the 12th, General Robert E. Lee, in com- !?n>t. lo, i:? 
mand of about 9,000 men, attacked General Reynolds. Moum.iin, 
who was posted with about 2,000 men at Cheat Mountain. ' 
Lee was repulsed, and retired to'^untersville. He soon 
afterward moved to Sewell's Mountain, where he assumed 
command of the troops under Floyd and Wise, which, 
with his own, made an army of 20,000 men ; but before 
any movement of consequence could be made, Lee was 



4 U HOSEGJi'AXS. 

ISO t. oitlevod to South Carolina, and Wise to Riclimond, a por- 
tion of his troops going to join Stonewall Jackson. 
sopt. as. On September '25. at Chapniansville. near the Ka- 

.iiio. nawlia, a iHHieral regiment routed a regiment ot Lees 
troops, causing it a loss of 35 men. 

When Lee moved to join Fkiyd, he left a brigade at 
llulValo Hill to guard the passes through the mountains 
1!'"'.; ;'■ into Eastern Viriiinia. On October 4, Gent?ral Reynolds 
"ill- attacked this force, whose position was naturally very 
strong, and after a severe engagement he was repulsed 
and withdrew, returning to Cheat Mountain, 
ooi. oc. On the 2Gth of October, General Kellev. who, with 

a brigade of infantry and a regiment of caAalry, was 
guarding the Baltimore and Ohio Ixailroad on the upper 
Potoinac, moved against a- brigade of the enemy that had 
rearhed Eouiney, threatening the line of railroad. The 
FedtM'als attacked vigorously, and after a. severe engage- 
ment the enemy was routed with heavy loss, retreating 
toward Winchester. 

After Lee and Wise left Floyd, he still felt strong 

enough to attack Eosecrans, who was now encamped 

near the Cauley River. Floyd left Sewelfs Mountain 

on Oct. SO, and attempted to obstruct Rosecrans' com- 

Nov. 10. muuications at Oauley Rridge ; but the Federals soon 

u.uiioy forced him to withdraw. Rosecrans took his turn next, 

l>riiigo. 

and moving out with his whole force on the 11th of 
>iov., attacked Floyd on the 12th at Laurel Creek. The 
enemy made feeble resistance, retreating through Fayette- 
ville back to ihe mountains. I'he soldiers had little 
lighting, but the inarch was long and tedious. 

On the 20th of (Mober, Ceneral Stone, who was in 
commaml of a Federal force at Foolesville, Md., directed 
Colonel Dcvens. 15th Massachusetts, posted on ITar- 
risou's Island, to cross tlie Potomac and make a rccon- 
iKtiiisaiur ixhoui Leesburg; this was in co-operation with 



Jiostv /:axs- oJx' I) -isii 11:0)8. 415 

a general nioveineiit in reconnaissance ordered by Me- is 01. 
Clellan. Colonel Devons landed at Ball's Blnff, with ~~ 
about 600 men, at dayliiilit on the 21st. Advaneing- ^]'';, ~^- 

' * O <^ Ball's 

about one mile in the direetion of Leesburg, Devens was Bi"ff. 
attacked bj' a largely superior force of the enemy, when 
he retired toward Ball's Bluff. Stone sent him word to 
stand, and hastened Colonel Baker with about 1.200 
men to his aid-. When Baker arrived in the afternoon, 
he found Devens heuimed in on three sides, his only 
retreat over the Blulf. But it was too late to retreat. 
The enemy, numbering about 3.200 under General 
Evans, was well covered by woods, while the Federals 
were in an open field. Evans attacked savagely about 
2 r. M., and the battle at once became furious. General 
Stone had miscalculated the force of the enemy. The 
Federals defended their ground with great bravery until 
about 5 r. m. Colonel Baker had been killed about 4 ^"""^^ f 

Colonel 

r. M., while encouraging his troops. The Federals were Baker, of 
finally driven from their position, and pushed over the veteran ..r 
Blurt'^ with great loss, scarcely 800 escaping. Of the '''" ^'"- 

o 7 J 10 icau war. 

1,0.00 lost, 225 w^ere killed and 250 wounded; the 
balance Avere made prisoners, including about 100 of the 
wounded. The loss of the enemy was about 350. 

On December 13, 1861, General Milroy, who had 
succeeded Reynolds at Cheat Mountain, attacked the 
enemy at Bulfalo Mountain. The engagement was 
quite severe, resulting in the repulse of the Federals, 
who returned again to Cheat Mountain. 

On the 20 th of December, a brio:ade under General ^''^- ^^• 

*- Pranes- 

Ord defeated a brigade of the enemy under General vine. 
Stuart at Dranesville, each force numbering about 2,500. 
Both were on a foraging expedition — Ord got the 
forage. 

On the 11th of March, 1862, Stonewall Jackson, is6-,\ 
who was in command of the enemy's forces in the 



416 EOSJ^GEA NS—OEJJ— SHIELDS. 



18 a 2. 



Shenandoah Valley since Lee had been called to another 
field, evacuated Winchester in consequence of the prox- 
imity of Banks's troops at Harper's Ferry, and the 
retreat of Johnston from Manassas, before McClellan. 
General Shields, of Banks's corps, followed Jackson as 
far as Strasburg, when Williams's division having been 
drawn from the valley to Manassas, Shields was com- 
pelled to return to Winchester. Jackson, thinking to 
crush Shields before lie could get assistance, turned 

March 23. upou him, Overtaking him near Winchester, March 23. 

tor. Shields feigned modesty for a time, retiring slowly until 

he had secured a good position, when Jackson's advance 
was checked, and after a hard-fought battle of about 
three hours the enemy was routed with a loss in killed, 
wounded, and prisoners of about 1,000 ; the Federal loss 
was 560. Each side had three brigades of infantry 
engaged. General Shields, who had been a Brigadier- 
General in the Mexican war, and had been twice 
wounded, was severely wounded on the evening of the 
22d, while posting his troops to resist Jackson's advance. 
Notwithstanding his wounds, he directed the movements 
of the battle of the 23d. 

Previous to this, and during January and February, 
there had been several small engagements for the posses- 
sion of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad between Han- 
cock and Harper's Ferry. Jackson had made a long 
and tedious march in a snow-storm from Winchester to 
Bath, a town near the Potomac, driving a Federal 
regiment across the river. Destroying the railroad at 
that point, he marched to Bomney, which place the 
Federal General Kelley evacuated on his approach. 
Jackson then returned to Winchester. A small force of 
the enemy being yet at Blooming Gap, McClellan 
directed General Lander to drive it back and protect the 
road. On Feb. 13, Lander attacked with great determi- 
nation, defeating the enemy, who retired to Winchester. 



MO DO WELL— BANKS— FREMONT. 417 

Soon after McClellan had departed for Yorktown, is a 2. 
McDowell's corps, in three divisions, under Ord, McCall, 
and King, was sent to the vicinity of the Rappahannock. 
Shields's division was taken from Banks and placed 
under McDowell, to replace Franklin's division, Avliich 
had been given McClellan. Geary, with a small division, 
Avas at Manassas ; Banks, with about 6,000 men, was 
looking after Stonewall Jackson ; while Fremont, who 
had been transferred from the Department of Missouri, 
had an army of about 13,000 men, and was operating in 
West Virginia. 

Stonewall Jackson, at Staunton, was reinforced in 
May by E well's division and the brigade of General Ed- 
ward Johnson from the mountains, giving him a force of 
about 20,000 men. With the intention of defeating 
Fremont and Banks in detail, he sent Ewell with a 
division to hold Banks's attention, while he moved 
against Fremont with about 10,000 men. The latter 
was at Franklin. He had posted Mih-oy's brigade at 
the village of McDowell, situated at the foot of the 
western slope of Bull Pasture Mountain, where on 
May 7 Jackson attacked him. General Schenck, with a '^^^^' ^'' ^• 

•^ ... McDowell, 

brigade sent by Fremont, soon afterward joined Milroy, or buii 
and assumed command ; but this combined force, num- Mountains, 
bering less than 4,000 men, was not sufficient to resist ^'^' 
Jackson, and on the night of the 8th, after a severe 
engagement, Schenck retreated to Franklin. The Federal 
loss in this encounter was 246 ; the loss of the enemy 
was 461. 

Jackson returned swiftly to join Ewell, and on the 
20th left New Market with 20,000 men. Marching 
rapidly, he surprised the Federal garrison of 850 men at 
Front Royal on the 23d, and after a desperate struggle May ai 
nearly all the Federals who had not been killed were ^'^°'^j 
taken prisoners. The same day a brigade under General 

27 



418 FREMONT— BANKS— SHIELDS. 

is6^. Heth, detached from Jackson's command, attacked a 
Federal brigade under Colonel Crook, of Fremont's 
Lewisburg. conimand, at Lewisburg. Crook handsomely defeated 
Heth, taking 400 prisoners. 

Immediately after Jackson's success at Front Royal, 
he started to get in the rear of Banks, who was at 
Strasburg. He had reached a point nearer to Winches- 
ter than Banks, when, during the night of the 23d, the 
latter learned of the Front Royal disaster. At 2 a. m. 
of the 24th, Banks started his little army on a race for 
Winchester, where he arrived at midnight. Jackson 
May 25. was close upon him, and on the morning of the 25th the 
^^inc es- j^g(jg|.^jg ^ere compelled to fight four times their num- 
ber. A severe battle followed. Banks succeeded in 
breaking the grapple of his antagonist, with a loss of 38 
killed, 155 wounded, and 711 prisoners, losing but 55 
out of 500 wagons, and saving all his artillery. He 
reached Williamsport that evening, and crossed the Po- 
tomac — and the people of Washington were scared. 

Efforts were now made by the Federal authorities to 
entrap Jackson, who, after leaving Banks, threatened 
Harper's Ferry. Fremont was started for Strasburg, 
McDowell put Shields's division in motion for Front 
Royal, while Banks was to follow Jackson as he retired. 
The race began May 30, Jackson having learned of the 
movement to cut off his retreat. He reached Harrison- 

June C. 

Harrison- burg ou tho 5th of Juuc, where on the 6th, being closely 
^"^' pressed by Fremont, he left his cavalry to attack and 
delay the Federal advance, while he hastened on with 
his infantry. His cavalry commander. General Ashby, 
Ashby^ '^^^s killed in a fight with Bayard's cavalry on the 7th, 
killed. while endeavoring to check the pursuing column. Leav- 
ing Ewell with his division to detain Fremont, he pushed 
forward, reaching the west bank of the Shenandoah 
opposite Port Republic on the 7th. Colonel Carroll, 



FREMONT— B A NKS— SHIELDS. 419 

with a brigade of Shields's division, had reached that is an. 
town, and was posted to defend the bridge ; but Jackson . 
attacked with a dash, and securing the bridge he crossed, 
and took possession of the town. Meantime Fremont 
had forced Ewell back to Cross Keys, where on the J,""° J ^ 

•^ ^ Cross Keys. 

8th a severe engagement took pkce, but without re- 
sult, Ewell holding his ground. Carroll had retired a 
short distance, where he was joined by General Tyler's 
brigade of Shields's division. The latter taking com- 
mand, drew up his little army of 3,000 men, determined 
to resist a foe numbering 15,000, Jackson having called 
Ewell to his assistance. The latter had left a small bri- 
gade deployed in heavy skirmish line, which succeeded 
in deceiving Fremont. On the 9th the enemy assaulted p""^''^;. 
Tyler's position with one half of his force, and received p^wic 
a severe repulse, after a sharp battle. Jackson then 
hastily called the brigade left at Cross Keys, and burned 
the bridge. The battle was renewed, the enemy as- 
saulting in heavy force. The Federal soldiers were ob- 
stinate, fighting with great determination, but were 
finally forced from their position, when they retreated 
in good order to Conrad's store, where the remainder of 
Shields's division w^as stationed. The Federal loss at 
Port Republic and Cross Keys was about 1,000 ; Jack- 
son's loss, 1,150. This ended the pursuit. Fremont 
returned to his mountain department. Banks to Stras- 
burg, and Shields. to Fredericksburg. Stonewall Jack- 
son was now called hastily to Richmond, where on June 
27 we find him aiding Lee in his attack upon McClellan's 
army at Gaines's Mill. 

In West Virginia, on Jan. 3, 1863, a brigade of the i^es. 
enemy's cavalry under General Jones captured a detach- ^^"oreQ^,,,! 
ment of sixty Federals at Moorefield. On Feb. 26, 
Jones came upon two regiments of Federal cavalry near strasburg 
Strasburg, which he defeated in a brief engagement, ™'''^- 



420 KEYMii— FECK— GETTY. 

1S63. capturing 200 of their number. Sending a detacliment 
across the Potomac, a small force of Federals were also 
March 30. capturod ncar Poolesville, Md. Jones did not fare so 
Point ^^gji g^^ Point Pleasant, where on March 30 he was se- 
April 28. verely repulsed ; also at Greenland Gap, in the Allegha- 
Grtcniand nics, April 28, where he tried in vain to force the defile. 

Gap. J r ^ ; 

April 29 '^^^ following day, near Fairmont, he captured about 
Fairmont. IQO Federals and destroyed a magnificent iron railroad 
bridge over the Monongahela River. 

Suffolk, Va., situated on the Nansemond River, was 
occupied by General Peck with about 9,000 men in 
September, 1862. This force was a part of the 4th 
Corps, which corps, under General Keyes, was stationed 
at Fortress Monroe, Yorktown, Fort Magruder near 
Williamsburg, Norfolk, and Suffolk. We have seen that 
in McClellan's campaign, Yorktown and Norfolk then 
fell into the hands of the Federals. Peck was strongly 
fortifying at Suffolk when, in January, 1863, a brigade 
of the enemy under General Pryor approached near 
enough to become an annoyance. Peck sent the Corcoran 
Jan 30. brigade against him, which attacked Pryor at Kelly's 
stored' store, on January 30. After a brief engagement the 
enemy retired. ' Peck was not again menaced until the 

April 12 

Longstrcet 12th of April. It has been stated that one of the 

snE'k''°'' causes of Hooker's Chancellorsville movement against 

Lee was Longstreet's departure with three divisions of 

Lee's army in the direction of Suffolk, thus weakening 

May' 4." " Loc's amiy. On April 12, Longstreet approached Suffolk 

siXik^ with four divisions, under Hood, Anderson, Pickett, and 

French, the latter being a newly formed division. Peck 

had been reinforced by a division under General Getty. 

Peck's outposts were driven in, and on the 13th, at noon, 

the enemy appeared in force before the Federal position. 

Longstreet turned his first attention to building 

batteries for the purpose of driving away the Federal 



PECK— GETTY. 421 

gun-boats, several of these war vessels, which were a isgs. 
terror to land troops, being present to aid in the Federal 
defense. Strdhg demonstrations against the fortifications • 
were made while the enemy's batteries were being 
erected at Hill's Point. On the 14th an artillery battle 
took place between these batteries and the Federal 
vessels, lasting four hours. Lieutenant Gushing, in 
command of the vessels, succeeded in silencing the 
batteries ; but the vessels were considerably damaged. 
Longstreet continued to build batteries, while sharp 
skirmishing was kept up between the opposing forces. 

On the evening of the 19th, General Getty, with 
300 picked men, accompanied and aided by Lieutenant 
Lamson, of the navy, embarked on a small steamer with 
the intention of capturing two of the most troublesome 
of these batteries, which had become greatly annoying 
to the passing Federal vessels. The Federal batteries 
opened fiercely, the fleet also engaging in the cannonade. 
When Getty arrived near the enemy's batteries, the 
Federal guns suddenly ceased. Lamson then ran the 
vessels aground, when the soldiers leaped ashore with 
Getty in the lead. Within a few minutes both batteries 
were captured, with 160 prisoners and five pieces of 
artillery. The Federal loss was only four killed and ten 
wounded. 

Longstreet now began a regular siege, bringing heavy 
guns from Richmond. A division of infantry under 
General D. H. Hill operating in North Carolina was 
ordered to join Longstreet, which arrived on May 2 ; 
but Longstreet was soon called away. Hooker, at Chan- 
cellors ville, had frightened the enemy's government, and 
on May 3 Longstreet raised the siege and marched his 
army to Richmond. Peck sent Getty with about 7,000 
men to harass his rear, and they had sharp fighting 
from noon till dark with Hill's division, which formed the 



422 STF.VEiW'^ SMITH. 

istiH.' rear giiiird. On tliu inoniing oC Uic 4Ui, (Jetty becjuini 
satisfied tliat tlie enemy were departing for Richmond, 
and gave up the chase, returning to Sulibllv. 
Sept. c, 11. On tlie ()th of September, 1803, a, force of tlie enemy 
vv'.'v.u ' numbering about 1,500 men a,tta,cl< Moorefield, occupied 
by 250 Federal troops under Mnjor Stevens ; and al- 
though a determined assault is made, it is repulsed ; but 
on the night of the 11th the enemy return, and surprise 
the garrison. After a brief encounter, the Federals are 
overpowered. Stevens escapes with about one half of 
his force. l 

Oct. 18. On the 18th of October, 1803, a superior force of 

lo'Ivn'r ^l^G enemy surprise the 9th Maryland infantry and a 
^^'- ^"- . small cavalry force at Charlestown, near Harper's Ferry. 
The Federals heroically jesist, but are compelled to re- 
tire, and soon after, coming upon another force that has 
succeeded in getting in their rear, they charge, cutting 
a passage through, and escape to Harper's Ferry, leaving 
a considerable number of prisoners, however, in the 
hands of the Confederates. 

On the 21st of December, Colonel Smith, with four 

Doc. 23. regiments of Gregg's cavalry, leaving Bealeton, arrives 

'^';;;''''" at Thornton Ga,p next day, where he puts to flight a 

i detachment of the enemy stationed there; and on the 

Doc. 23, 23d, at Luray, he scatters another detachment; then, 

\ Ti'iS. " crossing the Shenandoah, he reaches Fort Valley, a, 

mountain pass, where he drives olT the enemy's guard 

and destroys their stores. Keturning tlirongh Little 

Washington, he arrives within tlie Union lines on the 

25th. 

In July, 1803, two Federal regiments, the 2d Vir- 
ginia and the 34th Ohio, both mounted, under Colonel 
Toland, experience a terrible time in South-western Vir- 
■'"i.v n. ginia. This force left Brownstovvn, and pushing soutli- 
vii'io.""" ward, arrived at Jelfersonville on the ITth, where they 



TOLAND—A VElllLL 423 

captured 35 prisoners. Pushing on tliey reached Wythe- i.v«.-;. 
ville the following day, A heavy force of the enemy ,,„|y .^ 
was there rehdy to receive them; they bravely charge ^^-^ ""'""'• 
through the town, but are nearly surrounded, and driven 
back with severe loss. Colonel Toland being among the rj",*','',', 
killed. The Federals retreat to Fayetteville, after hav- '^"'^'^'• 
ing another hard fight at East Mountain, where they lou^t 
arrive completely exhausted and nearly starved. For """ '""' 
four days they have been without provisions, except the 
little they are enabled to pick up in a deserted country. 
Many of their horses have died of starvation. The 
object of the expedition was to cut the Tennessee Rail- 
road, but it proved a fiiilure, the force being too small. 
In August an attempt was again made upon the 
Tennessee Railroad by General Averill, with a brigade Averiirs 

niids. 

of cavalry. This officer was at this time serving under 

General Kelley in West Virginia. General Averill, 

proceeding southward from Traveler's Repose, arrived at 

White Sulphur Springs on the 26th, where he met a f^''^- ^e. 
'•■'■'-' vviutc! Sill- 

brigade of the enemy's cavalry under General Jones, pi>ii>' 

tatrongiy posted. The Federals at once attacked, but \ 
failed to dislodge the enemy. They resumed the attack 
the following morning, in hopes of receiving aid from an 
expected Federal force under General Scammon from 
Lewisburg. Disappointed in this, Averill gradually 
withdrew, and retired northward to Iluttonsville. In 
the affair at White Sulphur Springs, each side sulfered 
a loss of about 150 in killed and wounded. 

On the 1st of November, 1863, General Averill, 
with his brigade, accompanied by two regiments of in- 
fantry, leaves Beverly for a raid southward. On the ^^^_ ^ 
6th, four miles south of Hillsboro, he finds the troops of"""'i' 

Moimt.iiiii. 

his old antagonist, Jones, awaiting him on Droop Mount- . 
ain, in a well-selected position. Averill opens at once 
with his artillery, followed soon after by a brilliant 



1:24 A VMRILL. 

1863. charge with his whole force. After a short but fierce 
engagement, the enemy is put to flight and pursued for 
ten miles, completely routed. Averill now proceeds to 
destroy several supply depots and saltpetre manufacto- 
ries, when he returns northward, reaching New Creek on 
the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad on the 17th ; but he had 
not cut the Tennessee Railroad, which was the object of 
the expedition. 

Again, on Dec. 8, General Averill starts in another 
attempt against this railroad. He will be aided this 
time by three other expeditions, organized and sent out 
by General Kelley in different directions, to divert the 
attention of the enemy. Averill reaches Salem on that 
railroad on the 16th. Plere the enemy have a large 
supply depot; this is destroyed, and at last the railroad 
is cut. The Federals tear up the road for twenty miles, 
also burning several of its bridges ; but now comes the 
most dif&cult part of the task, and that is to return to 
friendly territory. Early, who now commands the ene- 
my's troops in this section, is endeavoring to weave a 
net from which they will be unable to escape. They 
march some ten miles northward that evening, when 
they halt for the night. Early the following morning 
they push on, arriving on the evening of the 17th at 
New Castle, and secure food for tired and hungry men 
and horses. The Federals are now in a critical position ; 
escape seems almost impossible. But fortune smiles 
upon them ; they capture a courier bearing a dispatch 
from Jones to Early, discovering the position and move- 
ments of the pursuers. Knowing these, Averill now 
dodges between the concentrating detachments of the 
enemy, and saves his three regiments and battery ; but 
the sufferings of the soldiers have been terrible. A cold, 
freezing rain set in on the 17th, covering everything 
with ice. Fires could not be built without exposing 



AYERlLL—iiRiEL. -125 



IS 04. 



their location to the enemy, and they were coinpelled to 
abandon their train, which they destroyed. Nearly 
frozen, ftimished with hunger, and exhausted by long- 
marches and little sleep, their distress became dreadful. 
They reached home again on January 1, 1864. Averill 
had lost about 100 men, and had brought back about 
125 prisoners. 

On the 30th of January, 1864, a force of the enemy's ^;^^J^- 
cavalry under General Rosser, captured in Hardy County, county, 
W. Va., a Federal train loaded with supplies. The 
o'uard of 250 men, with 1,000 head of cattle, was also 

• Feb 3 

captured. On February 3, at Patterson Creek station, p,^tievson 
Rosser also captured a company of Federal soldiers ; but ^^'''^■ 
he was soon overtaken by General Averill near Romney, 
and after a short engagement was defeated, with the loss 
of all the prisoners he had taken, besides many of his 
own men taken prisoners. 

On the 15th of May, General Breckenridge defeated 

•^ ^ • . May 15. 

General Sigel near New Market, Va. The opposuig New Mar- 
forces were of equal strength, about 6,000 men each. 
Sigel's loss was about 600 men. His destination was 
Lynchburg, having left Winchester on the 1st of May. 
He had now received a severe check, and fell back to 
Cedar Creek, near Strasburg. Sigel and Crook had 
been ordered by Grant to move simultaneously with all 
the armies on May 1, the former up the Shenandoah 
Valley, the latter with 10,000 men up the Kanawha. 
Crook sent Averill with about 2,000 to destroy the lead- 
works at Wytheville. 

On May 10, Averill met a superior force of the ^J".^;,^^^^:„^, 
enemy at that place, and after a brief encounter he re- 
tired with his object unaccomplished. Crook, pushing 
forward, destroyed a portion of the Virginia and Tennes- 
see Railroad near DubUn station. Here he was attacked JJ;^^|'" '*''■ 
by a strong force of the enemy ; the latter was defeated 



426 HUNTER. 

IS 4. with severe loss. Crook then retired to Meadow Bluft', 
Mead^ after having destroyed the railroad for several miles and 
^'"*^- an important bridge over New River. General Grant 
was disappointed in Sigel's operations, and on the 21st 
June 5. General Hunter superseded him. On the 5th of June, 
orMTnit Hunter, with about 8,500 men, met the enemy, number- 
crawford. ^^^ about 6,000, uudor Vaughan, at Piedmont. Vaughan 
was utterly routed, after a hard-fought battle of ten 
Death of hours' duratlou, with the loss of 1,000 in prisoners. 
Jones. General W. E. Jones was among the enemy's killed. 

Having been joined by Crook and Averill on the 8th, 
Lynchburg. Huntcr pushed forward for Lynchburg, appearing before 
that place with about 16,000 men on June 18. But 
Early had arrived from Richmond with 12,000 men ; 
Breckenridge and Vaughan were also there. Hunter 
thus finding 25,000 men before him, well intrenched, his 
own army 250 miles from his source of supplies, and 
short of ammunition, he determined to retire. During 
the day the enemy moved out in strong force, and 
attacked savagely, but were driven back after a severe 
. fight. At night the Federals quietly withdrew. Early 
started in pursuit the following morning, but Hunter 
reached Salem in safety. The enemy followed some 
farther, but caused little trouble. The Federals contin- 
ued their retreat, passing New Castle on the 22d, suffer- 
ing dreadfully for food, and from the hardships of a 
forced march over rugged mountains. They had, how- 
ever, inflicted immense damage upon the enemy, by the 
destruction of his factories, foundries, flouring mills, etc., 
from Port Republic to Lynchburg. 

In the latter part of June, Lee, being so closely 

Early',, huggod by Grant, started Early down the Shenandoah 

Valley with about 25,000 men, — in fact, the same forces 

with which he had opposed Hunter, — the intention being 

to invade Maryland and Pennsylvania, and to threaten 



HUiVTER. 427 

Washington, hoping thereby to dniw off a part, at least, mo^. 
of Meade's army. Early left Staunton June 28, crossing 
the Potomac at Shepherdstown July 3, General Sigel 
with a small force retiring before him from Martinsburg, 
through Harper's Ferry, to Maryland Heights. Early 
reached Hasrerstown, Md., July 6. On the 7th a Federal J"iy '^• 

° 7 7./ ^ Frederick, 

force of about 700 men under Colonel Clendennin had a Md. 
severe fight with a detachment of Early's troops, num- 
bering 1,000 men, at Frederick, Md. The enemy was 
defeated, and hastily retired. General Lew Wallace, in 
command at Baltimore, had hastened to the Monocacy 
River, gathering all the troops possible for opposing 
Early, and had sent Colonel Clendennin toward Middle- 
town on a reconnaissance, when the fight noted above 
occurred. General Grant had already ordered the 6th 
Corps, under General Wright, to Washington, and one 
division was near at hand. Wallace withdrew his troops 
from Frederick to the Monocacy on the 8th, where he 
was joined by Ricketts's division of the 6th Corps. He 
made his position as strong as possible, and awaited the 
enemy. General E. B. Tyler commanded his right, and. 
Ricketts his left. This force numbered about 5,500 
men. Early advanced against him on the morning of 
the 9th, beginning the attack about 9 a. m., and the Mwiocucy. 
battle soon became hot, raging till noon. Two desperate 
charges in overwhelming numbers were gallantly re- 
pulsed by the Union troops. The Federals held their 
ground against 15,000 men until 5 p. m., when, not being 
reinforced, and not feeling strong enough to resist 
further assaults, Wallace ordered a retreat, falling back 
about twelve miles, when, as Early did not pursue, he 
rested his wearied men. The enemy were in no condi- 
tion to follow at once ; they had suffered severely, and 
had exhausted their fury. The Federal loss had been 
about 100 killed, 600 wounded, and 700 taken prison- 
ers j the loss of the enemy was about 1.200. 



4^8 HUNTER 

18 04. On the 10th of July, a force of the enemy's cavahy 
approached Baltimore, but did nothing more than to de- 
stroy some railroad track and bridges. A train of cars 
was stopped, the passengers plundered, and the cars 
burned. Major-General Franklin, being on the train, 
was captured, but he soon escaped his sleepy guards. 
Early slowly approached Washington, and on the 
July 12. 22th appeared before the northeast fortifications of the 

Early be- ^ -^ 

foio the Federal capital. At this time the other two divisions of 
the United the 6th Corps arrived, also the division-s of Dwight and 
states. Grover of the 19th Corps, which corps had recently 
arrived at Fortress Monroe from New Orleans, intended 
for Meade's army, but turned toward Washington at the 
request of the President. Early quickly saw that the 
Federal works were strongly manned, and wisely con- 
cluded not to attack. During the afternoon the Federals 
sent out a reconnoitering force, which had a sharp en- 
. gagement with a portion of Early's troops, resulting in 
advantage to neither side ; and that night the enemy re- 
tired, passing through Rockville to Edwards's Ferry, 
where he crossed the Potomac on the 14th, and moved 
through Leesburg and Snicker's Gap to the Shenandoah 
Valley. 

Hunter had been anxiously looked for by the Federal 
authorities at Washington for several days, but he had 
been unable to reach Harper's Ferry until Early had re- 
treated. General Wright was placed in command of the 
forces at Washington, and at once gave pursuit to Early. 
His advance overtook and skirmished sharply with 
July 18. Early's troops on July 18, at Snicker's Ferry, on the 
Ferry and Shcuandoah Rivor, and at Ashby's Gap. The Federal 
Gap^*^^ loss in the two encounters was about 500 men. Wright 
pursued no farther, and soon afterward returned to 
Washington, leaving Crook's troops at Harper's Ferry. 
On the 20th of July, Averill, moving from Martins- 



IIUXTICR. 420 

bui'ii', li.'ul a. sovore ongaj2;ciuent. with a dotaolunont of tstit. 
(ho tMieniy near Winclioster. The latior was deioated _,„, ~, 
with a loss of about 500 men ; lAnhM-al hiss, 250. ^^J;'"''^'^ 
Avorill lluMi retired, hoini;- menai'cMl by Kjarly. Crook, 
believing that Early had gone to Kii'hiuond, moved 
from Harper's Ferry to Kernstown, where, on duly 2o, •'""> -' 
Early appeared before him, altaeking and driving back 
his advance on the 24th. A severe eonlliet followed, ■'"'> "' 

W'iiu'lu's 

eompelling Crook to hastily retreat lo Martinsburg. i,m. 
Crook had suilered a h)ss of over 1,000 men. Colonel ^,^,_^, 
Mulligan, of Lexington fame, was among the Federal M"iii?;.'n 
killed, lie had declined a. commissu)n as Tsrigadier- 
General, priderring to remain with his reginuMil, the 'J-'hI 
Illinois. On the 25th, Crook crossed tlu^ Poloinac, after 
a lively artillery duel. 

At this time Early sent about o,000 cavalry on ;i 
raid into Pennsylvania,. They plundered as they went, 
reachiim- Chambersburg duly -U), where thev demand(>(l •'"'>■ '><'■ 
a. large sum of money of the citizens ; this being refused, tun-, ivnu. 
they burned the larger part of the town. (The ])opula- 
tiou of Chambersburg was at that time between 4.000 
and 5,000.) Ceneral Averill was at (^reencastle with 
nbout 2,500 cavalry, and was soon upon their track, 
pursuing them to Hancock so closely thai they did but 
little furtluM- damage. The enemy cirossed the Potomac 
at. lhinco(dv. Averill continuinl the pursuit, and came 
upon them at Moor(dield, W. Va,., August 7, wlu>r(> in a ah- v. 
lively fight he defeated them, capturing their trains, JJ""j''"''''i- 
guns, and 500 prisoners. 

Ceneral Grant had ordered the ()tli and V?[\\ (\)rps 
to join him before Petersburg, sup[)()sing, as reported, 
that Early had returned toward Ivichmond. These two 
corps had reached Georgetown when Ceneral Crant 
learned of Crook's defeat at Kernstown, and he at once 
ordered them back to Harper's Ferry. Ih^ also siMit 



1:30 SHERIDAN. 

18 6 4. Phil Sheridan to organize an army that would keep 
Early in sight. Sheridan assumed command August 7, 
relieving General Hunter, when the Departments of 
Washington, Susquehannah, West Virginia, and the 
Middle Department were merged into the Middle Mil- 
itary Division, under General Sheridan. 

While making preparations for a forward move, 
Sheridan held Early back, shielding Maryland and 
Pennsylvania. His army, numbering about 22,000 
infantry and 8,000 cavalry, lay near Berryville. Two 
divisions of cavalry, under Generals Wilson and Torbert, 
had joined him from the Army of the Potomac. The 
enemy's forces were posted in front of Winchester, 
covering that town. Sheridan had advanced from Hall- 
town on the 10th of August, reaching Cedar Creek on 
the 12th, Early retiring before him as far as Fisher's 
Hill. Lee now reinforced Early by a division under 
Anderson. Learning this, Sheridan fell back to Berry- 
ville on the 17th, destroying or carrying off, en route, 
everything that would afford sustenance to the enemy. 
Early followed to Winchester, where he became united 
with Anderson. Early advanced on the 21st, and on 
the 25th reached Shepherdstown, Sheridan retiring to 
Hall town. These wary chiefs were watching each other 
for an opportunity to gain an advantage. Early would 
again cross the Potomac if he dared, but Sheridan out- 
generaled him, and on the 26th he returned to Winches- 
ter, and took position on the west bank of the Opequan, 
the Federal general moving up to Berryville. Both 
armies remained as thus posted until Sept. 15, when 
Lee recalled Anderson to Richmond, in consequence of 
Grant's movement for possession of the Weldon Rail- 
road. 

Anderson started for Richmond on Sept. 3, but 
coming in collision with Sheridan's troops, he was driven 



hura 



SHE RID AN. 4:31 

back, which delayed his departure for Richmond. On ism. 
Sept. 15, Grant visited Sheridan, and being satisfied 
with his arrangements, told him to " go ahead." On 
Sept. 19, at 3 a. m., Sheridan put his army in motion, 
Wilson's cavalry in advance, followed by the 6th Corps ^''^J',,.^^'^^ 
under General Wright, and the 19th Corps under winches- 
General Emory. The 8th Corps under General Crook^ 
coming from Summit Point, joined Sheridan at the 
Opequan Ford. Owing to unavoidable delays, the 
Federals did not get into position, before Winchester 
until about 9 a. m. Early had sent a strong force from 
his left on a reconnaisscmce to Martin sburg, where its 
advance had a spirited fight on the 18th with Averill. g^pf jg. 
Early now hastened its return to aid him in resisting Martins- 
Sheridan. Averill followed closely. Sheridan formed 
his line with Wilson's cavalry on the left, Wright joining 
him, Emory next, with Merritt's and Averill's cavalry 
on the extreme right, Crook in reserve. 

At 10 A. M. Rickett's division of the 6th Corps and 
Grover's division of the 19th Corps were advanced to 
the attack. They make a gallant charge, driving the 
enemy from his first line, when in turn they are forced 
back. Sheridan pusl^es forward his other divisions, and 
the battle becomes furious. For a time the enemy seem 
to be gaining the advantage. The Federals soon check 
this success, however, and force the foe back to his 
original line. The battle rages fiercely until about 3 
p. M., by which time Sheridan has placed Crook, with 
the 8th Corps, on the extreme right, and now throws it 
vigorously against Early's left flank, at the same time 
directing a charge along the whole line, first upon each 
flank, then upon the center. The enemy's flanks soon 
crumble before the determined charge of the Federal 
cavalry, then his center gives way. On press the 
Federals, and backward go the enemy, "whirling through 



432 SHEEIDAK 

is^4. "VYinchester " toward Strasburg, thoroughly defeated. 

They lost 2,500 men in prisoners ; in killed and wounded, 

Generals about 3,500. Geuerals Rodes and A. C. Godwin were 

Eodes and 

Godwin among the enemy's killed. The Federal loss was about 
560 killed, 3,000 wounded, and 500 missing. General 

Death of David A. Russell, commanding a division in the 6th 

Russell. Corps, was among the Federal dead. He was a graduate 
of West Point, and had served in the Mexican war with 
distinction. 

Early retreated to Fisher's Hill, four miles south of 
Strasburg and twelve miles south of Winchester. D;irk- 
ness had stopped the Federals at Winchester ; but early 
on the 20th Sheridan started in pursuit, and that evening 
approached Early's position, which was a strong one, 
protected by breastworks. The 21st was consumed in 
maneuvering. At daylight on the 22d the Federals 

miJ"^^ opened the battle, and soon after made a determined 
•assault, driving the enemy at all points. The 8th Corps 
had been quietly sent to the rear of Early's position, 
which movement was concealed by deep woods; and 
when the 6th and 19th Corps had engaged the Confed- 
erates in front, Crook rushed upon their rear, surprising 
and throwing their ranks into great confusion. After a 
brief struggle. Early was again put to flight, with a loss 
of 16 guns and 1,100 taken prisoners. The Federal loss 
in killed and wounded was about 750 ; that of the 
enemy, unknown. 

The enemy was pursued to Port Republic, where a 
large train was captured and destroyed. Sheridan sent 
his cavalry in pursuit as far as Waj^iesboro, destroying 
a large quantity of the enemy's supplies at Staunton. 
He then recalled his cavalry, and on the 6th of October 
moved down the Shenandoah Valley to Cedar Creek, 
laying waste everything that could comfort the enemy. 
Early's cavalry under General Rosser followed Sher- 



SHERIDAN. 438 

idan's rear, and on Oct. 9, at Tom's Brook, near Fisher's is a 4. 
Hill, Sheridan directed General Torbert with his cavalry ^ ~ 

' -^ Oct. 9. 

to " order Rosser back." Torbert charged, and the Tom's 
enemy obeyed the order, leaving behind 330 prisoners, strasbiirg, 
most of his artillery, and his wagon train, the Federal gtotk^""*^ 
cavalry pursuing beyond Mount Jackson. 

Sheridan now posted his army on the east bank of 
Cedar Creek, near the North Fork of the Shenandoah, as 
follows : the 8th Corps (Crook's) on the left and on the 
left of the turnpike leading to Strasburg; on Crook's 
right was the 19th Corps, and on the right of the 19th 
Corps, and nearly at right angles with it, the 6th Corps. 
The cavalry was posted on each flank. 

Leaving General Wright in command. General Sher- 
idan proceeded on Oct. 15 to Washington on official bus- o<^*- ^s, 

^ ^ . '^ ^ Sheridan 

iness, in accordance with a request of the Secretary of goes to 
War. The 6th Corps had been started on the 10th to ton.^""^" 
rejoin Meade, but Early becoming bold, Wright was re- 
called. Early had now been reinforced by about 10,000 
men, coming mostly from Richmond, and determined to 
regain his lost reputation, on the morning of Oct. 19, ^^*- ^^• 
at dayhght, he quietly stole upon his antagonist, sud- creek. 
denly attacking with his whole force. It was a complete 
surprise ; Crook's corps was broken up before it could 
form line. The 19th Corps fought desperately, but be- 
fore the 6th Corps, now under Ricketts, could come to 
its aid, its left was forced back. The 6th Corps was Federals 

' _ driven. 

soon engaged. Ricketts was wounded, when Getty as- 
sumed command of the corps. 

General Wright now saw the necessity of order- wrigbt 
ing a retreat to save his army from rout. The 6th ^^^^^ ^f^^^^^ 
Corps and the cavalry corps covered the backward move- rout. 
ment. Wright fell back to a point about four miles 
from the first position, leaving 18 guns and nearly 1,000 
prisoners in the enemy's hands. Sheridan left Washing- 

28 



434 



SHEBIDAK 



IS 04. 

Sheridan at 
Winchester 
on his re- 
tn?n from 
Washing- 
ton. 

Shsridan's 
horse put to 
its mettle. 
"Face the 
other way, 
boys I" 



The hero of 
Shenan- 
doah again 
at the head 
of his 
troops. 



Assumes 
the offen- 
sive. 



Sheridan 
leads his 
men. 

The enemy 
routed. 



Knighted a 
Major-Gen- 
eral in the 
regular 
army. - 



Death of 

General 

Ramseur. 



ton at noon of the 18th, and stopped over night at Win- 
chester. At 9 A. M. of the 19th he started for his army, 
still unconscious of its danger. He soon came within 
hearing of the roar of cannon, when he crowded his horse 
to its utmost speed. As he neared the scene of the con- 
flict, he met many of his men with sorrowful faces, still 
retreating. Swinging his hat he shouted, " Face the 
other way, boys, face the other way! We are going 
back to our camps ! " Repeating this as he passed along, 
the tide turned, the soldiers loudly cheering for Sher- 
idan. At about 10 A. M. Sheridan reached the front, 
where the Federals were now holding the enemy in 
check. Large numbers of Early's troops had stopped 
to pillage the Federal camp. He at once reformed his 
lines. Wright returned to his corps, Getty to his divis- 
ion. At 1 p. M. Early again attacked, and was hand- 
somely repulsed. At about 3 p. m. Sheridan assumes 
the offensive, pushing forward his whole line to the at- 
tack. The conflict soon becomes furious. The enemy 
is behind rail breastworks and stone fences, and resists 
with great determination ; but Early's left finally gives 
way before a gallant charge led by Sheridan himself. 
The whole Federal line then dashes forward, and Early 
is again routed, the Federal cavalry pursuing through 
Strasburg, capturing 24 pieces of artillery and 1,600 
prisoners, also retaking the 18 guns lost in the morning. 
For this victory Sheridan was made a Major-General in 
the regular army. Sheridan now made his headquarters 
at Kernstown, and rested his troops. 

Since the 7th of August, Sheridan had caused the 
enemy a loss of 25,000 men, 13,000 of whom were pris- 
oners. His own loss had been about 15,000. Among 
the enemy's losses at Cedar Creek was General Stephen 
D. Ramseur. He died of his wound on the 20th of 
October. 



SHERIDAN. 435 

Extract from a paper prepared by General James H. Kidd, i864. 
commanding officer of the Michigan cavalry brigade in the 
battle fougiit at Cedar Creek, Shenandoah Valley, Ya., Oct. cieek. 
19, 1864:— 

General 

The engagement at Cedar Creek will take its place as one of ^^^."0,^^^^ ^f 
the decisive battles of history. Like Blenheim and Balaklava, the battle 
it will be remembered while literature lasts. One of its dramatic °* '^f^^^^ 

Creek. 

incidents furnished a theme for the poet's song, and " Sheridan's 
Eide," like "Hoi-atius," will remain until the human imagination 
can no longer be thrihed by the recital of heroic deeds. Thus 
doth poesy erect a monument — one more enduring than bronze 
or marble — to the memory of the brave. 

Yet the events of thaj^day have been greatly misunderstood. 
The popular imagination, inflamed b}^ the heroic verse of Hal- 
leck, sees only the salient points, — the morning surprise, the 
rout, the mass of fleeing fugitives, the victors in exultant pur- 
suit, Sheridan's ride, the magic influence of his arrival on the 
field in arresting the headlong flight of a mob of panic-stricken 
fugitives, wresting glorious victory from humiliating defeat. 
With all due allowance for poetical license, this idea does a cruel 
injustice to the gallant men who were maimed or killed on that 
hard-fought field. 

It is due to the truth that every detail of that famous fight 
should be told, that no undeserved shadow may rest upon the 
fame of the men who took part in it. History, so-called, has 
been misleading. The American Cyclopedia (Vol. XVI.) informs 
us that Sheridan " met the fugitives a mile and a half from town 
(Winchester), and with a brigade which had been left in Win- 
chester moved upon the enemy, who had begun to intrench 
themselves." The absurdity of such " history " ought to be self- 
evident. Imagine a " brigade of infantty " folloAving Sheridan 
on his wild ride of " twenty miles," and then rushing to attack 
an army, which, if the popular notion were true, had just 
whipped four army corps. Of course the statement is an absurd 
one. No brigade came from Winchester. No brigade could 
have come from Winchester; and had such a thing been possible, 
it would have constituted a slight factor in the contest. There 
were in the Federal army on that eventful 19th of October, 
1864, seven brigades of infantry (the 6th Corps), seven brigades 
of cavalry (the cavalry corps), not to mention one division 
(Grover's) — four brigades — of the 19th Corps, making eighteen 



436 SHERIDAN. 

18 64. brigades in all, that were neither surprised in their camps nor in 

— the slightest degree demoralized at any time during the progress 

Creek. ^^ ^^® battle, and which had forced Early to stop short in his 

headlong career of victory long before the famous black charger 

had brought his fiery rider to the field. The 8th Corps, which 

, was surprised, was a small corps of only five brigades, and 

although after Kershaw's onset it was practically eliminated, 

there was a fine army left that needed only the guiding hand of 

Sheridan to put it in motion and win a victory. 

It is not the purpose of this paper to give all the details of 
that great battle, but to narrate what a single actor saw, — some 
things that do not appear in the official records, that are not a 
part of the written history of the war ; some incidents that are 
important only as they throw light on the shadowy images of 
the past, though possessing a passing interest in themselves ; — 
to do justice to the splendid coura-ge displayed by the cavalry, 
especially the Michigan cavalry, on that occasion ; to pay the 
tribute of my admiration to the gallantry and steadiness of the 
old 6th Corps ; and, finally, to relate a circumstance known 
probably to no other person living, and which will be now for 
the first time committed to the keeping of the types, that reflected 
the highest credit upon the courage and capacity as a commander 
of the gallant Colonel Lowell, who was killed. 

Cedar Creek is a small stream that rises in. the Blue Eidge, 
runs across the valley, at that point only four miles wide, and 
pours its waters into the Shenandoah near Strasburg. It is 
very crooked, fordable, but with steep banks, difficult for artillery 
or wagons, except where a way had been carved out at the fords. 
It runs in a south-easterly course, so that its mouth is four miles 
or more south of a line drawn due east from the point where it 
deserts the foot-hills on the west side of the valley. The valley 
itself is shut in between the Blue Mountains on one side, and the 
Massanutten, a spur of the great North Mountain, on the other. 
It is traversed north and south by a turnpike road a little to the 
left of the center, which crosses Cedar Creek between Middle- 
town and Strasburg. 

On the night of Oct. 18, 1864, the Federal army was 
encamped on the left bank of Cedar Creek, Crook's 8th Corps 
on the left, east of the pike, nearly in front of Middletown ; 
Emory's 19th Corps to the right and rear of Crook and west of 
the pike ; and then successively, each farther to the right and 
rear, the 6th Corps, Devin's and Lowell's brigades of Mei-ritt's 



SHERIDAN. 437 



cavalry division, the Michigan cavalry brigade, and last the in- is 04. 
compai'able Custer with his 3d cavalry division. All faced — 
south, though posted en echelon^ so that, though Crook Avas some Q^gek 
three or four miles south of Middletown, a line due east of Custer's 
camp crossed the pike a little north of it. For this reason, 
Early's flanking movement being from the left through and over 
the camp of Crook, capturing everything in his way, could not 
stx'ike the flank of the other corps successively without shifting 
his line of attack to the north, while the 6th Corps and the cav- 
alry were able to confx-ont his troops after their first partial suc- 
cess, by simply moving to the left, taking the most direct route 
to the pike. 

The position that the Michigan cavalry brigade occupied was 
somewhat isolated. Although belonging to the 1st division, we 
were nearer the camp of the 3d. A few days before, an unwonted 
and unwelcome responsibility had been thrust upon me. Custer, 
who had been with us from the time he was made a bi-igadier, 
who had created the brigade, earning for it an enviable i-oputa- 
tion, was called to the command of the 3d division, and hastily 
summoning me, went away, taking his staff with him. I was 
obliged, while yet on the march, to form a staff of officers as 
inexperienced as myself in such duties. It was a task that 
might well have appalled far better men, — that of succeeding 
the prince of cavalry officers. 

The brigade consisted of four Michigan regiments and Cap- 
tain Martin's 6th ISTew York independent (horse) battery. The 
1st Michigan Avas commanded by Major A. W. Duggan, the 5th 
by Major S. H, Hastings, the 6th by Major Charles W. Deane, 
and the 7th by Colonel Geo. Gr. Briggs. Captain Martin and 
his lieutenants ranked among the best artillery officers in the 
service. 

Our duty was to guard a ford of Cedar Creek. One reg- 
iment was kept constantly on duty near the ford. The line of 
videttes was thrown out across the creek, and was connected 
on the left with the infantry picket line, and on the right with 
Custer's cavalry pickets. The 7th Michigan was on duty that 
night. The brigade camp was about a mile back from the ford. 

No intimation of expected danger had been received, no in- 
junction to be specially on guard ; but somehow there was a 
vague feeling of uneasiness that would not be shaken off. I be- 
lieve now that there was in my mind a distinct presentiment of 
the coming storm. I could not sleep, and at 11 o'clock was still 



438 SHERIDAN. 

1804. walking about outside the tents. It was a perfect night, bright 
— and clear. The moon was full, the air crisp and transparent. 
Creek. ^ more serene and peaceful scene could not be imagined. The 
spirit of tranquillity seemed to have settled down at last upon 
the troubled Shenandoah. Far away to the left lay the army, 
wrapped in slumber. To the right the outlines of the Blue 
Mountains stood out against the sky, and east dark shadows 
athwart the valley. Three quarters of a mile away, the white 
tents of Custer's camp looked like wierd spectres in the moon- 
light. Scarcely a sound was heard. A solemn stillness reigned, 
one that was oppressive, ominous, broken only by the slow 
tread of the single sentry pacing his beat in front of headquar- 
ters. Inside, the staff and brigade escort were sleeping. Fi- 
nally, a little before midnight, I turned in, telling the guard to 
awaken me at once should a single shot be fired in our front, 
and to so instruct the relief. I cannot now give the exact time, 
it may be I did not know it at the time, but it was long before 
daylight, that the sentinel awoke me. Not having undressed, I 
was out in an instant, and listening, heard scattering shots. 
They were not many at first, but enough to impel me to a 
quick resolve. Bousing the nearest staff officer. Lieutenant 
William Hull, I bade him have the command ready to move at 
a moment's notice. In an incredibly short space of time the 
order was executed, the tents were struck, the artillery horses 
attached to the gun cai*riages and caissons, and the cavalry 
horses saddled. No bugle call was sounded. The firing now 
grew heavier, and from the hill where Custer was, rang out on 
the air the shrill notes of Fought's bugle sounding " To horse," 
and I knew that our old commander had taken the alarm, and 
that I liad been right. 

Eosser had attacked the pickets at the fords, and was driv- 
ing them in. In a moment a staff officer dashed up with an or- 
der from General Merritt to take the entire brigade to the sup- 
port of the regiment on the picket line. Moving out rapidly, 
we were soon on the ground. The 7th Michigan, under Col- 
onel Briggs, had made a gallant stand alone ; and when the 
brigade arrived on the line, the enemy did not see fit to press 
the attack, but contented himself with throwing a few shells 
from the opposite bank, which annoyed us so little that Martin 
did not unlimber his guns. 

A heavy fog had now settled down upon the valley. The 
first streaks of dawn began to appear, and it soon became ev- 



SHERIDAN. 439 

ident that the attack on the right was a feint, and that the real i864. 
danger was in another quarter. Far away to the left, for some — 
time volleys of musketry had been heard. The roll of musketry c„gg^_ 
was intermingled at intei'vals with the boom of cannon, telling 
to the practiced ear the story of a general engagement. The 
sounds increased in volume and in violence, and it was no diffi- 
cult matter to see that the Union forces were falling back ; for 
farther and farther to the left and rear came the ominous sounds. 

Colonel Charles E. Lowell now arrived on the ground with 
the brigade of regulars (reserve brigade). Colonel Lowell was 
a young man, apparently not much past his majority, and looked 
like a boy. He Avas a relative of James Russell Lowell, and had 
distinguished himself as Colonel of the 2d Massachusetts cavalry, 
and had succeeded to the command of Meri'itt's old brigade. 
He had a frank, open face, a manly, soldierly bearing, and a 
courage that was never called in question. He was a graduate 
of West Point. Eiding up at the head of his brigade, he said, " I 
iiave been ordered out here by General Merritt to the support 
of the Michigan men." But no help was needed in that quarter, 
I told him so. The enemy had been easily cheeked, and had 
become so quiet as to give rise to the suspicion that he had with- 
drawn from our front. A great battle was raging to the left 
and rear, and in response to the suggestion that troops were 
needed in that direction, he responded quickly, " I think so too. 
I shall go toward the sound of heavy firing, and will take the re- 
sponsibility to order you there also;'' whereat the two brigades 
took up their line of march to the pike, some three miles distant. 
Poor Lowell ! How little either of us realized that he was 
marching to his death! It was into the thickest of the fight 
that Lowell led the way, Michigan willingly following. 

A startling sight presented itself as the long cavahy column 
debouched into the open country ovei-looking the battle-ground. 
Guided by the sound, a direction had been taken that would 
bring us to the pike as directly as possible, and at the same time 
approach the Union line from the rear. This brought us out on 
a commanding ridge north of Middletown. This, as it appears 
to a participant looking at it from memory twenty-one years 
after, runs to and across the pike. The ground descends to the 
south a half mile or more, then gradually rises again to another 
ridge about on a line with Middletown. The rebel forces were 
on the last-named ridge, along which, west of the pike, their 
batteries were planted, and their lines of infantry could be dis- 



4iO SHERIDAN. 

18G4L. tinctl}^ seen. Memory may haveloat something of the details of 
the picture ; but its outlines remain vivid now as then. The 

Cedar n i 

Creek. valiey between was uneven, with s^^ots of timber here and there, 
and broken into patches by fences, some of stone. The full 
scope of the calamity that had befallen our arms burst suddenly 
into view. The whole battle-field was in sight. The valley and 
intervening sloj^es, the fields and woods. Were alive with a mass 
of infantry moving singly and in squads. Entire regiments, 
with their officers leading, were hurrying to the rear ; while the 
rebel artillery was raining shell and spherical case among them 
to accelerate their speed. Some of the batteries were the very 
ones they had just captured. It did not look like a frightened 
or panic-stricken army, but like a disorganized mass that had 
lost the power of cohesion. A line of cavalry skirmishers, formed 
across the country, was making fruitless efforts to arrest the 
stream of fugitives. They had stolidly and stubbornly set their 
faces to the rear, and would not stop. Dazed by the surprise in 
their camps, they acted like nien who had forfeited self-respect> 
They were chagrined, mortified, mad at their officers and them- 
selves — demoralized. It was a sight I wish never to see again. 
They were more to be pitied than blamed. 

But are all these thousands, hurrying away from the field, 
the entire army ? — No! it is the 8tb Corps only. Thei-e, between 
us and the enemy, between the fugitives and the enem}', see 
that long line of blue facing to the front with unbroken ranks, 
bravely battling to stem the tide of defeat. How grandly they 
stand to their work ! Neither shot nor shell nor volleys of mus- 
ketry can break them. It is the old 6th Corps. Slowly, in 
perfect order, the veterans of the Potomac arm}'' are falling 
back, contesting every inch of the way. One position is sur- 
rendered only to take up another. There is no wavering, no 
falling out, except of those who are shot down. Such bravery, 
such heroism, such steadiness, have rai'.ely been equaled on a 
battle-field. The next morning early, one passing over the 
ground where John Sedgwick's heroes fought, could see where 
they had successively stood and breasted the storm, by the dead 
men who lay in line where they had been stricken down. There 
were three lines of these dead skirmishers. The official record 
shows that this corps on that day lost 255 men killed and 1,600 
wounded. 

But now the long column of cavalry led by Lowell turned its 
head toward the left Of the 6th Corps, and formed on the other 



SHERIDAN. 441 



side of the pfke, moving aci'oss, parallel with the line of battle, iso-t. 
The horsemen were exposed to a murderous fire of artillery. — 
Not a man left the ranks. One shell took an entire set of fours qj.^[^ 
out of the 6th Michigan ; the next set closed up the gap. Custer 
was already there. Crossing the pike, we passed in front of his 
division, formed in line of brigades, each brigade in column of ' 
regiments, mounted. It is needless to say they were faced 
toward the enemy. Custer himself was riding along in front of 
his command, chafing like a caged lion, eager for the fray. The 
Michigan brigade took position in front of Custer, Martin's bat- 
tery next the pike. Lowell formed to our left and front. The 
6th Corps made its final stand on the prolongation of the cavalry 
alignment, and from that moment the attacks of the enemy 
were feeble and ineffective, the battle resolving itself, for the 
time, into an artillery duel in which Martin's batter}^ took a 
prominent part. 

It must have been not later than 9 o'clock a. m. when the 
cavalry arrived. Its coming was opportune. Who can tell how 
much it had to do with stopping the further progress of Early's 
army? It is now known that Early dreaded a flanking move- 
ment by the body of horse that he saw massing against his 
right. To Lowell, and to Lowell alone, is ci'edit due for the 
movement of the two brigades toward the sound of battle. 
Doing this voluntarily, without orders, he assumed a grave re- 
sponsibility ; but he was right, as the sequal showed. He thus 
exhibited the true military instinct, the qualities of the highest 
leadership. He bravely did his duty, and a few hours later laid 
down his life for the cause he so valiantly served. He was killed 
by a bullet from a rebel sharpshooter in Middletown. He did 
not survive to make an official report, and this is the first time 
the story has been told of how he marched without orders from 
right to left at Cedar Creek. 

In the meantime, Custer was moved to the right flank, arriv- 
ing in time to thwart a threatened flanking movement by Gor- 
don and Kershaw. It is evident that every strategic attempt of 
the enemy, save the morning surprise, was checkmated by the 
Union cavalry. It was a formidable body of horse. 

The 1st division having reunited. General Merritt took com. 
mand in person. He made no immediate changes, except to 
throw out a heavy skirmish line. A part of Lowell's brigade 
was dismounted and posted well to the front behind a stone 
fence. The Michi<j;an brigade mounted in its rear. About this 



Cedar 
Creek. 



442 SHERIDAK 

1 8 a 4. time my horse was shot under me, and I had to procure a new 
mount from the 1st Michigan, the led horses being out of reach. 
Thus we stood in line for perhaps two hours, inviting attack ; 
but the enemy, strongly jjosted behind fences and piles of loge, 
with two ravines and fences separating us, seemed anxious to 
"let well enough alone." Then Merritt rearranged his line. 
Devin's brigade was posted next the pike, Lowell next, and the 
Michigan brigade on the extreme left. Martin's battery took 
position in an orchard on a rising point which commanded the 
entire front, and sloping off to the rear, so that only the muzzles 
of the pieces were exposed to the enemy's fire. Directly in front 
was a section of a battery which Martin several times silenced, 
but which had a way of coming to the scratch again, and mak- 
ing it hot for us. The 1st, 6th, and 7th Michigan were formed 
in line of squadron columns, and the 5th a little to the rear as a 
reserve and support. A heavy line of skirmishers held the front; 
the left was thrown somewhat forward, menacing the rebel right. 

The force in our front was. Wharton's (Breckenridge's) corps 
of infantry reinforced by one brigade of Kershaw's division, 
Early's fear of being flanked by the Union cavalry caused him 
to strengthen and prolong his right. The rebel cavalry, for 
some reason, did not put in an appearance after Eosser's dash in 
the morning. There was nothing left for the first cavalry di- 
vision but to iight infantry by an attack directly in front, and 
the enemy strongly posted behind fences. 

There was a lull. After the lapse of years it would be idle to 
try to recall the hours, where they went and how they sped. 
There was no thought of retreating, and slight fear of being 
attacked. All were wondering w^hat would be done, when 
cheering and a great commotion arose on our right. "Sheridan 
has come ! " " Sheridan has come! " and " There is to be an ad- 
vance all along the line ! " spread from right to left as if an 
electric battery had sent the message, so quickly did it fly. 
There was no doubt what his coming meant. Every trooper 
knew there was desperate work to do. Sheridan did not pass 
to the left of the pike where the cavalry was. A glance in that 
direction was enough. But dashing along the 6th Corps line, 
he shouted, " It is all right, boys ; we will whip them yet ! We 
will sleep in our old camps to-night ! " and he was answered by 
a shout that sent a thrill across the valley, and whose ominous 
meaning filled the rebel hosts with dread. But the 6th Corps 
needed no encouragement. Nobly had it done its duty from 



SH a RID an: 443 

early dawn, and Sheridan and his staff busied themselves forming 18 64. 
the 19th Corps and strengthening the right, where Custer waste — 
be given the post of honor in the grand flanking movement q^^^-^^ 
about to begin. 

The ominous silence continued. Even the batteries were still. 
It was the calm that precedes the storm. To those on the left 
it seemed that the dispositions were a long time in making. 
The suspense grew terrible ; for there was no man but knew the 
order was coming to charge straight at yonder line of infantry. 
The Michigan brigade had ample time to survey the field in its 
front. First, the ground descended abruptly into a broad ra- 
vine, through which ran a small creek. Beyond the top of the 
opposite ascent was a wide plateau of rather level ground, then 
another ravine and a ditch, then a rise and another depression, 
from which the ground sloped up to a belt of timber stretching 
clear across- our front almost to the pike. In the edge of the 
timber was the enemy's main line of battle, behind piles of rails 
and logs. Halfway down the slope was a stx'ong skirmish line 
along a rail fence. Behind this fence, on a knoll, was the rebel 
battery which had annoyed us so much. The brigade was 
formed with the 1st Michigan on the right, the 7th on the 
left, the 6th and 5th in the center, in that order from the right. 
Each regiment was in column of battalions, making three lines 
deep in double ranks. The order was given to draw sabres. 
Martin's battery was to fire rapidly until the cavalry came into 
his line of fire. 

At length all was ready. The order came. The bugles 
sounded, Forwai-d. Oh ! it was grand ! Simultaneously, from 
right to left, the movement began. At first slowly, then faster. 
It was glorious to see that magnificent line as it swept onward . 
to the charge. Far, far away to the ri*ght it was visible. There 
were few reserves, oio plans for retreat, only one grand absorb- 
ing thought — to di'ive them back and retake the lost camps. 
Heavens ! what a din ! All along the rebel line the cannon 
volleyed and thundered. The union artillery replied. The roll 
of musketry became incessant. The cavalry crossed the first 
ravine, and moving over the level plateau, came under a raking 
fire from the rebel artillery and infantry. On they went, 
through the second ravine and ditch. The slope was reached, 
and, charging up to the rail fence, the first line of rebel infantry 
fell back. But the cavalry had gone too fast, and was far 
ahead of the infantr}^ The brigade next the pike, exposed to a 



iU SHERIDAN. 



1 S 6 4 . 



Cedar 
Creek. 



galling fire, Avavered and fell back. The entire line gave way, 
and fell back rapidly, but in good order, to the first ravine, 
where it reformed. In less time than it takes to tell it the 
charge was again sounded. 

This time the fence was reached. The right of the 6th 
Michigan was directly in front of the battery, and* General 
Merritt, riding by the side of Maior Deane, said, " Major, we 
want those guns." "All right, we will get them," gallantly 
re]>lied the Major, and through and over the fence rode the 
brave cavalrymen. The 1st Michigan made a dash for the 
battery. But this time it was not ours, for glancing to the 
right, the gallant old 6th Corps was seen to waver and retire. 
The cavalry also fell back, but stopped in the nearest ravine, 
and whirling instantly into line without orders, was ready for 
the last supreme effort. In a moment all was ready again. 
The charge was sounded. The infantry responded with a shout. 
Up the slope swept the cavalry. The enemy did not stand to 
meet the determined onset, but gave way in disorder. On, past 
the battery, charged the cavalry, not pausing even to claim the 
captured guns which we had fairly won. They were left where 
they were abandoned by the enemy. Into the woods went the 
lines. Then it was each regiment for itself The 1st Michigan, 
under Major Duggan, charged on toward the pike, but Devin, 
being nearer, reached the bridge first. The 7th, under Colonel 
Briggs, charging through a field, captured more j)risoners than 
it had men. The 6th, under Major Deane, who knew the 
country well, did not pause till it reached Buckton's Ford on 
the Shenandoah, returning late at night with many prisoners 
and a battle flag. The 5th, under Major Hastings, charged 
down the Front Eoyal road, capturing prisonei's. One battalion 
under Major Philip Mothersill, went so far as to be unable to 
return until the next day. 

Thus ended the battle of Cedar Creek. Darkness alone 
saved the bulk of Early's army from capture. As it was, most 
of his artillery and wagons were taken. It is needless to tell 
how Sheridan broke the rebel left by an assault with the 
19th Corps and Custer's cavalry, at the same moment of the 
last successful charge on his right ; and how Custer, swooping 
far around, struck the pike beyond Strasburg, gathering in all in 
his way. It was a " famous victory," though not a bloodless one. 
Of the gallant men who went into the fight that morning on the 
Union side, 588 never came out alive, and 3,516 were wounded. 



SHERIDAN. 445 

Early lost 4,200 in killed and wounded, but his prestige was 1864. 
gone, his army destroyed, and from that day there was no more — 
hope for the Confederacy. 

Nov. 28, Sheridan sent General Merritt on a raid 
through Ashby's Gap to Fairfax Court House and Cen- 
treville. He returned by way of Snicker's Gap and 
Berryville, arriving at his camp Dec. 3. On the 19th 
of December he started Torbert on a raid, who moved 
through Front Royal, Chester Gap, Sperryville, and 
Madison Court House to Gordonsville, returning by way 
of Culpepper Court House and Warrenton, reaching 
Winchester on the 28th. 

On the 27th of February, 1865, Sheridan left Win- ^^es. 

•^ ^_ ' _ Sheridan's 

Chester in accordance with instructions from General cavahy 
Grant, with a cavalry force numbering about 10,000 men, 
under Merritt, Custer, and Devin, for a raid to the 
northwest and north of Richmond, for the purpose of 
destroying the Virginia Central Railroad and the James 
River Canal. The 6th Corps had been returned to 
Meade about the 1st of December. Sheridan proceeded 
to Staunton, havmg a slight engagement with 400 of the 
enemy's cavalry at Mount Crawford on the 1st of March. Ma.-cii i. 
Easily pushing these aside, he moved on beyond Staun- Crawford. 
ton. At Waynesboro, on March 2, Custer, in advance, 
struck Early, who had about 3,000 men strongly in-waynes- 
trenched. Custer did not wait for the other division to ^°'^°" 
come up, but, Custer-like, charged the enemy, soon 
routing him, and capturing over 1,600 prisoners, dis- 
persing the rest, and taking a large train of supplies and 
11 guns. This ended Early's war record. 

Sheridan pushed on, reaching Charlottesville in the 
afternoon of March 3. Here he rested his men, and 
waited two days for ammunition and ponton trains, then 
moved forward in two columns, one up the James from 
Scottsville to New Market, destroying the canal; the 



446 SHJUMIDAN. 

1S6 4. other toward Lynchburg, destroying the railroad to Ani- 
herst Court House. The forces then rejoined at New 
Market, Sheridan moving thence to the northeast, where 
he destroyed fifteen miles of the Virginia Central Rail- 
road between Tolersville and Beaver Dam station. Af- 
ter thoroughly destroying railroads, bridges, and army 
supplies in Lee's rear, he crossed the North Anna, and 
arrived at White House March 19, where Grant had 
ordered supplies to meet him, and otherwise extended the 
right hand of the Army of the James to welcome the 
hero and his veterans. Sheridan reached Meade's army 
March 26. qj^ ^j^g 26th of March, having accomplished a successful 

Sheridan ? o i 

reaches the raid, dcstroyiug several million dollars' worth of the 
the Poto- enemy's property, and so frightening Jefferson Davis as 
'^^^' to cause his horse to be saddled for flight. 



CHAPTER XXV. 

WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 

LYOK 



1861. 



UNDER this head will be included the operations 
in Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, and Indian Ter- 
ritory. Those in New Mexico will be given in the list 
of battles only. 

The operations in this Department were mostly in 
Missouri, The following brief description of the face of 
that State is taken from Lippincott's valuable " Geograph- 
ical Dictionary and Gazetteer of the World " : — 

" Face of the Country. — North of the Missouri physical 
River the surface is a very level or more frequently ^^g '^^^l^ l^ 
rolling region, diversified with timber and open prairie. J^J^so'^"- 
South of that river there are three well-characterized 
regions : the open and comparatively treeless plains of 
the West, continuous with those of Kansas ; the central 
Ozark Mountains, a rough but not greatly elevated 
country, well timbered, and continuous southward with 
the mountains of Arkansas ; and the south-eastern marshy 
tract of exceedingly fertile and well-timbered country, 
which sank to its present level during the earthquakes 
of 1811-12. From Cape Girardeau southward the Mis- 
sissippi front is diked, or leveed. This region is said to 
embrace 3,000 square miles of swamp." 

About one third of the State of Missouri lies north 
of the Missouri River, which crosses it from west to 
east. This greatest affluent of the Mississippi rises in 
the Rocky Mountains, and is about 3,000 miles long. 

(447) 



i48 LYON. 

186 1. It forms about 200 miles of the western boundary of 
the State, which it enters at Kansas City. At that 
point the Kansas River empties into it. The last-named 
river, through its branches, the Smoky Hill Fork and 
Solomon rivers, rises in the foot-hills of the Rocky 
Mountains, and flows eastward through Kansas. The 
Missouri enters the Mississippi about eighteen miles 
above St. Louis. 

Other important rivers in this Department are as 
follows : — 

The Osage rises in Kansas, and runs eastward 
through Missouri, entering the Missouri River about ten 
miles below Jefferson City. In Kansas it is sometimes 
called Marais des Cygnes. 

The Arkansas rises in the Rocky Mountains. It 
crosses the eastern boundary of Colorado, then flows 
south-eastward through Kansas and Indian Territory, re- 
ceiving the waters of the Neosho in Indian Territory. 
It then continues to flow south-eastward, dividing Ar- 
kansas into nearly equal portions, and enters the Mis- 
sissippi at Napoleon. Its whole length is over 2,100 
miles. 

St. Francis River rises in St. Francois County, Mo., 
runs southward to the northeast corner of Arkansas, 
forming a part of the boundary between Missouri and 
Arkansas, and enters the Mississippi near Helena. 

White River rises in the Ozark Hills in Arkansas, 
runs north-eastward into Missouri, and after traversing 
two counties, returns to Arkansas, tlien runs south-east- 
ward to Jacksonport, where it receives the waters of 
Black River. It then flows southward to the Missis- 
sippi, which it enters a few miles above the mouth of the 
Arkansas. 

The Ozark Mountains are a series of irregular, steep 
ridges of Southern Missouri, extending into Arkansas 
and Indian Territory. 



LYON. 449 



A State Convention assembled in Missouri Feb. 28 



1861. 



1861, to consider the question of secession. The Con- ^eb. 28. 

Missouri 

vention decided against the movement, but the Governor convention 
refused to fill the President's requisition for troops, and against 
at once began organizing a military force in aid of the recession. 
rebellion, at the same time taking possession of the 
United States arsenal at Liberty. He also established 
a recruiting and drilling camp near St. Louis, intending 
to seize the United States arsenal there ; but Captain 
Nathaniel Lyon, then in command of the Federal garrison 
of regular troops at that point, numbering about 500 
men, transferred the arms, stores, etc., to Springfield, 
111. At this time, Francis P. Blair, having received 
authority, began recruiting, and succeeded in raising 
several regiments of volunteers for the United States 
service. 

The burden imposed upon the Federal soldiers in the 
territory included within this department of our narrative 
was severe in the extreme, requiring many long and 
tedious marches, often on short rations, far from their 
source of supplies ; and their task was the more difficult 
and dangerous because their numbers were nearly always 
largely inferior to those of the enemy. Their chief 
duty was to protect the principal strategic points on the 
great rivers, and the most important roads, and to pre- 
vent the Confederates east of the Mississippi from 
obtaining supplies from this vast territory. 

May 10, 1861, Captain Lyon, with about 5,000 men, ^^^11^ 
surrounded the enemy's camp near St. Louis, taking ^on, mo. 
them by surprise, and capturing a large body of recruits 
with several pieces of artillery and a large quantity of 
arms and ammunition, a part of which had been stolen 
from the United States arsenal at Baton Rouge, La. 
The camp was broken up. A mob attacked Lyon's 
volunteers as they were returning with their prisoners, 

29 



June 17. 
Boonville 



450 HARNEY— LYON—SIGEL. 

isGi. but was driven off with a loss of several killed and 
wounded. 

Soon after this, General Harney came to command 
the Federal forces in Missouri ; but having entered into 
an agreement with the Governor that he would make no 
military movements, provided the Governor preserved 
order, he was removed. Captain Lyon, having been 
commissioned a Brigadier-General, was placed in com- 
mand. The Governor now became more active, concen- 
trating his forces at Jefferson City, Boonville, and other 
places. General Lyon, with 2,000 men, at once moved 
against Governor Jackson's troops at Jefferson City, 
proceeding up the Missouri on steamers. On his ap- 
proach, Jackson withdrew to Boonville, where Lyon 
arrived and attacked on .the 17th of June, routing the 
enemy after a half hour's sharp engagement. 

Simultaneously with this movement. Colonel Sigel 
moved from Bolla with about 1,500 men in search of the 
enemy under Price, in the south-western corner of Mis- 
souri. Going through Springfield, he reached Neosho in 
the last days of June. Finding that Price had moved 
away, Sigel turned back to attack a force of the enemy 
July 5. under Parsons and Rains at Carthage. On the 5th of 
July he came upon the enemy, numbering 4,500, on Dry 
Creek, near Carthage. A brief engagement followed, 
when Sigel, discovering the numbers of his antagonist, 
by good management extricated himself, and moved 
rapidly through Sarcoxie to Springfield. He had left a 
company at Neosho, which was soon afterward sur- 
rounded and captured. 

General Lyon had marched to the southwest from 
Boonville, reaching Osceola, on the Osage River, on the 
9th of July, having been joined on the way by a small 
brigade under Major Sturgis. Here Lyon learned of 
Sigel's engagement and retreat. He at once marched to 



Carthage. 



LYON. 451 

the southeast, reacliing Springfield on the loth, where tsei. 
he joined Sigel. This had been a long and fatiguing 
march for the Federals. 

The Department of the West was at this time placed 
under the command of General John C. Fremont, who 
arrived in St. Louis from New York on July 26. 

General Lyon was now too far from his base of sup- 
plies, but before he could attempt a retreat he must dis- 
perse the gathering bands of the enemy. McCuUoch 
would soon join Price and Rains with his Arkansas 
troops, and overwhelm him. Lyon moved out from 
Springfield on the 1st of Auo;ust. On the 2d his advance ^"s- -• 

^ ^ ^ . Dug 

met the advance of the enemy, under Rains, near Dug springs. 
Springs. Rains was defeated after a sharp engagement, 
retreating to Cassville, where Price and McCulloch had 
concentrated. Lyon, having learned that the enemy's 
forces had united, quickly withdrew to Springfield, the 
enemy following slowly to Wilson's Creek, where they 
went into camp, intending to attack Springfield as soon 
as preparations could be made. 

General Lyon felt that his position was becoming 
critical ; he had but little more than 5,000 men, while 
the enemy numbered over 12,000, and was fast gaining 
strength, having a largely superior force of cavalry, 
which rendered retreat impossible. He resolved to 
attack, as the best way out of his difficulty. Moving ^^^„ ^^ 
out on the night of the 9th, he sent Sigel with a brigade wiison's 

• 1 • 1 Creek, 

around to attack the enemy in the rear simultaneously springfleia, 
with his attack in front. The assault was well made. nm. ' 
Sigel met with success at first, capturing a portion of the 
enemy's camp, and destroying one half of their wagon 
train; but the larger part of the Federal troops were 
three months' men, whose term of service had expired, 
and they declined to fight longer. The enemy now 
recovered from their confusion, Sigel had only about 



452 LYON. 

IS6 1. 300 men left to resist the fierce charge of superior num- 
bers, and was soon routed, with a loss of five pieces of 
artillery and a number of his men taken prisoners. He 
retreated to Springfield with his shattered brigade. 

General Lyon had completely surprised the enemy, 
routing his advance line and capturing its camp. The 
enemy was soon rallied, however, and the battle became 
fierce and determined. With Sigel gone, the Federals 
now numbered only about 4,000 men. Lyon led his 
men, who fought with great heroism. His horse had 
been killed under him, and he had been twice wounded. 
Li his last charge he called upon the 2d Kansas, whose 
colonel had been wounded, to follow him, saying, " Come 

Gcmnii on, I will lead you." In this charge the hero was killed. 

uiikHi. He was a graduate of West Point, and had served with 
distinction in the Mexican war. The Federal troops 
still held their ground, repulsing a new charge of the 
enemy, who now withdrew a short distance, when the 
combatants rested. The battle had lasted from daylight 
until 11 A. M., and had been stubbornly contested. 
Since the death of General Lyon, the command of the 
Federal army had devolved upon Major Sturgis, who, 
after consultation with the other superior officers, deter- 
mined upon retreat. The Federals withdrew in good 
order and unmolested, the enemy having been too se- 
verely punished to follow. Sturgis found Sigel with his 
remnant of a brigade at Springfield, where they rested 
that night, continuing the retreat next day toAvard RoUa. 
The losses had been heavy on both sides. The Federal 
loss was 220 killed, 725 wounded, and 300 prisoners ; 
of the latter, 265 were taken from Sigel. The loss of 
the enemy had been more severe, owing to the superior- 
ity of the Federal artillery ; their loss as reported, Jill 
told, was 1,750. 

The many marches and small skirmishes that took 



FREMONT. 453 

place in this department cannot be narrated here in de- isai. 
tail. The whole country between the Missouri and Ar- 
kansas rivers was traversed again and again by the 
opposing forces. At this time Fremont had about 
55,000 men ; there were about 7,000 at St. Louis and 
9,000 at JefTerson City, the balance operating in de- 
tachments. 

There was a small aflfair on the 19th of Auo;ust at ^""- '" 

" Clinrli'Hioii, 

Charleston, Mo., not far from Cairo, where a detachment mo. 
of Federal cavalry, sent from Cape Girardeau, put to 
flight a like number of Jefferson Thompson's troops. 

On the 2d of September, Federal General Lane, with ^''i"^- ^• 
Kansas troops, was attacked by Price at Drywood creck. 
Creek, and driven back into Kansas. 

On the 20th of September occurred the Federal dis- sopt. 12-20. 
aster at Lexington, Mo. Early in September, General Lerhigton. 
Fremont had ordered Colonel Mulligan, with his Irish 
brigade and some other troops at St. Louis, to move up 
the Missouri and occupy Lexington, which post was im- 
portant to the Federals. Mulligan arrived on the 9th, 
and at once began intrenching. But Price did not 
allow him much time to fortify ; immediately after driv- 
ing Lane out of Missouri he turned upon Lexington, 
his advance appearing there on the 12th. His troops, 
with reinforcements, continued to arrive for several days^ 
until he had completely invested Mulligan's position 
with more than 20,000 men, who were in three divis- 
ions under Rains, Parsons, and Slack, supported by two 
brigades under McBride and Harris. 

Colonel Mulligan was without other orders than to 
defend Lexington, and was anxiously looking for rein- uuuio of 
forcements. Fremont had been advised of his danger, ^''^"'*'''""- 
and he had every reason to believe that assistance would 
be sent. It was too late to retreat. On the 18th, Price 
fiercely assaults the Federal position on all sides, and is 



454 FREMONT. 

1861. severely repulsed. The attack is renewed on the 19th, 
"^ and fighting is continued without intermission until dark ; 
but this heroic Irish brigade, following the example of 
their brave leader, who is twice wounded, repel every 
assault. The defense is continued on the 20th, in the 
vain hope that Fremont will send reinforcements. A 
small force did arrive on the opposite side of the river 
on the 19th, but without means of crossing, and were in 
too small force. Finally, on the 20th, being over- 
whelmed, and seeing that further resistance is useless, 
Mulligan surrenders with 2,700 men. 
Oct. 21. On October 21, a Federal force, equaling about 

town!'^' two brigades in strength, under command of Colonels 
Carlin and Plummer and Major Schofield, attacked 
a detachment of the enemy near Fredericktown, Mo., 
numbering about 2,000 men, commanded by " Swamp 
Fox" Thompson, who was threatening the railroad at 
Pilot Knob, about sixty-five miles south of St. Louis. 
Colonel Plummer's brigade had been sent from Cape 
Girardeau by General Grant to Carlin's assistance. 
Thompson had withdrawn a short distance outside of 
the town, on Federal approach. Plummer opens the 
attack, and is soon joined by Carlin and Schofield. The 
enemy resist vigorously for a time, but are finally 
completely routed and dispersed, the Federals pursuing 
until dark, taking nearly 100 prisoners. Carlin again 
takes post at Pilot Knob, Plummer returning to Cape 
Girardeau. 

After the battle and surrender of Lexington, Fre- 
mont determined to move against Price with sufficient 
force to drive him from Missouri. He left St. Louis on 
the 27th of September with 20,000 men, arriving and 
rendezvousing for some days on the railroad between 
Tipton and Sedalia, the latter place being about fifty 
miles directly west of Jefferson City. It required some 



FREMONT. 455 

time for Fremont to get his transportation trains ready, istn. 
bnt he soon put his army in motion southward, Price re- 
treating before him. The Federals arrived at Springfield 
on the 27th of October, a march of more than one hundred 
miles. Finding that the wary Price had retreated to the 
borders of Indian Territory, the Federals went into camp 
and rested. 

On the 25th, Major Zao;onyi, an old Hungarian offi- oct. 25. 

' *^ O J ? O _ Springfield. 

cer, with about 150 of Fremont's body-guard, having 
been sent in advance on a reconnaissance^ dashed into 
Springfield in the face of 2,000 of the enemy drawn up 
to receive him. The attack was so audacious that the 
enemy was deceived as to his numbers, and were thrown 
into confusion. Zagonyi released a number of Union 
prisoners there, and escaped with a loss of 50 men in 
killed and wounded, causing a loss to the enemy of 100 
in killed and wounded, and 30 taken prisoners. 

The reader will recollect Grant's affair at Belmont, 
ordered by Fremont on the 2d of November to prevent 
reinforcements from being sent to Price at this time. 

On the 3d of November, General Hunter succeeded 
Fremont to the temporary command of this department, 
and soon after fell back to Rolla. On the 18th, Gen- 
eral Halleck relieved Hunter, who was assigned to the 
Department of Kansas. Among the general officers 
serving in this Department at this time were Generals 
Pope, Sigel, Sturgis, Asboth, McKinstry, Lane, and 
Prentiss. 

On the 19th of December, General Pope, moving Dec. 19. 
from Sedalia by order of Halleck, succeeded in surround- Kiver, mo. 
ing a detachment of the enemy near the mouth of Clear 
Creek, on the Black River, not far from Warrensburg, 
and after a brief engagement captured the whole force, 
numbering about 1,300 men. They were intended re- 
inforcements for Price. 



456 FREMONT. 

1861. Matters now remained comparatively quiet until 
~ Feb. 11, 1862, when General Curtis, with about 11,000 
men, left RoUa, moving toward Springfield, where Price 
was posted with a force numbering about 10,000. The 
latter retired before Curtis, moving through Arkansas 
into Indian Territory at Boston Mountains, where he 
was joined by the brigades under McCuUoch and Mcin- 
tosh. General Van Dorn, now in command of the whole, 
numbering about 20,000 men, turned upon Curtis, who 
had followed as far as Fayetteville, Ark. The Federal 
commander having learned of the heavy reinforcement 
Pea Kidge, to Price, foU back to Sugar Creek, placing one division 
^''^' under Colonel Jefferson C. Davis on Pea Ridge, Sigel 
with two divisions under Colonels Osterhaus and Asboth 
a few miles to the southwest, and one division under 
Colonel Carr a few miles -to the south, at Cross Hollow. 
Van Dorn moved out from Boston Mountains on March 
4, to attack Curtis. On the 6th, in seeking the Federal 
rear, one of his columns came upon the forces of Gen- 
eral Sigel, who was now hastening to join Davis at Pea 
Ridge. A sharp fight followed, when the enemy was 
beaten off, Sigel completing his movement without fur- 
ther difficulty. Carr's division was also brought up, as 
Van Dorn had now moved around threatening Pea Ridge 
from the north. Sigel was placed on the left, Davis in 
the center, and Carr upon the right. Van Dorn left Mc- 
CuUoch and Mcintosh to attack Sigel, while he moved 
on farther to his left, so as to confront Carr with about 
one half of his force, under Price. Both wings of the 
enemy began to attack about noon. The battle at once 
. became furious, but the Federals held their ground for a 
time, resisting the desperate charges of double their 
numbers. Osterhaus was at last forced back, when 
Davis came to his aid. A fearful encounter followed, 
ending in the repulse of the enemy's right. McCul- 
loch and Mcintosh both fell mortally wounded. 



CURTIS— POPE. 45 '7 

Meantime Carr was having a terrible fight with Price, isoi. 
and at last began to give way. The enemy's right had pea'^idge. 
now been repulsed, and Sigel was enabled to send A§- 
both to Carr's assistance. The conflict raged till night; 
Price was checked, and darkness ended the battle for 
the day. Van Dorn now concentrated upon his left, 
Curtis upon his right. At daylight upon the 8th, 
Curtis moved upon Van Dorn with determination. He 
was in a critical position ; the enemy was upon his line 
of retreat, and his supplies were giving out. His troops 
understood this, and attacked with such vigor that the 
enemy, although resisting desperately, were driven from 
the start, and within two hours Van Dorn was routed 
and in full retreat. The Federal loss was about 1,350 ; 
that of the enemy was estimated at about 2,000, as he 
left 1,000 in killed and wounded upon the battle field. 
General Price was among the enemy's wounded. Cur- 
tis not having force enough to follow Van Dorn, " let 
him run," and returned to Rolla. Ben McCuUoch and 
James Mcintosh, killed in this battle, had both served Death of 
in the United States army. McCuUoch did valiant serv- and mciu- 
ice at the head of a company of Texan Rangers in the *°®^' 
Mexican war. Mcintosh was a graduate of West Point, 
and joined the enemy at the beginning of the war. Both 
were Brigadier-Generals. General Geo. W. Y. Slack ^^ath of 

General 

was also among the enemy s dead, being wounded on siack. 
the 6th. He died the following day. 

In the latter part of February, 1862, General Pope i^es. 
left St. Louis with a division of infantry, appearing be- 
fore New Madrid, Mo., on the Mississippi River, March March z-n 
3. This place was garrisoned by about 9,000 men ridrMo* 
under General McCown. Pope at once began a siege of 
the place, bringing heavy siege-guns from Cairo. Artil- 
lery fighting was continued until the night of the 13th, 
when the enemy evacuated, retiring to Island Number 



468 FOPE. 

18 '4. Ten, where Beauregard was in command, having recently 
come from Virginia with 15,000 men, Polk joined him 
here with his forces from Columbus, Ky., having evacu- 
ated that stronghold on the 3d. Bragg also came with 
a considerable force from Mobile. But Beauregard did 
not remain here long ; after the loss of New Madrid he 
moved with Polk and Bragg to Corinth, leaving General 
McCown with about 6,500 men for the defense of Island 
Number Ten. McCown was relieved by General Mack- 
Ap.-i?r*'all on April 5. On the 15th of March, Commodore 
Island Foote, with eight gun-boats and ten mortar-boats, ap- 

Number 5 o o 7 r 

Ten, Tenn. pearcd before Island Number Ten, and at once began a 
bombardment. Pope, wishing transports to cross over 
to the Tennessee side, so as to move his troops to the 
rear of the enemy's works on the island, cut a canal 
across a point between Island Number Eight and New 
Madrid. The canal was twelve miles long, and was 
made within twenty days ; it was a success. Pope 
secured the transports, bringing them through the canal, 
and crossed his troops over on the 7th of April, landing 
on the Tennessee bank and capturing the enemy's bat- 
teries there. He was aided by two gun-boats that had 
run by the batteries of Island Number Ten. The enemy 
were now without hope, and evacuated the island, going 
to the Tennessee shore. Here they were surrounded 
and driven back to the swamps, where on the 8th 
General Mackall surrendered with about 6,000 prisoners 
and 100 guns, together with 13 steamers and a large 
amount of military stores. The capture of New Madrid 
and Island Number Ten was accomplished with shght 
loss. 

After his defeat at Pea Ridge, Van Dorn retired to 
the neighborhood of Little Bock, and shortly after to 
the Mississippi. Crossing at Helena, he moved to 
Corinth, joining Beauregard a few days after the battle 



CURTIS— WASHBUliNE. 459 

of Shiloh. General Curtis, sending a part of his force isaa. 
back to St. Louis by order of Plalleck, started in the 
same direction Van Dorn had taken, with about 7,00,0 
men, reaching Batesville, Ark., on White River, on May 
6, 1862. He remained here some time, awaiting the 
issue of the siege of Corinth. Learning that a Federal 
fleet had ascended White River, capturing the enemy's 
batteries at St. Charles, Curtis started his force, June 
25, for Jacksonport, hoping to form a junction with the 
fleet for a movement against Little Rock. He reached 
Jacksonport that day, where he was joined by General 
Washburne with a brigade of cavalry from Springfield, 
Mo. Ascertaining that the fleet would come up not far 
above Clarendon, on account of low water, he crossed 
the Big Black River and moved down the left bank of 
White River. At Bayou Cache, July 7, he was attacked July 7. 

Bayou 

by a brigade of Texas cavalry, but after a sharp engage- cache. 
ment the enemy was driven off. Meantime a brigade of 
Indiana troops accompanying the fleet had landed, and 
moving in the direction of Little Rock, encountered a 
hostile force at Grand Prairie July 6, having a slight J>iiy e. 

Grand 

engagement. But this force did not know of the ap- prame. 
proach of Curtis, and not feeling strong enough to pro- 
ceed farther, returned to their boats. The waters con- 
stantly falling, the commander of the fleet decided to 
return to the Mississippi. Curtis reached Clarendon on 
July 9, to find that the fleet had gone the day before — 
a cruel disappointment. His troops had performed a 
long, tedious march, through swamps, marshes, and a 
barren country, and were short of food and ammunition. 
He could not retrace his steps, and the only course left 
was to gain the waters of the Mississippi as quickly as 
possible, notwithstanding his tired soldiers were so much 
in need of rest. Washburne's cavalry taking the ad- 
vance, he reached Helena on the 13th, and there found 
the provisions that his soldiers so much needed. 



460 SiJHOFIELD. 

18 6H. In the beginning of 1862, General John M. Schofield, 
General ^ graduate of West Point, was intrusted with the re- 
M?ss!uri '"^ claiming of Missouri, and was authorized to organize an 
army from enlistments within the State, which proved a 
difficult task. In the month of June he had an army of 
17,000 men, but they were greatly scattered, and were 
used principally in the maintenance of public order. 

In July, 5,000 men had been gathered by the enemy 
under Joe Porter and Poindexter, and were operating in 
Northern Missouri. Colonel Lewis Merrill, formerly a 
Captain in the 2d United States cavalry, and a graduate 
of West Point, had, under authority granted by Fre- 
mont, begun the organization of a cavalry regiment in 
August, 1861, at St. Louis, designated the 2d Missouri 
cavalry, or " M&rrill Horse." This regiment performed 
many long and wearisome marches in dispersing armed 
bands of guerrillas, and otherwise protecting Federal 
interests. In January, 1862, the regiment was ordered 
to the north of the Missouri River, and was stationed in 
detachments at Columbia, Glasgow, Sturgeon, and Hunts- 
ville. 

On the 12th of July, Colonel Merrill proceeded 
northward to look after Porter and Poindexter. On 
Memphis, J^ly 18, Porter was defeated in a sharp engagement at 
^"- Memphis. The Federals pursuing, the enemy was 

driven southward into Boone County. Porter made a 
stand on the 28th, but was again driven from his 
position. He now turned northward, Merrill's cavalry 
chasing him into Adair County. He was brought to 
bay at Kirksville, August 6. Colonel McNeil, now in 
command of the pursuing force, attacked him with great 
determination. Porter had about 2,800 men; McNiel, 
about 1,000. A severe battle followed, resulting at the 
end of two hours in the complete overthrow of the 
enemy. Porter's force was broken up and utterly dis- 



Aug. 6. 
Kirksville. 



SCJIOFIELD. 461 

persed. Merrill had sent a detachment under Major ihg'^. 
Hunt after Poindexter, who was to the westward with 
about 1,000 men, endeavoring to join Porter. Hunt 
met and routed him, dispersing the guerrillas to the four 
winds. Merrill then concentrated his regiment at Stur- 
geon, Mo., for recruitment and drill. The enemy's 
forces in this section did not deserve the name of reg- 
ular troops ; they were mostly made up of bands of ma- 
rauders suddenly thrown together, without discipline or 
organization. On the 28th of July, three regiments of p'^|j[ q:^_ 
mounted men under Colonel Phillips attacked an equal ^°°' ^^- 

^ -^ dian Ter. 

number of the enemy under Colonel Taylor, near Fort 
Gibson, Indian Territory, and after a fierce engagement 
routed and dispersed them. Colonel Taylor was killed 
in the action. These troops on both sides were mostly 
Indians. 

August 11, one Husrhes, with a force of 1,000 men, 

. , Aug. 11. 

captured Independence, Mo., driving out the small Fed. indepen- 
eral garrison there. Colonel Coffey, coming from Ar- ^"'^''' 
kansas with 1,500 horse, was proceeding to join Hughes. 
Schofield endeavored to prevent this junction, but failed. 
August 15, one of the detachments sent against Hughes, 
numbering 800 horse under Colonel Foster, who had 
moved from Lexington, came upon the now united forces 
of the enemy at a cross roads called Lone Jack. On the Aug. ic. 
16th, after a severe fight, Foster was driven back with j^q"^ 
heavy loss. But the Federals were hastening from all 
directions, and the enemy, discovering that he would 
soon be surrounded, retreated into Arkansas. 

The forces of the enemy in Arkansas at this time 
were commanded by General Hindman, who was once a 
member of the United States Congress. Hindman in- 
vaded Missouri about the middle of September with 
6,000 infantry under Rains and 7,000 horse under 
Cooper. General Schofield was at this time placed in 



Sept. 30. 

Newtonia, 



462 SGHOFIELB— BLUNT— HERUON. 

186'^, command of the frontier forces in this section, including 
those in Kansas. General Curtis, leaving General Steele 
in command at Helena, came to assume command of the 
territory of Missouri. Schofield at once put his forces 
in motion to oppose Hindman. Rains was near Pea 
Ridge, and Cooper at Newtonia. 

On Sept. 30, a Federal brigade under General A. 
Salomon, approaching Newtonia, was attacked bj Cooper, 
^°- whose superior numbers drove the Federals back upon 

Sarcoxie. A division under Colonel Totten, joined by 
the troops under General Blunt from Kansas, was then 
sent to entertain Cooper, who, being unable to form 
junction with Rains, retired toward Bentonville and 
escaped. Schofield then m'oved with the troops under 
Herron and Totten after Rains as far as Huntsville, but 
was unable to overtake the enemy, when he returned to 
the vicinity of Pea Ridge. General Blunt, with two 
brigades, had gone at the same time in search of Cooper, 
who was moving toward Maysville. Blunt had about 
4,000 men. By forced marches he reached Maysville 
Oct. 22. at daylight, Oct. 22, having marched all night. He 
Wayne, or uow leamcd that Cooper's force was encamped near by, 
S.''""'' at Old Fort Wayne. Without taking time for much- 
needed rest, Blunt deployed his men, and suddenly, 
with a dash, charged upon the unwary foe. Taken by 
surprise, the enemy was thrown into disorder, and 
routed, his cannon captured, when the whole crowd 
scattered to the woods. Two of Blunt's regiments were 
Indians. Indians were enlisted in this war by both 
sides, but more numerously in this section than else- 
where. 

On the 28th of October, General Herron, with about 
1,000 cavalry, attacked a much larger force of Hindman's 
cavalry on White River, about ten miles southeast of 
Fayetteville, and routed them effectually, when he 
proudly returned to Pea Ridge. 



BLUNT— HEREON. 463 

Learnmg that about 7,000 men under General isq'4. 
Marmaduke had arrived at Cane Hill, Ark., and fearing 
that he would form junction with . Hindman, Blunt 
moved rapidly against him with 5,000 men, attacking 
him on the morninaf of Nov. 28. After a hard fight, the "^^^^- ^.^ 

O o ^ Cane Hill, 

enemy was driven to the rids:e of Boston Mountains, Boston 

'^_-, Mountains. 

having sustained severe loss ; General Alexander \Si. 
Steen, who had served with distinction in the Mexican Death of 

TT- 1 n • General 

war, was among his killed. Here the conflict was steen. 
renewed. The battle lasted all day, and night found 
Marmaduke pushed back upon Cane Creek. During 
the night the enemy fell back to Van Buren, Blunt 
returning next day to Cane Hill. 

On the 1st of December Hindman joined Marmaduke 
with about 11,000 men, increasing the force opposed to 
Blunt to 18,000. Hindman resolved to move against 
the Federals at once. Blunt, at Cane Hill, called for 
Herron, who quickly responded by forced marches, 
reachino; Prairie Grove on the mornino; of the 7th. ^ec. 7. 

" . . ° Prairie 

There was sharp skirmishing on Blunt's front on the 5th Grove or 
and 6th. But Hindman stole a march upon Blunt : ^i^feV Ark. 
leaving about 3,000 men to engage his attention, he 
moved rapidly, with about 15,000 men, to attack Herron, 
who had but 6,000, hoping to defeat him before he could 
be reinforced by Blunt. About 8 a. m., Hindman's ad- 
vance attacked Herron, who at once boldly charged, when 
it fell back to where the main body of the enemy was 
drawn up. The Federals fearlessly attacked this vastly 
superior force, and the battle raged with great violence 
until 2 p. M. Twice the Federals have charged, driving 
the enemy from their positions, and twice they have 
been compelled to retire. Hindman was now pre- 
paring for an overwhelming onslaught ; Herron felt that 
he should be crushed. He had engaged every man, and 
was anxiously listening for Blunt's guns. At last, just 



464 BLUNT— BROWK 

18 on. as the enemy had renewed the assault, Blunt arrived, 
and vigorously attacked the enemy in flank. Thus 
cheered, Herron's men go in with a will, and Hindman is 
terribly repulsed. The fighting lasts until dark. The 
enemy still has the advantage in numbers, but is unable 
to make headway, when night closes this terrible battle. 
Hindman muffled his cannon wheels, and departed dur- 
ing the night. The Federal loss was about 1,000 in 
killed, wounded, and missing ; the loss of the enemy is 
not known. 

December 28, General Blunt proceeded with a small 
force to Van Buren, where he destroyed the enemy's 
depots and several steamers, soon after returning to the 
main body. Blunt's forces now rested quietly for a time 
in the Ozark Mountains, going into winter quarters. 
1863. Hindman retired to Little Rock. January 26, 1863, a 
detachment of 100 men belonging to General Blunt's 
Van Buren. force capturod a steamer with 300 prisoners at Yan 
Buren. 

Early in January, 1863, Hindman directs Marmaduke 
to proceed with two brigades of cavalry, and endeavor to 
destroy Blunt's communication with RoUa and Spring- 
field. Marmaduke starts from Clarksville, Ark., passing 
Forsyth, Mo., and reaches Ozark on January 7, the 
Federal outposts at the latter place falling back on his 
approach. On the 8th he moves against Springfield, 
which is fortified and garrisoned by about 1,500 Feder- 
als, under General E. B. Brown, who, learning of the 
approach of the enemy, prepares for his reception. 
Marmaduke's force numbers about 3,000 men, with four 
pieces of artillery. The enemy appears about noon, and 
skirmishing begins at once, increasing to a general 
engagement by 1 o'clock. The assailants meet with 
success at first, driving the Union men from a portion of 
their works after a severe struggle ; but here they are 



Jan. 8. 
Springfield. 



BLUNT— BRO WN. 4(^>5 

checked, the Federals successfully resisting all their ina-.i. 
efforts for farther advance. At 4 p. m. Marmaduke 
makes a determined charge, but is again repulsed. The 
Federals now charge in turn, driving the enemy back. 
Greneral Brown is wounded in this charge. The conflict 
now ends with darkness. The following morning the 
enemy withdraw in the direction of Houston. The loss 
on each side has been about 150 in killed and wounded. 

Learning of the attack on Springfield, General Curtis 
telegraphed General F. H. Warren, in command at 
Houston, to reinforce Brown. Warren at once sent 
Colonel Lewis Merrill with about 700 men and a section 
of artillery toward Springfield. Merrill reached Hart- 
ville on the morning of the 9th, where he was reinforced 
by 150 men. Moving forward, he rested that night 
near AVood's Creek, not far from where Marmaduke was 
encamped. The latter knew of Merrill's proximity, but 
not of his strength. Deciding not to attack, the enemy 
moved off early the next morning, reaching Hartville Haitviiie. 
about 10 A. M. on the 10th. Merrill at once started in 
pursuit, arriving near Hartville at 11 a. m. Marmaduke 
now moves to attack him. Selecting a strong position, 
Merrill fearlessly awaits the foe, whose fierce assaults 
are repulsed again and again. The Federal soldiers 
cannot be moved, and at 4 p. m. Marmaduke retires to- 
ward Arkansas, recrossing White Biver Feb. 4, without 
doing farther damage. The Federal cavalry follow as 
far as this point, when pursuit ceases. 

General Cabell, with 2,000 men, leaving his winter 
quarters in Boston Mountains, appears on April 18, ^p"' ^^• 
1863, before Fayetteville, Ark., which is garrisoned by vnie, Ark. 
two Federal regiments, about 1,000 men, under Colonel 
Harrison. Cabell attacks with vigor, but is so severely 
repulsed in his first assault that he retreats in the direc- 
tion whence he came. 

30 



466 STUART— MCNEIL. 

18 3. Marmaduke, with a large division of cavalry, coming 
from Arkansas, again invades Missouri, ascending the 
April 20. right bank of the Black River. On the 20th of 
^1^ erson, ^pj.']^ ^ detachmcnt crossed the river, driving a Federal 
force of 400 men under Colonel Stuart from Patterson. 
After a sharp fight at Big Creek, Stuart crossed that 
stream and moved north toward Pilot Knob. Meantime 
Marmaduke is pushing forward, reaching Fredericktown 
on the 21st. General Vandever, w^ho commands the 
Federal forces in this district, orders General McNeil 
with his brigade, numbering about 1,200 men, from 
Bloomfield, to occupy Fredericktown in advance of the 
enemy. McNeil starts on the morning of the 21st. 
On reaching Dallas the next day, he learns that Marma- 
duke already has possession. McNeil now correctly 
guesses the enemy's intentions, and hastening by forced 
marches, he arrives in person at Cape Girardeau on the 
evening of the 23d, his troops reaching there the follow- 
ing morning. Two of Marmaduke's brigades appear 
before the works, now defended by the gallant McNeil 
April 25, 26. with 1,700 men, on the morning of the 25th, and at 
raideau, oucc bcglu tho attack ; and although the assault is 
^°' vigorously made, the enemy is repulsed, and withdraws 

at 2 p. M. Marmaduke arrives toward evening with his 
other two brigades, and on the following morning renews 
the assault with his whole force. Again the enemy is 
driven back. He now^ retires out of reach of Federal 
fire, and about 1 p. m. suddenly decamps southward. 
McNeil, who had been reinforced on the afternoon of the 
25th, now starts in pursuit, but is unable to overtake 
April 30, the Confederates until the 30th, near the border of the 
Francis Statc, whcu tho Fcdcrals, charging several times, re- 
jiiver, Mo. pgrj|^g,]iy drive the enemy's rear guard upon the main 
body, but do not detain it,. Marmaduke finally escaping 
into Arkansas on the 2d of May. 



PHILLIFS— WILLI A MS— FOKMAN— BLUNT. 46Y 

Fort Blunt, Indian Territory, was threatened on ises. 
May 20, 1863, by about 3,000 Confederates under jj^jy"^ 
Colonel Coffey. The fort was garrisoned by 800 whites ^^°[^ ^^;;^"^' 
and a regiment of Creek Indians, all under Colonel Wm. « 
A. Phillips. Coffey found Phillips too strongly fortified, 
and seizing some cattle belonging to the garrison, with- 
drew. Phillips gave chase, defeated the enemy, and re- 
covered a part of his cattle. 

On the 1st of July, a train of 300 wagons, containing 

•^ ' & J & July 1^ 2_ 

supplies for Fort Blunt, was attacked by 700 Texans at cabin 
the crossing of Cabin Creek, Indian Territory. The tIh ' 
enemy was severely repulsed by the escort, composed 
of 800 colored cavalry under Colonel J. M. Williams, 
and 500 Indians, commanded by Major Forman. Gen- 
eral Blunt arrived at the fort July 16, having made a 
forced march from Fort Scott on receiving the informa- 
tion that about 6,000 of the enemy under General 
Cooper were approaching the fort. Cooper was resting 
at Honey Springs, twenty-five miles south of the fort, 
awaiting a body of Texans under Cabell. Learning 
this. Blunt moved upon Cooper, striking him suddenly 
at about 10 a. m. of the 17th, and routing him after a j^^y ^^ 
two hours' conflict. Cabell arrived after the battle was ^°^]''^ 

Springs, 

over, but concluded to withdraw. Blunt returned to Kan. 
the fort with 100 prisoners. He had caused the enemy 
a loss of 150 killed, and an estimated loss in wounded 
of 400. His own loss was less than 100. 

August 21, a band of desperadoes, numbering about -^"s- ai- 

" ^ '- ■^ '-' Lawrence, 

300, under a fiend called Quantrell, coming from Mis- Kan., 
souri, suddenly pounced upon the town of Lawrence, 
Kansas. They entered the town before daylight, and 
awakened the unsuspecting inhabitants with yells and 
screeching. Nearly 150 unarmed citizens were mur- 
dered, and the town pillaged and burned. General 
Lane, then a member of the United States Senate, 



i68 STEELE— C LA YTOK 

1863. escaped them, and organized a pursuing party, which 

succeeded in killing or capturing about 100 of the 

murderers. 

» General Frederick Steele collected about 12,000 

men at Helena, for the purpose of moving against Little 

Rock. He began the march August 10, 1863, meeting 

Marmaduke's forces at Brownsville, who fell back, skir- 

^ljoi~'' mishing. At Bayou Metoe the enemy made a slight 

Metoe, Ark. g^^g^^^j^ but was drivcu across the stream, and fled to 

Sept. 10. Little Rock. On Sept. 10, at Bayou Fourche, within 

Aik."^ "'^ ' five miles of Little Rock, Steele's advance again met 

Marmaduke. General Price was in command at Little 

Rock, and was preparing to evacuate. Marmaduke 

maintained his ground in a two hours' fight in order to 

give Price time to get away, when he retired, at first 

slowly, but his movements were soon accelerated by a 

vigorous charge of the Federals, who were in possession 

of Little Rock by 7 p. m. 

?,^^' ^l\ „ October the 25th, Marmaduke attacked Pine Bluff, 

Pme Blufl:, " ' 

Ark. Ark., with 2,000 men. General Powell Clayton, with 
600 men, garrisoned the place. After a severe struggle 
of five hours' duration, the enemy was repulsed, with a 
loss of about 200 in killed and wounded. The Federal 
loss was about 70. 

On the 18th of December, the fiend Quantrell, with 

Dec. 28. 

Port Gib- his red and white marauders, was severely punished in 
^on^, ind. ^ ^^^^, hours' fight with a Federal outpost near Fort 
Gibson, Indian Territory, and driven across the Arkansas 
River. 
1884. March 23, 1864, General Steele left Little Rock 

with 8,000 men, called the 7th army corps, and was 
afterward joined b}^ General Thayer with 5,000 men 
from Fort Smith, Another force under General Clayton 
was to come from Pine Bluff, all to be commanded by 
Steele, who was to co-operate with Banks against Shreve- 



STEJ^Lli-C ARE— BROOKS. 409 

port, La. Steele skirmished with the enemy's cavahy is a 4. 
all the way to Prairie d'Anne, not far from Washington, 
arriving there on April 10. He was now opposed by April 10-33 
Price. Sharp fighting occurred here until the 13th, Anne^Aik. 
when Price retired to Washington. Steele then pushed 
on to Camden, which place was reached on the 15th. Apiii 15. 
An attack that day upon Thayer's troops, who covered Ark. ' 
the rear, was repulsed. Steele now learned of Banks's 
misfortune at Sabine cross roads, and of his retreat, 
and determined to return to Little Rock. The enemy 
were gathering fast around him. Banks's retreat had 
left Kirby Smith at liberty to move in that direction. 
Steele had lost two large wagon trains, and 500 men 
who were guarding or escorting them, captured by the 
enemy at Mark's Mill, on the 25th. On the 26th of ^^^^.jj ^g 
April he set out on his return march by way of Jenkins m=»i^'s 
Ferry, on the Sabine River. Here he was savagely 
attacked by a largely superior force under Kirby Smith 
on April 30. A part of the Federal troops had already ^p,.,, g^, 
crossed the river, but they were quickly returned. The J™i^'"* 

7 J k J Fen-y, Ark. 

battle was a fierce and determined affair, and raged for 
several hours, ending with the repulse of the enemy, 
whose loss had been very heavy, probably three times 
that of the Federals, which was 700 in killed and 
wounded. Steele was now enabled to cross Sabine 
River unmolested, and pushing on reached Little Rock 
on the 2d of May. 

In the latter part of June, 1863, a force of the ene- Jnne, m>z. 
my's cavalry crossed the Arkansas River, and marched Rivei^ov st. 
to White River. When near the town of St. Charles, it ^'^'^'■'''^• 
was met by General Carr with four regiments of Fed- 
eral troops. A severe fight ensued, resulting in the 
defeat of the enemy with the loss of 200 taken prisoners. 
Each side lost a like number in killed and wounded. Jniysc, gj. 

^ ^ Near He- 

July 26, 1864, Colonel W. S. Brooks, with 400 colored lena, Ark. 



4T0 £AX)uKS--JiOS£:Cl'AXS~A. J. SMITH. 



1 s a 4 . 



troops, was attacked a few miles from Helena by a. 
largel}^ superior force of the enemy under General Dob- 
bins. Major Carmichael, with 150 of the 15th Illinois 
cavalry, came to the aid of Brooks, he having heard the 
firing from the Mississippi. After a severe engagement, 
the Federals drove back their assailants, when they 
retired to Helena, followed at a respectful distance by 
Colonel w. D^bbius. Coloucl Brooks was amono- tbe killed. 

S. r! rooks "^ 

uiiuti. On the 27th of July, a Federal outpost of Fort 

,iuiy 27. Smitli inimberinii; about 200 men, of the 5th Kansas, 

l«'ovt Smith, . . . 

Ark. under Captain Meiford, (the fort is on the Arkansas 

lliver, at the border of Indian Territory,) was attacked 

by a force of the enemy 1,000 strong. Meftbrd resisted 

bravely until he had lost 25 men, and seeing further 

resistance useless, surrendered. He had caused the 

enemy a loss of 40 in killed and wounded. 

Aug. 23. August 23, the 54th Illinois infantry, posted ;it 

54tii 111. {\^y^Q separate stations on the railroad between Du- 

lapturod. valfs Blutf aud Little Rock, were all captured by a 

force of the eneni}^ numbering about 2,000, under 

IShelby. 

General Uosecrans arrived at St. Louis, Mo., January 
28, 1864, and assumed command of the Department of 
Missouri. Becoming alarmed at the secret organizations 
— the " Kniahts of the Golden Circle " and other socio- 
ties of the same nature — by the secession element, 
Rosecrans cnlled upon the Government for more troops. 
None could be spared, however, until the following- 
September, when General A. J. Smith was ordered there 
from Memphis with about 5,000 men. 

A force of the enemy, numbering about 18,000 men. 
entered INIissouri from Arkansas in the latter part of 
September, under command of Generals Price and 
Shelb3\ Price moved directly on Pilot Knob, where 
the Federals had slight fortifications garrisoned by a 



A. J. sMlTH-rLEASOSTOS^CURTIS. 4Y1 

1 S04. 



Pilot Knob, 



bvionde numbering about 1.200 men under Oenen, _ 
H S. Bwin.. On Sept. 27 this snuxll body of detevmur d ^ 
„,en repolfed two fierce assaults of the enemy, who ,„. 
numbered about 10.000, causing them heavy loss he 
fidUing lasted until dark, when Pr.ce deferred fmth. 
attack until morning. But dnnng the n.ght, EMUg 
vlated, and hastened toward RoUa. Shelby overtook 
hm on the 30th, at Harrison, and attacke . Ewng s g..^^ ». 
soldiers held their ground for a whole day, when Colon 1 
Beveridge, with the 17th Illinois cavalry, came from 
KoUa to his relief These united forces gave Shelby a 
severe repulse, after which the Federals marclied quietly 

*"" "^otfte 7th of October, Price appeai-ed before Jeffer- oc,. j._^ 
,on City Mo., which was well fortified, and garnsoned e„,, .,». 
by about 7,000 men, under General Brown Pr-ce 
enveloped the Federal position, but decided not to attack 
.,ud n>oved hastily away in the direction of BoonviUe. 
S Iby moved onl Glasgow, in Howard County, J^re o«... 
he captured a small force under Colonel Harding rftei a 
sharp enoagement. By this time Rosem-ans had suc- 
eeded in organizing a force to send after Price^ General 
Pleasonton was now in this Depart.neiit in chief coininand 
of the cavalrv. Pleasonton and A. J. Smith, ^^ho had 
been sent from Tennessee to aid Rosecraus, ^vere now 
in hot pursuit after Price and Shelby, who were mak- 
ing all haste to get back into Arkansas. Price had ^^^ ^^ 
dilN-en a small Federal force out of Lexington on the 
19th At Little Blue River, Price came upon General » ■ 
Blunfs Kansas troops, under General Curtis After a 
sharp conflict. Curtis, largely outnumbered, fell back to 
BirBliie River. At this time, Oct. 21, Pleasonton o.;..,,^ 
arrived at the Little Blue Creek, where he found the„,„,.»io, 
bridge destroyed and the rear guard of the enemy upon 
the other sid^, which now resisted his attempt to cro.s , 



4:72 A. J. SMITH— PLEASONTON— CURTIS. 

i8<i4. but the Federal cavalry forced the passage on the 22d, 
oct.sa. drove the enemy off, and pushed on to Independence. 
indepen- jj^ ^yqyq a forco of the enemy under General J. Fasran 

dence. Mo. •^ " 

from that town by a charge about 7 p. m. the same day. 
Price had this day again attacked Curtis, but failed to 
drive him from his position on the Big Blue. 
^ . „„ ,,„ On the following morning, Pleasonton came upon 

Oct. 22, 23. _ o 07 ± 

Big Blue Price near the Big Blue, joining Curtis in an attack. A 

River, jMo. 

severe battle followed, lasting until noon, when the 
enemy gave way and fled toward Little Santa F^, 
closely pursued by Curtis. General Smith had also 
hurried his troops in pursuit, and had at this time 
reached Independence, Mo., with 10,000 men; but 
although he had made all haste, he was too late to catch 
Price. However, Pleasonton followed closely, and over- 
took the enemy again at.Marais des Cygnes, on the 
Oct. 25. morning of the 25th. An engagement followed. Again 

Marais des ° . . . 

Cygnes and defeated, the enemy withdrew to Little Osage River, 

Osage where Price attempted to make a stand. The Federal 

River, Mo. cavalry gallantly charge, break the enemy's line, and 

again put them to flight. Generals Marmaduke and 

Cabell, and five field officers, are left in Federal hands ; 

also eight pieces of artillery and 1,000 prisoners. 

Again, at Newtonia, the Federals overtook Price, on 

Oct. 28. . 

Newtonia, Oct. 28. Hcro he again attempted resistance, but was 
soon compelled to fly. The Federal troops now retired 
to rest, except Curtis, who still pursued the enemy, and 

Payette- fortuuately arrived at Fayetteville, Ark., in time to aid 
a small Federal force there in repelling an attack on 
that place. This ended the pursuit, and was the last 
invasion of Missouri, and practically the end of the war 
in this Department, although there were some further 
conflicts between the Indians and Generals Sibley and 
Sully in the Northwest and General Curtis in Kansas. 



ville. Ark. 



CHAPTER XXVI. 

COAST OF NORTH CAROLINA. 

STRINGUA M—B UTLER. 



A 



IHdl 



COjMBINED naval and military expedition sailed ^ 
_ _ from Fortress Monroe for Cape Ilatteras on the 
26th of August, 1861, for the purpose of putting a stop ^^^.^^ 
to blockade running and contraband trade at that point, under^com- 
by the capture of the enemy's works there. The naval ™;;;°:^^^„^ 
force, consisting of three frigates and several snmller and Gen- ^ 
war vessels, was under command of Commodore Strmg- 
ham The land force, numbering about 1,000 men, was 
under General Butler. The fleet came to anchor in 
sight of Hatteras Inlet on the 27th. The enemy had 
two forts guarding this channel. Forts Clark and Hat- 
teras. , Aug. 28. 

On the morning of the 28th the naval fleet opened ^ort 
upon Fort Clark, which promptly returned the tire ; 
but her guns were of too light calibre. The fort was 
silenced about noon, her defenders escaping m squads 
to Hatteras. Butler had landed a portion of his troops, 
with great difficulty, through a heavy surf, upon Hat- 
teras Island; but it was now night, and operations ^^^^^ ^^ 
ceased till the next morning, when Fort Hatteras was Haueras. 
speedily reduced, compelling its surrender about 11 
A. M. with about 700 men, 25 cannon, and two vessels 
loaded with cotton. Hatteras now became a base for 
naval and military operations for the coast of North 

Carolina. 

The 20th Indiana, under Colonel Brown, going from 

(4/3) 



4^4 STRINGHAM— BUTLER. 

18G1. Fort Hatteras, occupied the village of Chickamicomico 
oct.^sT 01^ Sept. 30. On Oct. 5 a force of the enemy numbering 
chiekoini- 2,000 meu attacked Brown, driving him back to the fort 

comico. ^ y a 

with a loss of 50 men made prisoners. 
1862. January 12, 1862, a strong fleet left Hampton Roads 

for Pamlico Sound, N. C. The naval portion of the ex- 
pedition consisted of about 30 war vessels under Com- 
modore Goldsborough. The land forces, numbering 
about 15,000 men, on transports, were in command of 
General Burnside. 

A terrible storm was encountered near the entrance 
to the sound, causing severe loss to the fleet in damaged 
and wrecked shipping, and also in delaying the expedi- 
tion several days. The advance of the fleet entered the 
sound on the 24th, but the last vessels did not cross the 
bar until the 28th. The' first object of the expedition 
was the capture of Roanoke Island. Further delays 
Feb. 7, 8, caused by fog hindered the movement until Feb. 7, 

Roanoke ^ o 7 

Island. when Goldsborough opened upon Fort Bartow on Roa- 
noke Island. The enemy's fleet of eight gun-boats lying 
near the fort, also received the attention of the Federal 
guns. Two of these boats were soon destroyed, when 
the rest withdrew out of range, leaving the fort to take 
care of itself. General Burnside landed his troops that 
evening during a heavy rain-storm. The enemy also 
had works erected on Pork Point, Weir's Point, and 
Redstone Point. The first-named was abandoned soon 
after the beginning of the bombardment. 

On the morning of the 8th, Burnside moves upon the 
enemy's works. His force is in three brigades, under 
Generals Foster, Reno, and Parke. The Federals charge 
through thickets of underbrush and through swamps, 
some of the men going waist deep into the water. 
Nevertheless, the charge is gallantly made, and after a 
severe battle the Confederates are driven from their 



STRINGHAM— BUTLER. 4^5 

works, and fly to the other end of the isLmd ; but they isey. 
are closely pursued, and soon compelled to surrender. 
About 2,200 prisoners are taken. The enemy's gun- 
boats are pursued by the Federal vessels to Elizabeth f-^^- lo. 

^ '' Elizabeth 

City, where they are all captured or destroyed. The city. 
loss to the Federal war vessels has been 6 men killed 
and 19 wounded ; Burnside's loss, 35 killed and 200 
wounded. 

On the 12th of March the fleet left Hatteras for the 
capture of New Berne, N. C, and on the loth entered 
the Neuse River, Barnside landing his troops at Slocum's 
Creek. The following morning the Federals attack the 
enemy's w^orks before New Berne, which Avere- about five ^^"""^'^ ^'^• 

•^ ' New Berne. 

miles below the town, and garrisoned by about 5,000 
men. After a hard-fought battle of four hours' duration, 
the Federals charge, going over the works at all points, 
the enemy hastily retreating through New Berne toward 
Goldsboro. The Federal loss was 91 killed and 466 
wounded ; they capture 200 prisoners and 60 guns. 
The loss of the enemy in killed and wounded was about 
500. 

Beaufort, N. C, was occupied by the Federals 
March 25, but Fort Macon, commanding the Beaufort 
inlets, had yet to be taken in order to complete the 
success of the expedition. The Federal war vessels 
began the bombardment of this fort on the morning of 
April 25, aided by heavy batteries built on shore, ^p"^ ^• 

^ ^ J J _ Port Ma- 

Toward evening the fort was surrendered to a portion of con. 
Burnside's forces, with about 400 prisoners. 

On September 2, 1862 Sergeant Green, being in sep*- 2. 

Plymouth. 

command of about 300 men at Plymouth, N. C, which 
lies on the south side of the Roanoke, about eight miles 
from its entrance into Albemarle sound, distinguished 
himself as a soldier of merit. A force of the enemy, 
numbering about 1,000 men, under Colonel Garrett, had 



4:16 



STUnVGHA M— BUTLER— FOSTJ^R. 



Sept. 6. 
Washing- 
ton. 



i86ii. approached his post that evening for the purpose of 
effecting its capture, but concluded to wait for the day- 
light of the 3d before making the attempt. Green, 
apprised of this, at once marshaled his smal] force, and 
silently moving out, fell suddenly upon Garrett's troops, 
which, taken completely by surprise, were routed. 40 
prisoners were taken, among whom was Colonel Garrett. 

On the 6th of September, a force of the enemy, 
numbering about 500 men, attacked the Federal post at 
Washington, N. C, on Tar River, which was garrisoned 
by four companies of infantry and four of cavalry. The 
cavalry being absent, reconnoitering, the infantry was 
hard pressed for a time, when the cavalry, at the sound 
of the battle, hastily returned. Aided by two gun- 
boats, the Federals were now enabled to take the 
offensive, when the enemy hastily retired. 

General Foster left New Berne with three brigades, 
reaching Williamston on the Roanoke Nov. 4, having 
encountered a brigade of the enemy the day before, 
driving it before him. He reached Hamilton on the 5th, 
and encamped near Tarboro on the night of the 6th. 
Further progress was cut oif by a strong force of the 
enemy, with w^hich he did not feel able to contend. 
Retracing his steps on the morning of the 7th, he 
arrived at Plymouth on the 9th, embarking thence for 
New Berne. The expedition had been performed for 
the purpose of reconnoitering and foraging ; it had been 
successful, at least in the latter, as the Federals brought 
back a large quantity of provisions. 

On December 11, 1862, General Foster, having been 
reinforced by Wessell's brigade of Peck's division, re- 
cently arrived from Yorktown, moved out from New 
Berne with about 10,000 men, for the purpose of 
breaking up the enemy's railroads in the vicinity of 
Goldsboro. General Gustavus Smith, in command at 



Nov. 3. 
Rawle's 
Mills or 
Little 
Creek. 



FOSTER. 4TY 

the last-named place, threw forward a force for the pur- is on. 
pose of delaymg Foster's march. The latter met the ' 
enemy's pickets on the 12th, who made but little 
resistance. The following day a detachment of the Dec. 1.3. 
enemy was encountered on Southwest Creek. Its oreek"*^^ 
position was soon turned, when it retired, leaving three 
field-pieces in Federal hands. 

On the 14th, near Kinston, the Federals came upon ^^"^^ ^^• 
a body of the enemy numbering about 2,000 men, under 
General Evans, which disputed the passage of a bridge 
over the Neuse River. Foster attacks at once, the 
enemy offering a determined resistance. Soon the 
Federals make a gallant charge, when the enemy's 
ranks break and scatter for the bridge. There were 
400 prisoners taken ; the bridge, which had been fired, 
was saved. The Federals push forward to Kinston, 
where they fiind nine guns left by Evans in his haste to 
reach Goldsboro. 

On the 16th Foster reached Mount Olive, on the 
Richmond and Wilmington Railroad, where he burned 
several bridges and destroyed several miles of track. 
On the 17th the main object of the expedition was 

Dec 17 

accomplished by the destruction of the great railroad Goidsboro. 
bridge over the Neuse, not far from Goldsboro. As the 
Federals approached th^bridge, they found a considera- 
ble body of the enemy under General Clinginan there to 
defend it, Foster at once began the attack, the enemy 
resisting desperately. From the nature of the ground, 
the Federals could advance only step by step, sustaining 
heavy losses. The enemy were finally driven across 
the bridge, but they still defended it from the other 
side. Several daring attempts by individuals were 
made to set the bridge on fire, but they all fiiiled. At 
last. Lieutenant Graham bravely volunteered, and sue- Gaiiantryof 
ceeded in firing the bridge amid a shower of balls, and, Graham^" 
more fortunate than many others, returned in safety. 



4T8 FOSTER. 

is6^. General Foster at once began his return to New 

Berne, to the surprise of the enemy, who had been ex- 
pecting an attack at Goldsboro. The force that had so 
well defended the great bridge now cross by a wagon 
road bridge, and assail the Federal rear guard, receiving 
a severe repulse. Foster reached Whitehall on the 
18th, and arrived at New Berne on the 21st. His loss 
in the expedition had been about 600 in killed and 
1863. wounded, the loss of the enemy about 400. 
General Ou the 2d of February, 1863, General Foster, with 

Foster 2ro6S 

to South 12,000 men of his command, embarked at Beaufort, 
Sd^rr N- ^-5 proceeding to Port Royal, S. C, for the purpose 
turns. of reinforcing General Hunter. Soon after Foster's 
arrival. Hunter divided his troops among his own organ- 
izations, thus leaving General Foster without a command. 
Foster now returned, and resumed command at New 
Berne. 

The enemy's troops in North Carolina were now 

under the supervision of D. H. Hill, who had been sent 

to this territory for the purpose of organizing for defense. 

March 14. Ou Marcli 14, General Pettigrew, with a brigade of 

or'^Fort^™'^ Hill's forco, attacked Fort Anderson, a work just built 

Anderson, ^y ^^^ Fcdcrals OU the left bank of the Neuse, in front 

of New Berne. The small Federal garrison, assisted by 

two gun-boats, handsomely repulsed the assailants, who 

soon retired in the direction from which they came. 

March 30. Ou March the 30th, Hill, with a division of his 

Washing- ^j.QQpg^ i^[^ siege to Washington, N. C, situated on the 

left bank of Tar Biver. The town was surrounded by 

fortifications, and used as a depot for naval supplies. 

The gun-boats kept the enemy's infantry at a respectful 

distance. Artillery firing only had been indulged in 

when, on April 16, Longstreet called Hill to Suffolk, 

Va., and the siege ended. 

In July, General Potter, chief of General Foster' vS 



FOSTER— WESSELLS—B UTLER. 479 

staff, led a successful cavalry expedition into the enemy's ises. 
country, causing the destruction of flouring-mills, machine- 
shops, railroad stock, two steamboats, and a partly 
finished iron-clad, also burning a bridge 750 feet long, 
spanning Tar River at Rocky Mount. The operations 
on both sides in this section at this time were i3rincipally 
raids, the Federals being generally successful in breaking 
up the railroad communications of the enemy, burning 
bridges, making frequent captures of small bands of the 1864. 
Southern troops, destroying munitions of war, etc., etc. 
In February, 1864, General Pickett, commanding 
the enemy's forces in that section, attempted the capture 
of New Berne. On Feb. 1 he attacked a Federal post, Feb. 1. 

B n c Ii g1 or' s 

garrisoned by the 132d New York, at Bachelor's Creek, creek. 
eight miles above New Berne, capturing 100, of the 
garrison. He then sent out a detachment which suc- 
ceeded in destroying the Federal gun-boat Underwriter, 
lying near by. Pickett soon after withdrew without 
attacking New Berne. 

On the 17th of April, 1864, the enemy, numbering piymoni^u" 
about 7,000 men, under General Hoke, aided by their 
new ram, Albemarle, attacked the Federal garrison at 
Plymouth, N. C, and an out-work called Fort Warren. 
The Federals numbered about 2,000, under General 
H. W. Wessells. In the river, near the town, were the 
Federal gun-boats Southfield, Miami, and Bombshell. 
After a desperate struggle. Fort Warren was captured, 
and the Bombshell, which had gone to the assistance of 
the fort, was also captured by the Albemarle. Hoke 
now closely besieged Plymouth. On the 19th the 
Albemarle attacked the other Federal gun-boats, sinking 
the Southfield, and turning upon the Miami, drove her 
down the river, disabling many of her crew. On the 
20th the enemy made a general assault. The attack 
was furious and the defense obstinate, the enemy meet- 



480 BUTLER— PORTER— TERRY. 

186 4. ing with heavy loss; but finally, after bravely resisting 

~~ this greatly superior force, repelling several desperate 

Plymouth charges, the Federals were overpowered and made pris- 

the enemy^ oucrs, thc enemy losing about 1,000 men in the action. 

Hoke then laid siege to New Berne. 

On the 5th of May the Albemarle moved to the 
mouth of the Roanoke with the captured Bombshell, 
which the enemy had now made serviceable. The Fed- 
erals had a strong fleet here, which attacked the 
Albemarle at close quarters. The Boml)slieM was soon 
recaptured by the Federals, and the ram Albemarle 
badly disabled ; but she managed to escape to Plymouth. 
Hoke was now called to the defense of Richmond, and 
abandoned the siege. 

Oct 27 r-\ 

Heroism On the uight of Oct. 27, while the Albemarle lay at 

of Lieuten- Plymouth wharf, Lieuten^int Wm. R. Gushing, of the 

ant Cush- J i O? 

iiig. Federal navy, at the risk of almost certain death, placed 

^ ^ ^. a torpedo under the Albemarle, exploding it there, and 

Destruchon -■• 7 i o ;■ 

of the sinking the ram. Gushing escaped by excellent swim- 
mmg. He had io men with him. Their launch was 
sunk by a heavy shot from the ram, when all found 
themselves in the water. Only one other escaped 
drowning or capture besides the brave lieutenant. The 
greater part of the enemy's forces having been called to 

Oct. 31. Virginia, the Federal navy easily recaptured Plymouth 

Plymouth on the 31st of October. 

r«t;iken. 

December 8, 1864, General B. F. Butler left Ber- 
Decemher. muda Huiidrfed with one division of the 24th Gorps 

The Port ^ 

Fisher ex- uudcr General Ames, and one division of the 25th Gorps 
pec lion. (^QQiQygj troops) under General Paine, the whole under 
General Weitzel, on transports, reaching Fortress Mon- 
roe the following morning. Here he was to join Ad- 
miral Porter, who, with a powerful fleet of 50 war 
vessels, carrying about 500 guns, would co-operate with 
Butler against Fort Fisher at the mouth of Gape Fear 



BUTLER— FORTER— TERRY. 481 

River, and close the port of Wilmington more securely i864. 
from blockade-runners. The naval fleet moved on the 
]3th, and Butler followed on the 14th. The fleet 
stopped at Beaufort to coal. The transports passing on, 
reached the appointed rendezvous, where they waited 
until the 18th for Porter; and when he arrived, Butler 
was out of coal, and must return to Beaufort for a sup- 
ply. It was proposed to explode 200 tons of powder 
on board a ship, to be run up to the fort, and the infan- 
try having been previously landed, would charge the 
works immediately after the explosion. Without wait- 
ins: for Butler's return from Beaufort, Porter exploded ^^<=- ^• 

° . . . Powder- 

the powder-ship on Dec. 24. But it ended in smoke ; swp ex- 
the defenders of the fort were not even scared. Soon ^ "''^''"' 
afterward Porter, at a distance of about three fourths of 
a mile, opened upon the fort, bombarding for several 
hours. The enemy was driven from his guns, and the 
fort became silent. 

The following day, about 10 a. m., the bombardment 
again commenced, continuing several hours, during 
which General Butler had arrived, and Weitzel landed 
a part of Ames's division, capturing some outer batteries, 
with about 300 prisoners. But Butler concluded, after 
reconnoitering, that his present force was not sufficient 
to attempt an assault. He also learned that a heavy 
force of the enemy, under Hoke, was near, and there 
also seemed to be some disagreement between himself 
and Porter. The powerful fire of the fleet had driven 
the enemy's gunners to their bomb-proofs, had dis- 
mounted several cannon and badly damaged the fort. 
The enemy quickly returned to their guns, however, as 
soon as the fleet ceased firing. Butler ordered Weitzel 
to re-embark his troops, which was accomplished on the 
26th, and the land force returned to Hampton Beads. 

General Grant at once ordered a new trial against 

31 



482 TERRY— Four ER. 

1864. the enemy's defenses at the mouth of the Cape Fear, 
sending word to Admiral Porter to remain there, and 
directed the same troops, Avith an addition of about 1,400 
men from another division of the 24th Corps, under 
Colonel J. C. Abbott, the whole numbering about 8,000 
men, under General A. H. Terry, to proceed on trans- 
ports as speedily as possible to the assistance of Porter. 
General Butler was relieved, and General E. 0. C. 
Ord placed in command of the Army of the James. 
1865 General Terry left Hampton Roads January 6, 1865, 

Jan. 6. arriving at Beaufort, N. C, on the 8th, where he found 
pedition to Porter coaling. Bough weather detained the expedition 
FortFis er. |^^^.^ until the 12th. On the morning of the 13th, the 
combined forces appeared before Fort Fisher, the fleet 
opening fire soon afterward. The monitors took position 
about 700 yards fram the fort, the other vessels at from 
1,000 to 1,500 yards. At 3 p. m. Weitzel again had his 
troops on shore, and picket firing at once began with 
Hoke's troops, which were still near by. Intrenchments 
were immediately commenced, and by the morning of 
the 14th the Federals were in a strong position, the 
navy meanwhile continuing the bombardment through 
the night and until the surrender of the fort. 

The Federal land force at once began preparations 

for an assault, which was decided on for the 15th. 

Ames's division was selected to lead the charge. About 

2 p. M. Lieutenant Lent, with 100 sharpshooters, mostly 

Jan 15. fYQYn his owu rcffiment, the 13th Indiana, went forward 

Fort o 7 7 

Fisher ;it a run to within 200 yards of the works, and there 
quickly dug pits for shelter. A storm of shot and shell 
was opened upon them, but it failed to dislodge them, 
and with their repeating rifles they gave the enemy a 
hot fire. Ames's division was composed of the brigades 
of Curtis, Pennypacker^ and Bell. They were to be 



TERRY— PORTER. 483 

aided by about 2,000 sailors and marines under Fleet- isgs. 
Captain K. R. Breese, of the navy. 

At 2 : 30 p. M. the signal was given, when Curtis's 
brigade moved forward at double-quick, the sailors and 
marines at the same time making a gallant charge. 
The fighting was soon hand to hand at the parapet. 
Pennypacker and Bell followed Curtis closely, and at 
once became hotly engaged. The attack of the marines 
had been repulsed after suffering severe loss. Abbott's 
troops were now brought up. The fleet was obliged to 
cease firing on the portion of the works assaulted, for 
fear of injury to the assaulting column ; this enabled the 
enemy to fully man the works. The fighting was fierce, 
but the Federals gradually gained ground, and were not 
long in securing a foothold at several points inside the 
parapet. The conflict did not cease until 9 p. m., ending 
at about that time with the capture of the fort and the 
whole garrison, numbering about 2,000 men and 75 guns, 
including its commander. General W. H. C. Whiting. 
General Whiting was severely wounded during the ^^^^^^ ^^ 
battle, and died while yet a prisoner in Federal hands. General 

' ./I ^ Whiting. 

at Governor's Island, N. Y., March 10, 1865. He was 
a graduate of West Point, and had served in the Mex- 
ican war. He left the United States service in 1861, 
and joined the enemy. The Confederates had now been 
driven from their last strong fort; the last rendezvous 
for English smugglers was broken up. The Federal 
loss in killed and wounded was about 650, including 
Generals Curtis, Pennypacker, and Bell among the 
wounded. 

The enemy now considered the other works held by 
them at the mouth of Cape Fear River untenable, in- 
cluding Fort Caswell and their works on Smith's Island, 
at Smithville, and Reeve's Point ; and the forces occu- 
pying them retired to Wilmington. The enemy had 



484 . SGHOFIELD— TERRY. 

1865. strong works, however, on each bank of the river, about 
half way to Wihiiington, including Fort Anderson. 
These were now manned by Hoke, with about 6,000 
men. Reinforcements were therefore necessary before 
the Federals could advance upon Wilmington. 

On the 14th of January, General Grant had ordered 
General Schofield with the 23d Corps, from Thomas's 
army in Tennessee, to the coast of North Carolina. He 
arrived at Fort Fisher February 9, and assumed com- 
mand. His forces joined to Terry's made an army of 
nearly 20,000 men. February 11, Terry was pushed 
forward to the front of Hoke's position, and endeavored 
to turn his left flank, but the elements forbade. On the 
Feb 18. 18th, Cox's division, a part of Couch's division of the 

Fort An- ' ' i 

dcrson. 23d Corps, and Ames's division, aided by the navy, suc- 
ceeded in turning Hoke's right, enveloping Fort Ander- 
son. The garrison fled during the night, falling back to 
Old Town Creek. The following morning the Federals 
took possession of the fort. General Cox then pushed 
forward with his division, attacking and routing the en- 

Feb. 20. emy at Old Town Creek on the 20th, taking about 400 

creek.''^^'^ prisoucrs. Hoko now retired to Wilmington, but on the 
approach of the Federals he evacuated the town (Feb. 

witoin-- '^^)' clestroying their shipping and a large quantity of 

ton. cotton and resin. 

But Schofield could not rest here ; he must push for- 
ward to Goldsboro, 85 miles north, to meet Sherman, 
who was now marching through North Carolina. Scho- 
field ordered 5,000 men from New Berne to Kinston, 
to establish a depot of supplies there. General Cox 
was sent to take charge of this force, leaving his own 
division in command of General Reilly. Ruger's divis- 

wncox^^°' ^^^ ^^ ^'^^^ '-^^^ Corps was also sent to join Cox, who 

Bridge, or reachod New Berne on March 6, and immediately setting 

Wise's . ' ^ o 

Forks. out, arrived at Wise's Forks on the 8th. Here he was 



so HO FIELD. 485 

joined by General Schofiekl, who had previously ordered j*«5. 
Couch and Reilly to that point. 

Hoke's troops were near here, and intrenched on 
Southwest Creek, where they were reinforced by some 
of Hood's troops under Cheatham. Hoke savagely 
attacked Cox's advance, meeting with success, forcing it 
back and capturing several hundred prisoners. Then 
pressing forward, he attempted to break the Federal line 
between the divisions of Generals Palmer and Carter ; 
but Puiger arrived at this crisis, and the enemy was 
repelled. The Federals now intrench, and await the 
arrival of Couch and Reilly. Skirmishing continued 
until the 10th, when Hoke fiercely attacked the Federal 
line, endeavoring to accompHsh a victory before the 
arrival of the approaching Federal reinforcements ; but 
he w^as handsomely repulsed, and with severe loss. 
Hoke now retreated across the Neuse River, and made 
haste to reach Smithfield, where General Johnston was 
concentrating for the purpose of resisting Sherman. 

During the night of the 10th, Couch and Reilly jj,^,^^ i4 
joined Schofield, who entered Kinston on the 14th and Winston. 
Goldsboro on the 21st, with little opposition. Terry, March 21. 
following from "Wilmington, arrived at Goldsboro on the ° 
22d. Schofield now reported to General Sherman, and 
his movements to the end are given in Sherman's 
operations. 



CHAPTER XXYII. 

COAST OF SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, 
AND FLORIDA. 

DUPONT—T. W. SHERMAN. 

1861. A POWERFUL fleet of naval and land forces com- 



A ^' 



Expedition ^^^^^ blned, sailed on the morning of October 29, 1861, 
under fi-om Hampton Roads for the South Carolina coast. It 

Dnpont '^ ... 

and sher- conslstcd of soventy-five A^essels, including war steamers, 

Port Royal, gun-boats, aud steam and sail transports. Commodore 

^" ^' Dupont was in command of the navy, and General 

Thomas W. Sherman, of the land force, numbering in all 

about 15,000 men. 

The fleet encountered a terrible storm southeast of 
Cape Hatteras on the night of Nov. 1, which caused 
considerable damage to the shipping, and a tedious 
delay. The commodore, with the flag-ship Wabash and 
a part of the fleet, anchored off Port Royal harbor on 
the morning of Nov. 4, where he was soon afterward 
joined by the rest of the fleet. 

The main object of the expedition was the capture 
and occupation of this port. At the left of its entrance 
is Fort Walker, on Hilton Head ; at the right, on St. 
Helena Island, stood Fort Beauregard. These forts 
were about two miles apart. 

The Federal navy moved to the attack on the morn- 
Nov. 7. ing of Nov. 7, passing up midway between the forts, 
Sr*' ^ giving their attention principally to Fort Walker. The 
Walker vcsscls movod in a circle. At 9 : 30 a. m. the Wabash 

and Bean- 
regard. o[)eued the battle, mid at the end of three hours the fort 

(486) 



DUtONT—T. W. SIlERMAN—GrLLMORE. 487 

was so badly disabled that the garrison fled. Fort isot. 
Beauregard was abandoned at the same time, leaving 
both forts in the hands of the Federals, with about fifty 
cannon. Sherman now landed his troops, taking posses- 
sion of the forts and also of Beaufort. Port Royal now 
became a Federal base of operations. The loss of the 
Federals during the bombardment was 8 killed and 23 
wounded ; that of the enemy was 11 killed, 48 wounded, 
and 7 prisoners. The occupation of most of the islands 
in the neighborhood of the St. Helena group, soon 
followed the victory of Hilton Head, the Federals gain- 
ing possession of the bays of North Edisto, St. Helena, 
Port Royal, Tybee, and Warsaw, together with the 
chain of islands w^hich forms the coast of South Carolina 
and Georgia between those bays. 

On the 1st of January, 1862, a severe engagement ises. 
took place on the Coosaw River, where the enemy had ^^^- ^• 

' / ^ Coosaw 

massed several thousand men, covered by intrenchments. River. 
Several gun-boats, accompanied by a brigade of Shei^- 
man's troops, under General Stevens, attacked on the 
date named, and after a sharp fight, drove the enemy 
from his position. 

Fort Pulaski, on Cockspur Island, guarding the p^rt^pu"' 
entrance to Savannah River, was surrendered to the ^'**'''' ^'^■ 
Federals April 11, 1862, at 2 o'clock in the afternoon. 
Operations had begun for the reduction of this fort in 
February, under the direction of General Gillmore, and 
for two months there had been hard work performed by 
the Federal soldiers, sometimes waist deep in water, 
building batteries in marshes, dragging cannon over 
corduroy roads and through deep sand. After an 
immense amount of labor and difficulty, on April 10, 
Gillmore was ready for the bombardment. Eleven 
strong batteries on Tybee Island were bearing upon the 
doomed fort. General David Hunter, who had com- 



4S8 DUPONT— WRIGHT— HUNTER— STEVENS. 

i8G,i. mancled this Department since the 8th of March, de- 
manded the surrender of the fort at sunrise on the 
10th, which was refused. The batteries soon afterward 
opened, and the bombardment was continued until the 
surrender. The garrison that then fell into Federal 
hands numbered 23 officers and 360 men. The losses 
had been light, only a few being wounded within the 
fort, and but one man killed on the Federal side ; but 
the fort was badly shattered, and no longer tenable. 
Gillmore's nearest batteries were about one mile from 
the fort; his farthest, two miles. About fifty cannon 
were captured with the fort. 

An expedition under Commodore Dupontand General 
Wright left Port Royal for the Florida coast February 
ExpedSon ^8, 186'2. It met with but little opposition in taking 
to Florida, posscssiou of Femaudina and Fort Clinch. Brunswick, 
Ga., was also occupied on March 8, Jacksonville, Fla., 
on the 11th, and St. Augustine and St. Mary's soon 
afterward. The enemy's troops had been drawn away 
for operations farther north. 

In the latter part of May, 1862, preparatory to a 
proposed reduction of the forts defending Charleston 
June. harbor. General Hunter landed about 8,000 men on 
James Island, having brought them from his encamp- 
ments on the St. Helena Islands, where the main body 
of his forces were at this time stationed, and from Tybee 
Island and other points where infantry had become 
useless. These troops were under the immediate com- 
mand of General Benham. At this time the enemy had 
a strong position on James Island, at Secessionville, well 
fortified, which, with its garrison and supporting troops, 
outnumbered Benham's force. They had constructed a 
battery, called Battery Lamar, which annoyed the Fed- 
erals, and Benham, contrary to General Hunter's judg- 
ment, who was absent, determined to take it by assault. 



James 
Island. 



MITCHELL— HUNTER— GILLMOEK 489 

The attack was made before it was hardly daylight on iso^. 
the 16th of June. A gallant charge was made, the 8th j„n7~ig 
Michigan infantry leading, whose flag was planted on the secession- 
enemy's works, during the assault. A fierce hand to James 
hand struggle was fought on the parapet, the battle 
lasting nearly an hour, when the Federals gave up and 
retired. About 3,000 men were engaged in the assault, 
commanded by General Stevens, with an equal number, 
under General Wright, as support. Federal loss was 
about 500 men ; the loss of the enemy is unknown. 
General Hunter soon afterward withdrew the troops 
from the island, deciding that this was not the proper 
time to attack Charleston. 

General Mitchell, coming from Buell's army, suc- 
ceeded General Hunter, arriving at Beaufort, S. C, in 
September, 1862, 

On the 21st of October, 1862, General Mitchell sent 
an expedition of about 4,000 men under General Bran- 
nan to destroy the Savannah and Charleston railroad 
bridges over the Pocotaligo and Coosawhatchie. General 
Brannan going into the first-named river, sent Colonel 
Barton with two regiments up the latter. On the morn- 
ing of the 22d, Brannan landed at Mackay's Point, and p^*"^^.^]^;^ 
proceeded toward the village of Pocotaligo. The enem}^ s. c. 
had been warned of his approach, and was well prepared 
to meet him. After a sharp encounter, the Confederates 
were driven from their first line by a charge, but their 
second line on the Pocotaligo could not be carried, and 
after sustaining severe losses in killed and wounded, the 
Federals relinquished the attempt, and returned unmo- 
lested to their boats and to Hilton Head, where they 
arrived on the 23d. Colonel Barton's expedition also 
failed of success, finding the enemy too strong. The 
Federal loss in both expeditions was about 230. 

About the time this movement was made. General 



490 GILLMORK 

I so a. Mitchell was taken sick, and died at Beaufort, Oct. 30. 
oci~^Q General Ormsby McK. Mitchell, a graduate of West 
Death of Point aud an eminent professor of mathematics, philos- 

General. ^ ' ^ 

Mitchell, ophy, and astronomy, died of yellow fever at Beaufort, 
8. C, Oct. 30, 1862. General Hunter was again placed 
in command, and at once began preparations for the 
siege of Charleston. 

Oct. 9, 1861. On October the 9th, 1861, a Federal Zouave regi- 

Santa Uosa • i oi -r» t i i • i 

Island, Fia. mcut statioued at banta Rosa Island, was surprised at 
night by a force of the enemy sent from Pensacola, and 
driven from their camp with a loss of 65 in killed and 
wounded, and their camp destroyed. 
1863. On the 2d of June, 1863, General Q. A. Gillmore 

relieved General Hunter of the command of the Depart- 
ment of the South. General Gillmore arrived June 12 
at Hilton Head. There were at this time about 18,000 
men in this Department. So many points along the 
coast had to be garrisoned that not more than 10,000 
men could be used in the proposed operations against 
Charleston. On June 15 the erection of batteries was 
begun on Folly Island ; they were finished early in July. 

July 10 to On the 10th of July, Gillmore attacked the enemy's 

Q.J. /> •/ / «/ 

Fort Wag- works ou the southern end of Morris Island. His bat- 
isi'and,*s.c! teries upon Folly Island, aided by Dahlgren's monitors, 
bombarded these works, as well as Fort Wagner, a pow- 
erful work, heavily armed and strongly garrisoned. 
After two hours of cannonading, the Federal guns were 
turned on Wagner, while General Geo. C. Strong, who 
had landed with about 2,000 men during the previous 
night, charged the first-named works. After a brief 
struggle the enemy fled to Wagner, at the north end of 
the island, leaving Strong in possession, who captured 
eleven guns and the camp equipage. 
July 11. On the 11th, at 5 a. m., General Strong led his 

w"'n'.r."'' troops to the assault of Fort Wagner itself, in the face 



GILL MORE— TERRY. 491 

of a terrible fire. The gallant soldiers reached the i)ar- j««j, 
apet, but the fire was too hot, and they were compelled 
to retire, with a loss of about 150. On July the 8th, 
Gillmore had sent General A. H. Terry with about 
4,000 men against the enemy on James Island, for the 
purpose of drawing attention from Wagner during 
Strong's attack. Terry remained on James Island until 
the 16th, when he withdrew. On that morning the ^"'^ ^'*- 

' ° James 

enemy attacked him, but was easily repulsed with the island. 
aid of the navy. 

Gillmore now erected five batteries on the southern 
end of Morris Island, for the purpose of reducing Wag- 
ner. These batteries, together with the monitors, again 
bombarded Fort Wagner from noon till night on the '^"'0,,^^' 
18th of July, when their fire ceased, and the infantry "ssauit. 
again made an assault. Strong's brigade took the lead, 
and was supported by a brigade under Colonel Putnam. 
The charge was nobly made, the parapet reached, and 
some of the soldiers scaled the works ; but the assault 
finally ended in defeat with fearful loss. Colonel Put- 
nam followed the leading brigade right up to the works, 
and charged them with his troops. The Federal loss 
was about 1,500, including many officers. Colonel Put- Death of 
nam and Colonel Shaw were amons; the killed. General coionos 

O Putnam 

Strong Avas severely wounded. an<i shaw, 

tli6 former 

General Gillmore now abandoned the plan of assault, a graduate 
and with great vigor began a regular siege. Strong bat- 
teries were built, and immense guns placed in them. 
Among others there were, one 300-pounder, six 200- 
pounders, nine 100-pounders, and fifteen siege mortars ; 
and at a point half way between Morris and James isl- 
ands, a battery was built in the marsh. The bottom of 
its foundation was sunk sixteen feet in the mud. (The 
officer in charge made a requisition for men eighteen 
feet in height to perform the work ! ) When completed. 



of West 
Point. 



492 GILLMORE—TJ^RRY. 

IS OS. an 8-inch, 200-pouncler rifled Pnrrott gun was mounted 

~ therein. This gun was named by the sergeant in 

"Swamp charge the '• Swamp Angel." Gilhnore had erected 

Angel." >• . . , 

twelve batteries m all by the middle of August. 

On the morning of August 17 the batteries and 
the entire navy present opened upon Forts Sumter and 
Wagner, and also upon Battery Gregg, which lay be- 
tween the two. The bombardment was continued for 
seven days, at the end of which time Fort Sumter was 
a shapeless mass. The "Swamp Angel" sent thirty- 
five shots into Charleston City, but burst on the thirty- 
sixth discharge. Gillmore now paid particular attention 
to Wagner. At night, powerful calcium lights were 
turned on this work, exposing and blinding the enemy. 
On September 6, increased vigor was given to the bom- 
bardment, and preparations made for-an assault for the 
following morning by 3,000 men under General Terry. 
Sept 7. j^Yl was in readiness at 2 a. m. on the 7th, when it was 

Night at- " 

t^ack on discovered that the enemy had fled. Battery Gregg had 
also been abandoned. The Federals at once took pos- 
session and repaired Fort Wagner and Battery Gregg. 

-On the night of September 8, an unsuccessful at- 
tempt was made by a detachment of men from the 
squadron in row boats to storm Fort Sumter. After a 
loss of about a hundred men, the party retired. The 
land force was to aid in this movement ; but owing to 
some unforeseen difficulty, it failed to co-operate. For 
some time after this, no further decisive events occurred 
at this point. 

General Gillmore started a force of about 5,000 men 

Feb. 6. . ^ . . 

Expedition froui Hiltou Head Februar}^ 6, 1864, on an expedition 
to Florida, on transports, under command of General 
Truman Seymour. Gillmore accompanied the expedition 
as far as Baldwin, Fla. Seymour arrived at Jacksonville 
about 5 p. M. on the 7th, landing with but little opposi- 



GILL MO RE— FOSTER. 493 

tioii.- On the 8th the Federals moved toward the iso4. 
interior, reaching Baldwin the next day, having encoun- 
tered a small body of the enemy, which they easily 
pushed before them. The Federal cavalry pressed for- 
ward, having a sharp skirmish at St. Mary's River, and l^\]^^: .^ 
reached the vicinity of Lake City at 2 p. m. the 10th, R'vei-, fim. 
where they rested ; but they soon afterward retired to 
St. Mary's River. 

On the 17th of February, Seymour *put his forces in 
motion toward the Suwanee River. On the 20th, at^f^v^'^- 

■ Olustee, 

about 2 p. M., the Federals ran into an ambush of a f^i 
heavy force of the enemy, under General Finnegan, near 
Olustee Station. This proved a terrible disaster; for 
although the Federals recovered from the surprise 
quickly, and fought heroically for two hours, they were 
fearfully cut up, and were finally compelled to retreat. 
The colored troops, of w4iich there were three regiments, 
fought magnificently. The Federal loss was about 250 
killed and 1,200 wounded ; the loss of the enemy, about 
150 killed and 750 ^vounded. The Federals continued 
the retreat to Jacksonville in good order ; the enemy 
did not pursue. The expedition soon afterward returned 
to Hilton Head. 

Early in May, General Gillmore, wnth the 10th 
Corps, was called from this Department, and joined the 
Army of the James, which was under the command of 
General Butler. 

In the beginning of July, Colonel Silliman, with the 
26th United States colored infantry, was directed to 
storm a battery near Legareville, on John's Island. July 5-r. 
Five brave and determined charges were made, with a and," s. c. 
loss of about 100 iri killed and wounded ; but it ended 
with the repulse of the Federals. 

General Foster, who was in command of the coast of 
South Carolina when Sherman was nearing Savannah, 



494 FOSTER— HATCH— POTTER. 

1864. made a demonstration in Sherman's favor, landing at 
~ Boyd's Neck, Nov. 30, 1864, with about 5,000 men. He 
Honey Hill Sent General Hatch with a strong force to seize the 
hamviiie I'^ilroad at Honey Hill or Grahamville ; and the follow- 
ing day, near that place. Hatch came upon the enemy 
strongly intrenched. He attacked at once, but after a 
severe conflict was repulsed, with the loss of over 700 
men. Foster then moved his force to Devaux Neck, 
where he fortified, remaining there until Hardee fled 
from Charleston, when he took possession of Pocotaligo. 
On the 24th of December, while General Sherman's 
forces were in front of Savannah, General Hardee, in 
command of the enemy's troops there, evacuated, march- 
ing his troops out quietly during- the night, and hastily 
moved to Charleston. When Sherman again put his 
army in motion northward,' Hardee supposed Charleston 
to be his objective point, and concentrated his troops 
for defense. General Gillmore, again in command on 
the coast, made feints in the direction of Charleston to 
encoura2:e Hardee in this belief, one body of Federal 

1865. ^ , y J 

Feb. 10. troops landing upon James Island on Feb. 10, 1865, 

James isi- ^^hcre a sharp engagement was had. The enemy's 
rifle-pits were carried, with a loss to the Federals of 
about 80 men. Co-operative movements w^ere made at 
the same time by Generals Hatch and Potter, the former 
toward South Ed is to River, the latter from Bull's Bay 

Feb 17 northward. Hardee remained at Charleston until Feb. 

Charleston 17, whcu, learning that Sherman had reached Columbia, 

evacuated 

by the he made haste to evacuate, moving by the only road left 
open to join Beauregard and Johnston in North Carolina. 
Before leaving Charleston, a guard detailed for the pur- 
pose set fire to every building or warehouse which was 
stored with cotton. A terrible conflagration followed. 
An explosion of powder took place at the Northeastern 
Jlailroad depot, causing the loss of many lives. The 



enemy. 



GILLMORE— ANDERSON. 495 

destruction of property was immense before the flames isos. 

could be subdued. On the 18th the Union soldiers 

entered Charleston, and assisted in extinguishing the 

flames. After four long years of suspense and sorrow, 

the United States flag was again flung to the breeze 

over Fort Sumter, Charleston, and the surrounding forts. 

Over 450 cannon were found in the defenses. 

It was on the fourth anniversary of the evacuation of Anderson 

Sumter by Major Anderson (April 14, 1861), that this ^^ '^^ 

same officer, now General Anderson, with his own hand oid flag 

over Sum- 
raised the flag that he then hauled down. ter. 



CHAPTER XXVIII. 

DEPARTMENT OF THE GUEF. 

FHELFS— FARRAGUT. 

isGi. r J :HE first movement made by the United States 

J- Government in the direction of the Gulf of Mexico, 

December, was in Decembor, 1861, when General John W. Phelps, 

pheip'^!' "^^^^ ^^^ served in the Mexican and Florida wars, landed 

lands on ^yith a Small forco on Ship Island, Miss., not far from 

Ship isl- J- ' " 

and, Miss, the mouth of the Mississippi River. The Department 
of the Gulf extended from Key West to the Pio Grande, 
comprising the States of Louisiana, Texas, the lower 
half of Mississippi and Alabama, and the western coast 
of Florida. 

The principal land operations in this Department 
were in Louisiana. The following partial description of 
the face of the country in that State is extracted from 
Lippincott's magnificent " Gazetteer of the World ":■ — ■ 

" Face or the Country. — It is stated that no part of 
Louisiana has any point elevated more than 240 feet 
above sea-level. In the central and northern sections of 
the State, there are extensive tracts of undulating or 
even hilly ground. Farther southward the counti-y is 
more level, with extensive forests and swamps. In the 
southwest there are wide, grassy prairies ; and near the 
coast and the streams these plains in some cases assume 
the remarkable character of prairies tremMantes, or 
' trembling prairies,' which quake beneath the traveler's 
feet, and are believed to float upon the surface of sub- 
terranean waters or upon gulfs of thin mud. The great 

(496) 



FARRAGUT— BUTLER. 497 

delta of the Mississippi is largely made up of swamp- ism. 
lands, slightly elevated above the sea-level, and subject 
to occasional overflow ; and even the habitable and 
cultivable lands would be to a great extent over- 
whelmed by the freshets of the Mississippi, were it not 
that a system of dikes, or levees, has been constructed 
at a great expense for the restraint of the river within 
its banks; but these levees are liable to burst at high 
water, and then destructive floods pour through the 
crevasse, and sometimes deluge large areas." 

The southern portion of the State of Louisiana was 
overflowed on account of broken levees during the whole 
war which, with the marshes and cypress swamps, made 
it a very unhealthy country for the Northern soldiers 
until acclimated. The death list from disease was very 
large, one regiment, the 6th Michigan infantry, losing 
nearly 500 men from that cause ; and scarcely a soldier 
who served two years in this Department, and who 
lived to be mustered out, has ever recovered from the 
evil effects of the malaria of those swamps. 

January 10, 1862, the Federal war steamer Hatteras 
took possession of Cedar Keys, on the western coast of cedavKeys, 
Florida. Fifteen prisoners were taken, and several ^^^' 
small vessels captured. 

Daring this same month, an expedition was organized Expedition 
to proceed against New Orleans and the enemy's works JfeT^or- 
on the Mississippi River. The naval fleet, consisting of ^®^'^*- 
forty-six vessels, was under Captain David G. Farragut, 
who wks then sixty years of age, and had been in the 
United States naval service since his tenth year. The 
land forces, numbering about 13,000 men, were under 
General Benjamin F. Butler, of Massachusetts. 

Farragut left Hampton Roads on the 2d of February, 
himself on board the sloop of war Hartford. Butler 
started from Newport News in the latter part of Febru- 



1862. 



498 FARRAGUT— BUTLER. 

is6». ary with 10,000 Eastern troops, on board transports; 
three Western regiments, the 4th Wisconsin, 21st Indi- 
ana, and the 6th Michigan, followed from the same ren- 
dezvous on March 5. These last three regiments all 
went aboard one ship, the steamer Constitution, and 
arrived at Ship Island March 13, where they landed 
and found their Eastern comrades already encamped. 

On the 8th of April, Farragut succeeded, after a 
great deal of difficulty, in getting his fleet over the bar 
at Southwest Pass and into the Mississippi River. 
Forts Jackson and St. Philip, now in the hands of the 
enemy, protected the lower course of the river, and 
blocked the way to New Orleans. It is about 35 miles 
from Southwest Pass to the forts, and 112 miles to New 
Orleans. Farragut began the bombardment of these 
forts on April 18. After -an exhaustive shelling of the 
forts he became impatient at this slow process, and de- 
cided to force a passage. At 4 a. m. on the 24th, his fleet 
of seventeen war steamers was under way. Within one 
hour he had passed the forts, and at the end of two 
hours the enemy's fleet above the forts had been de- 
stroyed or dispersed, and the way was open for the 
Federal fleet to pass to the city of New Orleans. (See 
su'renSr Navy.) Thc forts surrendered on the 28th to Com- 
of Forts mander D. D. Porter, who had command of the twenty 

Jackson *' 

and St. mortar-boats that had been shelling them for the last 

Philip. . , 

ten days. 

Meantime Farragut had appeared to the people of 
New Orleans, having arrived opposite the city on the 
25th. The enemy had a force of 3,000 troops in the 
city, under General Lovell, but they hastily retired 
northward upon the approach of the Federal fleet, when 
the helpless city surrendered. 

General Butler had embarked his troops at Ship 
Island on the 14th, reaching Southwest Pass on the 



FARRAGUT— BUTLER. 499 

16th. During the bombardment of the forts, Butler 1862. 
proceeded to Black Bay, in the rear of Fort St. Philip, 
and landed a portion of his troops there in the marshes, 
for the purpose of storming that fort ; but before any 
action could be taken, word came that the forts had sur- 
rendered. After giving three cheers for the brave Far- 
ragut and his men, the soldiers again embarked, when 
Butler proceeded to the mouth of the Mississippi, and to 
New Orleans, arriving there on the 1st of May. On the 
following day the troops landed, and took possession of ^i«y 2. 
the city. Farragut being thus relieved, proceeded up leans. 
the river, reaching Baton Bouge on the 9th and Natchez 
on the 12th, meeting with no opposition at either place. May. 
He arrived at Vicksburg on the 18th, accompanied by J^^on^tT'^' 
the 6th Michigan and the 4th Wisconsin, under General Vicksburg. 
Thomas Williams, on transports, and found the enemy 
in strong force, and disputing his farther advance with 
powerful batteries. It is 130 miles from New Orleans 
to Baton Rouge, and 400 miles to Vicksburg. Becom- 
ing satisfied that he must have in co-operation a strong 
land force, he returned to New Orleans about the 1st of 
June. 

Accompanied by about 3,000 troops under General 
Williams, he returned to Vicksburg about the middle of 
June with a strong fleet. By the 25th his fleet had 
assembled below the town. Artillery firing was in- 
dulged in till the 28th, when Farragut, with a part of 
his fleet, ran by the enemy's batteries with but little 
damage to his shipping, losing 15 men killed and 42 
wounded. Being convinced that Vicksburg could not 
be taken without an army, and there being no troops to 
spare for this purpose at this time, he repassed the 
enemy's batteries on the night of July 15, suffering a 
loss of 5 killed and 16 wounded. General Williams 
and his soldiers had endeavored to cut a new channel 



500 



B UTLER - WILLI A MS. 



186 a. 



.Tune 15. 
Poncha- 
toiila, liii. 



Aug. 5. 

Baton 

Rouge. 



across a point of land infolded by the waters of the great 
river opposite the town, which, if successful, would ren- 
der the enemy's positi^on valueless. This project failed, 
however, and the Federals gave up the attempt upon 
Vicksburg for the present. Williams soon afterward 
occupied Baton Rouge, Farragut proceeding to New 
Orleans, where he arrived July 29. Two gun-boats were 
left at Vicksburg, and two at Baton Rouge. On the 
14th of June, a small force of Federals, numbering about 
250 men, going by boat to Manehac Pass, made a raid 
up the Jackson Railroad, after destroying the railroad 
bridge at that point. Reaching Ponchatoula the follow- 
ing day, they put to flight a strong force of the enemy, 
and destroyed a large quantity of army stores, returning 
to Manehac Pass and New Orleans the following day. 

When Farragut and Williams retired from Vicksburg, 
General Van Dorn, who was then in command of the 
enemy's forces there, resolved to obtain possebsion of 
Baton Rouge if possible, desiring to gain a foot-hold 
at a point south of the mouth of Red River. ' General 
Breckenridge, with a force about 6,000 strong, was at 
once put in motion. He reached Camp Moore, just 
south of the Louisiana line, on July 28, and taking a lit- 
tle time to get his troops in fighting order, resumed his 
march on the 30th. 

General Williams, in command at Baton Rouge, on 
learning of the approach of the enemy, hastily posted 
his troops as advantageously as possible, his front not 
being protected by breastworks or fortifications of any 
kind. At daylight on the 5th of August, the enemy 
suddenly attack with great ferocity. The Federals, 
numbering scarcely 2,000 men in line, meet the foe in 
the open field, bravely resisting this overwhelming force 
with obstinacy. For a moment they are somewhat 
thrown into disorder, but soon recover, and although 



Bl/TIUM— WILLIAMS. 601 

they are forced back a short distance, they now check isoi. 
the exultant enemy, then drive him, causing fearful loss 
in his ranks, Nim's Massachusetts Battery doins; terrible 

. . General 

execution. In the height of the conflict General Will- Thomas 
iams was killed, while gallantly leading the 21st Indiana kmed"^ 
to the charge, the field officers of that regiment having 
fallen. He was a graduate of West Point, and had 
served on General Scott's staff in the Mexican war. A 
brigade of the enemy under Colonel Clark, of Missis- 
sippi, was sent to attack the Federal right for the pur- 
pose of flanking Williams's batteries. It reached a point 
guarded by three companies — A, B, and F — of the 6th 
Michigan infantry, under command of Captain John 
Corden. After delivering a terrible fire, the enemy 
charge. The Michigan men heroically resist the onset, 
falling back a short distance, but pouring an incessant 
fire into the advancing foe. Captain Cordon sits astride 
of his horse, smoking his pipe, as cool as if witnessing a 
parade. The enemy are checked, their lines broken, 
(heir commander mortally wounded, and they are finally 
driven back to the woods. 

Meantime the battle has raged furiously on the Fed- 
eral left and center, but by 10 a. m. Breckenridge retires 
northward, thoroughly repulsed and defeated, having 
lost about 600 men in this fruitless encounter. The 
Federal loss was 82 killed and about 255 wounded. 
Breckenridge marched his men to Port Hudson, 30 miles 
above Baton Rouge, taking possession there and erecting 
heavy batteries, from which strong position the enemy 
was not dislodged until July, 1863. A few days after 
the battle. General Butler ordered the troops at Baton 
Rouge to New Orleans, thus leaving the ground for which 
the Federal soldiers had so nobly fought, in quiet posses- 
sion of the enemy. 

In the latter part of October, 1862, General Wcitzel, 



502 BUTLER— BANKS. 

186 a. with a brigade of infantry and a regiment of cavalry, 

landed at Donaldsonville, La., about 80 miles above New 

Orleans, on the west bank of the Mississippi. On the 

26th of that month he began to descend Bayou La 

Fourche. The day following he came upon a small 

Labadie- body of the enemy, under Colonel McPheeters, near 

Geo%ia Labadieville. Weitzel at once attacks, and after a spir- 

Landing, j|-g^| engagement, puts the enemy to flight, taking nearly 

Death of ^00 prisoucrs. Colonel McPheeters was among the 

Colonel Mc-i^illg(j_ ^ho Federal loss was about 90 in killed and 

Pheeters. 

wounded. Weitzel then proceeded to Brashear City, 
which place he found abandoned, but feeling sufficiently 
strong to hold it with his present force, he took an 
advantageous position at Thibodeaux. 

In the month of November, 1862, General N. P. 
Banks sailed from New' York with a force of about 
18,000 men for New Orleans, relieving General Butler 
. on Dec. 16. With the arrival of the troops brought by 
General Banks, the force in this Department now num- 
bered about 36,000 men, in four divisions, under Gener- 
als C. C. Augur, T. W. Sherman, W. H. Emory, and C. 
Grover, designated the 19th army corps. The Federal 
Government hoped to gain possession of the Mississippi 
River by pushing Banks up that stream, while General 
Grant should move down. Grover's division arrived at, 
and took possession of. Baton Rouge on the 17th. 
1863. General Weitzel left Thibodeaux Jan. 11, 1863, and 

joining a naval division at Brashear City, embarked on 
transports. On the loth the flotilla appeared before 
Patterson ville on the Bayou Teche. The enemy's 
works at this place were garrisoned by about 1,500 
men, who were aided in the defense of this point by the 
Jan. 14. gun-boat Cotton. On the morning of the 14th, the 
Teche, La. sokUers having been landed, the Federals began the 
attack. The gun-boats under Captain Buchanan (a 



BANKS— BUTLER. 503 

brother of the officer who commanded the Merrmac or isgs. 
V^irginia) opened the battle. The land forces soon 
afterward attacked in rear, and after a severe engage- 
ment the rebels were put to flight. The Cotton was de- 
stroyed. The loss on each side was about 200. Captain Death of 

-r, ^ . 1 . Captain 

Buchanan fell mortally wounded, while gallantly pushing Buchanan. 
his vessel against the enemy's works. The flotilla soon 
afterward returned to Thibodeaux. 

On the 24th of December, '62, three companies of 
the 42d Massachusetts infantry, numbering 240 men, 
being the advance of an expedition for the occupation of 
Galveston, Tex., arrived at that place. They were to 
be protected by the gun-boats there under command of 
Captain Renshaw. Galveston stands on an island 
twenty-eight miles in length and from one and one half 
to three and one half miles wide, connected with the 
main land by a long bridge. The city had surrendered 
to Renshaw on the 9th of October, 1862. 

At midnight, Dec. 31, General Magruder, now in 
command of the enemy's forces in Texas, attacked this ^^"^^ i- 

'' Galveston, 

little band with about 1,500 men. The Massachusetts Tex. 
men defended themselves with great heroism. They 
had made a sort of breastworks with planks from the 
wharf, and being aided for a time by the gun-boats, 
they were enabled to repel Magruder's first assaults. 
Magruder was about despairing of success when, at 
daylight, the enemy brought out two gun-boats, the 
Bayou City and the Neptune, attacking the Harriet Lane. 
The Neptune was soon disabled and sunk ; but the 
Bayou City, striking the Lane, became fastened by the 
nose. The enemy quickly boarded the Lane, and 
greatly outnumbering the Federal crew, soon captured 
her. Captain Wainwright, commanding the Lane, was Death of 
killed. The Federal gun-boat West field, in endeavoring ^am- 
to come to the aid of the Lane, ran aground, and being ^"s"- 



504 BANKS— FARUAGUT. 

IS 63. unable to release her, K-enshaw, who was on board, 

ordered her to be abandoned and destroyed. The 

magazine prematurely exploded, and Renshaw and 

Death of fifteen men in a yawl, not yet havino; left the side of 

Captain ^ ^ ^ n 

Renshaw. the doomod vessel, were drowned. Magruder now re- 
newed the attack, when the Federal troops, seeing 
resistance useless, surrendered, after causing a loss to 
the enemy of 26 killed and 117 wounded. Galveston 
was again in the hands of the foe, who now supposed 
that they had raised the blockade ; but Farragut soon 
undeceived them. The remainder of Banks's expedition 
for the occupation of Galveston arrived on the 2d of 
January. It did not attempt a landing, however, and 
soon afterward returned to New Orleans. 

In the latter part of January, Banks organized an 
expedition against the enemy's works at Bute La Hose, 
on the Atchafalaya; but owing to impassable bayous, 
the project was abandoned after they had reached 
Bayou Teche. Weitzel's command was left in this 
vicinity while Emory's division was taken to Baton 
Rouge with all the other troops that could be spared 

March 13. fi'om Now Orlcaus. On the 13th of March, Banks, 
with about 12,000 men, moved in co-operation with 
Farragut against Port Hudson, Grover's division in 
advance, followed b}^ Emory and Augur. On the morn- 
ing of the 15th, Banks learned that Farragut had 
passed the enemj^'s batteries the night before ; and also 
learning that the garrison of Port Hudson numbered 
about 16,000 men, he decided to delay the attack upon 
that place until he should receive reinforcements. 

Returning at once to Baton Rouge, General Banks 

ordered Emory and Grover, with their divisions, to 

Brashear City, where they joined Weitzel on the 10th 

of April. Augur's division was left at Baton Rouge. 

General Banks had returned to New Orleans to look 



Port Hiul 
son. 



BANHS. 505 

after matters there, and arrange for a new campaign. i««.v. 
He collected about 15,000 men at Brashear City, where 
several war vessels came to join him. The enemy at March 28. 
once assembled all the troops possible to oppose his ^JJff '^°°' 
advance, under command of General Richard Taylor, 
numbering about one half of Banks's force. Taylor had 
with him the gun-boat Queen of the West, captured from crntrevuie. 
the Federals in Bed River ; and on March 29 he had 
added to his naval force the Federal gun-boat Diana, 
wliich, having gone too far up Bayou Teche, was cap- 
tured by his troops. He had taken a strong position 
behind breastworks between Pattersonville and Centre- 
ville, on Bayou Teche. 

On April 11, the Federal army moved in three ^f j,\""^'^' 
divisions, under Emory, Weitzel, and Grover, the first Teche, or 
two going up the right bank of the Teche, from Berwick 
City. The latter embarking on transports and gun- 
boats proceeded up the Atchafalaya into Lake Cheti- 
maches, and landed on the 12th north of the enemy's 
position at Irish Bend, so as to cut off his escape. 
Learning of this, Taylor at once determined to check 
the movement, if possible, until he could effect a retreat. 
He took a part of his force and moved against Grover, 
leaving the remainder to oppose Emory and Weitzel. 
The former had approached his works on the 12th, but 
engaged only in an artillery battle. 

The 13th was spent by Emory and Weitzel in skir- 
mishing and preparing for an assault. ' Meantime Taylor 
met Grover on the loth. A severe conflict followed, 
which was not ended until night stopped the battle. 
During the night Taylor, with all his forces, retreated 
up the right bank of the Teche, after burning the Diana 
and several transports, together with a partly con- 
structed iron-clad. The Qticen of the West was soon 
afterward destroyed by the Federal gun-boats. 



506 BANKS. 

1S63. Banks at once pushed forward in pursuit, reaching 
. ~r. New Iberia on the 16th, where Taylor was compelled 

April 10. 7 ,/ 1 

Ncwiboiia. to destroy five transports laden with stores, so close had 
been the pursuit. The Federals destroyed the salt- 
works and cannon foundries at this point. The pursuit 
was continued, the Federals reaching Opelousas on the 
20th, Grover's division having had a successful engage- 
ment with a strong detachment of the enemy at Bayou 

April 17. Yermillion on the 17th. Taylor continued his retreat 

Bayou Ver- ^ 

million, through Alexandria, on Red River, at which place Banks 
,, , arrived on the 6th of May, where he found a fleet of 

May 6. *' ' 

Banivs at Federal gun-boats under Admiral Porter, who had 
arrived a little before him. Taylor retreated to Shreve- 
port, pursued by Weitzel as far as Grand Ecore. Banks's 
campaign had been successful; he had captured and 
burned, or caused the destruction of, all the enemy's 
gun-boats and transports in his path, and had taken 
about 2,000 prisoners and 20 pieces of artillery. 

General Banks now determined to invest Port Hud- 
son, as his army had been increased in numbers, and 
the garrison of that place reduced one half, several 
thousand having been sent to Jackson, Miss., to reinforce 
Johnston, who was collecting all forces possible to op- 
pose General Grant. Banks began his march from 
May 14. Alexandria on May 14, part of his army going by water 
Pt!irts\i8 and part by land, arriving at Bayou Sara, about fifteen 
poTiiud ^^^^ above Port Hudson, on the 23d, and appearing 
son- before Port Hudson on the 24th. At the same time 

General Augur arrived from Baton Rouge with his di- 
vision, together with a part of a new division under 
General T. W. Sherman. 

General Frank Gardner, who commanded the garri- 
son of Port liudson, had sent a force to check the 
advance of Augur's troops ; but after a brief engage- 
ment at Plain's store, the enemy retired in haste to his 



BANKS. sot 



1803. 



fortifications, Avliich were very strong, and armed with 
heavy guns. The garrison numbered about 7,000. The 
water front defenses were about three miles in length ; 
the land fortifications about nine miles. The works of 
Port Hudson were strong by nature as well as by art; 
numerous ravines, filled with fallen timber, made the 
approach difficult. 

On the 25th the investment was completed. The ^f«y ^i *« 
Federals numbered about 15,000 in divisions from right su-e of 
to left as follows : Weitzel, Grover, Dwight (who was ^H] 
in command of Emory's division, that officer being 
absent, sick). Augur, and Sherman. Farragut was there 
with the Monongahela, Richmond, Essex, Genessce, and a 
number of mortar-boats below, and the Hartford and 
Alhafross above. The last two had forced a passage by 
the enemy's batteries on March 14, with Farragut on 
board the Hartford. Farragut had since been operating 
between this place and Vicksburg, and on lied River. 
Banks determined upon a general assault at once, and 
gave orders for the 27th. At daybreak the Federal 
guns opened upon the enemy's works, Farragut joining 
in the bombardment. 

The assault, which should have been simultaneous at May 27. 

' _ General 

all points, was not so. The right attacked in the morn- assault. 
ing, but by some mistake the center did not begin its 
move until the right had suffered a repulse, and the left 
began its attack about the time the center had expended 
its force in vain. The assault was a failure. The fight- 
ing continued until night, when the Federals drew off. 
The charge of the Union soldiers had been gallant and 
determined. There were numerous instances of detach- 
ments' reaching the enemy's works and mounting the 
parapet, but being unsupported, they were driven back. 
The 6th Michigan and a New York Zouave regiment, of 
Sherman's division, planted their colors upon the v/orks. 



508 BANKS. 

1S03. General Sherman lost a leg m this battle. The Federal 
loss in the assault was about 300 killed and 1,500 
wounded. Two colored regiments fought under Weit- 
zel, the first trial given colored men in a charge. They 
behaved like good warriors, displaying great courage, 
and keeping even pace with their white brothers. 

On the 28th an armistice was agreed upon, when 
both sides buried their dead and carried away the 
wounded. The Federals now settled down to a regular 
siege, the Union soldiers working day after day in the 
hot June sun with the spade as well as the rifle. Far- 
ragut's great guns joined Banks's artillery in a continu- 
ous bombardment, which created great havoc in the 
enemy's fortifications and armament, and incessantly 
annoyed the garrison by day and by night, giving the 
Southern soldiers but little opportunity to sleep, compel- 
ling them to seek repose in the shelter of deep ravines. 

Toward the middle of June, General Banks decided 
to make one more general assault. He felt that he must 
act quickly if at all. Dick Taylor was gathering his 
forces in his rear, and Johnston might pass to the rear 
of Grant, and fall upon him at any moment. Orders 
were given for the movement for the 14th. The Federal 
right had a severe battle on the 11th of June in endeav- 
oring to work up a little nearer to the enemy's fortifica- 
tions, preparatory to the intended charge of the 14th; 
but little ground was gained, however. 
June 14. At dawn of the 14 th the assault began, both on the 

right and left. The Union soldiers moved forward with 
great determination, but the ground was most difficult; 
fallen timber and tangled ravines blocked the way, and 
every step was made in the face of a terrible fire from 
artillery and small arms. On the right the Federal 
troops reached the ditch, but were unable to go over the 
works, which were heavily manned, and they were at 



Second 
assault 



BANKS. 509 

last forced to retire. The Federal left did not get so ises. 
near the enemy, for the reason that the repulse on the 
right was known before the assault on the left was made, 
and the soldiers lost all Mth in the movement. At 11 - 
A. M. all was over. The repulse was complete, and the 
Federals returned to their breastworks. Some ground 
had been gained, however, both on the right and left, 
where the Federals built -heavy batteries nearer the 
enemy's works. 

On the 29th of June, General D wight ordered the 
6th Michigan and the New York Zouave regiment to 
take the " citadel," a strong work nearly 100 feet above 
the river on the enemy's extreme right. Both regi- 
ments, all told for duty, numbered less than 300 men. 
The enemy had at least 700 men in the citadel. The 
slaughter was useless, and the assault seemingly ordered 
without judgment. The Union soldiers moved bravely 
forward, but were driven back by a sheet of flame and a 
storm of bullets. 

Several attempts were made by the Federal left to 
capture Port Hudson, but none so ridiculous as the one 
ordered during the assault of June 14. We will not un- 
dertake to say who was responsible. The 6th Michigan 
was directed to take the citadel. Captain John Cordon, 
with two hundred men of that regiment, w^as to storm 
the citadel, capture it, throw its guns into the river, and 
shovel down the parapet; while Captain Henry Stark, 
of the same regiment, was to pass on with fifty picked 
men, and go directly to the headquarters of the general 
commanding the garrison, capture him, shoot oif a sky 
rocket announcing the fact, and then fetch him out ! 
Lieutenant-Colonel Ed Bacon, then in command of the 
regiment, was to assume the general direction of the 
movement, and assist with the balance of the regiment. 
The folly of the project was too apparent to the officers 



510 BASKS. 

la^. of Ihat noble reginient. The movement was by them 
purposely delayed until the whole of Banks's army had 
been repulsed, when the regiment was hurriedly sent for, 
to act as sharpshooters to prevent the enemy from mak- 
ing a sortie upon some unsupported batteries, where 
they did excellent work. 
Port iiud- '^^^^ siege continued until July 9, when General 
son sur- Grarduer, having learned that Grant had taken Vicks- 
burg, surrendered with b,40b officers and men. The 
Southern soldiers were in a famished condition, and had 
positively lived on mule meat and rats for several days, 
which proved their great devotion to their cause. The 
Federal loss during the siege was about 3.000 ; that of 
the enemy about 1,000. 

When General Banks departed from Alexandria for 
Port Hudson, the enemy -that he had recently driven to 
Shreveport returned to Alexandria. Taylor soon col- 
lected about 7,000 men, and proceeded to recapture the 
ground over which Banks had driven him in April. On 
June 10 he reached Plaquemine, where he captured a 
small Federal detachment and destroyed three small 
^';;;; ~^- transports. On the 20th he passed through Thibodeaux, 
Bouno. La. moviug upou Tcrrc Bonne. Colonel Stickney, in com- 
mand of a small Federal force at Brashear City, pro- 
ceeded with about 400 men, of tbe -ITth Massachusetts, 
to the defense of Terre Bonne. Taylor's advance attacked 
him there on the 21st, but was reprised. 

Tavlor's main bodv moved around Stickney, and 
proceeded to attack the Federal post at Brashear City. 
This post was defended by a small detachment left by 
Stickney. and could not long resist Taylor's numbers. 
irwh-5^"" "^^^^ enemy attacked on the 23d, and after a brief engage- 
city."'' ment the post surrendered. Over $1,000,000 worth of 
Federal stores fell into the enemy's hands. Stickney 
meantime escaped to New Orleans. Taylor's captures 



BAIfKS. 51 i 

in this brief campaign numbered 1,500 Federal soldiers, ises. 
most of whom were sick or convalescent, — all that 
Banks conhl spare from the siege of Port Hudson to 
defend this territory. 

The enemy now proceeded to attack the Federal fort 
at Donaklsonville, garrisoned by 250 men under Major 
J. D. Bullen, of the 2Sth Maine. The attack was made 
on the niiiht of the 28th by about 1,500 men, who J""^' ~*^- 

^ '' ^ ^ ^ Donaldson- 

rushed furiously upon the fort; but with the aid of the vine. 

gun-boats Wmona, Kineo, and Princess Roi/al, the assail- 
ants were driven olf, with the loss of over 300 men. 
Taylor now occupied his force in endeavoring to blockade 
the Mississippi below Port Hudson, and thus annoy 
Banks, who brought his supplies from below. The 
hitter was but little disturbed, however, by this inter- 
ruption. 

After the fall of Port Hudson, Banks at once sent 
Grover and Weitzel after Taylor. They landed at 
Donaldsonville soon afterward, the advance meeting 
Taylor's force near that place on July 13. The enemy 
attacked the Federal advance with a rush, capturing 
some 300 ; but reinforcements came up rapidly, and 
Taylor hastily retired. On the 22d of July, the enemy 
evacuated Brashear City, and retreated to Alexandria. 

On the 8th of September, General Banks sent Gen- ^<^pt- ^■ 

^ ' Sabine 

era! Franklin, with 4,000 men on transports, accompan- pass. 
ied by four gun-boats, to capture Sabine Pass, Mdiich lies 
sixty-six miles northeast of Galveston, on the coast of 
Texas. The gnu-boats opened the attack, but in a short 
time two of them received shots through their boilers, 
and the scalding steam compelled their crews to surren- 
der. Franklin, supposing the 200 men in the fort to be a 
much larger force, at once retired, and the expedition 
returned to New Orleans. 

Sopt. --'O. 

Near INIorganzia, September 29, a Federal post was jMoigan/.in. 



512 BANKS. 

186 3. surprised in the night by General Green, of Taylor's 

command, and after a brief fight. Colonel Lane and 

Nov. 3. about 400 men were taken prisoners. On the 3d of 

tea^u^ayou Novomber, at Grand Coteau, about ten miles south of 

Bordeaux, Qpelousas, a Federal force under General C. C. Wash- 
er Carrion x ^ 

Crow burn was attacked by Taylor, The attack was a sur- 
prise. The Federals were not properly on their guard, 
and at first suffered disaster; but they soon rallied, 
and drove the enemy in haste to the cover of the woods. 
A brigade under General McGinnis, together with 
Nim's battery, saved the day. The Federal loss was 
about 700, of whom nearly 500 were taken prisoners. 
The loss of the enemy was about 500, of whom about 
300 were prisoners. 

General Banks sailed from New Orleans for the Rio 

Oct 26. Grande on the 26th of October with about 6,000 men 

Banks sails 

for the Rio Qu trausports, accompanied by some war vessels. On the 
2d of November the troops debarked at Brazos Santiago, 
driving out a small force of the enemy. Banks entered 
Brownsville on the 6th of November, where he made 
his headquarters. Operations continued in this vicinity, 
the Federals taking possession, with little opposition, of 
Point Isabel, Aransas Pass, Corpus Christi, and Pass 
Cavallo. The enemy had a strong fort called Esperanza 
at the latter place, at the entrance of Matagorda Bay. 

Nov. 30. rpijjg f^YJ^ ^g^g strono;ly garrisoned. A sharp fight was 

Fort Espe- n J o r o 

ranza, Tex. had hcro ou Nov. 30, when the enemy fled. 

Early in the 3^ear 1864, General Banks began prep- 
arations to move against the enemy on Bed Biver, 
and to take possession of Shreveport, La., prepar- 
atory to contemplated operations in Texas. On March 
Banks's 13, General Franklin started with the 19th Corps and a 
Red Kiver ^t of the 13th Corps, in all numbering about 15,000 

expedition, i J- -^ o ; 

men, from the Teche country, overland, for Alexandria, 
reaching that place on the 26th. Admiral Porter was 



BANKS— PORTER— SMITH. 513 



to co-operate with Banks with a strong fleet of war ves- 
sels, also some 10,000 men from Sherman's army, — the 
1st and 3d divisions of the 16th army corps, and the 1st 
and 4th divisions of the 17th army corps, — all under 
command of General A. J. Smith. 

It seems proper to state at this point that this ex- 
pedition was ordered from Washington before General 
Grant was promoted to command all the armies. Grant 
had reluctantly reinforced Banks with the troops under 
Smith, and says in his ^' Memoirs " that both he and 
Banks opposed the expedition. But when General 
Grant did take command, Banks was so far on the way 
that he thought best not to stop it, expecting, however, 
that the expedition would be ended and Smith returned 
to Sherman before the general move in May. Banks 
by the same orders was to be back to New Orleans, to 
be ready for a move on Mobile at the same time. Grant 
also says in his " Memoirs," " Banks did not get back in 
time to take part in the program as laid down ; nor was 
Smith returned until long after the movements of May, 
1864, had been begun. The services of forty thousand 
veteran troops, over and above the number required to 
hold all that was necessary in the Department of the 
Gulf, were thus paralyzed." 

Porter arrived at the mouth of Bed River on the 
7th of March with fifteen iron-clads, and was joined on 
the 11th by General Smith, who had come up with his 
troops on transports, accompanied by a marine brigade 
of 3,000 men under General Alfred Ellet. Fort de 
Russy guarded Red River, and barred the way to Alex- 
andria. Porter moved forward to remove obstructions 
in the river, while Smith's force turned into the Atch- 
afalaya, and landing at Simsport, marched some thirty 
miles, pushing the enemy's cavalry back easily. There 
was a force of about 5,000 at the fort, but all hastily 



1804. 



514 BANKS— PORTER— SMITH. 

1S64. retreated up the river, except about 500 men left as a 
garrison. 

The fort was attacked by the land and naval forces 
March 14, Qu the 14th. After engaging the enemy with artillery 
Riissy, La. for a sliort time, the Federals charged the works, carry- 
ing them after a short struggle, and capturing about 200 
prisoners. Smith now re-embarked his troops, and the 
expedition proceeded up to Alexandria, taking possession 
of that place on the 16th. 
March 21. Qu the 21st of March, four brigades of Smith's 
son's Hill, troops, under General Mower, marched to Henderson's 
Rapids°La. Hill, twenty-five miles west of Alexandria, having a 
brief engagement with a small force of the enemy at 
that place, capturing about 250 prisoners, when they re- 
turned to Alexandria. On the 27th, Smith's force left 
Alexandria, going ap the river. Banks's troops followed 
the next day, arriving at Natchitoches on April 3. 
Slight skirmishing was had with the enemy most of the 
way. Porter succeeded after a week's hard work in get- 
ting a part of his fleet above the rapids near Alexandria. 
At this time the marine brigade was called back to 
Yicksburg, and Banks, having to leave 3,000 men to 
guard his supplies and the transportation of them, found 
his force for the field reduced to about 20,000 men. 

The Federal army was now put in motion for Shreve- 
port. The cavalry, under General A. L. Lee, in ad- 
vance, had a slight skirmish with the enemy at Crump's 
April 3. Hill on the 2d. On the 7th the Federal cavalry had a 
Crump's ^^^ hours' fight with the enemy's cavalry near Pleasant 
Hill, Lee driving the foe to St. Patrick's Bayou. On 
April 8. the 8th, Colo'nel Landrum's brigade of the 13th Corps 
cioss reached Lee's position, and together they forced the 
Roads. enemy beyond Sabine Cross Roads. Here the Confed- 
erates were found in strong force. About 20,000 men 
were coijcentrated here under Taylor and Kirby Smith. 



BANKS— PORTER—SMITH. 615 

About noon General Ransom's brigade of tlie 13th iso4. 
Corps joined Landrum and Lee. 

The enemy now attacked in heavy force. Banks 
had arrived at the front, and seeing the alarming situa- 
tion, hurried messengers for assistance from his columns 
in the rear. Heavy skirmishing continued till about 
4 p. M., when the battle became a general engagement, 
the enemy charging with great determination. General 
Cameron arrived with his brigade of the 13th Corps 
about 5 o'clock, but the Federals were still greatly out- 
numbered. The battle raged fiercely until about 5 : 30, 
the Union soldiers stubbornly resisting ; but they were 
finally compelled to fall back some three miles to Pleas- 
ant Grove, with the loss of thirteen pieces of artillery, 
including three pieces of the famous Nim's battery, and 
about 1,000 men taken prisoners. Lee also lost his 
wagon train — about 150 wagons loaded with supplies. 

General Emory, with his fine division, had arrived 
at Pleasant Grove just in the nick of time. Banks hast- 
ily formed it in an excellent position. It was hardly in 
battle order when attacked by the flushed enemy. Lee 
and the 13th Corps rallied upon Emory, whose three 
brigades, under Dwight, McMillan, and Colonel Benedict, 
presented a strong front to the enemy. Again the bat- 
tle raged, lasting from 6 r. m. until dark. The enemy 
was repulsed with great slaughter at all points. Gen- 
erals A. Mouton and M. M. Parsons were amona: his Death of 
killed. Thus two battles had been fought in one day. Mouionand 
Sabine Cross Roads was a terrible disaster; Pleasant 
Grove a splendid victory. 

General Smith with his troops was yet some distance ^f" ^; 

■•- -^ Pleasant 

behind, and Banks concluded to retire to Pleasant Hill, Hm. 
some fifteen miles to the rear, which he did during the 
night of the 8th, arriving there about 9 a. m. the next 
morning, where he found General Smith with a part of 
his command. 



516 BANKS— SMITH. 

1804. Banks formed his lines in good positions and awaited 

the enemy, who appeared about noon, but did not attack 
until about 4 p. m. The Federals were well prepared 
for the enemy at this time. Banks had about 15,000 
men ; the enemy numbered about 25,000. From 4 to 5 
p. M. there was heavy skirmishing and artillery firing, 
when the enemy charged furiously in heavy columns. 
The fighting became fierce and bloody, with victory 
trembling in the balance, until nearly night, when 
Smith's veterans, led by General Mower, make a gal- 
lant charge. The reserves are ordered up, and the tide 
of battle changes. The enemy is routed, and pursued 
until dark. 

Banks now gave up the expedition to Shreveport, 
and began his march back to Grand Ecore, ordering the 
flotilla, which had reached Springfield Landing, to return. 
The water was very low, and the gun-boats in conse- 
quence, had a serious time in getting back. They were 
also constantly annoyed by the enemy's sharpshooters 
on the banks. A brigade of infantry under General 
T. Kilby Smith remained with the flotilla as guard. On 
the evening of the 12th, about 2,000 of the enemy made 
rpojn a determined attack upon the boats, but were driven ofi" 
hea^^ with great slaughter. Their leader. General Tom 
blown off. Green, had his head blown off by a shell. 

■When General Banks reached Grand Ecore, he re- 
ceived a letter from General Grant directing the return 
of General Smith with his troops to Sherman's army, 
and advising that the Red River expedition be aban- 
doned for operations against Mobile. This determined 
Banks to return at once to Alexandria, which place he 
reached on the 27th, after having a severe engagement 
April 23. '^^^^^ the enemy at Cane River on the 23d, in which the 
Cane River, XJniou troops wcro victorious. Porter reached Alex- 
f^ndria with all his gun-boats save one, the JSastport, 



BANKS— CANBY—FARRAGITT. 617 

which, having been injured by a torpedo, was destroyed. 1804. 
General Banks had lost in this campaign about 5,000 
men in killed, wounded, and missing. 

At Alexandria, Banks and Smith were obliged to 
wait for the fleet to get over the rapids, which had now 
become a serious matter in consequence of low water ; 
finally, Colonel Bailey, who was formerly a major in the 
4th Wisconsin infantry, now chief-engineer of the 19th 
Corps, saved the fleet by his wonderful dam, which the 
navies would have no faith in until after its success. 
He began the dam on the 1st of May, and on the 8th a 
part of the fleet passed through, and all were safe below 
by the 12th. Porter now returned to the Mississippi. 

On May 13, Banks left Alexandria, reaching Sims- 
port on the 16th, having had a slight engagement with 
the enemy that day at Mansura. On the 19th, Smith's May 19. 
command, which covered the rear, had a sharp fight ^f '°^ 
with the enemy at Yellow Bayou. After severe loss 
the enemy retired. Banks crossed the Atchafalaya on 
the 20th, when General E. R. S. Canby, who had just 
arrived, assumed command of the troops, and Banks re- 
turned to New Orleans. Smith with his troops returned 
to Memphis. 

Banks was to have been joined, or rather have had 
in co-operation, a body of troops under General Steele, 
from Little Rock, Ark. Steele had about 15,000 men, 
but he had severe fighting with the enemy under Price 
in Arkansas, and was unable to render Banks any as- 
sistance. (See page 468.) 

Farragut attacked Forts Morgan and Gaines, at the ^^^^ g 
entrance of Mobile Bay, Aug. 5, 1864. General Canby ^"'"'^ 

•^ ' ^ ' *' Gaines and 

had sent there 5,000 troops under General Gordon Morgan. 
Granger, who had landed on Dauphin Island. Farragut's 
fleet numbered eighteen vessels, of which four were iron- 
clads — the Manhattan, the Winnebago, the Chickasaw, 



518 FAREAGUT. 

1 SG4. and the Tecumseh. The wooden vessels were the flag- 
ship Hartford, the Brooklyn, the Oneida, the Ossipee, the 
Richmond, the Lackawanna, the Monongaliela, the Odo- 
r«r«, the Metacomet, the Por^ Royal, the Itasca, the 
Galena, the Kennebec, and the Seminole. 

At 7 A. M. Farragut advanced upon the forts, himself 
lashed to the mast in the main-top of the Hartford, hav- 
ing a speaking-tube running below. A terrible battle 
between the forts and vessels followed, but Farragut 
succeeded in passing them. The Tesumseh was sunk by 
a torpedo during the engagement, 113 officers and men 
going down with her. The enemy had four gun-boats 
inside, — the ram Tennessee, and gun-boats Selma, Morgan, 
and Gaines. The ram and Morgan were driven off; the 
Selma was captured by the Metacomet after a severe 
struggle, with about 100 .prisoners 5 and the Gaines was 
burned by the enemy to prevent her falling into Federal 
hands. Farragut w^as now inside, and had possession of 
the harbor. 

About 9 A. M. the ram Tennessee, with Buchanan in 
command, again came at the Hartford. The Federal 
vessels at once closed around the rascal. The Monon- 
galiela first struck the monster a severe blow, then the 
Lancaster followed at full speed ; both vessels broke 
their noses. Then the Hartford, by Farragut's direction, 
rammed her, and now all were upon her. Her smoke- 
stack was gone, also her steering chains, and several of 
her port shutters so jammed that they could not be 
opened. Her crew were unable to keep their feet in 
consequence of the terrible ramming. The unfortunate 
Buchanan was so emphatically " hustled " that he 
hauled down his flag at about 10 a. m., surrendering 
with about 190 men. 

Meantime General Granger had laid siege to Fort 
Gaines on Dauphin Island. On the 6th, Farragut sent 



CA XB Y — FAKE A GUT. 519 

the CMcJcasaw to aid him. About 10 o'clock on the ^««^- 
morning of the 7th, the fort was surrendered to Granger, ^„g g^ ^ 
with about 600 men. Another fort, called Fort Powell, ^°!'' 
at Grant's Pass, was at this time abandoned by the 
enemy. On the 9th, Granger's troops were transferred 
to the rear of Fort Morgan, and at once laid siege. On 
the 22d all was ready, and the bombardment was begun 
by land and naval forces. The fort was surrendered on ^"«; ^^^• 

•/ Fort Mor- 

the morning of the 23d, with about 800 men. After gan. 
the loss of these forts the enemy strengthened their 
fortifications around Mobile, and garrisoned them with 
15,000 men. 

Early in January, 1865, General Canby was ordered ises. 
to move against Mobile. General A. J. Smith was sent jJ^^Jie"* 
to him with the 16th army corps. General Granger 
assembled about 10,000 men from New Orleans and 
other points at Fort Barrancas, in Pensacola Bay, and 
organized them as the 13th army corps. The 16th 
Corps arrived at Dauphin Island on March 7. 

Soon afterward the two corps were rendezvoused at 
Danley's, on Fish River, preparatory to a movement 
against the enemy's works on the east side. Spanish Spanish 
Fort, about seven miles east of Mobile, received the first 
attention. This the Federals invested on the 27th. 
Skirmishing and artillery firing continued until April 8, 
when toward evening, all being ready, a general bom- 
bardment was begun. Colonel Bell with his regiment, 
the 8th Iowa, of Carr's division, 16th CorjDs, made a 
brilliant charge upon a portion of the enemy's works, 
and after a brave struggle, hand to hand in the dark, he 
captured the works with about 300 prisoners. At mid- 
night the enemy evacuated the fort. The Federals 
rushing in, captured about 500 more prisoners. The 
fort had been garrisoned by about 3,000 men. 

After the capture of Spanish Fort the Federals 



520 GANBY. 

1S6 5, moved against Fort Blakely, on the east bank of the 

Tensas. General Steele, with a division of colored 

troops and a brigade of cavalry, had come from Pensa- 

cola about the middle of March, having had a severe 

engagement with the enemy's cavalry, about 800 strong, 

March 25. at Pinc Barrcu Creek on March 25. The Federal cav- 

ren Creek, airy chaTgcd, routiug the enemy and taking about 200 

^^^' prisoners, causing them a further loss of 200 in killed 

and wounded. Steele then proceeded to assist the 

investment of Fort Blakely. 

On the 9th of April, with Steele's troops on the right, 
two divisions of the 13th Corps under Generals Veatch 
and Andrews in the center, and one division of the 16th 
Corps under General Garrard on the left, the Federals 
Fort prepared to assault Fort Blakely. At about 5 p. m. the 
Blakely. j^ggg^^i^ began. A bloody battle followed. The works 
were powerful, and heavily armed and manned. It 
required the most brave and determined spirit to make 
headway in the face of the murderous fire of shot and 
shell poured out by the defenders ; but the Federals 
moved steadily forward into the sheet of fire. The Fed- 
eral commanding officers cheered their men, and were in 
the front of the fight. By 7 p. m. the works were car- 
ried, and the fort captured. The whole garrison of 
3,400 men were taken prisoners, including three general 
officers. In order to mention those officers and soldiers 
who exhibited great valor, each one, both white and 
black, would have to be named. The loss of the enemy 
in killed and wounded was about 500 ; that of the Fed- 
erals about 700. Forts Huger and Tracy, at the mouth 
of the Tensas, were now attacked. They held out 
until the night of the 11th, when they were evacuated. 
April 11. On the 11th, General Maury, who was in command 

Mobile , ' . 

evacuated, of thc cuomy s troops at Mobile, numbering about 9,000, 
evacuated, moving northward. On the 12th the civil 



CANBT, 521 

authorities surrendered Mobile, and on the 13th of isg5. 
April, 1865, the Federals took possession. On the 4th ^~ 
of May, General Dick Taylor surrendered to General cick Tay 
Canby at Citronelle, Ala., all the enemy s forces east ot ders. 
the Mississippi that had not already been captured, 
numbering 12,723 men. The enemy's navy, under 
Commander Farrand, on the Tombigbee, surrendered to 
Commodore Thatcher. General Sam Jones surrendered 
2,113 men at Tallahasse, Fla., May 10, 1865, and Gen- 
eral Jefferson Thompson surrendered 5,048 men at 
Chalk Bluff, Ark., May 11, 1865. 

The battle of Palmetto Ranche, in Texas, was the 
last battle of the war. It was fougU on May 12 and 13, ^^^^ ^o 13, 
1865. The Federal forces were composed of Colonel p^J^";^^^^" 
T. H. Barrett's 62d United States colored infantry, and Tex. 
detachments of the 2d Texas cavalry and 34th Indiana 
infantry. The Federals drove the enemy, and in turn 
were driven. The fighting ended in a drawn battle. 
The Federal loss in killed and wounded was 115. 

Kirby Smith surrendered all the enemy's forces west May 26. 
of the Mississippi to General Canby May 26, 1865. smith sur- 
The number paroled was 10,167. 

" The Union Forever ! " 



CHAPTER XXIX. 

CONCLUSION. 

ises. QUNDAY, April 2, 1865, Jefferson Davis, with his 
wJ) military staff and his cabinet, prepared to leave their 
Flight of capital. While at church that morning, a messenger 
Da*['ir°" brought him a dispatch from General Lee which warned 
him that there was safety only in immediate flight. 
Davis hurriedly left the church, and gave orders for the 
removal of his " government " to Danville, together with 
the coin from the banks, and everything else valuable. 
At 10 p. M. Davis was ready to start. With his political 
and military families and a guard of 200 men he departed 
on board a train of cars for Danville. 

The bad news soon spread about the city ; and from 
the first stir of government officers about noon, the noise 
and bustle gradually increased until at night it was a 
frightful roar. The better class of people were making 
tremendous efforts to escape from the wrath to come, 
packing up their valuables, and hurrying away to save 
them from the ruthless hands of the dreadful Yankees. 
Vehicles of every description were brought into service 
at high prices. The rougher classes, gathering in the 
streets, became by midnight a violent mob. The wild- 
est confusion prevailed throughout the city. The City 
Council, in endeavoring to avert an evil, made matters 
worse by ordering that all liquors should be emptied into 
the gutters. When brought out, the mob seized large 
quantities, and the large quantities that were spilled 
were eagerly drank from the gutters by the disordered 

(522) 



CONCLUSION. 523 

7Tiultitiule. Windows were smashed, doors broken open, is a 5. 
and buildings set on fire. The contents of stores were 
carried off in a twinkling. Toward morning the flames 
burst forth from several tobacco warehouses. Flouring- 
mills were fired, as well as arsenals filled with shells and 
munitions of war, the flames spreading from building to 
building and from street to street until nearly the whole 
of the business portion of Richmond was destroyed. 
Toward morning General Ewell, whose corps was the 
last to leave Richmond, withdrew his troops to the south 
side of the James, and burned the bridges. 

By 7 A. M., April 3, the enemy had departed from ^^^J^^^ 
Richmond. At about 8 a. m. General Godfrey Weitzel evac.iaied. 
and staff rode into the city at the head of a brigade of 
colored troops of the 24th Corps, and again the United 
States flag floated over the capitol of Virginia. More 
than 500 heavy guns were found in the works defending 
the enemy's capital. 

General Shepley, who had been military governor of 
New Orleans in General Butler's time, was placed in 
command of the city, and at once set to work restoring 
order, the Union soldiers going to work with a will to 
assist in extinguishing the flames. Orders were issued 
forbidding soldiers to enter private dwellings, and in- 
structing them to respect persons and property ; at the 
same time requiring respect from the citizens toward the 
soldiers and the United States flag. The 5,000 sick and 
wounded Southern soldiers found in Richmond were at 
once provided for, and large quantities of provisions 
were distributed to the people. 

Jefferson Davis did not altogether despair. He 
hoped Lee and Johnston would unite ; together they 
would have 100,000 men with which to establish a new 
capital. His train reached Danville on the morning of 
the 3d, and he at once made preparations to re-estab- 



524: GOI^CLUSIOF. 

186 5. lish his government. On the 5th he issued a proclama- 
Aprir~5. ^ion in which his people were told that they had now 
Davis at entered upon a new phase of the struggle. (What dull 
people not to have already known it ! ) But his stay 
here was of short duration. On the 10th he learned of 
Lee's surrender. Again there was safety in flight, and 
the enemy's government reached Greensboro on the 11th. 
Here Davis met Johnston, and in desperation whispered 
hoarsely in that general's ear, " Attack Sherman ! " 
Johnston shook his head, and replied, " No use." Here 
Davis began to understand that the dear people were 
forsaking him. Hospitalities were not offered. The 
" government " remained for three days in a railroad car, 
then removed to Charlotte. He now became satisfied 
that all was lost. Nearly all the members of his cabinet 
abandoned him when he fled southward. A reward of 
$100,000 had been offered for his capture, and the Fed- 
May 11. eral cavalry were after him. As he pushed along, his 
Michigan escort droppod off here and there, until he had but few 
turr^hr^ fi'iends left with him. On May 11 the 4th Michigan 
rebel chief, g^valry, Licutenant-Colonel Benjamin D. Pritchard com- 
manding, captured the $100,000 fugitive near Irwinville, 
Ga. He was sent to Fortress Monroe a prisoner ; but 
not long afterward he was bailed out. He never was 
brought to trial, and to-day lives a free man, enjoying 
the blessings of a free country. 

But our beloved Lincoln was murdered when his 

Assassina- • i i • 

tion of our troublcs wcrc nearly over, when the war was just closing, 
Lincoln, whcn hc had only for a moment witnessed the glorious 
end of the terrible four years' struggle for the life of 
the nation, — a struggle in which he had been the chief 
actor, and in which his firmness and noble determination 
to maintain the Constitution and the laws of the land, 
had preserved the Union. Overjoyed at the conclu- 
sion of the war, he was ready to forgive anybody, and 



conclusion: 525 

was just entering into the enjoyment of the great oc- is 05. 
casion, had just caught a glimpse of the beautiful horizon, 
the dawn of peace, when on April 14, at 10 p. m., while 
sitting in a private box at Ford's Theater in Washington, 
his wife beside him, the spirit of the Devil in the body 
of one John Wilkes Booth, stealthily crept behind this 
noble man, and placing a pistol to the back of his head, 
fired. The ball entered the brain, and the President 
instantly became unconscious, remaining so till his death, 
which occurred at 7 : 22 o'clock the following morning. 
He had been removed to the house of Mr. Peterson, op- 
posite the theater. The assassin stabbed Major Rath- 
bone, who attempted to seize him, then rushing to the 
front of the box brandishing his dagger, he exclaimed, 
" Sic Semper Tyrannis ! " (So may it be always with 
tyrants) — the motto of the seal of Virginia, — and then 
leaped upon the stage. He had on spurs ; his horse 
awaited him at the back door. One of his spurs caught 
in the national flag which hung there, and he fell, badly 
injuring one of his legs. Recovering, he stood erect, 
and again flourishing his dagger he cried out, " The Escape of 
South is avenged ! " then rushing through the back part ^J^ '"'"*'"" 
of the theater, he mounted his horse and escaped. 

At nearly the same moment a confederate of Booth, 
one Lewis Payne Powell, a son of Florida, attempted to Attempt' 
murder Wm. H. Seward, Secretary of State. Mr. s°e^ra^d." 
Seward's son was severely wounded in endeavoring to 
sa¥e his father, who was confined to his bed from an 
injury received by being thrown from a carriage. The 
assassin stabbed Mr. Seward in three places, and then 
escaped, after a severe struggle with an invalid Union 
soldier named Robinson, who was in attendance on Mr. 
Seward. Other members of this devilish conspiracy, 
who were to murder other members of the cabinet and 
also General Grant, failed to accomplish their terrible 



526 CONCLUSION. 

1805. purpose. It had been announced that General Grant 
would accompany the President to the theater, but the 
General was called away to New York. Booth was 
overtaken in Virginia, near Port R,oyal, concealed in a 
barn with one of his confederates, named Harold. The 
latter soon came out and surrendered, but Booth, refus- 

Booth ing to surrender, was shot by one of his pursuers, and 
expired soon afterward. Harold, Atzerodt, Powell, and 
Mrs. Surratt, who had been engaged in this fiendish 
conspiracy, were hanged. Three others O'Laughlin, 
Mudd, and Arnold, — were condemned to imprisonment 
for life, and one — named Spangler — for six years. 

The death of Lincoln caused sincere mourning 
throughout the whole country, except, perhaps, that 
portion lately in rebellion, and even there it was greatly 
deplored by the best« citizens. Funeral services were 
held in the East Room of the Executive Mansion on 
the 19th, when the body was taken to his old home at 
Springfield, HI. His funeral procession extended from 
Washington to the place of interment. 

Blaine on The Houorable James G. Blaine, in his most valuable 

book entitled " Twenty Years of Congress," pp. 546, 
547, says : — 

"Six days after the sni-T-ender of Lee, the Nation was 
thrown into the deepest grief by the assassination of the Pres- 
ident. The gloom which enshrouded the country was as thick 
as darkness. The people had come through many alternations 
of fear and hope to repose the most absohite trust in Mr. TTin- 
coln. They realized that he had seen clearly where they were 
blind ; that he had known fully where they were ignorant. 
He had been patient, faithful, and far-seeing. Religious people 
regarded him as one divinely appointed, like the prophets of 
old, to a great work, and they found comfort in the pai-allel 
which the}^ saw in his deatli with that of the leader of Israel. 
He, too, had reached the mountain's top, and had seen the land 

redeometl unto the utmost sea, and had then died." 

********** 



Lincoln. 



CONCLUSION. 527 

"Mr. Lincoln united fiimncss and gentleness in a singular is as. 
degree. He rarely spoke a harsh word. Ready to hear argu- 
ment and always open to conviction, he adhered tenaciously to 
the conclusions which he had finally reached. Altogether 
modest, he had confidence in himself, trusted to the reasoning 
of his own mind, believed in the correctness of his own judg- 
ment. Many of the popular conceptions concerning him are 
erroneous. No man was farther than he from the easy, famil- 
iar, jocose characters in which he is often painted. While he 
paid little attention to form or ceremony, he was not a man 
with whom liberties could be taken. There was but one per- 
son in Illinois, outside of his own household, who ventured to 
address him by his first name. There was no one in Washing- 
ton who ever attempted it.. Appreciating wit and humor, he 
relished a good story, especially if it illustrated a truth or 
strengthened an argument, and he had a vast fund of illustra- 
tive anecdote which he used with the happiest effect. But the 
long list of vulgar, salacious stories attributed to him, were re- 
tailed only by those who never enjoyed the privilege of exchang- 
ing a word with him. His life was altogether a serious one, 
inspired by the noblest spirit, devoted to the highest aims. 
Humor was but an incident with him, a partial relief to the 
melancholy wliich tinged all his years." 

The war was over. The enormous task of disband- Disbanding' 
ing the 1,034,064 men then in service, began May 1, troops. 
1865; and by January 1, 1866, 918,722 men had been 
mustered out. The remainder were mustered out as 
they could be spared, the whole not being completed 
until November, 1866. During the war, the Ordnance 
Department had furnished 7,892 cannon, 11,787 artil- 
lery carriages, over 4,000,000 small arms, and more than 
1,000,000,000 cartridges. 

The defenses of Washington, as finally completed, ^^^'^""'''"^ 

~ ' ./ 1 ^ Washing- 

consisted of 68 forts and batteries, mounting 800 guns ton. 

and 100 mortars, the circuit of which was about thirty- 
three miles. There were about twenty miles of infantry 
trenches. The garrison varied in numbers, as exigei)' 



r>28 CONCLUSION. 

tsas. cies seemed to require, from 10,000 to 50,000 men. 
General J. G. Barnard, of the United States army, was 
the chief engineer in the construction of these defenses. 
j„]y 13^ In the spring of 1863, the most uncertain period of 

New Yoi ^^^^ ^^^' ^^^ peace-party at the North, and the armies of 
riot- the enemy at the South reached their fullest strength. 

The leaders of the opposition to the Government became 
bolder as the summer approached, so that by the 4th of 
July, and especially on that day, many speeches were 
made openly and at public meetings denouncing the war 
for the Union, at which time the ignorant and evil disposed 
were ripe for a resistance of the draft. But now, like a 
flash of light, there came over the country the news of vic- 
tory at Vicksburg, Gettysburg, and Port Hudson, and the 
retreat of Bragg before Rosecrans. The tide turned, and 
the North undoubtedly was saved from a general " fire- 
in-the-rear " revolt, except in New York City. The 
lower classes there had been so wrought upon by fiery 
speeches and certain newspapers, that mob violence 
occurred in spite of the national victories. 

The draft in New York City, which had been post- 
poned several times, began on Saturday, July 11. A 
large crowd collected, but all passed off quietly for that 
day. On Monday, July 13, the drafting was resumed, 
when the riot began at the corner of 3d Avenue and 46th 
Street. Paving stones were hurled through the windows 
of the building where draCting was going on, the doors 
were broken open, and the crowd rushed in, demolishing 
everything connected with the office, the officers barely 
escaping with their lives. The place was set on fire, 
and the building entirely consumed ; iilso at Broadway 
and 29th Street, where the officers were drafting, the 
building was fired, and the entire block was soon burned 
to the ground. There were few troops in the city, the 
State troops being absent in Pennsylvania to iiid in 



CONCLUSION. 529 

repelling Lee, who had been encouraged by this mob isos. 
element to invade the North. A detachment of the Nev^ork 
Invalid corps and the police attempted to suppress the '^°*- 
riotj but could accomplish nothing; for they were few 
and the mob thousands. They were soon overpowered, 
and compelled to retreat. Spreading about the city, 
the mob raised the cry against the " niggers " and the 
" abolition war." The inoffensive negroes were cruelly 
hunted, and beaten without mercy, and their houses 
sacked and burned. Several were killed. The Colored 
Orphan Asylum, at the corner of 5th Avenue and 46th 
Street, was burned to the ground, while the two hundred 
helpless children were with difficulty taken away by the 
rear doors. The armory at the corner of 2d Avenue and 
29th Street, and miany other buildings were also burned. 
The Tribune building was attacked, but the mob was 
driven off by the police. 

The police, aided by a small force of marines and of 
the Invalid corps, did their duty bravely, and succeeded 
in repelling the mob at many points ; but they were too 
few in numbers to subdue it. The riot continued for 
four days ; all business was at a stand-still. But on the 
16th several regiments of the State troops returned from 
Pennsylvania, and the mob dispersed. The loss of life 
on the part of the rioters had been about 400, and about 
600 others had been wounded. On the side of the Gov- 
ernment the loss had been about 50 altogether. Over 
$2,000,000 worth of property had been destroyed. The 
drafting soon afterward proceeded without further resist- 
ance. 

But we will now bring the history of the land forces 
to a close, and then endeavor to tell briefly the story of 
the navy. The integrity of the United States Govern- 
ment had been maintained, the war brought to a success- 
ful end. It had been a terrible struggle. At the begin- 
34 



530 CONCLUSION. 

1865. ning of hostilities the population of the United States 
New^ork i^^^T^bered about 32,000,000. The population of the 
liot. seceding States numbered about 11,000,000, including 

the disloyal portions (estimated at about 1,000,000) of 
Kentucky, Missouri, and Maryland. One third of the 
strength of the Union had turned against its own Gov- 
ernment. 

But this was not all ; the war began with the vilest 
of treachery. Officers of the army and navy, members 
of the Cabinet, the Senate, and the House of Representa- 
tives, who had sworn to defend and obey the laws of the 
land, used their positions to plan the destruction of the 
Union. Many retained their offices until the war was 
well begun, acting as spies, giving the enemy information 
of the plans of the already distracted Governments, and 
finally joining the ranks' of the foe, where they received 
appointments to high positions as a reward for their 
deliberate and shameful treachery, after having dis- 
mantled the Northern forts and arsenals of ordnance, 
ammunition, and equipments, transferring them to the 
South, and scattering the navy to foreign stations. 

The army, all told, numbered but 16,000 men, and 
was so distributed in small detachments that it could not 
be readily available. Nearly all the Southern forts and 
arsenals had been seized by the enemy, and there was 
scarcely anything for the United States Government to 
begin with but determined hands and faithful hearts. 
On the 12th of April, 1861, the war began by the 
attack of the enemy upon Fort Sumter. The fort sur- 
rendered on the 14th, and on the 15th President Lincoln 
called for 75,000 volunteers. Over 90,000 patriots 
promptly responded. The legislatures of the loyal 
States voted large sums of money to be loaned the Gov- 
ernment. The Northern banks threw open their vaults, 
and there was a great uprising of the Northern people 



conclusion: 631 

» 

to sustain the Government, All hope of reconciliation isgb. 
had departed with the attack upon Sumter. 

Four years of terrible war have passed, and the ter- 
ritor}^ that then withdrew from the protection of the 
United States flag, is blighted with fire and sword. But 
the stars and stripes again wave " o'er the land of the 
free and the home of the brave." Indeed, all have been 
brave, the conquered as well as the conquering. All are 
Americans. Each side has lost in killed and wounded 'i'otaMty of 

r\nrv • killed aud 

man for man, 100,000 being killed in battle or dying of wounded 
wounds on each side. 200,000 died of disease in each ""^^J^ 
army. Thus 600,000 Americans have given up their 
lives in consequence of the sins of their ancestors in 
permitting human slavery to exist in a country they 
had made free by throwing off the yoke of England. 
But that is not more than one half the loss to the 
country ; probably 600,000 more were made cripples, 
or were permanently disabled by disease. 

The United States currency value of gold followed currency 
the successes and reverses of the Union armies. In ^^|"!^ "'^ 

gold, 

January, 1862, gold was 102 ; in July, 115 ; in January, 
1863, 145; in July, 130; in January, 1864, 155; in 
July, 285 ; in January, 1866, 216 ; in July, 142, From 
the last-named date to 1870 it stood between 130 and 
140; and up to 1877, between 108 and 115, when it 
rapidly fell to par, specie payment being resumed Jan- 
uary 1, 1879. 

The currency of the enemy was at par but a short 
time, December, 1861, it was 120, December, 1862, 
300, and rapidly increased to March, 1865, when it re- 
quired $60 in currency to buy a gold dollar. 

The whole number of men called into service during 
the war in the army and navy was 2,656,553, Of these, 
1,500,000 were in actual service, 70 per cent of whom 
were native Americans. Reduced to a three-years' 
standard, there were furnished by States as follows : — ^ 



532 CONCLUSION-. 

1 S 6 5 . ^^^^^^^ 1,611 Mississippi 545 

* Arkansas .'. 7,836 Missouri 86,530 

California 15,725 Nebraslia Territory 2,175 

Colorado Territory 3,697 Nevada 1,080 

Connecticut 50,623 New Hampshire 30,849 

Dakota Territory 206 New Jersey 57,908 

Delaware 10,322 New Mexico Territory 4,433 

District of Columbia 11,506 New York 392,270 

Florida 1,290 North Carolina 3,156 

Illinois 21 4,133 Ohio 240,514 

Indian Nation 3,530 Oregon 1,773 

Indiana 153,576 Pennsylvania .■ . .. 265,517 

Iowa 68,630 Rhode Island 17,866 

Kansas 18,706 Tennessee 26,394 

Kentuclcy 70,832 Texas 1,633 

Louisiana 4,654 Vermont 39,068 

Maine 56,776 Washington Territory 964 

Maryland 41,275 West Virginia 37,714 

Massachusetts 124,104 Wisconsin 79,260 

Michigan 80,111 

Minnesota ] 9,693 Aggregate, 3,228,483 

Calls for April 15, 1861, the President called for 75,000 three 

troops months' men, under which call the States furnished 
91,816. 

May 3, 1861, 500,000 three years' men were called 
for. The States furnished 657,868. At the same time 
42,812 men enlisted for shorter terms. 

In May and June, 1861, 15,007 men were enlisted 
for three months. 

Under the call of July 2, 1862, for 300,000 three 
years' men, 421,465 men were furnished. 

The call of Aug. 4, 1862, for 300,000 nine months' 
militia, produced but 87,588. 

The President's proclamation of June 15, 1863, 
called out 16,361 six months' men. 

Under the call of Oct. 17, 1863, which embraced 
men raised by draft in 1863, and the call of Feb. 1, 
1864, both calls being combined, and for 500,000 men 
for three years, 317,092 men were raised. 52,288 men 
paid commutation, making a total of 369,380. 

For the call of March 14, 1864, for 200,000 three 
years' men, there were furnished 259,515; paid commu- 
tation, 32,678 ; total, 292,193. 



CONCLUSION. 633 

Between April 23 and July 18, 1864, 113,000 mill- isns. 
tia were mustered into the United States service for one 
hundred days. 

July 18, 1864, a call was made for 500,000 men for 
one, two, three, and four years' service. On this call 
there were furnished 223,044 men for one year, 8,430 
for two years, 153,049 for three years, and 730 for four 
years. 1,300 men paid commutation, making a total of 
386,461. 

Dec. 19, 1864, a call for 300,000 men for one, two? 
three, and four years, brought into service 151,263 for 
one year, 5,108 for two years, 54,967 for three years, 
and 314 for four years. 460 paid commutation. Total, 
212,212. 

There were furnished by States and Territories not 
called upon, 182,257 men ; of these, 166,848 were for 
three years. 

Actual strength " present " of all the armies on — 

January 1, 1861, 16,435 January 1, 1864, 611,250 strength 

July 1, 1861, 183,588 January 1, 1365, 620,924 "„.,,,,:;',(, un 

January 1, 1862, 527,204 April 1, 1865, 660,000 '^^j'.. 

January 1, 1863, 698,802 May 1, 1865, 787,000 

During the war, the total number of colored troops Colored 
enlisted was about 185,000, one half of whom came from ^"""'^i'*- 
the States in rebellion. 

There were 225,000 soldiers discharged for disability 
during the war. The number captured by the enemy 
was about 213,000, of which there were about 125,000 
sent to Southern prisons, the balance being paroled. 
The Federals captured 476,000 of the enemy, of which 
number 225,000 were sent to Northern prisons. Of 
these, 26,775 died while prisoners; 29,730 Union sol- 
diers died in Southern prisons. 

The war cost, at its close, $6,500,000,000 ; but the 
expenditure is not yet over. A large sum will be added 



534 CONCLUSION. 

18 65. each year by a grateful nation, until the penvsion pay- 
ments and expense of soldiers' homes shall cease. 
The end. ^^^ ^^^ glorious achievements of our army and navy, 

the deeds of valor, the patient long-suffering, the skill, 
courage, determination, and final triumph of our soldiers 
and sailors, be ever held in grateful remembrance by our 
nation. Give successful leaders due credit, but do not 
forget the rank and file. Of the vicissitudes of war, lit- 
tle is known by the people outside of the army. They 
hear of the battles, which are of short duration; but 
the weeks and months of preparation for the battle 
are little known. The long, toilsome marches in mud 
and rain, the digging of trenches, throwing up of breast- 
works, the suffering from wounds and disease, from short 
rations, and the many other deprivations of the soldier's 
life, they cannot know or feel. 

The army accomplished prodigious results. The 
successes of the navy were the wonder of the world, 
and astonished the great powers of Europe, — 1,000,000 
soldiers moving forward shoulder to shoulder, 1,000 ves- 
sels plowing the seas and rivers. The w^ar developed 
the inherent strength of the nation, advancing from an 
army of 16,000 men to 1,000,000, from a navy of 42 
vessels to 1,000, from wooden war ships to the wonder- 
ful monitors and iron-clads. All these, and the im- 
provements in the implements and arts of war, were 
productions of the American mind. 
American Ou Scpt. 22, 1862, thc President issued a proclama- 

abolished, tion declaring, "That on the first day of January, in the 
year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty- 
three, all persons held as slaves within any State or 
designated part of a State, the people whereof shall be 
in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, 
thenceforward, and forever, free." And on January 1, 
1863, the President issued a proclamation declnring all 
slaves free in States still in rebellion. 



CONCLUSION. 



635 



The President, when inaugurated, said, " I have no 
intention to interfere with slavery ; " and in August, 
1862, he said, in a letter to Horace Greeley, " My para- 
mount object is to save the Union, and not either to 
save or destroy slavery." 

As a war measure, the President was finally com- 
pelled to do the act, giving the South, however, one 
hundred days to return to their allegiance. This was a 
just measure, — a great blessing to this country from the 
Almighty Father. 

The following are the dates of the secession and re- 
several seceding 



186 5. 



admission into the 
States : — 



Union of the 



South Carolina Dec. 20, 1860. 

Mississippi Jan. 9, 1861. 

Alabama Jan. 11, 1861. 

Florida Jan. 10, 186 L. 

Georgia Jan. 19, 1861. 

Louisiana Jan. 26, 1861. 

Texas Feb. 1, 1861. 

Virginia April 17, 1861. 

Arkansas May 6, 1861. 

North Carolina May 21, 1861. 

Tennessee June 8, 1861. 



June 25, 


1868. 


Secession 


Feb. 23, 


1870. 


and re-ad- 


June H, 


1868. 


mission of 


June 25, 


1863. 


the seced- 


July 15, 


1870. 


ing Stales. 


June 25, 


1 868. 




Mar. 30, 


1870. 




Jan. 25, 


1870. 




June 22, 


1868. 




June 25, 


1S68. 




July 24, 


1866. 





NATIONAL CEMETERIES. 

In the subjoined list are given the names and loca- 
tions of the National Cemeteries for the Federal dead, 
with the number therein buried, known and unknown. 



NAME OF OEMETERT. 

Annapolis, Md. 
Alexandria, La. 
Alexandria, Va. 


KNOWN. 

2,285 

534 

3,403 


UNKNOWN. 

204 
772 
120 


TOTAL. 

Our 

2,48« National 

^1°^^ Cemeteries 
3,522 


Andersonville, Ga. 


12,793 


921 


13,714 


Antietam, Md. 


2,853 


1,818 


4,671 


Arlington, Va. 


11,915 


4,-349 


16,264 


BaU's Bluff, Va. 


1 


24 


25 


Barrancas, Fla. 


798 


657 


1,455 


Baton Rouge, La. 


2,469 


495 


2,964 


Battle Ground, D. C. 


43 


— 


43 


Beaufort, S. C. 


4,748 


4,493 


9,241 


Beverly, N. J. 


145 


7 


152 



538 COlfOLUSIOJf. 

National ^.ave HiU, Ky. 3344 ' '"^^ 

Cemeteries Chamette, La. 6 837 5,674 12'^n 

Cold Harbor, Va. ^'^S J'St ?'JS 

Corinth, Miss. 1,?89 ^'^^^J J'^SJ 

Crown HiU,Ind. "'esi ^'^|I ^'!J5 

Culpepper, Va. 456 o^; .' J^ 

Cypress Hills, N.Y. 3,7lS Je s'Jse 

Danville. Ky. '335 ^« 3,. SO 

Danville, Va. 1 ,73 ^° ^43 

FayetteviUe, Ark. '431 Jgl J'o?I 

Finn's Point, N. J. _ " „ ^^i ^'f^f 

3^1°^-ence, 8.'C. 119 Kqq ?'qq« 

Fort Donelson, Tenn. I58 'sn 'fi«Q 

Fort Gibson, I. T. S g ^J^^ 3^69 

Fort Harrison, Va. 239 '575 'SI 

Fort Leavenworth, Kan. 835 028 1 ^aq 

Fort Smith, Ark. ' 7II ^^l }'^63 

Fort Scott, Kan. 390 'm ^i^ 

Fredericksburg, Va. 2,487 13 770 f? 2^7 

Gettysburg, Pa. 1967 I'eJg g'Sg 

Glendale,Va. '334 ^%f ^,575 

Grafton, W.Va. 684 esJ 1:254 

Hampton, Va. 4,930 494 ^ g* 

Jefferson Barracks, Mo. 8,584 2,906 11490 

Jefferson City, Mo. . 349 '4^3 ^^'*^" 

Keokuk, Iowa 612 33 645 

Knoxville, Tenn. 3 090 1 046 3 1 Sfi 

Lamel, Md. '333 ^'"*« 3,136 

Lebanon, Ky. 59I 3^^ ^^° 

Lexington, Ky. 805 108 913 

Little Kock, Ark. 3,265 2 337 5 602 

Logan's Cross Roads, Ky. '345 366 '??? 

Loudon Park, Md. 1,637 . I66 1803 

Marietta, Ga. 7 18« 9 qro -,^,"f 

Memphis, Tenn. • gjle ''7 3' 7 

Mobile, Ala. '756 '113 'geJ 

Mound City, ni. 3,505 2 721 5 226 

NashviUe, Tenn. 11825 Hoi le'Se 

Natchez, Miss. '308 g'^gj ^g'^s 

New Albany, Ind. 2,139 'c76 2ZI 

New Berne, N.C. 3 i77 1 077 s'fS 

Philadelphia, Pa. llssi ''"^J J'^^* 

Pittsburg Landing, Tenn. 1,229 2 361 ^Kcin 

Poplar Grove, Va. 2 198 4001 Kg? 

Port Hudson, La. '596 J233 3's?? 

Richmond, Va. 842 5 700 fi'^49 

Rock Island, lU. 277 '19 ' ^'oS 

Salisbury, N. C. 94 .o 0S2 10 fo« 

San Antonio, Texas 32i '"'Jg ■ ^''loi 

Seven Pines, Va. I50 1 gQg 1358 

Soldiers' Home, D.C. 5,314 ''388 S 

Staunton, Va. 333 53^ ^'^"^ 

Stone River Tenn. 3,821 2,324 6 145 

Vicksburg, Miss. 3,896 12 704 16 600 



CONCLUSION. 



537 



Wilmiugton, N. C. 
Winchester, Va. 
Yorktown, Va. 
Custer Battle Field, M. T. 
Fort McPhersoD, Ntb. 
Woodlawn, Elmira, N. T. 

Total, 



710 


1,398 


2,09i 


2,305 


758 


1,424 


262 


— 


152 


291 


3,074 


16 


170,180 


140,095 



2,108 
4,459 
2,182 
262 
443 
3,090 

316,275 



BOUNTIES. 

The following is a statement, in amount, of bounties 
paid from 1861 to 1865 by States : — 

Connecticut % 6,887,554 

Maine 7,837,644 

Massachusetts 22,965,550 

New Hampshire 9,036,313 

Rhode Island 820,769 

Vermont 4,528,775 

New Jersey 23,868,967 

New York 86,629,228 

Pennsylvania 43,154,987 

Dlinois 17,296,205 

Indiana 9,182,354 

Iowa ■ 1,615,171 

Kansas 57,407 

Michigan 9,664,855 

Minnesota , 2,000,464 

Ohio 23,557,373 

Wisconsin 5,855,356 

Delaware 1,136,599 

District of Cohinil.ia 134,010 

Kentucky 692,577 

Maryland 6,271,992 

Missouri 1,282,149 

. West Virginia 864,737 

Total, $285,941,036 

The above does not show all bounties paid, the 
Provost Marshall-General, from whose report the above 
figures are taken, not receiving full reports from some 
of the States. 



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540 GONCLUSIOiT. 

' — " SHERIDAN'S CAVALRY ENGAGEMENTS. 

Buttles fought by the cavalry under the command of Major- 
General P. W. Sheridan, of the United States Army, from May 
4, 18*64, to April 9, 1865. 

Slu'iidan's Parker's Store, May 5. Brig. J. B. Mclutosli; infantry advance of rebel army. 
ciivulfy en- Craig's Meeting House, May 5. Division J. IT. Wilson; Fitzliugh Lee's division, 
gagements. Todd's Tavern, May 5. Div's D. McM. Gregg, J. H. Wilson; Stuart's corps. 

Furnaces, May fj. Division W. Merritt; Fitzliugh Lee's division. 

Todd's Tavern, May 7. Sheridan coin'd'g. Div's Gregg, Merritt; Stuart's corps. 

Spottsylvaiiia C. H., May 8. Division J. H. Wilson; Wickham's rebel brigade 
witii Loiigstreet's corps. 

Beaver Darn, May 9 and 10. Sheridan's corps; Stuart's corps. 

Yellow Tavern, May 11. Sheridan's corps; Stuart's corps. 

Meadow Bridge, May 12. Sheridan's corps; Stuai-t's corps with four inf. brig. 

Hanover Town, May 27. Division A. T. A. Torbert; Gordon's rebel cavalry. 

Hawe's Shop, May 28. Sheridan with Gregg's division, Custer's brigade; rebel 
cavalry corps with Wade Hampton's S. C. infantry. 

Matadequin Creek, May 30. Division Torbert; Fitzhugh Lee's division. 

Cold Harbor, May 31 and June 1. Sheridan coni'd'g. Divisions, Torbert, Gregg; 
Hampton with rebel cavalry corps with Hoke's and other infantry. 

Mechunip's Creek, May 31. Division J. H. Wilson; W. H. F. Lee's division. 

Ashland, June 1. Division Wilson ; W. H. F. Lee's division. 

Hawe's Shop, June 2. Division Wilson ; W. II. F. Lee's division. 

Sumner's Upper Bridge, June 2. Div. D. McM. Gregg; right wing, rebel ai-my. 

Tolopotomy, June 2. Division Wilson; left wing, rebel army. 

Bethesda Church, June 11. Brigade J. B. Mcintosh ; W. H. F. Lee's division. 

Trevilian Station, June 11. Sheridan with 1st and 2d divisions; rebel corps 
under Hampton with brigade S. C. mounted infantry. 

Long's Bridge, June 12. Division Wilson; W. II. F. Lee's division. 

Mallory's Ford Cross Iloads, June 12. Same as 2d above, adding Breekenridge's 
infantry division. 

White Oak Swamp, June 13. Division Wilson; W. II. F. Lee's division. 

Riddle's Shop, June 13. Brigade G. H. Chapman; inf. advance rebel army. 

Smith's Store, June 1.5. Brigade Mcintosh; W. II. F. Lee's division. 

Tunstall's Station, June 21. Sheridan with 1st and 2d div's; Hampton's corps. 

Nottaway C. II., June 23. Division Wilson ; W. II. F. Lee's division. 

St. Mary's Church, June 21. Division Gregg; Hampton's corps. 

Roanoke Station, June 25. Div's Wilson, Kautz ; W. H. F. Lee's division, with 
Home Guards. 

Stony Creek, June 28. Div's Wilson, Kautz: Hampton's corps with W. H. F. 
Lee's division. 

Ream's Station, June 39. Div's Wilson, Kautz; div's Hampton, Fitzliugh Lee, 
W. H. F. Leo, with Hoke's infantry division. 

Darbytown, July 28. Sheridan commanding. Divisions Torbert, Gregg; Long- 
street's corps, with Wilcox's division rebel infantry, and Hampton's cavalry. 

Lee's Mills, July 31. Division J. Irving Gregg; Fitzhugh Lee's division. 

Moorclield, Aug. 7. Div. Averell; Brig. Bradley Johnston, McCausland, Imboden. 

T(j11 Gate, August 11. Div. Merritt; Gordon's rebel inf. with Wickham's cav. 

Cedarville, August 16. Division Merritt; Fitzhugh Lee's division, with Ker- 
shaw's infantry division. 

Winchester, August 17. Torbert conmianding. Div. Wilson, brig. Lowell's cav., 
brig. Penrose inf. ; rebel cav. with Breekenridge's rebel inf. corps. 

Summit Point, August 21. Div. Wilson ; rebel cav. and inf. advance of rebel army. 

Kearncysville, August 25. Divisions Torbert, Wilson; Breekenridge's corps. 

Kabletown, August 26. Brigade, Lowell; Fitzhugh Lee's division, with Ker- 
sliaw's infantry division. 



CONCLUSION. 541 

Smitlificld, AuRmst 28. Division Mcrritt; Lomax's rebel flivision. 1865. 

SiniUilield crossing of tlic Opequan, August 29. Division M<-rritt; Fitzhugli 

Lee's division, witli Breclcenridge's corps. Sheridan's 

Bunker Hill, Sept. 2 and 3. Division Averell; brigades rebel cavalry, McCaus- ^^y^-^^y en- 
land, Imboden, Bradley Johnston. gagements. 

Abram's Creek, Sept. 13. Brigade Mcintosh; brigade McCausland, with Ker- 
shaw's infantry division. i v. t? i i 

Opequan, Sept. 19. Sheridan commanding Army of the Shenandoah; Jiariy s 
rebel army. 

Front Royal, Sept. 21. Div. Wilson; Wickham's rebel division. 

Fisher's Hill, Sept. 22. Sheridan's Infantry with Devin's brigade and AvereU 8 
division; Early's rebel army. „ , , x , .i- 

Milford, Sept. 22. Torbert com'd'g. Div's Merritt, Wilson ; Fitzhugli Lee s div. 

Luray, Sept. 24. Same as first above. , , i tit 

Forrest Hill, Sept. 24. Division W. H. PoweU; rebel brigades Jackson Mc- 
Causland, Imboden. 

Weyer's Cave, Sept 2(>. Div. Powell; Fitzhugh Lee's division. 

Brown's Gap, Sept. 26. Division Merritt; Fitzhugh Lee's division, with Ker- 
shaw's infantry division. 

Waynesboro, Sept. 28. Div. Torbert, brigade Lowell; rebel cavalry and mf. 

Mt Crawford, Oct. 2. Torbert commanding. Divisions Merritt, Custer; rebel 
cavah-y divisions of Fitzhugh Lee and Rosser with Pegram's inf. division. 

Tom's Run, Oct. 9. Torbert commanding. Divisions Merritt, Custer; divisions 
Fitzhugh Lee, Rosser, and Lomax. 

Cedar Creek, Oct. 19. Between Sheridan and Early. 

Milford, Oct. 26. Division Powell ; L. L. Lomax's rebel division. 

Middletown, Nov. 12. Sheridan com'd'g. 1st and 3d cavalry div's ; Early's army. 

Nineveh, Nov. 12. Division PoweU; Lomax's rebel division. 

Lacey Springs, Dec. 21. Division Custer; Rosser's rebel cavaky division. 

Liberty Mills, Dec. 22. Torbert commanding, let and 2d cav. div.; div. Lomax. 

Gordonsville, Dec. 23. Torbert commanding. 1st and 2d cavalry divisions; 
Lomax's division with Pegram's division of rebel infantry. 

ise5- 

Waynesboro, March 2. Division Custer and Early with Wharton's rebel infant;ry 

division ; Lilley's brigade and part of Rosser's cavaliy brigade. 
North Anna Bridges, or Ashland, March 14, 15. Sheridan commanding: Mer- 
ritt's divisions, Custer, Dcvin; Longstreet commanding: Fitzhugh Lee's 
division and Pickett and Bushrod Johnson's rebel infantry divisions. 
Dinwiddle C. IL, March 31. Sheridan commanding. Merritt's two diviswns, 
Custer, Devin, with Crook's division; Pickett's and Bushrod Johnson's 
rebel infantry divisions, with Fitzhugh and W. H. F. Lee's cavalry divisions. 
Five Forks, April 1. Sheridan commanding: divisions Custer, Dcvin, under 
Merritt, aided by divisions Crook and McKenzie and 5th army corps; 
Anderson commanding rebels : infantry divisions, Pickett, Johnson, cav- 
ah-y divisions, Fitzhugh Lee, W. H. F. Lee, Lomax, Rosser. 
Scott's Corners, April 2. Merritt commanding. Divisions, Custer, Devin, McKen- 
zie; rebel rear under Longstreet and the divisions of the two Lees. 
Sweethouse Creek, April 3. Division Custer; division W. H. F. Lee, with six 

rebel infantry brigades. 
Winticomack Creek, April 3. Brigade Col. Wm. Wells; rebel cav. brigades. 
Ameha C. H., April 4, 5. Div. McKenzie; advance of rebel army. 
Tabernacle Church, April 4. Merritt commanding. Divisions Custer, Devin; 

TCBtC guard of rebel army under Gordon. 
Amelia Springs, April 5. Division Crook; Fitzhugh Lee's div. with rebel inf. 
Sailor's Creek, April 6. Sheridan commanding. Merritt's divisions, Custer, 

Devin, Crook, with 6th army corps , and the retreating rebel army. 
Farmville, April 7. Div. Crook; div. Rosser with rear guard rebel army. 
Appomattox Station, April 8. Sheridan commanding. Merritt's divisions, Custer, 

Devin; main advance of rob(,'l army. 
Appomattox C. H., April 9. Sheridan commanding. Merritt's divisions, Custer, 
Dcvin, with divisions Crook, McKenzie, with the 5th and 24th army corps; 
Lee's rebel army. 



6i2 CONCLUSION. 

1 s « J. 

^~~ si3:E:i^iiD^?L.:bT's j^iide. 

BY THOMAS BUCHANAN KKAD. 

„, ., , "TI'* from the south at break of day, 

faiiioua bringing' to Winchester fresh dismay, 

ride. The affrighted air with a shudder bore, 

Like a herald in haste, to the chieftain's door, 
The terrible grumble, and rumble, and roar, 
Telling the battle was on once more, 
And Shei'idan twenty miles away. 



"But there is a road fi-om Winchester town, 
A good broad highway leading down; 
And there, through the flush of the morning light, 
A steed as black as the steeds of night 
Was seen to pass, as with eagle flight. 
As if he knew the teri-ible need. 
He stretched away with his utmost speed ; 
Hills rose and fell; but hie heart was gay. 
With Sheridan fifteen miles away. 

"Still sprung from tliose swift hoofs thundering south, 
The dust, like smoke from tJie cannon's mouth; 
Or the trail of a comet, sweeping faster and faster. 
Foreboding to traitors the doom of disaster. 
The heart of the steed and the heart of the master 
Wore beating like prisoners assaulting their walls, 
Impatient to be where the battle-field calls; 
Every nerve of the charger was strained to full play; 
With Sheridan only ten miles away. 

"Under his simrning feet the road 
Like an arrowy Alpine river flowed. 
And the landscape sped away behind 
Like an ocean flying before the wind. 
And the steed, like a bark fed with furnace ire, 
Swept on, with his wild eye full of fire. 
But lo! he is nearing his heart's desire; 
He is snuffing the smoke of the roa,ring fray. 
With Sheri(l;in only five miles away. 



"He dashed down the line, 'mid a storm of huzzas, 
And the wave of rel.i'eat cliecked its course Miere, liccause 
The sight of the master compelled it to pause." 





''cu 



PART SKCOND. 



ti3:e 



UNITe:d STilTE:S NAVY. 
leei-iasB. 



THE UNITED STATES NAVY. 



Secretary of the United States Navy during the war, GIDEON 
WELLES, appointed from Connecticut March 7, 186L 

Assistant Secretary during the war, GUSTAVUS V, FOX, ap- 
pointed from Massachusetts May 9, 1861. 

Admiral DAVID G. FARRAGUT, appointed from Tennessee, in 
service since Dec. 17, 1810 ; Rear-Admiral July 16, 1862 ; Vice- 
Admiral Dec. 21, 1864. The rank of admiral was created for him 
July 25, 1866. Died in 1870. 

REA.R - ADIVIIRA-IvS. 

LOUIS M. GOLDSBOROUGH, appointed from the District of 
Columbia, June 18, 1812 ; appointed Rear- Admiral July 16, 1852. 

SAMUEL F. DUPONT, appointed from Delaware, Dec. 19, 1815 ; 
appointed Rear-Admiral July 17, 1862. Died at Philadelphia, June 
23, 1865. 

ANDREW H. FOOTE, appointed from Connecticut Dec. 4, 1822 ; 
appointed Rear-Admiral July 16, 1862, Died at New York, June 
26, 1863. 

CHARLES H. DAVIS, appointed from Massachusetts Aug. 
12, 1823 ; appointed Rear-Admiral Feb. 7, 1863. 

JOHN A. DAHLGREN, appointed from Pennsylvania Feb. 1, 
1826 ; appointed Rear-Admiral Feb. 7, 1863. 

DAVID D. PORTER, appointed from Pennsylvania Feb. 2, 
1829; appointed Rear-Admiral July 4, 1863. 

(544) 



THE l^^V^ 



7^ 



CHAPTER XXX. 

OPERATIONS DURING 1861-63. 

THE navy is supplied with its officers from the is^u 
pupils of the Naval Academy at Annapolis. This 
Academy was established in 1845. Before that clateNa-i^^^ 
the midshipmen were instructed on board ship on regu- 
lar cruises. The Academy was removed to Newport, 
R. I., during the war, after which it was returned to 
Annapolis. ^At the outbreak of the rebellion, more than 
three hundred officers left the navy, the greater por- 
tion of them joining the enemy. 

The Federal navy was small at the commencement 
of the war ; fifty years of peace had reduced its propor- 
tions. There were in all forty-one vessels, as follows : 
the screw-frigates Wahash, Minnesota, Roanoke, and Col- 
orado, of 3,000 tons each; the screw-sloops Niagara, 
Richmond, BrooMyn, San Jacinto, Hartford, Pensacola, 
and Lancaster, of 2,000 tons each, except the Niagara, 
which was of 4,500 tons' burden, and the Pawnee, Iro- 
quois, Wyoming, Mohican, and Dakota, of 1,000 tons 
each, and the Narragansett and Seminole, of 850 tons each; 
the side-wheel sloops Susquehanna and Poivhatan, of 
2,400 tons ; the Mississippi, of 1,700 tons ; the Saranac, 
of 1,400 tons ; and the 3Iichigan, Saginaw, and Water- 
witch, of 475 tons each. There were also the steamers 
Crusader, Mohawk, Wyandotte, Pocahontas, Mystic, Sum- 

35 ^^ 



546 THE NAYY : 

1S61. fer, and Pii/aski; the sailing-frj gates Saline and Con- 
gress ; and the sloops St. Lotiis, Macedonia, Cumberland, 
ConsfcUation, Portsmouth, John Adams, and Saratoga. 

Of these vessels, three were at New York, one at 
Washington, fonr at Pensacola, four at Vera Cruz, three 

Location of . ° / ' ' 

war vessels in the Mediterranean, and the rest scattered all over the 
gim^ng^'^of globe. Eleven war vessels, valued at |2,000,000, had 
tiiewar. ^^^^^ dcstrojed at the Norfolk navy-yard on the night 
of April 20, to prevent their falling into the hands of 
the enemy. They were the Merrimac, Pennsylvania, 
Coluwbus, Delaware, Neiv Fork, Raritan, Cohmhia, United 
States, PhjmoutJi, Germantoum, and Dotj}hin. The Fed- 
erals destroyed, or left in the hands of the enemy at the 
navy-yard, more than $10,000,000 worth of property, 
including 2,000 cannon. . The enemy raised the hull of 
the Merriinac, and rebuilt her into a powerful iron-clad 
ram, and named her the Virginia. 

The enemy fitted out numerous privateers, mostly 
vessels caught by them in theii" ports when they seceded. 
Among these were six United States revenue cutters. 
Every eflbrt was made by them to construct a navy, but 
they did not succeed in accomplishing anything farther 
than producing smuggling vessels and a few iron-clads. 
The former caused the Federals a great deal the most 
trouble. Some foreign vessels, such as the Alabama, 
Sumter, etc., sailing as privateers with commissions 
from Jefferson Davis, caused great destruction to Amer- 
ican commerce, although not really belonging to the 
Southern navy. 

The United States navy rapidly increased by new 
vessels and remodeled merchant vessels, so that by July 
1. 1861, there were nearly 100 war vessels, and by Jan. 
1, 1862, nearly 300. 

It will not be attempted in this volume to give a 
complete history of the movements of tl:^e Feder<'\l navv, 



OF Ji: RAT TONS liY 1861— '62. 547 

It would be impossible to enumerate all tlie expeditious /.s«/. 
of single gun-boats and small boats entering the numer- 
ous bayous, creeks, bays, sounds, etc., on the extensive 
American coast, stretching from Virginia to Texas, and, 
web-like, spreading over the lower half of the Soiithorn 
States, without making this work too cumbersome. The 
same plan will ho followed as with the army, — that of 
giving a brief narrative of its battles and smaller en- 
gagements. 

On April 7, 1861, General Beauregard notified Major aphi t. 

^ ' • *=* •' Fort 

Anderson that intercourse between Fort Sumter and sumtov. 
Charleston would no longer be permitted. On the 11th 
he demanded the surrender of the fort; but Anderson 
refused. On the It^th of April the war began, the en- 
emy opening fire on Siimtcr at 4 : 80 a. m. The Fort 
was surrendered after it had become untenable, Ander- 
son departing with the " honors of war," his colors flying 
and the band playing, setting sail for New York. (See 
opening chapter for a fuller account of the loss of this 
fort.) 

On April 18, 1861, the United States steamer SfavMn-^^ i8. 
of tlis West was captured by the enemy at Indianola, weu cup- 

tm-wl. 

Texas. 

On the same day. United States Secretary of the 
Treasury ordered that no clearances should be granted 
to vessels bound to ports south of Maiyland. April 19, 
President Lincoln, by proclamation, declared a blockade tiic 
of the ports of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Flor- 
ida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. On the 20th oc- 
curred the great disaster at the Norfolk navy-yard, as al- 
ready mentioned. On the 27th President Lincoln ex- 
tended the blockade to Virginia and North Carolina. On 
May 11 the blockade of Charleston was established, and 
the Mississippi lliver blockaded at Cairo on the 13th, 
and at New Orleans on the 26th. JNTobile was blockaded 
on the 27th, and Savannah on the 28th, 



1.1. u'k 
ndo. 



548 _ THE NAVY . 



1 Sii 1. 



destroyed. 



The navy dislodged the enemy's batteries at Sewell's 

MayTs. Point, Va., on May 18 — the first offensive operation 

polnf va ^y *^^ United States Government. On May 31 the 

Federal gun-boats silenced the enemy's batteries at 

May 31. AcQuia Creek, Va., after an action of two hours. This 

Acquia ^ 77 

Creek. creck is about ten miles long, and enters the Potomac 
about eighteen miles by rail from Fredericksburg. 

On June 3 the privateer Savannah^ off Charleston, 
Privateers being deccivcd, attempted to take the United States 
brig of war Perry. Discovering her mistake too late, 
she was cleverly captured. 

The Peti'el escaped from Charleston on the 28th of 
July, and on August 1 she thought to capture the 
United States frigate St. Lawrence., which had sent all 
men below and taken in rigging so as to have the appear- 
ance of a merchant vessel. On came the Petrel., sure of 
an easy prey. When near enough, the frigate threw 
open her port-holes, and with three shots sunk the little 
rebel, taking her crew prisoners. 

The brig Jefferson Davis, fitted out by the enemy in 
the Gulf of Mexico, put to sea in the month of August, 
1861. After capturing several prizes, she ran aground 
in endeavoring to enter the port of St. Augustine, Fla., 
to escape Federal cruisers, and was lost. 

The Nashville, a side-wheeled steamer, left Charles- 
ton Oct. 28, 1861, succeeded in escaping the blockade, 
burnt one merchant vessel, went into an English port for 
repairs, and returned to American waters, where she was 
soon afterward destroyed by a Federal cruiser. 

On November 12, 1861, the United States cruising 
vessel Anderson captured the schooner Beauregard, an 
armed privateer, on the coast of Florida. 

October 11, 1861, the iron-clad ram Mana-'^Has left 
New Orleans to break up the Federal blockade at the 
niouth of the Mississippi River. Seven small armed 



OPERATIONS IN 1861— '62. 549 

steamers accompanied her. The attack was made be- isei. 
fore daj^light on the morning of the 12th upon the sloop 
of war Bichinond and the war steamers Preble and Vin- 
cennes. The ram stole up, striking the Richmond a hard 
blow, but doing little damage. The Manassas then pre- 
pared for another effort, when the Richmond gave her a 
broadside. The enemy then retired up the river. It 
was not known whether she was hurt or frightened. At 
all events, the enemy's gun-boats thereafter kept at a 
safe distance from the Richmond. 

November 7, 1861, two launches from the frigate 
Santee attacked and after a determined fight destroyed 
the enemy's privateer Roi/al Yacht, in Galveston harbor. 
Thirteen prisoners were taken, and several were killed 
and wounded on each side. 

August 26, 1861, the first important fleet of the war Aug. so. 
left Hampton Roads under Commodore Stringham and ^ Haueras 
General Butler. There were seven war ships : the ^''^*'*" 
Minnesota, Wahash, Monticello., SusqueJianna., Paionee^ 
Ha/rriet Lane, and Cumherland, altogether carrying 158 
guns. The land force on transports numbered about 
1,000 men. 

The object of the squadron was the capture of Forts 
liatteras and Clark, situated on Hatteras Island, and 
commanding the main inlet to the sounds. The fleet 
arrived safely off Cape Hatteras about 5 p. m. the 27th. 
On the 28th an attempt was made to land the troops 
'through a heavy rolling surf. It proved a very difficult 
and dangerous task, and was abandoned after 300 men 
had been landed, part of whom had been capsized, and 
all were well soaked before reaching the beach. The 
water now becoming rougher, the fleet was compelled to 
draw off, thus leaving the 300 men on shore to take care 
of themselves for the night. They were without pro- 
visions and with wet powder, but fortunately were not 
attacked. 



660 THE NAVY: 



1 so J. 



While the attempt was being made to land the troops, 

an attack was made upon Fort Clark by the Wabash, 

Cumherland, Minnesota, and Susquehanna. The bombard- 

Aug. 29. ment lasted about two hours, when about noon the fort 

Korts Hat- 

teras and was sllenced, and was soon afterward abandoned by the 
Clark. enemy. At 8 a. m. the following morning the whole 
fleet opened fire upon Fort Hatteras. After a bombai'd- 
ment of three hours, the fort being badly damaged, the 
enemy surrendered with about 600 prisoners. This was 
an important achievement, and was accomplished without 
the loss of a man. 
Nov. 8. On the 8th of November, 1861, the Federal sloop of 

Mason and War San Jacinto, commanded b}^ Captain Wilkes, lay at 
shdeii. ^j^g Bahama Channel, about 250 miles from Havana and 
near the Paredon del Grande light-house, awaiting the 
English ship Trent, which had on board the rebel com- 
missioners to Europe, J. M. Mason of Virginia, and John 
Slidell of Louisiana. The Trent made its appearance on 
that day, and declined to heave to at the call of a blank 
cartridge, when Captain Wilkes sent a shell across her 
bow. This had the desired effect. Mason and Slidell 
were brought on board the San Jacinto, when the Trent 
proceeded on her way. The prisoners were taken to 
Fort Warren, in Boston Harbor. They had been com- 
missioned as ministers by the enemy's government— Ma- 
son to England, and Slidell to France. England be- 
came enraged, and actually started troops for Canada ; 
but wiser counsels prevailed. Mason and Slidell were 
delivered up, and war with England averted. 

May 29 and June 1, 1861, the Federal navy on the 
Potomac engaged the enemy's batteries at Acquia Creek. 
On each occasion the bombardment lasted several hours, 
but without material result. 

June 5 the Harriet Lane left Newport News, and 
steaming across to Pig's Point, engaged the enemy's 



OPERATIONS IN 1861— '62. 551 

batteries there. After an engagement of about an hour, ^ * **' ^ • 
the Lane withdrew. 

June 27 a gun-boat expedition under Commander June sr 
J. H. Ward was repulsed at Matthias Point with severe point. 
loss. Captain Ward was killed during the engagement. Death of 
Again on Aug. 16, in reconnoitering this point, the Fed- ward.' 
eral gun-boats lost three killed and one wounded. 

October 11 a small expedition in row boats, under 
Lieutenant Harrill, left the Potomac at 2 a. m., and under 
cover of darkness proceeded up Quantico Creek a short 
distance, where it succeeded in burning a large schooner 
belonging to the enemy, and narrowly escaped under a 
heavy fire. The Potomac flotilla had continued severe 
and laborious work with the enemy's batteries on the 
Potomac until March, 1862, when the enemy abandoned 
their works on that river. 

September 13 a small boat expedition from the fri- pe^jg^^^^ia 
gate Colorado, numbering 100 men, entered Pensacola har- ^^artor. 
bor, and after a desperate fight, in which several men were 
killed and wounded, destroyed a large armed schooner. 

November 22 and 23 the Federal war ships Niagara j.^,, ^..^ 03 
and Richmond, aided by the fire of Fort Pickens, attacked ^""^'^ ^'*''' 

■' '^ J raiicas and 

Forts Barrancas and McRae and several adjoining bat- McRae, 
teries. The forts were partially silenced and somewhat 
damaged, but the fleet was too small to reduce them. 

January 10, 1862, the Federal war steamer HaUeras ^^^■ 
took possession of Cedar Keys, a group of islands on the cedarKeys 
West coast of Florida, capturing a few cannon, several 
small vessels, and fifteen prisoners. 

January 20 the Federals captured the brig Wilder 
near Mobile, Ala. 

April 4, a Federal launch captured the Florida, a fine 
steamer, while she was engaged in blockade running on 
the Florida coast. 

April 5, a Federal launch destroyed the enemy's 
schooner Columbia in the San Luis Pass, coast of Texas. 



552 



THE NAVY. 



Merrimac, 
or Virginia. 



Monitor. 



Lieutenant 
Wordeu. 



March 8. 
Merrimac 
destroys 
the Con- 
gress and 
Cumber- 
land. 



The steam-frigate Merrimac, of the United States 
navy, was partially burned and sunk when the Federals 
left Norfolk. The enemy raised the hull, made an iron- 
clad of it, and named it the Virginia. She carried 
twelve guns, and was armed at the bow with a steel 
beak. She was commanded by Captain Buchanan, for- 
merly an officer of the United States navy. 

The Monitor was invented by John Ericsson, a Swede, 
but a naturalized citizen of the United States, and built 
under his supervision at a cost of $275,000. It was a 
vessel of 900 tons' burden, carried two eleven-inch 
Dahlgren guns, and was commanded by Lieutenant John 
L. Worden. Both the Monitor and the Virginia were 
finished and their armament completed on the same day, 
March 5, one at New York and the other at Norfolk. 

On the 8th of March, about 1 p. m., the Virginia, 
accompanied by five smaller vessels, was discovered com- 
ing toward Newport News, where lay the old sailtng'- 
frigate Congress (50 guns) and the sailing sloop of war 
Cumberland (24 guns), quietly at anchor. The steam- 
frigates RoanoJce (50 guns) and Minnesota (50 guns), 
and the sailing-frigate St. Lawrence (12 guns) were sev- 
eral miles away, near Fortress Monroe. These vessels 
were armed mainly with 8 and 9 inch guns. A dead 
calm prevailed at this time, and as there was no tug or 
steam vessel near, nothing was left for the two first- 
named vessels to do but clear for action. Both opened 
fire at once. The Virginia gave the Congress two shots, 
and passed on to the Cumherland. The fire of both 
seemed to produce no effect upon the Virginia, which 
moved straight on, firing as she approached, and striking 
the Cumberland a hard blow with her beak, opened a 
large gash in the side of the fated ship. The crew of 
the Cumberland bravely worked her guns until she sank. 
120 men, mostly killed or wounded, went down with her, 



OPERATIONS m 1861— '62. 553 

the top of her mainmast alone remaining above the ise-^. 
water, with the United States flag still flying. The 
Virginia had broken her beak and injured her machinery 
by the concussion. Buchanan now turned his attention 
to the Congress, which, on seeing the destruction of the 
Cumberland, had by the aid of a tug moved nearer the 
shore, and was utterly helpless, her shot having no effect 
upon the iron sides of the enemy, while the shots of the 
latter produced havoc upon the Congress and her crew. 
The Virginia could not approach within a considerable 
distance of the Congress on account of shallow water. 
The field artillery and the infantry on shore took part in 
the fight, the artillery aA^ailing nothing; but the sharp- 
shooters did some injury by firing at the port-holes ot 
the Virginia. One shot disabled Captain Buchanan, 
wounding him in the thigh. The Congress continued to 
fight for two hours, when she was set on fire by the 
enemy's shot. Her crew were compelled to abandon 
her, having suffered a loss of over 100 in killed and 
wounded. 

The Virginia now turned upon the Minnesota, which. The mm- 
with the St. Lawrence and Roanoke, had attempted to ^H^^^^ ''*" 
come to the aid of their sisters. But all three ran 
aground three miles away. The RoanoJce got off when 
too late to be of service, returning toward Fortress Mon- 
roe. The other two were in too shallow water for the 
near approach of the enemy ; the Virginia could scarcely 
come within cannon shot. Two of the gun-boats which 
accompanied her, being of light draught, attempted to 
approach the 3Iinnesota ; but the Federal guns were to 
much for them. It was now dark, and the enemy drew 
off to the vicinity of Norfolk for the night. 

The following morning, soon after daylight, the Vir- 
ginia with her attendants again came out to complete the 
work of destruction. Buchanan having been wounded, 



554 THE NAVY: 

lit on. lie was succeeded by Captain Jones. The Minnesota 

~ was still hard aorround. The Virginia passed the Min- 

Battle be- nesota out of range, went down toward Fortress Monroe ; 

Monitor and when near the Rip Raps, turned into the channel 

■J"*^ *^^^, in which lay the Minnesota, thus avoidino- the bar that 

Virginia. -^ ; o 

separated them the night before. Jones was about to 
open fire upon the Minnesota when suddenly there came 
out from behind her what the enemy's gunners called " a 
cheese box on a raft." It floated around the stern of the 
Minnesota, and out, placing itself between the two vessels. 
Lieutenant Worden had been ordered from New York 
to Fortress Monroe in haste, as it had been ascertained 
that the Virginia would soon attack the fleet, and 
had arrived in the waters of the Chesapeake about 9 
P. M. on the 8th. As he approached the entrance to the 
James, he learned of the Federal disaster, and immedi- 
ately prepared to defend the threatened vessels. The 
Monitor was concealed from the foe by the hull of the 
Minnesota until the moment of surprise. Jones at once 
gave the Monitor two heavy shots, and was again sur- 
prised to see them glance off and fall harmless into the 
water. The battle of the giants began at 8 a. m., and 
lasted four hours, ending with defeat to the Virginia. 
A shot from the Monitor striking her below the water 
line, had opened a bad leak. The Virginia with- 
drew to friendly waters, never again to appear in battle. 
Just at the close of the engagement a splinter injured 
Lieutenant Worden in the eyes, from which he afterward 
suffered greatly. During the engagement the Minnesota 
was hit several times, and badly cut up. She gave the 
Virginia broadside after broadside without apparent 
effect. 

The Virginia lay at Norfolk after her battle with the 
Monitor until May 9, when she came out, intending to 
move toward Richmond in consequence of the evacuation 



11. 

The Vir 
ginia 



OPERATIONS IN 18Ul~-'62. 555 

of Yorktown. But failing to get over the sand l)ars, istm. 
her commander dismantled and burned her on the 11th. ^^y 

On May 15 the Monitor, accompanied by three other 
vessels, moved up the James River, and attacked the bnmeii. 
enemy's works at Drury's Bluff (Fort Darling); but the 
bluffs were too high, and after a three hours' bombard- 
ment at long range the Federal fleet retired. 

January 12, 18G2, a strong fleet, consisting of about 
30 war vessels under Commodore Goldsboro, and about 
15,000 men on transports under General Burnside, left 
Hampton Roads for the conquest of Roanoke Island, 
N. C. A terrible storm was encountered near the en- 
trance to the sound, causing considerable loss to the 
fleet in damaged shipping. Most of the fleet entered 
Pamlico Sound through Hatteras Inlet on the 24th, but 
owing; to continued bad weather the attack on Roanoke 

Feb. 7, 8. 

Island did not begin until Feb. 7. About II a. m. of Roanoke 
that day the Federal navy opened upon the enemy's bat- 
teries defending the island, which were named Forts 
Bartow, Blanchard, and Huger, and Red Stone batteries. 
The enemy also had a fleet of eight gun-boats near at 
hand. The bombardment continued until dark, the en- 
emy at first briskly replying ; but toward night liis bat- 
teries were badly damaged and his replies feeble. Two 
of his gun-boats had been comjDletely disabled, and the 
balance driven out of sight. 

During the afternoon and evening, Burnside landed 
his troops upon the island under cover of the fire of the 
Federal gun-boats. On the morning of the- 8th the land 
force moved forward to the attack, the navy meantime 
renewing the bombardment. The Federal infantry make 
a gallant charge through thickets of underbrush and 
overflowed marshes, in water waist deep, and the works 
are soon in possession of the Federals. The enemy fly 
to the other end of the island, but are closely pursued, and 



556 THE NAVY: 

isGti. over 2,200 are taken prisoners. The island is now in 
~ possession of the Federals. The loss to the navy had 
been 6 killed and 17 wounded. 

The enemy's gun-boats not yet destroyed took refuge 

behind two strong batteries in Pasquotank River, near 

Elizabeth City, and on Feb. 9 the Federal fleet Avent in 

Feb. 10. search of them. On the 10th, at 8 a. m., they were dis- 

Elizabeth ' ^ "^ 

City, N. c. covered. By previous arrangement the Federal fleet 
moved forward without returning the enemy's fire until 
within short range, w^hen the signal was given, and all 
pushed forward, firing rapidly, and were soon in the 
midst of the enemy's vessels, which were quickly demor- 
alized. Some of them ran ashore, and were set on fire, 
and some were captured, with all on board. The enemy's 
fleet was destroyed in less than thirty minutes, and their 
land batteries deserted.' The fleet then moved up to 
Elizabeth City. 

March i3„ Qu tho 12th of March, 1862, the Federal fleet 

14. I^GW 

Berne, movcd forward against the enemy's works defending 
^' ^' New Berne, situated at the junction of the Neuse and 
Trent rivers. The batteries were Fort Dixie, Fort 
Thompson, Fort Ellis, Fort Lane, and Union Point. 
The naval fleet entered the Neuse on the evening of the 
12th, and on the 13th the bombardment of Dixie began, 
Burnside at the same time landing his troops. Dixie 
was soon silenced. The following morning the land 
force moved upon Fort Thompson ; Dixie had been 
evacuated during the night. The navy now advanced, 
and opened upon the remaining forts. One after an- 
other the Confederates deserted their batteries under 
the terrible fire of the Federal navy, and by noon New 
Berne was in the hands of the Federals, the enemy re- 
treating to Goldsboro. Piles, sunken vessels, torpedoes, 
and other obstacles obstructed the river, but the Fed- 
erals fortunately escaped them all with very little 
damage. 



OPERATIONS IN 1S61--62. 55Y 

Beaufort, N. C, was occupied by the Federals on iso^^. 
March 25 ; but Fort Macon, commanding the Beaufort 
Inlets, was yet to be captured. This was accomplished Apni .5. 
on April 25 by a portion of Burnside's troops, materially Macon. 

aided by the navy. 

During the month of May, four gun-boats, com- 
manded by Lieutenant Flusser, scoured Albemarle 
Sound, destroying the enemy's stores. On July 9, 
Flusser with three gun-boats proceeded up the Roanoke ^^^^^ ^ 
River to Hamilton on a reconnaissance. The fire of the Hamilton, 
Confederates, who were hidden along the high banks for^- ^• 
some distance from Hamilton, caused the Federals a loss 
of eleven in killed and wounded. The Federals cap- 
tured the steamer Wilson at Hamilton, and soon after- 
ward returned unmolested. 

On the 3d of October, Lieutenant Flusser, with three oct.^^^.^^^ 
gun-boats, proceeded through Chowan River into the luvcr, n. c 
Blackwater, experiencing a terrible time in the latter 
river near Franklin, which place was occupied by a force 
of the enemy under General Pettigrew. The object of 
the expedition was to reach Franldin. The river was so 
narrow and crooked that many bends had to be turned 
with the aid of hawsers. The concealed foe fired from. 
the woods and blufi^, and at the same time parties of 
the enemy's forces were felling trees before and behind 
them. The boats gallantly fought their way to within 
three quarters of a mile of Franklin, when, expected 
land forces not co-operating, a retreat was ordered, the 
vessels, under a full head of steam, forcing aside the fal- 
len timbers. The return was made under a gaUing fire 
of the enemy's sharpshooters. The expedition had 
started about 6 a. m., and returned out of range of the 
enemy's fire about noon, thus having a continuous battle 
of about six hours. The loss in killed and wounded on 
the gun-boats was heavy. 



558 THE NAVY: 

18G2. On November 23, Lieutenant Wm. R. Gushing en- 

Nov. 23. tered New River with the steamer Ellis^ captured a ves- 
cSn^''* sel loaded with cotton and turpentine, destroyed it, and 
New River, tlicu movod ou to JacksouviUe, where he captured two 

N. C. , ' ^ 

schooners, and destroyed some salt-works. At 2 : 30 p. 
M, he started back, but was detained at the mouth of the 
river by darkness and low water until the next morn- 
ing. During the night the enemy had brought. up a bat 
tery of artillery, which opened upon him at dayligbt. 
This was soon silenced by the Federal gunners. Soon 
after this the pilots, mistaking the channel, ran the Ellis 
hard aground. The whole of the 24th was spent in 
pulling and tugging to get her off, but all efforts proved 
unavailing. At dark. Gushing placed everything move- 
able, except one gun and some small arms, upon one of 
the captured schooners, and calling for six volunteers, 
• who quickly stepped forward, he sent the rest of the 
crew with the schooner out of danger. On the morning 
Nov. 25. ^|- ^^^ 25th, as expected, the enemy had in position a 
steamer hcavy battery. The Ellis was soon badly damaged. 
burned. ihe seven brave men fought with the one gun left until 
further resistance was useless, when they set fire to the 
Ellis and escaped to the schooner in a small boat, and 
soon after reached Beaufort. The Ellis went to pieces 
from the explosion of her magazine. 

August 30, 1861, Gommodore A. H. Foote was 
placed in command of the Western flotilla, which at that 
time consisted of three wooden vessels, — the Ti/lcr, Lex- 
ington, and Conestoga. These had been altered from 
merchant steamers at Gincinnati, under the supervision 
of Gommander John Rodgers, and were now at St. Louis. 
The first fighting by gun-boats on the Mississippi 
took place at Lucas Bend early in September, between 
the Conestoga and the Lexington, and some field batteries 
oTtbe enemy. After a short engagement, the batteries 



OPERATIONS IN 1861—62. 5:>9 

withdrew toward Columbus. The enemy's gun-boat issa. 
Yankee joined in the action, but was soon driven back 
badly damaged. The 7}//^r and the Lexington also mate- 
rially aided General Grant in his attack on Belmont. 

February 6, 1862, occurred the bombardment and F.b. e. 
capture of Fort Henry, on the Tennessee. This was a jj^'^'j. 
victory gained principally by the navy, co-operating 
with the land forces under General Grant. Foote now 
had four iron-clads added to his fleet, — the Essex, the 
St. Louis, the Cincinnati, and the Carondelet. Tne 
whole fleet was engaged. The fort surrendered after a 
bombardment of one hour. The only serious damage 
to the fleet was received by the Essex, a shot through 
a port entering her boiler. The explosion and steam 
caused a loss of twenty men in killed or badly scalded. 
A part of the fleet proceeded the same day up the Ten- 
nessee, and succeeded in destroying two of the enemy's 
steamers loaded with military stores ; and on the 7th, at 
Cerro Gordo, Tenn., a large, half-finished, iron-plated 
gun-boat was captured. The fleet proceeded as far as Florence, 
Florence, Ala., capturing two more steamers with valu- 
able cargoes, and destroying three others. 

Soon after this the T^ler and the Lexington had a suc- 
cessful engagement with a land force of the enemy which 
was endeavoring to establish a post at Pittsburg, near 
Savannah, Tenn. After a sharp engagement with their 
batteries, the enemy retired to Corinth, abandoning the- 
attempt to erect batteries upon the river. The Confed- 
erates lost in the fight about 100 men in killed and 
wounded ; Federal loss, 12. 

There were many minor engagements between the 
Union gun-boats and the enemy's boats and batteries on 
the Mississippi and Tennessee in this vicinity during 
January and February, previous to the fall of Donelson, 
^pd the victory was universally with the Federals, 



560 THE NAVY: 

186^. On January 11, Captain W. D. Porter with the Us- 
se:v, accompanied by Lieutenant Paulding with the St. 
Louis, attacked three gun-boats of the enemy at Lucas 
Bend. After half an hour's engagement the latter re- 
treated to the friendly batteries of Columbus. 
FortDond- ^^ ^^^ assault upou Fort Donelson, the navy began 
^°°- the attack on the 13th of February, and on the 14th had 

a severe battle. The enemy's batteries were upon high 
bluffs, which gave them the advantage of a plunging fire, 
and it was difficult for the Federals to elevate their guns 
sufficiently ; still they attacked with determination, and 
did not retire until three of their gun-boats Avere badly 
damaged. The navy continued to take part in the at- 
tack until the surrender of the fort, suffering a loss of 
11 killed and 43 wounded. Commodore Foote was 
commo- amono; the wounded, on account of which he was soon 

dorc Foote ^ • i i p 

wounded, aftcrward compelled to withdraw from active service. 
On March 2, Commodore Foote approached Columbus, 
but found that General Polk, who commanded the gar- 
rison, had evacuated. 

On the 14th of March, Foote, with six iron-clads and 
ten mortar-boats, left Cairo for Island Number Ten, arriv- 

March 15 to • |^ ^-^q vicinitv of the island on the mornino- of the 15th. 

Apnl 8. O ./ '-> ^ 

Island gix more mortar-boats were added to the fleet in a short 
Ten. time. General Pope, in command of about 20,000 men, 

had just captured New Madrid, a short distance below. 
The bombardment of the enemy's works on the island 
began on the 17th. General Pope was at New Madrid 
without transports, and he must cross the river to the 
Tennessee shore to attack the island from that side. A 
canal was dug across the neck of land formed by the 
bend in the river, from the point where the fleet lay to 
New Madrid ; but it was a severe task. For nineteen 
days the soldiers and sailors labored fjxithfully in swamps 
and mire. A channel twelve miles long and fifty feet 



OPERATIONS IN 1861— '62. 561 

wide was made, and the needed transports and tugs isg-^. 
reached General Pope. But he still needed the aid of " 
gun-boats, and on the night of April 4 the Cm^ondelet^ 
under Captain IL Walke, ran the enemy's batteries, 
reaching Pope at New Madrid without damage. The 
Pittshiirg followed on the night of the 6th. The passage 
of these two boats had been rendered less difficult in 
consequence of a brave deed performed by Colonel Geo. 
W. Roberts, of the 42d Illinois infantry, with 50 men of«^"^'"fy 

' -^ ' of Colonel 

Company A, of that regiment, and 50 men from the gun- Roberts 
boats. This detachment, under cover of darkness, on p.„iy a. 
the night of April 1, proceeded in five row-boats down ^''^ ii'^""'*- 
to the head of the island, where the enemy had his most 
powerful battery, consisting of eleven guns. The guards 
were taken completely by surprise, every gun was 
spiked, and Colonel Ptojj'erts and his men returned to 
their boats and escaped to the fleet without the loss of 
a man. That battery remained silent thereafter during 
the siege. 

The two iron-clads cleared the way for the transports 
to cross over, and Pope began crossing on the 7th. The 
enemy now saw themselves surrounded, and that further 
resistance was useless, and they surrendered the follow- 
ing day. Eleven earthw^orks, holding seventy heavy 
cannon and large quantities of ammunition and provis- 
ions, and also six steamers, were captured. 

At Pittsburg Landing, April 6, the gun-boats Ti/ler pJ[f^,„;J" 
and Lexington did valiant service, materially aiding Landing. 
General Grant's artillery in checking the victorious en- 
emy. The gun-boats joined in the battle at 3 p. m., 
keeping up a continuous fire until the Confederates were 
repulsed in their last charge, at 6 : 30 p. m. During the 
niglit the boats threw shells into the enemy's camps at 
intervals of ten minutes, the Ti/ler firing until midnight, 
when the Lexington relieved her, continuing the fire 

i]6 



562 THE NAVY: 



18ii'4. 



until General Grant moved against Beauregard at 5 a. m. 



next morning. 



After the capture of Island Number Ten, a part of 
the fleet proceeded toward Fort Pillow. In the 
latter part of April, Commodore Foote was obliged 
to retire from active service, in consequence of his 
wound, and Commodore Davis was placed in command. 
May 10. On May 10, the enemj^'s gun-boats — eight iron-clads — 
Pillow. moved up the river from Fort Pillow toward Davis's 
vessels, seven in number, which were tied to the banks. 
Lines were cast off, and the Federal boats steamed di- 
rectly upon the approaching foe. The battle at once 
began, and raged with great fierceness for an hour, the 
fighting often being with pistol and cutlass, the oppos- 
ing boats were so close together. But the Federal 
vessels proved the stronger, disabling four of the 
enemy's boats, which floated helplessly aw^ay. The 
other four sought a safe retreat under the guns of Fort 
Pillow. This fort was soon afterward abandoned by the 
Confederates, whose fleet retreated to Memphis, where 
June 9, ^i^g damaged gun-boats were repaired. On June 9, at 

Memphis. . . . . . 

daylight, Davis approached Memphis with a fleet of nine 
gun-boats, four of which were rams, under Colonel 
Charles Ellet, Jr. The enemy drew his eight gun-boats 
proudly up, and defiantly awaited the onset. The Fed- 
eral Commodore accepted the challenge promptly, and at 
once moved forward under a strong head of steam. 
Ellet's rams sunk two of the enemy's rams at the first 
encounter, and within an hour the whole Confederate 
fleet was annihilated, sunk or burned, except one, — the 
Van Dorn, — which, being speedy, escaped down the 
river. The Mississippi River was now open except at 
T. .1, * Vicksburg. Farrasrut was at New Orleans. 

Death of O o 

Colonel In this naval engagement at Memphis, Colonel Ellet 

Ellet, Jr. received a wound of which he died at Cairo, 111., on the 



OPERATIONS IN 1861— '62. 563 

21st of the same month. He was an American engi- isea. 
neer, eminent in his profession. He was born Jan. 1, 
1810, at Penn's Manor, Bucks Co., Penn. He designed 
and built the first suspension bridge in the United 
States, across the Schujdkill at Fairmount, Philadel- 
phia ; also the first Niagara suspension bridge, and one at 
Wheeling, Va. His name is identified with many other 
important works in this country. His son, Colonel 
Charles R. Ellet, who commanded one of the Federal 
rams in this engac:ement, died at Bunker Hill, BL, Oct. Death of 
29, 1863, of disease contracted while in charge of the charies k. 
Mississippi marine brigade, to which command he had 
succeeded his uncle. General Alfred W. Ellet, the latter 
having been transferred to the land forces. 



CHAPTER XXXI. 

OPERATIONS DURINO 186'2-'63. 

isoi. A POWERFUL fleet sailed from Ilauipton Roads 

J~\- for Port Royal, S. C, on the morning of Oct. 29, 

commo- 1861, for the purpose of capturing the forts at Hilton 

dore Da- pj :j | ^j^^, occupatiou of Port Koval harbor. The 

pout. J- 

whole, including war vessels and transports, numbered 
^^''^' f^: seventv-five vessels, with Commodore Dnpont in com- 
to Port maud of the naval force, and General Thomas W. Sher- 
man in command of the land forces, the latter numbering 
about 15,000 men. The fleet encountered a severe 
storm soon after setting out, which increased to a terri- 
ble tornado as they neared Cape llatteras. The fleet 
was so scattered that many vessels lost sight of their 
comrades, and great loss was expected ; but nearly all 
weathered the storm, though through terrible hardships. 
The storm raged until Nov. 3. On the 1st, the 
transport Oorcrnor, which had lost sight of every other 
00?™* vessel, sprung a leak, and was being terribly pounded 
wrockod. .^j^^:] ^yi-^^uehed by the massive waves. It had on board 
the marine battalion. All day and all that night every 
one on board labored almost against hope. Besides 
keeping the pumps continually working, every means at 
hand was in use for bailing. Carpenters were kept 
busy mending one break after another. The smoke 
stack blew overboard, steam pipes burst, the engines 
became deranged, and scarcely had power to keep the 
boat's head to the sea. None but tliose who have ex- 
perienced like perils can know the terrors and hardships 
of that dark night. 

(504) 



OrBRATIONS IX 1S6'^—'6S. 505 

At daylight all hearts were gladdened by the a[)pear- ' *'' '• 
ance of the steamer Isaac P. Smith. This steamer 
made several attempts at rescue, as did also the pro- 
peller Young Jiorcr, which now came up ; but the vio- 
lence of the wind bailled all their efforts. The frigate 
Sabine, under Captain Ringgold, was discovered in (he 
distance. Young Rover hastened toward her, making 
signals of distress, and soon returned, followed by the 
Sabine. It was now about 3 r. u. Every effort was 
made to rescue the crew, and by dark about seventy 
persons had been landed on board the Sabine ; but the 
sea still running high, it was deemed best to wait fur- 
ther operations until morning, in the belief that the 
' Governor could be kept afloat until that time. At day- 
light of the 3d the waves were still too violent for the 
near approach of the small boats wdiich lay olf, and the 
men jumped into the sea one by one and were hauled 
into the small boats. All but seven were saved. Most 
of the small arms, accoutrements, and ammunition were 
also saved. The Governor soon afterward went down. 
Another transport w^as also lost, but her men and crew 
were saved. 

The Commodore, with the flag-ship Wabash and ^''''- ■*• 
about one half of the fleet, came to anchor olV Port nncuorod 
Royal harbor on the morning of Nov. 4, Avhere he was u.ni.oV. 
soon afterward joined by the rest of the fleet. The 
following day the fleet passed over the bar, and anchored 
inside the sound. The entrance to the harbor was 
guarded by Fort Walker on the south, on Hilton Head, 
and Fort Beauregard on the north, on Bay Point. Both 
were strong works. High winds delayed the attack 
until the mornino; of the 7th, when at about 9 o'clock Nov. 7. 
Dupont moved to the assault. About 9:30 the first waikor ami 
shot was tired, coming from Fort Walker. The fleet c.,pt"mCi. 
moved steadily forward, and was soon engaged, paying 



566 THE ^AVY: 

i ^^ • attention more particularly to Fort Walker. The ves- 
sels moved in a circle, and made three rounds, each time 
drawing nearer the fort. The terrible broadsides from 
the Federal ships, making a continued shower of shot 
and shell, drove the enemy's gunners from their posts, so 
that the fire of the fort began to slacken from the begin- 
ning of the battle. At 2 p. m. the fort was in a badly 
damaged condition, and nearly untenable. The garrison 
were unable to work their guns, on account of the ter- 
rible fire from the Federal broadsides, and finally the 
enemy abandoned the fort, running to the woods for 
shelter. Fort Beauregard also was soon afterward found 
to be abandoned. About fifty cannon were captured in 
these forts. General Sherman at once landed his troops, 
and took possession of the forts, also of Beaufort. Port 
Royal now became a Federal base of operations. 
Nov. 25. On the 25th of November, an expedition of four gun- 

St. Helena -, , ^ r\ 

soimd. boats under Commander Drayton left Port Royal and 
entered St. Helena Sound. On Otter Island was discov- 
ered a strong earthwork, but it had been abandoned. 
Proceeding up the Goosaw ten miles, another deserted 
fortification was found. The fleet also visited Ashepoo 
River and Hunting Island, but the enemy had gone. 
Several other small expeditions were made up rivers and 
creeks in that vicinity during the month of December, 
but nothing but desolation appeared on every hand ; the 
enemy had fled, leaving smoking ruins and burned cotton 
behind them. 
1862. Early in February, 1862, operations for the reduction 

of Fort Pulaski, situated on Cockspur Island, Ga., at the 

laski, Ga. niouth of Savauuah River, were begun by the land foi'ces, 
under the direction of General Gillmore, the navy rendei'- 
ing efficient aid. On the morning of April 10 the Fed- 
eral batteries on Tybee Island opened fire. The bom- 
bardment was continuous and effective, badly shattering 



April 10, 11 
Fort Pu 



OPERATIONS IX 1862— 6 S. 56^ 

tlio fort. A breach near the magazine rendered the isg^. 
fort untenable, and it surrendered at 2 p. m., April 11. 

Febi'iiary 8, an expedition consisting of nineteen war Feb. s. 

ip-r»-r»i/" Expedition 

vessels under Commodore Dupont, leit Port lioyal for to Florida 
the Florida coast, and entered Cumberland Sound on *^°'''''' 
March 2. Here it was learned that the enemy had 
abandoned Fort Clinch and several strong batteries that 
had been built for the defense of Fernandina. This was 
pleasing to the marines, who had expected a hard fight. 
The enemy had been frightened away ; the recent suc- 
cesses of the Federal navy had taught them to fear and 
respect that strong arm of the United States Govern- 
ment. Fort Clinch and Fernandina were immediately 
taken possession of, and Brunswick, Ga., was occuioied 
on March 8 with but little opposition ; Jacksonville on 
the 11th, and St. Augustine and St. Mary's soon after- 
ward. The Federal gun-boats were kept busy during 
the month among the islands, sounds, and inlets on the 
coast of Georgia. No action of importance occurred, but 
a great deal of difficult service was performed. 

On February 2, 1862, Commodore Farragut sailed Feb. 2. 

Farragut 

from Hampton Roads for the mouth of the Mississippi sails for 
River with a naval squadron consisting of the following- o/thrMis- 
named vessels : frigate Colorado, 48 guns ; sloop of war sissippi- 
BrooMyn, 24 guns ; sloop of war Iroquois, 9 guns ; the 
ships Hartford, 24 guns ; Richmond, 26 guns ; Pen- 
sacola, 24 guns; Mississippi, 12 guns; and Oneida, 9 
guns ; the sailing sloop of war Portsmouth, 17 guns ; and 
the ten gun-boats Varuna, 12 guns ; Cayuga, 6 guns ; 
Winona, Katahdln, Itasca, Kineo, WissahicJcon, Pinola, 
Kennebec, and Sciota, each 4 guns ; also twenty mortar- 
boats. Each mortar weighed eight and one half tons, 
and threw thirteen-inch shells. These boats, each car- 
rying one mortar, were under Commander David D. 
Porter. There were several steamers attached to the 



568 TH:E NAVY: 

isoii. mortar fleet, which, with those named, made the number 
of vessels in Farragut's fleet forty-six. 

The fleet arrived at the mouth of the Mississippi, or 
rather the " Passes," in March. A great deal of dith- 
culty was experienced in getting the larger vessels over 
the bar ; some of them had to be dragged through a foot 
or more of mud. 
April 18. . Qq J^-qyH Ig Portcr's mortar-boats, having ffot into 

Porter ... . 

opens upon posltlou at a distauco of about two miles, opened upon 
Forts Jackson and St. Philip. St. Philip, on the left 
bank, was first built by the Spaniards ; Fort Jackson, 
on the right bank, received its name in honor of General 
Jackson. The mortar-boats were stationed behind a 
thick wood, which concealed them from the enemy 
within the forts. The masts that reached above the 
trees were trimmed with- tree tops, so as to have the ap- 
pearance of the forest. 

The officers of the coast survey made a survey of 
the river, and succeeded in giving the naval officers very 
accurately the distance from the boats to the forts. It 
was a dangerous task, the surveyors being in constant 
peril. After the capture of the forts it was found that 
the shells had struck Fort Jackson with great precis- 
ion ; they had set fire to and burned all the buildings 
in and around the fort. The walls were cracked and 
broken, the ground torn up in every direction, casements 
crushed, and many guns dismounted. Fort St. Philip 
received but little damage. Porter continued to bom- 
bard incessantly day and night until the 24th. 

Meantime the enemy sent down upon the swift cur- 
rent several fire-rafts, made of flat boats filled with pine 
knots, resin, turpentine, and other combustible materials, 
but they did no damage to the fleet, as the Yankee sail- 
ors cleverly caught them with grappling-hooks, and 
towed them ashore, where they burned harmlessly. 



OPERATIONS IN 1862— '63. 569 

On llie 20th, Farragut became satisfied that he must isoj. 
attack, and force a passage by the forts, and at once be- 
gan preparations for that event ; and at about 3 a. m, of 
the 24th, all beino; ready, the sional was ajiven. The ^p"' 24. 
war vessels moved forward in two divisions, one to at- great battle 
tack Fort Jackson, the other St. Philip. ^rts. 

The brave Farragut in the Hartford led the way. 
There had been a strong barrier placed across the river by 
the enemy a short distance below the forts, consisting of 
an immense iron chain supported by hulks of schooners ; 
but this had been cut away by some of the daring men 
of Farragut's fleet on the night of the 20th. 

As the advance reached this point, it was discovered, 
and fire at once opened by both forts. Instantly both 
shores were lighted by fires, and fire-rafts were started 
down stream by the enemy. Porter's mortars increased 
their fire, and the armed steamers attached to his flotilla 
moved up and attacked the water batteries of Jackson. 
It Avas yet quite dark, and the fog and smoke from the 
guns rendered it difficult to see a ship's length ahead. 
The enemy's fire was returned with vigor as the fleet 
pressed forward. The explosion of powder and shell 
soon became terrific, and by 4 a. m. the battle became 
an incessant and awful roar. The darkness was so 
dense that one boat could not see another, being guided 
only by the flash of each other's guns and the guns of 
the forts. The enemy were continually sending down 
fire-rafts, altogether making the scene at once magnifi- 
cent and terrible. The gun-boat Cayuga passed the 
forts first. The enemy had a fleet of thirteen armed 
vessels above, besides a floating battery and the iron- 
clad ram Manassas. These had already engaged in the 
battle, firing at long range. 

The Caj/uga being far in advance, was fiercely at- 
tacked b}^ three gun-boats. She settled one of them 



570 TILE NAVY: 

isn2. forever with her eleven-inch Dahlgren, sent another 
away badly disabled with her Parrot gun, and held the 
third at a respectful distance until the Varuna and 
Oneida came up. The enemy's gun-ljo;its now swarmed 
about these three, and a bloody engagement followed. 
With a full head of steam the Oneida struck one of the 
enemy's boats a hard blow, sending it to the bottom. 
The Varuna destroyed two of the enemy's vessels, but 
meantime she had received a terrible ramming, and was 
compelled to run ashore, where she sank. Her crew 
were saved by small boats from the other vessels. 

The ram Manassas boldly entered the fight with the 
faith that she was invulnerable. She first struck the 
Mississippi, injuring her but little ; then rammed the 
Brooldyn. doing no material damage, after which she got 
behind a fire-raft, and 'pushed it against the Hartford. 
Farragnt's In trying to avoid the raft, the Hartford ran upon a 
escape. shoal, and for a moment Farragut seemed lost. The 
flames, leaping and waving, covered one side of the ves- 
sel, driving the gunners on that side for a moment from 
their posts. But the brave commander and his men re- 
tained their presence of mind ; the Hartford was backed 
off, and eluding the raft, the flames were extinguished, 
and with a broadside the ram was driven away. An- 
other of the enemy's steamers, attempting to board the 
Hartford, was blown out of existence. After passing 
Fort St. Philip, the Mississippi was attacked savagely 
by a gun-boat, which she dispatched in short order. 
The Brooldyn also, while undergoing a severe trial with 
Fort Jackson, was fiercely attacked by a large steamer. 
One broadside sent the wrathy foe drifting helplessly 
away, a total wreck, 
riie Pod- The forts were passed. Farragut and his men had 

above tiie made a name forever to be remembered in histoiy. The 
forts. enemy's fleet of fifteen armed vessels, rams, and floating 



OPIHRA TIONH IN 18G2—'G3. 5ll 

batteries, had nearly all boon sunk, burned, or othei'wise isgh. 
destroyed, the Mississippi closing the terrible scene by 
driving the Manassas ashore and destroying her. The 
forts must soon surrender. New Orleans was at the 
mercy of the United States navy. The vessels of Far- 
ragut's fleet not specially named above, and too numerous 
to individualize here, were all engaged in this terrible bat- 
tle. Every vessel was in the midst of shot and flame, 
each performing her part. The Hartford had been hit 
fourteen times, the Cayuga forty-two times, the Richmond 
eighteen times, the Brooldyn sixteen times, and all the 
others brought honorable scars forth from the battle. 
Farragut's loss in men was 37 killed and 147 wounded. 
The battle in its utmost fierceness lasted about one 
hour ; some of the vessels were under fire about t^^ o 
hours. 

Proceeding up the river, the fleet encountered the 
Chalmette batteries, mounting twenty guns. These 
were soon silenced, and Farragut appeared before New Farragiit 
Orleans about noon of the 25th. As he approached the orl^^L^'"' 
city, the river and docks seemed a sheet of flame ; the 
enemy had set fire to shipping, to immense quantities 
of cotton on ship and shore, and to everything else that 
would burn. Several half-finished iron-clads were thus 
destroyed. One, a formidable iron-clad named the 
Mississippi, was nearly completed. It was to have 
been a sea-going vessel of great speed, heavily armored 
and heavily armed. The enemy had cherished great ex- 
pectations for this vessel ; she was to drive the whole 
Federal navy from the river, and break up the blockade. 
But alas for human calculations ! she now floated down 
the stream a harmless, burning wreck. 

David Glasgow Farragut was born near Knoxville, 
Tenn., in 1801. He entered the navy at the age of nine 
years, and had since continued in the naval service. 



572 THE NAVY: 

i8<i-j. He was a man over sixty years of age when he braved 
the Southern forts and iron-dads with his wooden ships. 
General Lovell, who was in command of the enemy's 
forces at New Orleans, numbering about 3,000 men, re- 
treated on the approach of the Federal fleet, and the 
The United United States flag, raised on the Custom House, again 
again ° floated over New Orleans. On the 28th the forts sur- 
New or^'^ rendered to Commander Porter. The enemy had a 
leans. poworful vcssol or floating battery, called the Louisiana, 
as previously noted, which was set on fire and burned 
while the flag of truce was still flying, pending the ca- 
pitulation. The flames quickly spread, burning the 
ropes that held the ship to the shore, and it floated 
away, and soon afterward blew up with terrible force. 
Poller's vessels were in great danger for a time, but 
fortunately escaped withiout injury. 

After the fall of Memphis, Commodore Davis, who 
still commanded the Federal fleet at that point, sent 
four war steamers up White River, in Arkansas. On 
June 17. June 17 this small fleet attacked two batteries of the 
Ark? ^'^ '^^' enemy at St. Charles. During the engagement a cannon 
ball from the enemy pierced the boilers of the Mound 
City, exploding her steam-drum. The escaping steam 
made frightful havoc, a number of the crew being terribly 
scalded. Many jumped into the river, and others were 
blown overboard by the explosion ; and while those still 
alive were struggling in the water, the heartless enemy 
fired upon them with cannon and rifle. Many were 
killed, and others, unable to swim, were drowned. Out 
. of the whole crew of 175 men, only 26 escaped unin- 
jured. The three other vessels, together with the land 
force that had accompanied them, captured the batteries 
soon afterward, making prisoners of their defenders, 
whose commanding officer. Lieutenant Joseph Fry, was 
formerly an officer of the United States navy. 



OPERATIONS IN 1862— '63. 573 

Immediately after the capture of New Orleans, Far- isa'^. 
ragut started his fleet up the riA^er. On May 9 the May 9. 
/ro^wo/s arrived at Baton Rouge, a detachment of nia-^^^°°^ 
rines landing and taking possession of the arsenal there. 
The Oneida reached Vicksburc: on May 18, but the en- ^^l l^- 
amy's batteries at that place stopped her further prog- 
ress. Farragut arriving soon afterward, found it impos- 
sible to reduce that stronghold with his present force, 
and sought the co-operation of land forces. By the 27th 
of June his whole fleet had arrived with Porter's mor- 
tar fleet, together with about 3,000 men under General 
Thomas Williams, on transports. AtSA.M. of the 28th ^^^^ -''• 

' ^ Farragnt 

the whole fleet opened upon the Vicksburg fortifications, runs by the 
but the only thing accomplished was the running b}^ batteries, 
these powerful batteries of a part of the fleet, the Hart- 
ford, with Farragut on board, the Richmond, Oneida, 
Sciota, Iroquois, Winona, and Wissahikon. These ves- 
sels received but little damage, and came to anchor 
above Vicksburg at 6 a, m. The loss to the fleet in the 
engagement was 17 killed and 30 wounded. 

Here Farragut found Commodore Davis and Colonel 
Ellet, with the vessels under their command. On July 
15, Commodore Davis sent the T//Ier, the Queen of the 
West, and the Carondelet up the Yazoo to look after 
the iron-clad ram Arkansas, which it Avas understood 
the enemy had nearly completed. The Arkansas was 
in fact finished, and was soon encountered coming rapidly 
down. The Federal vessels turned and steamed back 
to the Mississippi, firing as they went, the ram following. 
The Federal fleet was wholly unprepared, not supposing • 
the ram to be yet completed, and before steam could be 
got up the Arkansas had run by to a safe harbor under 
the guns of Vicksburg. The Federal fleet had given 
her broadsides as she passed, and received a severe fire 
in return, suffering a loss of 54 in killed and wounded. 



Farragiit 
again at 
New Or- 
leans. 



5U THE NAVY: 

IS a '4. The loss on board the Arkansas was 15 in killed and 
wounded. 
July 10. Fearin"' this formidable iron-clad miarht attack and 

runs by damage his fleet lying below, Farragut that night again 
sec^d ^^ i"an the Vicksburg batteries, and arrived safe and sound 
time. below before daybreak. 

July 22. On the 22d of July, Colonel EUet sent the Essex to 

Battle be- .^ttcick tho Arkanstts. She started at 4 a. m., and moved 

twecn the ^ 

msex and right at the enemy without returning a shot, the mortar 

sas fleet at the same time opening upon the enemy's bat- 

teries. The Arkansas cast off her bow-line, and swing- 
ing around with the current, the Essex passed her, and 
ran into the bank, sticking fast but a few feet from her 
antagonist. Both vessels used their heavy guns against 
each other's iron armor, the Essex at the same time re- 
ceiving a heavy fire from the batteries. Within a few 
minutes the Essex succeeded in backing off, when she 
retired down the river, and joined Farragut's fleet. But 
little injury was done to either vessel. 

Farragut and Davis now gave up trying to take 
Vicksburg without land forces. Farragut had asked for 
co-operation of land forces, but there were no troops to be 
had at that time. Davis (now Admiral) moved his fleet 
up the river as far as Helena, and Admiral D. D. Porter 
was placed in command of a fleet of iron-clads and gun- 
boats above Vicksburg. Farragut returned to New Or- 

juiy 28. leans, where he arrived July 28, having left two gun- 
boats at Vicksburg and two at Baton Bouge. General 
Williams landed his troops at the latter place in a very 
debihtated condition, more than one half being on the 
sick list from long exposure in the low, marshy country 
below Vicksburg. 

On the 5th of August occurred the battle of Baton 

^Iton Rouge. The Federal gun-boats KataM'm, Essex, and 
Kineo were at that time lying off that town, expecting 



Aug. 5 

Baton 

Rouge. 



OPERATIONS IN 1S02—'G3. 575 

the Arkansas to move down and attack them during ihu-^. 
the battle. But the ram did not appear that day, and 
the gun-boats rendered the hind force what assistance 
they could during the battle. On the following day the 
Arkansas was discovered about one mile above. Com- 
mander W. D. Porter at once moved up with the Essex, 
and as soon as Avithin good range, opened fire. The 
Arkansas seemed at once to be disabled, and was run 
ashore and abandoned by her crew, and soon afterward 
she burst into flames. She floated down the river a short 
distance, when her magazine exploded, and she sank out 
of sight. Thus another of the enemy's terrible iron-clad 
rams came to a very proper end. The Arkansas was 
armed with six 8-inch and four 50-pounder rifles, and 
had a crew of 150 men. 

On December 12, while reconnoitering in the Yazoo 
near Ilaynes Bluff (Vicksburg), the Federal gun-boat 
Cairo struck a torpedo, which exploded, tearing up her 
hull, and sinking her within a few minutes. Her crew 
was saved by three other vessels near at hand. A por- 
tion of Porter's fleet again approached Haynes Bluff on 
Dec. 24, when the Benton, having the advance, received Dec. 24. 
a heavy fire from the enemy's batteries. The engage- Binfc. 
ment lasted two hours, without result. The Benton 
was considerably damaged, but not disabled. She was 
hit about forty times, losing ten men in killed and 
wounded, her commander, Lieutenant Gwin, being 
among the latter. On January 11, 1863, three iron- 
clads — the DeKalh, Cincinnati, and Louisville — par- 
ticipated in the capture of Arkansas Post, or Fort Ilind- 
man, losing about 30 men in killed and wounded. 



CHAPTER XXXII. 

OPERATIONS DURING 18G3-'G4. 

isG'i. T lEUTENANT KITTREDGE commanded several 
J — J small armed vessels on the coast of Texas and the 
gun-boat Sachem blockading the entrance to the port of 

Aug. 12, Corpus Christi. On- August 12, 18G2, he penetrated 

chris'ti. the bay, destroymg two of the enemy's vessels, and on 
the 17th another vessel was destroyed. A severe 
eno-acfement was had w^ith Lmd forces on the 16th and 
17th, the enemy being driven from the batteries and out 
of the town. 

On the 24th of September, the war steamer Ken- 
sington, aided by a mortar-boat, attacked the enemy's 
batteries at Sabine Pass, Tex. Fire w^as kept up 
during the day, ceasing at night. The following morn- 
ing it was discovered that the enemy had abandoned 
his batteries, leaving the guns spiked. The batteries 
were destroyed. 

Oct. 4-9. Four gun-boats, in command of Captain Renshaw, 

attacked Galveston, Tex., on the 4th of October. The 
city surrendered to him on the 9th. 

At midnight, on Dec. 31, while the enemy under 
General Magruder was attacking the small Federal force 

(Galveston, folding Galvcstou, the Federal blockading squadron was 
attacked by the enemy's gun-boats Bayou CiUj and 
Neptune. The Federals did not have steam up, and 
were unprepared. The Harriet Lane was soon ready, 
however, and moved directly at the enemy. The Nep- 
tune was soon destroyed, but the Bayou City struck the 

(57G) 



Galvestou. 



1863. 
Jan. 1. 



'OPERATIONS IN 1863— '64. 5YT 

Lane and became fastened to her, rendering the guns of is 63. 
both boats of little use. The enemy greatly outnum- 
bered the Federals, and the Lane was boarded and ^«'-''^«< 

' • /» 1 Lane lost. 

captured. In endeavoring to come to the aid of the 
Lane, the gun-boat Westfield ran aground, and being 
unable to get her off, her crew set her on fire. She Death of 
blew up prematurely, killing Commander Pvenshaw and erTRen- 
several of the crew. Commander Jonathan M. Wain- J^^ ^^^ 

Wain- 

Wright, who had been in service since 1837, and Lieu- wright and 

• ^ 1 1 -n T • !• J.1 Lieutenant 

tenant Edward Lea were both killed m action on the Lea. 
Harriet Lane. 

Four gun-boats under Captain McKean Buchanan 
accompanied a land force under General Weitzel in an 
attack upon the enemy's works on Bayou Teche, near 
Pattersonville, La. On January 14, 1863, the attack 
was made by both forces. The river was full of torpe- 
does, but Buchanan dashed right through them and at 
the enemy's works, having but one boat slightly injured 
by them. The works were soon carried by the com- 
bined forces. The enemy's gun-boat Cotton was de- 
stroyed. The brave Buchanan fell mortally wounded captain 

J '' Buchanan 

in the midst of the battle. wned. 

On the 4th of October, 1862, while the gun-boats 
Sciota and Kineo were descending the Mississippi 
River, they were fired upon by a concealed battery of 
field artillery near Donaldsonville, La. After a sharp 
engagement the battery was driven off. Lieutenant 
Charles H. Swasey, of the Sciota, was killed in the LieutenaMt 
action. fewascj. 

September the 6th, 1862, the gun-boats PicJcett and 
Louhiana aided in the defense of Washington, N. C, 
on Tar River, against an attack by a land force of the 
enemy. The Confederates were compelled to retire. 
During the engagement the Pickett was destroyed by 
the accidental explosion of her powder-magazine. 



578 



THE FAVY: 



180 3. 



April 13 to 
May 3. 
Suffolk, Va. 



Robert 
Small, a 
colored 
pilot, cap- 
tures the 
Planter. 



January 8, 1863, the gun-boats Mahaska and Co7n- 
jnodore Morris and an army tug, the Ma^ Queen, as- 
cended the Pamunkey River, Va., as far as White House, 
and, aided by a regiment of cavalry, destroyed large col- 
lections of grain belonging to the enemy. 

On the 14th of January, the Federal steamer Co- 
lutnbia was wrecked near Masonboro Inlet, on the coast 
of North Carolina. She was burned by the enemy, and 
her crew were captured before a friendly steamer could 
reach her. 

From the 13th of April to the 3d of May, gun-boats 
commanded by Lieutenants Lamson and Gushing mate- 
rially aided in the defense of Suffolk, Va., against the 
attacks of Longstreet. In several encounters with the 
enemy's batteries, these officers exhibited great courage. 
Gushing at one time pluckily fighting these batteries for 
four hours, and until he had silenced them. Lamson 
landed some howitzers April 19 at Hill Point, and aided 
the land forces in the capture of the enemy's batteries 
there. 

The fleet under Admiral Dupont, after the capture of 
Hilton Head, was occupied in operations on the coast 
in perfecting a blockade of the enemy's ports, aided by 
land forces under General T. W. Sherman, and also aid- 
ing the land forces in their operations. 

May 13, 1862, a colored pilot named Robert Small 
escaped from the port of Charleston with one of the 
enemy's steamers — the Planter — and delivered the 
vessel into the hands of officers of the Federal fleet. 
The officers of the steamer had stepped on shore on some 
business that would detain them for a few moments, 
when Small, seizing the opportunity, gave the signal for 
departure. The engineer obeyed the signal as usual. 
The steamer ran by the enemy's batteries unmolested. 

A little after midnight on Dec. 30, 1862, the fampj^s 



OPERATIONS IF 1S6S~'64. 579 

Monitor was lost at sea south of Cape Hatteras, while i««a- 
on her way to join Dupont's fleet off Charleston. She ^ec. 31. 
left Chesapeake Bay on Dec. 29, under command of J^''/„[;'^7"^ 
Captain Bankhead, proceeding under steam, being also ^°** ^^ ®''^- 
towed by the Rhode Island. She began leaking in the 
heavy sea off Hatteras ; the severe shaking and wrench- 
ing experienced in the immense chopping waves proved 
too much for the victor of Hampton Boads. At half 
past ten o'clock Captain Bankhead signaled the RJiode 
Island, when launches were sent to his assistance. 
With great difficulty the crew were all taken off but 
sixteen, who undoubtedly perished, as they were miss- 
ing at the next roll-call. 

The loss of the Mon{to7^ was replaced by the Mon- 
tauJc, a new monitor commanded by Captain Worden, 
the famous commander of the original monitor. This 
vessel joined the fleet off Charleston January 24, 1863. 
She was armed with one eleven and one fifteen inch 
gun. January 27, Dupont sent Worden to attack Fort ^^^^ ^^j^^ 
McAllister, situated at Genesis Point, on the Ogeechee li^'er, s. c. 
River. This battle with the fort was continued for four 
hours, but nothing was accomplished, except that it fairly 
tested the admirable resisting qualities of the iron-clad, 
which withstood the heavy shot from the fort without 
injury. The attack was renewed on Feb. 1 with like 
result after a four hours' fight. 

On the 28th of February, at daybreak, Worden ngain 
ascended the Ogeechee, having discovered the enemy's 
armed steamer Nashville apparently coming down. The 
Nashville had been a speedy English blockade-runner; 
but having been shut in by the Federal fleet at Ossabaw 
Sound, had been altered to an armed privateer. As 
Worden approached, he discovered the Nashville had 
run aground a little above the fort. Without paying 
the least attention to the fire of the fort, he ran close 



580 THE NAVY: 

1863. up, and opened upon the Nasliville. After a few shots 
from his fifteen-inch gun, the Nashville was set on fire, 
and soon blew up with a fearful crash. Worden then 
retired satisfied. He had received no damage from the 
fort, which had been entertained somewhat by a small 
gun-boat fleet that had accompanied the Montauk. 

On the 29th of February, Dupont's fleet was 
strengthened by the arrival of three new monitors, the 
Passaic, the Patapsco, and the Nahant, and on March 3, 
Dupont sent them to renew the attack on Fort Mc- 
Allister. For eight hours these monitors bombarded 
the fort. The resisting powers of the monitors were 
highly satisfactory, but the fort could not be silenced. 
Jan. 31. On January 31, 1863, about 4 a. m., the enemy's 

harbor^ Irou-clad rams Palmetto State and Chicora came out of 
Charleston harbor and' attacked the Federal blockading 
fleet. Being low in the water, and in the midst of a 
heavy fog, they were not discovered until very close. 
The Palmetto State being in the lead, struck the 
Mercedita a hard blow, at the same time firing a shot 
Avhich penetrated her boiler ; then turning, both of the 
rams attacked the Keystone State. The latter was set 
on fire, but her commander, W. E. LeRoy, quickly ex- 
tinguished the flames, and putting on all steam, plunged 
at the Chicora. When nearly upon her, the enemy's 
shells burst both her boilers. She had lost a large num- 
ber of her crew, and must surrender, when at this mo- 
ment the Memphis came to her aid, and taking her in 
tow, succeeded in getting her away. Now the Quaker 
Citff, the Augusta, and the Housatonic came up, but before 
they could enter the fight the rams withdrew into the 
harbor. The fight ended at 8 o'clock, resulting in much 
damage to the two boats attacked, which were altered 
merchant vessels, and were wholly unequal to the rams 
in such a contest. The Federal fleet had made an im- 



OPERATIONS IN 1863—64. 581 

portant capture, the dny before, of a blockade-runner is an. 
called the Princess Boi/al, an English steamer. Without 
doubt the attack of the rams was made in retaliation. 

On the 30th of January the Federal war steamer 
Isaac Smith was captured by the enemy's ambushed 
batteries on Stono Inlet, near Charleston, after a hard 
fight in which the Smith was disabled, and suffered the 
loss of 8 killed and 16 wounded. The steamer Commo- 
dore 3IcDonough, going to her aid, barely escaped the 
same fate. 

During March, 1863, Dupont had been fortunate in 
the capture of a number of blockade runners, among 
them two large steamers, the Queen of the Wave and the 
Georgiana. 

Dupont attacked Fort Sumter on the 7th of April, 
having for some time been preparing for a movement 
against Charleston and its defenses. He had nine iron- 
clad vessels prepared for this engagement, as follows : 
the iron-clad frigate Netv Ironsides, carrying 16 eleven- 
inch Dahlgrens and one 150-pounder rifle, and the mon- 
itors MontauJc, Passaic, KeokuJc, Catslcill, JSfahunt, Nan- • 
tucket, Patapsco, and WeehatvJcen. These eight mon- 
itors, with the exception of the KeoJcuJc (700 tons), were 
of 844 tons' burden, each carried one 11-inch and one 15- 
inch gun, except the Patapsco, which had a 150-pounder 
rifle in place of an 11-inch gun. The New Ironsides was 
selected for the flag-ship. 

The battle be2;an at 3 p. m., and lasted until nearly The mon- 

° ' . . . *^ Wot Keokuk 

five o'clock, when the Federals retired, having received lost. 
but little damage, except to the KeoJcuJc, which had been 
struck ninety times within thirty minutes, and was so 
badly damaged that it was with great difficulty that she 
was kept afloat until the next morning, when her crew 
was taken off, and she soon went down. 

The KeoJcuJc was not built on the plan of the monitor 



582 THE NAVY: 

IS as. proper, being a smaller boat, and more liglitly armorerl. 
The fort was considerably shattered, but her guns were 
not silenced. The attack had ended in failure ; the en- 
emy had too many strong batteries on Sullivan's and 
Morris Islands, from which the shot poured upon this 
little fleet, a part of the time at the rate of thirty shots per 
minute. The enemy fired about 2,300 shots from Forts 
Sumter and Moultrie and batteries Beauregard, Bee, 
Gregg, and Wagner, hitting the eight monitors 246 
times. The JVeiv Ironsides requiring deeper water, was 
unable to get nearer to Sumter than 1,000 yards, and was 
compelled to take post in the action at that distance. 
Dupont did not attempt another attack, being now sat- 
isfied that land forces must co-operate in the reduction 
of Charleston's forts and batteries. 

The Confederates about this time were preparing what 
The enemy ^j^gy termed a surprise party for the Federal navy. In 

preparing '' x j. ^ ^ 

for a sur- Novembor, 1861, an English steamer — the Fingal — ran 
the blockade, entering Savannah River loaded with arms 
and other military stores. Being too closely watched, 
she could not escape to England, and was sold to the 
Confederates. She was a large boat, wdth iron hull, of 
1,200 tons' burden, built at Glasgow. She was con- 
verted into an iron-clad war steamer at great expense, 
and armed with four rifled cannon, two six-inch and two 
seven-inch, and her name changed to the Atlanta. She 
was commanded by Wm. A. Webb, an officer, who, like 
nearly all the enemy's naval commanders, was educated 
at the United States Naval Academy. 

Coming by way of Augustine Channel to Wilmington 
River, she appeared near the mouth of this river on the 
morning of June 14, 1863, intending to go out to sea 
and play havoc with the Federal blockading fleet. 
Dupont had previously learned of her intentions, and 
had sent the monitors Weehawken and Nahant to 



OPERATIONS IN 1863— '64. 683 

Warsaw Sound to w.-ilcli her. While at anchor they isntt. 
discovered the Allania about three miles away ap- 
preaching under a full head of steam. The Federal gun- 
boats at once prepared for action. Captain John Rodg- 
ers, in command of the Weehaivken, slipped his cable, and 
steamed directly at the enemy, the Nahant following. 
When within about one and a half miles, the Atlanta 
lay to and opened fire. The WeeJcawken moved si- capture 
lently forward until within three hundred yards, when "Jjlj.^.^^, 
Captain Rodgers, aiming the piece himself, fired his 15- Atlanta. 
inch gun. The enormous ball pierced the Atlanta through 
and through. At the fifth shot of the Weeliawken — 
within fifteen minutes of the beginning of the battle 
— Webb surrendered. Two steamers filled with people 
had come down to see the monitors captured ; now they 
hastened back to Savannah, awakened to the loss of the 
Atlanta as if from a dream. Rodgers returned with 
his valuable prize, and was personally complimented by 
the Secretary of the Navy. 

Changes in commanders in this Department had now 
taken place : General Gillmore, of Pulaski fame, relieved 
General Hunter, in command of the land forces, on June 
2 ; and Admiral Dahlgren relieved Admiral Dupont at 
the request of the latter, on July 4. 

We will leave these waters for a while, and go 
around to the Gulf and up the Mississippi. At Gal- 
veston we last saw that the Federals had met with mis- 
fortune on January 1, 1863. On learning of this dis- 
aster, Admiral Farragut sent Commodore Henry H. Bell 
to that place with the sloop of war Bt^ooldyn, and 
the gun-boats Hatter as, Sciota, Cayuga, Neio London, 
and Clifton, where he arrived on January 11. On 
that evening. Bell sighted a strange sail, and sent 
the Hatteras to discover her errand. A brief cannon- 
ade was afterward heard ; but it being dark, Bell waited 



584 THE NAVY: 

18G3. until daylight to learn the result. The liafferas not 
returning, he went in search, and soon found her with 
only a part of her masts above Avater. He shortly after- 
ward picked up a small boat containing a part of her 
crew, when he ascertained that the Hatteras had been 
sunk by the Alabama. 

The Sumter, a Southern privateer under Captain 
Raphael Semmes, escaped from the passes of the Mis- 
sissippi on the 30th of June, 1861, and on July 30 ar- 
rived at the British port of Trinidad, having captured 
eleven American vessels on the way. At Trinidad the 
Sumter got a full supply of coal, and other necessary 
outfit, and sailed from there August 5, 1861. After a 
cruise in which she destroyed six more American ves- 
sels, she arrived at Gibraltar on January 18, 1862. 
Before she could get her supply of coal, she was shut in 
by the arrival of the United States war vessels Tiis- 
carora and Kearsarge. 
History of In October, 1861, an agreement was entered into 
between an agent of Jefferson Davis and Messrs. Laird, 
of Liverpool, England, for the building of the Alabama. 
On the 15th of May, 1862, she was launched under the 
name of the " 200r She was of about 900 tons' burden, 
and cost $255,000. The representatives of the United 
States in England made every effort to have the English 
Government detain the Alabama on the ground of neu- 
trality ; but notwithstanding this, the vessel slipped out 
early on the morning of July 29 from Birkenhead, and 
proceeded slowly down the Mersey with the Lairds on 
board. Soon afterward the builders returned in a tusr, 
and the " 290 " steamed away, making for Terceira, one 
of the Azores, which she reached on the 10th of August. 
On August 18 the ship Agrippina, of London, came up, 
and delivered to the " 290 " six guns, ammunition, stores, 
etc. The '"'' 290r when fully completed, was armed 



the Ala- 
harna. 



OPERATIONS IN 18GS—(>J^. 585 

with six 32-poiin(lors, one lOO-pounder Blakcly gun, is 03. 
and one 8-inch howitzer, and was manned by 120 men 
and 24 officers, many of whom had been recruited from 
the artillerists of the British training-ship Excellent. 

In April, 1862, when Semmes found that he could not 
get the fSumter out of Gibraltar, he dismantled and de- ie!I!irs"the 
serted her. Semmes went to Nassau and to Liverpool, f^'^J,'^^'"'^ 
thence via Portugal to the Azores, where he arrived on command 
August 20 in the English screw-steamer Bahama, and at bama. 
once took charore of the " 290.'' He named her the Ala- 
lama, and hoisted the insurgent flag August 24. From 
Terceira, Semmes crossed to the West Indies, taking in 
more coal, and thence proceeded to the Gulf of Mexico. 
His course was marked by the destruction of vessels of 
the merchant marine of the United States. We have 
now " caught up to our story." Semmes has appeared 
again. He expected to find Federal transports loaded 
with soldiers for the invasion of Texas at this point; 
but Bell was there, with a strong naval squadron, and 
Semmes sailed away to Jamaica after having the satis- 
faction of sinking the Hatteras. The Hatteras, under 
Lieutenant-Commander Blake, had resolutely fought the 
Alabama, although before the battle began, Blake recog- 
nized the fact that he had a powerful ship to contend 
w^ith. Blake's heaviest gun w^as but a o2-pounder, and 
the Hatteras was a converted side-wheel merchant ves- 
sel. He fought until his vessel sank, when all on board Heroism of 
escaped from the sinking ship in small boats, most of gj^^^^T^^'jJJ 
them surrendering to the enemy. '"'' '''■''"• 

On January 20, the enemy came out of the port at jan. 20. 
Sabine Pass, which is about sixty miles east of Galves- 
ton, w^ith two river steamers fitted up as gun-boats, and 
succeeded in capturing two Federal sailing-vessels which 
Avere stationed there to blockade that port; but the cap- 
tured vessels drew too much Avater to be taken into 
port, and Avere burned. 



Sabiue 
Pass. 



586 THE NAVY: 

isGs. On the 7th of April, the Federal armed steamer 
April 7. Barralaria, while reconnoitering in Lake Maiirepas, at 
Lake Mau- ^]^q mouth of Amite River, ran aa-ronnd, and beinsf at- 

repas. 7 o 7 o 

tacked by a strong land force, rendering it impossible to 
get her off, the crew set the vessel on fire, and then es- 
caped in small boats, under cover of darkness. The 
steamer burned to the water's edge. April 27, the gun- 
boat Prehle, stationed at Pensacola, accidentally caught 
fire, and was completely destroyed. 

On the 2d of February, 1863, Colonel Charles R. 
Ellet, with the Queen of the West, passed the Vicksburg 
batteries with very little damage, attacking a war vessel 
in passing, — the Vicksburg, — which was being fitted out 
under the enemy's guns. This vessel was set on fire by 
shots from the West, but was not destroyed. After 
getting below, Colonel Ellet succeeded in destroying 
large quantities of the enemy's provisions, and capturing 
three steamers, one on the Mississippi near Red River, 
and two on the last-named river, heavily loaded with 
provisions. 

On the 13th of February, Porter sent down the 
Indianola, which also passed the guns of Vicksburg 
safely, but found that Ellet had gone away up Red 
River. February 14, Ellet captured the steamer Era 
No. 5, after which, not knowing the channel of the 
Red River, and the pilot of the West being sick, Ellet 
was compelled to intrust his boat to a new pilot, who 
proved to be a traitor. The rascal soon ran the West 
hard aground near a battery of the enemy at Gordon's 
Landing, where were also several of the enemy's armed 
steamboats. She could not be got off, and after being 
badly cut up, Ellet was obliged to hastily abandon her 
to escape capture, himself and nearly all of his crew 
floating down the river on cotton bales until they 
reached the De Soto, which had been left a short dis- 



OPERATIONS IN 1863— '64. 681 

tance below with a captured vessel. Soon afterward iso3. 
the De Soto lost her rudder, and became unnianage- 
able. Reaching the Era, he took possession of that 
boat, destroying the De Soto and the other vessel, and 
escaped to the Mississippi. 

The enemy repaired the Queen of the West, and with 
the ram Wm. H. Wehh and two other armed steamers, 
moved boldly down Red River to the Mississippi. 
The Indianola was moving up toward Vicksburg to 
communicate with Admiral Porter, but her progress was 
slow in consequence of having a loaded coal barge each 
side. When between Grand Gulf and Warrenton, about 
9 p. M., Feb. 24, her commander, Lieutenant George Feb. 24. 
Brown, discovered the enemy from Red River m guw. 
chase. The Indianola turned about and prepared for 
action, at the same time steaming right at the foe. The 
West struck her. An instant afterward she struck the 
Wehl). The battle became fierce, and lasted an hour 
and a half. The Indianola was rammed seven severe 
blows, the sixth and seventh so badly damaging her 
that she became unmanageable, and was in a sinking 
condition. With her bow on shore and her stern under 
water, she surrendered. The enemy's boats were also 
badly damaged. The Indianola lost one killed and one 
wounded. The loss of the enemy was heavy, over 30 
being killed, the number wounded being unknown. 
This loss of another gun-boat gave the enemy for a time 
the control of the Mississippi between Vicksburg and 
Port Hudson. 

March 11, 1863, when Grant was endeavoring to March 11- 
get into position around Vicksburg, two gun-boats, the pemberton. 
Chillicothe and the De Kalb, accompanying a land force 
on transports, attacked Fort Pemberton, a rebel fort on 
the Tallahatchie, having arrived at that point via Yazoo 
Pass, Moon Lake, and Cold Water River. The first- 



58S THE NAVY: 



1S03. named boat was badly damnged by the enemy's shot in 
the first day's engagement. On the lotli the Dc Kalh 
resumed the attack, but accomplished nothing. The 
land about the fort was overflowed, so that the troops 
could not land, and the expedition returned to the Mis- 
sissijopi about the first of April. 

Porter, with a strong division of war vessels, endeav- 
ored to reach the Sunflower River via Steele's Bayou, 
Deer Creek, and Rolling Fork, for the purpose of 
gaining the Yazoo above the Yazoo forts. Starting 
March from Stcclc's Bayou March 14, he nearly reached 
Steele's Rolling Fork, where success seemed almost assured, 
Bayou. -^^hen he found that the enemy had so strongly 
obstructed the way that he could not proceed far- 
ther. Giving up the attempt, the backward move be- 
gan ; but now it was discovered that the enemy had 
been busy in the rear, felling trees across the river. 
Then began hard work, removing the trees and fighting 
the enemy, who were concealed in the woods, and thus 
had a great advantage. The marines suffered severely 
in this conflict. On the 20th, Porter felt for a time that 
he must lose his whole fleet. But General Sherman 
was not far away. Porter had sent him word of the 
situation on the 19th, and he made all haste, arriving in 
the nick of time, and the fleet was saved. General 
Sherman brought two brigades with him, and soon 
cleared the way, and the fleet arrived safe in the Mis- 
sissippi River on the 27th. 

Porter played a rich ioke upon the enemy in the 

Porter's ^ -^ .> r j 

joke. early part of March. He rigged an old boat so as to 
have the appearance of a monitor, and let it loose to 
follow the current. The Yicksburg batteries opened 
fiercely upon this poor old disguised scow, but the inno- 
cent passed unharmed. The enemy then telegraphed 
below to destroy the Indianola as the Federal mon- 



OPERATIONS IN 1863— GJf. 5S9 

itors were coming; and while that boat was still burn- is a 3. 
ing, the dummy ran into the mud near by, and the trick 
was discovered, but it was too late to save the Indianola. 

Early in March, 1863, Farragut collected a fleet 
below Port Hudson for the purpose of forcing a passage 
and obtaining control of the Mississippi above that point, 
and at the same time of aiding General Banks in his 
operations against that place with his fleets above and 
below. At about 10 p. m. on the 14th, Farragut gave March n 
the signal. The fleet which was to make the attempt ru^ng'^fi",. 
was composed of the sloops of war Hartford, Richmond, ^^l^^^'^' 
and Mo)iongaliela, the side-wheel steamer Mississippi, teries. 
and the gun-boats Albatross, Genesee, and Kineo. 
The three gun-boats were lashed to the three sloops, 
in the order named, on the port side, to increase 
the speed of the larger vessels. Only the Hartford, with 
Farragut on board, and the AWatross succeeded in 
passing. The others, owing to injury to their machin- 
ery, were obliged to put back. The Mississippi ran 
aground. Every effort was made to release her, but loss of the 
she remained immovable. After being riddled by the ^j^^t" 
enemy's guns, and all hope of saving her was lost, she was 
set on fire and abandoned. This was a severe loss. She 
had answered the enemy with 265 shot during the action. 

During the engagement the roar of cannon was deaf- 
ening. The Federal vessels replied vigorously to the 
enemy's batteries, the mortar fleet, which Farragut had 
collected below, taking part in the action. The loss to 
the fleet was about 100 in killed and wounded, the Mis- 
sissippi losing heavily, while trying to get off the shoals. 

On the 19th, Farragut passed the Grand Gulf bat- March ]9. 
teries safely, and came to anchor below Vicksburg. Guif. 
General EUet, commanding a gun-boat fleet above Vicks- 
burg, started two of his vessels, the Switzerland and the 
Lancaster, down the river on the morning of the 25th 



590 THE NAVY. 

186 3. for operations in the river below. The Lancaster was 
March 25. gunk bv the enemy's batteries, but the Switzerland 

Loss of the "^ -^ ' 

Lancaster, reached Farragut only a little damaged. Farragut 
soon afterward blockaded Red River, as this was the 
main source of the enemy's supplies for Port Hudson. 

Early in April, Greneral Grant having decided to 
.march his army below Vicksburg, a portion of the naval 
force under Porter began preparations to run the bat- 
teries of Vicksburg. All was ready by the 16th, and at 
9 o'clock that evening the boats started, with the Benton 
leading and the others following in order : Lafayette, 
General Price, Louisville, Mound City, Pittsburg, Caron- 
delet, and Tuscumhia, a tug and three transports 
bringing up the rear. All passed safely through a 
tremendous cannonade except the transport Henry Clay 
which was set on fire by. the enemy's shot, and burned. 
The fleet had passed by and out of range of the Vicks- 
burg guns by midnight, not losing a man killed and but 
few wounded, and at 2 a. m. on the 17th it came to 
anchor twelve miles above New Carthage. 

A small fleet of gun-boats accumulated at Brashear 

City, La., in April, 1863, to aid General Banks in a 

campaign on Bayou Teche. The enemy had brought 

the Queen of the West to the waters in this vicinity, and 

S^'tlT*'"" on March 29 they also captured the steamer Diana in 

Queen of Rayou Tcchc. Both of these vessels were destroyed in 

the West. ..it-,, 

April as Banks advanced, the West by the Federal 
gun-boats, and the Diana by the enemy. The Federal 
gun-boats also captured Bute la Rose, a fortification 
which commanded the entrance to the Atchafalaya; 
after which, the way being now clear, the gun-boats 
A?isona and Estella moved up that river, and joined 
Farragut in the Mississippi on May 2. 
April 29. Porter attacked the Grand Gulf batteries on the 29th 

Qu^f. of April, which, being on bluffs, were difficult to reach 



OPERATIONS TN 1863~'6i. 591 

General Grant desired to effect a landing at that point, ises. 
The lower batteries were silenced ; but after a battle of 
SIX hours it was decided that it would be impossible to oiandGuif. 
reduce the upper batteries with the navy alone. Many 
of the vessels engaged had been considerably damaged, 
The Benton was struck fortj^-seven times. Porter's loss 
was 18 men killed and 56 wounded. The fleet now 
retired down the river a few miles, to where General 
Grant had concluded to cross, and aided in that opera- 
tion. 

Since Farragut passed the Port Hudson batteries on 
March 14, he had been operating between that place 
and Vicksburg and on Red River. Moving in co-oper- 
ation with General Banks up Red River, he reached 
Alexandria on May 6. Farragut returned from Alex- Fmragut 
andria with Banks, and aided in the investment of Port arpo^t"'"' 
Hudson, with the Hartford and Albatross above, and Hudson. 
the MonongaJiela, Richmond, Essex, and Genesee, together 
with the mortar fleet below. On the 27th of May and 
the 16th and 29th of June, this fleet engaged in a gen- 
eral bombardment, together with Banks's artillery. 
Farragut's heaviest guns and the mortar-boats kept up 
a continuous fire upon the doomed enemy day and night, 
which kept them in an increasing state of alarm, until 
the place surrendered, July 7. 

Porter's fleet aided Grant in the reduction of Vicks- Porter aid= 
burg, both above and below. Porter being below with the viSbilrg. 
iron-clads Benton, Mound City, Carondelet, and Tuscumbia. 
The enemy's batteries were continally engaged day and 
night. During the seige the mortars fired about 7,000 
shells, and the gun-boats and naval guns on shore 
10,000 shot and shell. On May 27, during a general ^faysr. The 
engagement, the gun-boat Cincinnati, of the upper s^Jnk."""'* 
fleet, was sunk by the enemy's shot, losing about 35 
,men in killed, wounded, and drowned. On the invest- 



593 THE NAVY: 

1863. ment of Vicksburg, the DeKalh, Choctaw, Linden 
Petrel, and Forest Rose, under Lieutenant-Commander 
John G. Walker, were sent into the Yazoo. 

On Grant's approach to the rear of Vicksburg, 
Haynes Bluff was evacuated by the enemy as Sherman's 
troops were getting between it and the town. Lieuten- 
ant-Commander Walker took possession of Haynes Bluff 
on May 20, but was at once relieved by the arrival of 
Sherman's troops, when he proceeded up to Yazoo City, 
arriving there on the 21st. The enemy had begun the 
construction of three large iron-clads at this point, one 
to be a steamer of large dimensions, 310 feet long and 
70 feet beam, to be plated with 42-inch iron. These 
the enemy burned, together with other public property 
valued at $2,000,000. 

During the siege of Vicksburg, the navy was con- 
stantly at work by day and by night, and rendered val- 
uable assistance to General Grant in the reduction of 
that stronghold, suffering many hardships, and losing 
many men in killed and wounded. 

Soon after the surrender of Vicksburg, it was learned 
that the enemy was fortifying at Yazoo City. The 
iron-clad DeKalh and three gun-boats, accompanied by 
a strong land force, were sent against them. A com- 
bined attack by these forces was made, resulting in the 
capture of the batteries with 300 prisoners. Soon after 

Loss of the f j^e action was over, the DeKalh ran upon a torpedo, 
which exploded and injured her so that she sank in a few 
minutes. Her guns, stores, and iron-plating were saved. 
The enemy burned many vessels on the approach of the 
Federals, a number being steamboats of the largest and 
best pattern. 

June 28. About 1 A. M., Juuc 28, the enemy, numbering about 

Donaldson- 3 ooQ meu undor General Taylor, attacked a Federal 

ville, La. ' ./ ^ 

fortification at Ponaldsonville, La., which was garrisoned 



OPERATIONS IN 1S63—04. 593 

by about 250 men. The attack was savage and deter- iso:j. 
mined, but was repulsed with the aid of the gun-boats 
Princess Roi/al, Kineo, and Winona. 

In July, 1863, the gun-boats on the Ohio performed 
valuable service in preventing the escape across that 
river of John Morgan and his bold raiders at Buffing- 
ton Island and other places. Morgan rode hard, but 
the gun-boats kept pace with him. It was a novel chase, 
of more than 500 miles. He could not cross into Ken- 
tucky, for the gun-boats were continually in his way ; 
and he was finally captured by the pursuing land force. 

On the 4th of July, the gun-boat T^Ier rendered J|,']^.J' 
important assistance to General Prentiss in repelling an ahc 
attack upon Helena, Ark., by a largely superior force 
from Genei'al Price's command, under General Holmes. 

On the coast of the Carolinas, July 4, Admiral Dahl- 
gren relieved Admiral Dupont, in command of the South 
Atlantic squadron, and at the same time General Gill- 
more relieved General Hunter of the command of the 
land forces. 

The navy was continually busy about Charleston 
harbor, having daily encounters with the enemy's bat- 
teries. During Gillmore's assaults upon the enemy's 
works on Morris Island, and especially upon Fort Wag- 
ner, the naval force did their part fully. In the engage- 
ment of July 18, the enemy's guns were completely jniy is. 
silenced by the monitors. Day and night the navy ij.,4ot.^ °" 
kept up a continual fire, and materially aided Gillmore's 
siege guns in rendering Fort Wagner untenable. 

December 6, the monitor Weelumlcen, which had 
done so much good service, suddenly went down while 
lying quietly at anchor. The cause was wholly un- 
known. Four officers and twenty-seven men went down 
with her. 

February 17, 1864, about 9 p. m., the screw-sloop isei 

38 



594 



THE NAVY: 



180 4. 



Lieutenant 

Plusser 

killed. 

May 5. 

Albemarle 

Sound. 



Oct. 27. 
The Albe- 
marle 
blown up 
by Lieu- 
tenant 
Gushing 
and thir- 
teen men. 



Hoiisatonic, carrying 13 guns, was sunk by a torpedo 
boat — a severe loss. The officers and crew were saved. 

April 19, the enemy's ram Albemarle, which had 
just been completed at Edward's Ferry on Roanoke 
River, attacked four Federal gun-boats at Plymouth, N. 
C, sinking one, the Southfield, and disabling the Miami, 
which, with the other two, retreated to Albemarle 
Sound. Lieutenant-Commander C. W. Flusser, in com- 
mand of the squadron, on board the Miami, was among 
the killed. 

May 5, about 4 : 30 p. m., the Albemarle came down 
to the sound where eight wooden gun-boats awaited her. 
As soon as the ram appeared, the Federal boats bravely 
attacked, but their 100-pounder rifle shot seemed to 
have no effect against her iron sides. The Sassacus 
struck her a hard blow during the fight. Soon after- 
ward a shot from the Albemarle pierced the boiler of the 
Sassacus, disabling her so that she drew out of the fight. 
The battle continued until dark, when the Albemarle 
withdrew, returning to Plymouth but little injured. 
The Federal fleet had been considerably damaged, and 
had lost about 25 men in killed and wounded. Each 
boat had gallantly and unflinchingly closed with the 
powerful antagonist; and although they surrounded and 
gave her numerous and heavy broadsides at close quar- 
ters, the iron monster moved away at night seemingly 
unhurt. 

For some reason, the Albemarle did not again 
come out of the river. In October, Lieutenant W. B. 
Gushing and 13 men volunteered to attempt her destruc- 
tion with a torpedo as she lay at the wharf at Plymouth. 
It was eight miles from the mouth of the Roanoke to 
where the dreaded monster lay, and the approach was 
well guarded. A raft of logs surrounded the ram, to 
prevent surprises of this kind. The project was con- 



OPERATIONS IN 1863— '64. 595 

sidered rash in the oxireme, but the end sought over- is 64, 
ruled all objections, and Gushing was given a steam- 
launch armed with a howitzer. Preparations were com- 
pleted, and on the night of October 27 the expedition 
proceeded up the river quietly, passing the enemy's 
pickets undiscovered. They had nearly reached the 
Albemarle when they Avere espied by her sentinels. 
Alarm was given, and musket balls soon came thick and 
close. Gushing headed his boat directly at the side of 
the ram, running the bow upon and pressing the logs in 
far enough to enable him to operate the torpedo. At 
this instant Gushing fired the howitzer, which had been 
loaded Avith canister, and then sent the torpedo upon its 
errand. The explosion was terrific. The Albemarle 
was ruined, and immediately went to the bottom. Either 
one of her guns or the torpedo shattered the launch, 
throwing Gushing and his crew into the water, all of 
whom were killed or captured except Gushing and one 
other, who narrowly escaped by expert swimming. 



CHAPTER XXXIII. 

OPERATIONS DURINO 1864-'65. 

1S04. TN the Department of the Gulf, in Marchj 1864, Gen- 
„ JL eral Banks made preparations to move against the 

Porter goes '■ '■ '-' 

to the Red enemy on Red River, and take possession of Shreveport, 
La., preparatory to contemplated operations in Texas. 
Admiral Porter was to co-operate with some fifteen iron- 
clads. He arrived at the mouth of Red River March 7, 
where he was joined by about 10,000 troops on trans- 
ports. These troops were from the 16th and 17th Corps, 
Sherman's army, and were commanded by General A. J. 
Smith. General Banks marched his troops overland, 
while Porter and Smith proceeded in company up Red 
River. Formidable obstructions were found in the river 

Marcti 14. 

Fort De bclow Fort De Russy, consisting of piles, rafts, trees, 
'^^^^^' etc., which the iron-clads tugged and rammed at for 
about twenty-four hours, when an opening was made. 
The fort was captured after a short engagement on the 
14th, with about 200 prisoners and ten guns. The fleet 
soon afterward reached Alexandria in advance of Gen- 
eral Banks. 

Great difficulty was met here in getting the gun- 
boats over the rapids near Alexandria; but after a 
week's hard work, Porter succeeded in getting a part of 
his fleet above, which were the C/iillicothe, the Crichet, 
the Pittsburg, the Carondeht, the Eastport, the 3foimd 
City, the Osage, the Ozark, the Neosho, the Lexington, 
the Louisville, and the Hindman. 

On the 7th of April, with six of these boats, Porter 

(596) 




Ol^A'MATfOiVS rS 1SG4—65. 507 

proceeded up the river, reaching Springfield Landing on is a 4, 
the 10th. While endeavoring to clear the obstructions ^priTio. 
from the river, that he miolit proceed farther, news came spiingficid 

' 01 : Landing. 

of disaster to Banks's army. This left Porter in a try- 
ing and dangerous position. He was now without the 
support of the land forces, and must return by a narrow, 
crooked river, filled with snags, logs, and sand bars, 
and with a victorious enemy on both banks, whose 
sharpshooters swarmed about the fleet. But the gun- 
boats soon taught them to observe a respectful distance, 
and to keep well sheltered. 

On the 12th the Osage got aground. The Lex- 
ington lay near by, while a transport was endeavoring to 
pull off the Osage. At this time a force of the en- 
emy numbering about 2,000, with artillery, came up 
and attacked savagely, as if to capture the iron-clads. 
Both boats replied with grape and canister, w^hich swept 
their assailants off with dreadful slaughter, their leader. 
General Tom Green, havino- his head blown off. Mad- ^^"'^''"^ 

" a Tom 

dened by repulse, they again rush to the banks with oieen's 
yells, and fire their rifles at the iron sides of the boats ; off. 
but they are again driven back with heavy loss. A 
force of infantry soon came to Porter's aid, and the fleet 
reached Alexandria with but little further annoyance 
from the enemy. They met with one serious loss, how- 
ever : the East'port was sunk by a torpedo between The East- 
Grand Ecore and Alexandria. 

At Alexandria for a time the whole fleet seemed 
lost in consequence of low water over the rapids. The *^"y ^"^~- 

-*■ _ '- Colonel 

engineer of the 19th Corps, Colonel Bailey, however, Baiky 
had the ingenuity necessary to the requirements of the fleet. 
occasion ; and in spite of general ridicule on the part of 
brother engineers and others. Banks and Porter author- 
ized him to build his proposed dam. Bailey began it 
on the 1st of May with some 3,000 men and a large 



698 THE NAVY 



1 SG4L. 



number of wagons. The dam was built principally o 
stone, brick, trees, and lumber, the latter being obtained 
by tearing down steam-mills and other buildings in the 
neighborhood. On May 8, a part of the fleet safely 
passed through, and by the 12th all were over the 
rapids and the fleet was saved. Colonel Bailey was soon 
afterward very properly promoted to Brigadier-General. 
In January, 1864, Admiral Farragut made a recon- 
naissance of the defenses of Mobile Bay, and became 
satisfied that he must have strong iron-clads to attempt 
their capture, especially as the enemy had a powerful 
iron-clad ram and three iron-clad gun-boats within the 
harbor. But the Government had none to spare at that 
A"g- 5- time : the attack was therefore delayed until August 6, 

Farragut ' . , -^^ . 

braves the whcu, having re<3eived , the long wished for iron-clad 
MobiieBay. Hionitors, hc movod to the attack upon Forts Gaines 
and Morgan at the entrance to Mobile Bay. He had 
four monitors, the Manhattan, the Winnebago, the 
ChicJcasaiv, and the Tecumseh ; also fourteen other war 
vessels lashed together in pairs, as follows : Brooklyn 
and Octarora, Hartford (flag-ship) and Metacomet, 
Richmond and Port Royal, Lackawanna and Seminole, 
Monongahela and Kennehec, Ossipee and Itasca, Oneida 
and Galena. 

At 6 A. M. the fleet was all under way, the Brooklyn 
leading the wooden vessels and the Tecumseh the 
monitors. Farragut himself was lashed to the mast in 
the main-top of the Hartford, having a speaking-tube 
running below. At about 7 a. m. the battle began by a 
shot from the Tecumseh, and soon the conflict became 
general between the whole fleet and the forts. It was 
not the intention of the Admiral to reduce the forts at 
this time, but to pass them as he did the forts below 
New Orleans. The enemy had driven piles across from 
Fort Gaines to the ship channel, which was close under 



m 

of 



OPERATIONS IX 1864— '65. 599 

the guns of Fort Morgan. The fleet must therefore iso4. 
have the severest trial with the latter fort. The com- 
mander of the Brooklyn., seeing what he supposed to be 
a nest of torpedoes, checked his vessel. The Hartford 
was close upon him. Farragut with quick determina- 
tion ordered the Hartford to put on all steam, and dashed 
ahead. Fortunately, the torpedoes had been a long 
time in the water, and did not explode. The Hartford 
now received a terrible fire from the fort. A moment 
after, the Brooldyn dashed up, coming nearest the fort, 
suffering great loss in killed and wounded. But the 
broadsides of the leading vessels had killed or driven 
many of the enemy's gunners from their posts; conse- 
quently those following suffered much less. 

At the beginning of the battle, a terrible calamity 
befell the monitor Tecumseh : it exploded a torpedo, and ^°^« °^ ^^^ 

'■ Tecumseh 

almost instantly sank, 113 officei's and men going down with us 
with her, including her commander, T. A. M. Craven. 

As each vessel passed, it poured into the fort a ter- 
rible fire, partially silencing the enemy's guns. The 
fleet received but little damage, with the exception of 
the loss of the Tecumseh. The Hartford had arrived 
inside by 8 a. m., the whole fleet closely following. 
But the fight was not ended. The enemy's ram Ten- 
nessee and the iron-clads Morgan, Gaines, and Selma had 
yet to be conquered. These boats at once opened upon battle with 
the Hartford, causing her severe loss in killed and Tennessee. 
wounded. The Metacomet was cast off, and started for 
the Selma, which was soon captured. The Gaines was 
run ashore and burned by her crew. The Tennessee and 
Morgan retired under the friendly guns of Fort Morgan. 
The Federal fleet came to anchor, but only for a short 
time; the battle was to be renewed. 

At about 9 A. M. the Tennessee was seen coming 
directly at the fleet. Farragut at once ordered a general 



000 THE NAYT: 

ISO 4. attack, and both the wooden and iron boats were directed 
to ram the Tennessee. The Monongahela at fnll speed, 
struck her a fair blow, then fired her eleven-inch gun. 
The LaeJcaicanna then struck her a terrible blow. Both 
boats broke their beaks, but seemingly did not injure 
the Tennessee. Buchanan, the commander of the Ten- 
nessee, bravely fought the Federal host with his guns, 
but was unable t5 ram, being so closely surrounded. 
The Harfford struck her, and turning gave a broadside, 
at the same time receiving a shell from the enemy which 
killed and wounded several men. 

By this time the monitors were well at work, the 
Winnehago and the Cliiclcasaw firing eleven-inch shot, the 
Manhafiim fifteen-inch. The armor of the Tennessee was 
six inches thick, and had not yet been pierced. But 
the shot from the fifteen-inch guns of the JIanliaitan 
went through her six-inch plating when the combatants 
^, ^ were but a few feet apart. The Tennessee became dis- 

Tlie Ten- i 

nessee sur- ablcd about 10 A. M., after one of the fiercest naval bat- 
renders, ii'ii Trv\H^ 

ties known, and surrendered witli about 190 oliicers and 
men. The Federal loss in this battle with the forts and 
iron-clads of the enemy, was as follows : the Hartford, 
25 killed, 28 wounded; the Brookli/n, 11 killed, 43 
wounded ; the LacTitiwanna, 4 killed, 35 wounded ; the 
Oneida, % killed, 30 wounded; the balance of the fleet 
lost 4 killed and 34 wounded. The three monitors did 
not lose a man. Total killed, 52; wounded. 170. The 
sad loss of the Tecumseh added 113 to the number of 
the dead. 

General Granger, with a land force, had already laid 

siege to Fort Gaines, on Dauphin Island. On the Orh of 

August, Farragut sent the Chklcasav: to aid him. At 

Aug. 7. 10 A. M. on the 7th the fort surrendered to Granger with 

Fort Gaines ^ /-n •> *" 

sunonaii?. GOO uieu. Fort Powell, at Grant's Pass, was abandoned 
at the same time by the enemy. On the 9th, Granger s 



OPAA'ATIOSS IX l$64—'0o. OOl 

troops were transferred to the rear of Fort i\ [organ, at is 04. 
once laying siege. On the 22d the bombard ment of 
Fort Moriiau bv the naval and land forces beuan. On Aug. 23. 
the morning of the 23d tlie fort snrrendered with about gan sur- 
bUU men. 

Mobile was now shnt np. The navy, with the in- 
trepid Farragut at its head, had done its work thoroughly. 

We last saw the Alalxviia steering away toward Ja- 
maica, after having sunk the Haifcras oif ^^alveston, j^^'^^l^^'^d.'' 
Semmes arrived at Jamaica on January 18, I8G0. where «>«'»« /^^^»- 
he refitted, and was furnished with supplies contrary to 
the promises of the English Government. Three British 
men of war were in the harbor at the time; but instead 
of detaining the Alabama, they assisted her. On Jan- 
uary 25, Semmes sailed for the coast of Brazil, and 
thence to the Cape of Good Hope, and soon afterward 
into the Indian Ocean, returning to Cape Town March 
20. IStU, having coaled at Singapore Dec. 23, 1863. 

On the 25th of March, 1861, the AJahama sailed 
away from Cape Town refreshed with new supplies, 
amid the cheers and waving of handkerchiefs by the Eng- 
lish people there. Semmes arrived at Cherbourg on the 
11th 0^ June. His cowardly career of burning and 
sinking unarmed merchant vessels was at an end. On 
June 11, Captain John A. Winslow, with the United 
States screw war steamer Kearsarge, caught the rascal 
in this French port. Tiie Kearsarge, of 1,030 tons' bur- 
den, was armed with two 11-inch Dahlgrens, one 28- 
pounder rifled, and four 32-poanders. Her crew num- 
bered 162 officers and men. 

Semmes had long been a free rover. He had 
escaped everything sent after him, and had been suc- 
cessful in destroying unarmed vessels. Both himself 
and his foreign friends felt that the Alabama was in- 
vincible. On June 19 (Sunday), Semmes came boldly 



602 



THE NAVY: 



out to demolish the Kearsarge or to take her in as a prize 
before dinner. Captain Winslow was a resolute ofiicer, 
and had seen much hard service. The officers and men 
under him were of the best mettle. They knew their 




duty, and resolved to conquer or sink, being 



June 19. 
Captain 
Winslow 
witli the 
Kearsarge 
ends the 
career of 
the Al- 
abama. 



fully 
That 



aware that the Alabama was a superior vessel. 
was just what they were there for. 

At about 10 A. M. Captain Winslow discovered the 
Alabama coming out, and at once cleared for action. 
The Kearsarge was turned seaward to avoid any dispute 
about French waters. Semmes followed. When about 
seven miles out, Winslow turned and steered directly at 
the enemy. When within about one mile, the Alabama 
sheered, and slowinsr her ensjines, fired a broadside, but 
it did no damage. The Kearsarge kept on her course 
without replying. Semmes gave two more broadsides, 
but these also did no damage to the ship. Three men 
were wounded, one of whom afterward died. 

At a distance of 700 yards the Kearsarge opened 
fire. Both vessels were now under a full head of steam, 
moving in a circle, and about five miles off shore. The 
battle lasted about an hour. The Kearsarge was but 
little damaged, while the Alabama was badly torn and 
sinking. Semmes ran up the white flag, and surren- 
dered. Boats were at once lowered, but before they 
could leave the ship's side, the Alabama threw her nose 
in the air and went down stern first. In an instant her 
crew were struggling in the water. The boats hastened 
to their aid, picking up many of them. A small Englisli 
steamer had come out to witness the destruction of the 
Kearsarge, and now hastened to the assistance of her 
friends in the water. Winslow allowed this for the sake 
of humanity, but supposed the Englishman would give 
him the prisoners. The Englishman picked up Semmes 
and several of his officers and men, and then ran in shore 



OPERATIONS W 186 J/.— '65. 603 

and delivered them to the English Yaclit Deerhoimd, isg4. 
which carried them to Southampton ; and England did 
not Mush, nor was she ashamed. The Alabama lost 9 
killed and 21 wounded; the Kearsarge but the three 
men before mentioned. The Kearsarge had fired 173 
shots, and had been hit 28 times, 13 shots striking her 
hull, but doing very little damage. Captain Winslow 
was soon afterward promoted to the rank of Commodore. 
Fort Fisher, at Wilmington, N. C.,— for an account 
of the operations of the navy against this fort, resulting Fort rishcr 
in the capture of that powerful fortification, see opera- 
tions of the land forces in North Carolina, Dec, 1864, 

__ ' " 7 1865. 

and January, 1865. The part taken by the navy is so 
interlaced with that of the army that it would be but a 
repetition to insert it here. 



K I N A L K. 

At the commencement of the war the small navy Retrospect. 
then at the command of the Government, found the 
south side of the Potomac in possession of the enemy 
from Alexandria to its mouth, and defended by many 
strong batteries; and virtually the whole coast from 
Fortress Monroe to Texas, except Key West and Fort 
Pickens, also the Mississippi from Columbus, Ky., to 
the Gulf, and the Tennessee, Cumberland, and all other 
important Southern inland rivers, were in the hands of 
the enemy, and defended by many strong batteries and 
fortifications. Only four vessels were near at hand, 
carrying but twenty-five guns. Eight vessels were in 
the Gulf of Mexico between Pensacola and Vera Cruz, 
three in the Mediterranean, seven on the coast of Africa, 
two on the coast of Brazil, three in the East Indies, and 
eight in the Pacific. But few of these were fitted for 



I',04 Tlli: NAVT: 

isr.r,. the stern work they were now called upon to perform. 
The navy had grown rusty in the long-eontinned peace. 
One of the first acts of the navy was the relief of 
Fort Pickens. On the night of April 12, 1861, a de- 
tachnieut of troops landed from the BrookI//ii, and made 
the fort secure. The BrooM//n had left Fortress Mon- 
roe early in January for this purpose, but had been held 
olV the fort awaiting the decision of President Buchanan 
and his Cabinet, who were hesitating whether to surren- 
der the fort to the enemy or to reinforce it. The new 
administration hastened a messenger to the BrooMf/n at 
the earliest moment, with an order to land the troops. 

At the close of the war the Government had a pow- 
eri^ll navy, — nearly 700 war vessels, carrying about 
4,000 guns, and manned by 50,000 men. 70 of these 
vessels were iron-clads, a number of which were double- 
enders, moving backward as well as forward, so con- 
structed for operations in the narrow and winding rivers, 
and having a speed of fourteen knots an hour. The 
speed of vessels had been greatly increased during the 
war. An important development was also made in naval 
architecture by the reduction of the exposed surface of 
a vessel, diminishing the number of guns, and increasing 
the size of those used. The eleven and fifteen inch shell 
made havoc wherever they were sent. 

The several blockading squadrons had captured about 

1,500 vessels durinii' the war, including' about GOO steam- 

ers, the most of which were engaged in contraband trade. 

somoof the The mcrchaut vessels of the ITnited States captured by 

English- 1^1^^ enemy's cruisers or ln•i^'ateers numbered about 250. 

made pn- •' ^ 

vateers. \x\ tlio foUowiog wiU bc fouud a brief history of some of 

the Southern English-made privateers : — 
The .vrsft- '^^^^ A'^c/s/^r///^', a large paddlc-whcel steauier, fomierly 
v'M'-. engaged on the New York and Charleston line, armed 
witli two guns, and commanded by a former otlicer of 



1 



OP li RATIONS IN 1804— '65. 605 

the United States navy, ran out of Charleston on the isas. 
night of Oct. 26, 1861, and arrived at the British port 
of St. George, Bermuda, Oct. 30, where she coaled. 
Leaving there Nov. 5, she came to anchor in Southamp- 
ton waters on Nov. 21, having destroyed the merchant 
ship Harvey Birch on the passage. At Southampton 
she was allowed to go into dock for repairs and coaling. 
Feb. 4, 1862, she left Southampton, arriving at Bermuda . 
on the 20 Lh, where she was supplied with coal. Re- 
turning to American waters, she was soon destroyed by 
a Federal cruiser. 

The Florida, originally known as the Oreto^ was an The. 
iron screw gun-boat of about 700 tons' burden, bark- 
rigged, with two smoke-stacks and three masts. The 
contract for her construction was made by a Southern 
Mgent, Captain Bullock, with Fawcett, Preston & Co., 
of Liverpool, in the summer of 1861. She was com- 
pleted by Februar}^, 1862, and left the Mersey well 
provisioned, on March 22, arriving at Nassau on April 
28. She was detained here until August, when the 
British Government released her, and she soon afterward 
received her armament and ammunition. She carried 
eight guns. This vessel sneaked up to the harbor of 
Mobile under British colors. The Federal blockading 
fleet, seeing the British flag, hesitated, when the Oreto 
ran into the harbor. Here her name was changed to 
the Florida. 

In January, 1863, she succeeded in escaping 
the blockade, and went to Nassau, where she again 
coaled. She then began the business of destruction of 
unarmed merchant vessels, capturing some fifteen with,iii 
three months, pillaging and burning all but two, which 
she armed, manned, and started out as pirates, at least 
it seems they should be so called, for they pillaged and 
burned as they went. They did not attack armed ves- 



606 THE NAVY: 

IS a 5. sels. The Floiida, after cruising among the West Indiii 
Islands until August, steamed across the Atlantic, en- 
tering the French harbor of Brest on Sept. 4, 1863. 
She soon afterward recrossed the Atlantic, cruising along 
the South American coast for months, but taking few 
prizes, as there \vere but few to take. On July 16, 
1863, the Florida entered the port of Bermuda, Avhere 
she remained nine days for repairs and supplies. Again 
in June, 1864, she entered the port of Bermuda, where 
she re(5eived repairs, supplies, etc., remaining nine days 
in that English harbor. She left Bermuda on the 27th 
of June. On July 1 she destroyed the Harriet Stevens ; 
on the 8th, the Golconda ; on the 9th, the Margaret Y. 
Davis ; on the 10th, the Electric Spark ; and on Sept. 
26, the Mondamin, — all commercial vessels of the United 
States. In October, 1864, the Florida entered the Bra- 
zilian port of Bahia. Here she was discovered by Com- 
mander Collins with the Federal war steamer WacJmseit. 
Collins was one of that sort of men who are all lizness. 
He dashed right into the Brazilian port, hitched on to the 
Florida and drew her off, and then steamed homeward. 
On coming into Hampton Roads, a third vessel acci- 
dentally ran into the Florida, sinking her. The matter 
w\as settled with the Brazilian Government without diffi- 
culty, 
"■"^e The steam-propeller Uncle Ben, built at Buffalo, N. 

Uncle Ben , ^ ^ ' . 

(American Y., lu 1856, was scut to thc southern coast of the United 
States about the time of the attack on Fort Sumter. 
Entering Cape Fear River in stress of weather, she was 
seized by the enemy. She was converted into a priva- 
teer, named the Retribution, and cruised about the Ba- 
hama Islands. December 19, 1862, she captured, near 
the island of San Domingo, the United States schooner 
Hanover, and sold the cargo at Fortune Island. On 
Feb. 19, 1863, when oif Castle Island, one of the Baha- 



OPERATIONS IN lSd4—'65. CO 7 

mas, she captured the American brig Emihj Fisher, isos. 
freighted with sugar and molasses. A part of this prize 
also was sold in the Bahama Islands, and a part was de- 
stroyed. The Retrihuiion then went to Nassau, where 
she was sold. 

The Georgia was built at Glasgow, and first named 'J]^^,,^^^ 
the Japan. She was launched Jan. 10, 1863, and on 
March 27 left for Greenock, where she shipped her crew 
and a stock of provisions. On April 3 she passed be- 
tween Ireland and Scotland to the coast of France, 
where on April 8 she met a ship coming from England 
with her arms, ammunition, etc. These were transferred 
by the 10th, when the insurgent flag was hoisted. She 
then went to the Western Islands, thence to the Bra- 
zilian port of Bahia, and then to the Cape of Good Hope. 
Leaving Simon's Bay Aug 29, she proceeded to Cher- 
bourg, where she arrived Oct. 28, and shortly afterward 
started on another cruise ; but she soon returned to 
Cherbourg, proceeding thence to Liverpool, where she 
arrived May 1, 1864. During her absence she had 
been busy destroying American commerce, burning and 
bonding many vessels that had escaped the Florida and 
the Alabama. Not long after this she set out for Lisbon, 
but was herself captured within twenty miles of that 
port by the United States war vessel Niagara, under 
Commodore T. T. Craven. The Georgia was a clipper- 
built screw-steamer of about 500 tons, carrying nine 
guns. 

The Tallahassee was a British steamer fitted out Th« Tal- 
lahassee. 

from London. She arrived at Bermuda from England 
April 18, 1864. She made two trips between there and 
Wilmington, N. C, as a blockade-runner, and then went 
on a cruise as a Confederate privateer. She arrived at 
Halifax on the 19th of August, 1864, after destroying 
several vessels near Cape Sable, At Halifax she was 



008 THE NAVY. 



ISO 5. unable to obtain coal enough for another cruise, but 
only enough to run her back to WilmingtoUj whither she 
went, remaining there a long time. On January 13, 
1865, she arrived in Bermuda again, leaving there on 
the 19th with a cargo for Liverpool, so that when the 
war closed, the Tallahassee (also sometimes called the 
Olustee, the Atlanta, and the Chameleon) was home again 
in an English port. She was a screw-steamer of 600 
tons' burden, and had a crew of about 100 men. 
The shen- Tho Shcnancloah was converted from a British mer- 
chant vessel called the Sea King. She was of 790 tons' 
register, and was capable of steaming ten knots an hour; 
she had excellent speed, also, as a sailing vessel. She 
was built at Glasgow in 1863. In Sept., 1864, she was 
purchased by enemies of the United Stafes, and on Oct. 
8 cleared from London for Bombay, after taking in sup- 
plies for a year's cruise. The steamer Laurel left Lon- 
don at the same time with eight heavy guns, small arms, 
ammunition, etc., and met the Shenandoah at the Island 
of Madeira, where her armament was taken on board. 
It was now announced to the crew for the first time 
what was the nature of the ship's business. Out of 
eighty men only twenty-three consented to remain on 
board. The Shenandoah at once began operations, and 
during the next ninety days destroyed several merchant 
vessels of the United States marine. She arrived at 
Melbourne January 25, 1865, where her ojB&cers re- 
cruited the crew from the streets of Melbourne without 
hindrance. They also put the ship in dock for repairs, 
and before leaving she was plentifully supplied with 
coal and provisions. Departing from Melbourne on Feb. 
18, she went through the Pacific Ocean to the Arctic 
Raid on the seas vla Behring Strait, with instructions to destroy 
whalers. ^^ Uultcd Statcs whalc ships. The whaling season in 
that locality was entirely broken up, the Shenandoah 



^ 



OrMIRATIONS IN lS6^—'65. 609 

burning or bonding some thirty whalers. The last ves- isgs. 
sels destroyed were burned some four months after the 
close of the war. The Shenandoah then returned to 
England. 

There were many other vessels engaged in destroy- 
ing the unarmed merchant vessels sailing under the 
flag of the United States, but these were the principal 
offenders. The United States made claims aarainst the T^^^ ^"'*®'^ 

o states 

English Government for the losses sustained from the makes 

cliiiiiis 

depredations of these British built, British armed, and against the 
British manned vessels. This claim was finally settled ^^^f^. 
by a special tribunal of arbitration. "^^^*- 

In the spring of 1871, five commissioners on the 
part of Great Britain, and five commissioners on the 
part of the United States of America, met at Washing- 
ton in a body, which, when organized, was known as 
the Joint High Commission, in order to discuss and, if 
possible, to arrange for, among other things, the adjust- 
ment of the differences crowina; out of the acts commit- 
ted by the several vessels named above, and some three 
or four others of less importance. The claims were 
known as the " Alabama Claims." The Joint High citJi;!''™" 
Commission, in conference April 13, agreed to refer all 
claims growing out of the acts committed by the afore- 
said vessels to a tribunal of arbitration, to be com- 
posed of five arbitrators, one to be named by the Pres- 
ident of the United States, one by the Queen of Eng- 
land, one by the King of Italy, one by the President of 
the Swiss Confederation, and one by the Emperor of 
Brazil; each party to the Joint High Commission to 
name a person to present its side of the case to the 
Tribunal. The Tribunal met at Geneva, in Switzer- ^^^ ^^^^ 
land, December 17, 1871, and the claim for indirect ^rai award, 
damages to American commerce having been allowed to 
drop, gave its final award Sept. 15, 1872, decreeing that 

89 



clency of 
our anvv. 



CIO I'UK SAYY. 

i««j. (^reat Britain shoiiUl pav the I^iitoil States the sum of 
~ $15,500,000. 

rht> em- During the war tlie navv luul pertonned iinmeuso 

seiviee. It liad established and maintained a bloekade 
extending aKmg 3,500 mih\^ of eoasi, besides patvolTrng 
the numerous rivers, bavous, and other inhmd waters. 
Its battles with Southern torts and batteries were many, 
and at all times sueeessful. In the Mississippi, Cum- 
berland, Tennessee, Ked, and many other rivers, both 
large and small, the navy was eompelled to be contin- 
ually tu'tive, having daily eneonnters with bands of 
\\w eiieiny's sharpshooters and bushwhackers, and often 
Avith batteries suddenly thrown up in some natural 
stronghold on a high bank. This duty required cease- 
less vigilance and incessant fatigue by day and by night. 
In aiding the land forces the navy rendered invalua- 
ble assistance, and its presence became necessary in 
nearly all important nu^vements. ^Vhenevev a gun-boat 
appeared, the enemy observed a respectful distance. 
The navy was called upon to pertorm work both ditlicult 
and dangerous, a detailed account o[' which would re- 
quire hundreds of pages. Hundreds of heroic deeds 



Onr naval 



hewes \Yere pertonned, and hundreds of brave nuM\ lost their 

should not ... 

bo forgot- lives in this perilous duty ; and while a grateful nation 

ten by the ... . . * , ' i i i 

American 1* ocstowiug cucouiums upou tlic ariuv, tlic uavv should 

»^"^^^^^- not be forgotten. 

During the war the navy was diviiled into six ditfev- 
ent squadrons, r/.?, Korth Atlantic, South Atlantic, East 
Gulf, West Gulf, Potomac, and Mississippi. 



GIUND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC. 



1 8 8<S. 



Though triuniphs were to generals due, 
Crowns were reserved to grace the soldiers, too. 

— Pope. 

The organization of the Grand Army of the Re- a worthy 
public is now the " harbor of refuge " for the old sol- ^"^""^ 
dier. Whether in want of assistance, sympathy, or 
friendship, he turns to that Order for succor ; and as he 
wends his way down the stream of life, he anxiously 
turns his eyes from one to another, searching the left 
breast of all until he sees the badge of the Order. At 
once his heart lightens ; he sees a friend, and hastens 
to meet him. 

The organization, which has been in existence ever 
since the war, is now emerging proudly through the 
clouds of vicissitude and indifference. The soldier now 
learns that the soldier is his best friend, and that 
'' united we stand, divided we fall " in endeavoring to 
obtain recognition from the people. In being united 
these veterans have succeeded in establishing " soldiers' 
homes " in several States, and in many other ways have 
helped those who stood in need of help. One pass- 
word which always remains in the Order, is never '^'^'^ 
changed, and is not secretly kept, is " Charity." When i'a^«-wor,i. 
a comrade or his family is in want, and is worthy of 
assistance, it fills the soul with commendations to see 
these old veterans go to the bottom of their pockets. 
When several are together, it has the appearance of a 
drill; simultaneously the right hand of each brings forth 
something— all he hath— in one time and three motions. 
There has been expended for charity, for the year 1886, 



(;i'2 (lUAND ARMY OF TIIIC HEI'UBLIC. 

in so. hy (.lio (\. A. Tl. of the United States, through its Posts, 
,„ ~ %'M),(\1 ?>.[){), jind since 1871 the total iuiionnt disbursed 

OliuntuiH of " -' ' 

iiiou. A. u. is fl,173,688.60 ; and it must be remembered that nine 
tenths of tlieso old soldiers are men in moderate cir- 
(;iirnsl;ui(;es. Th(!r(! w(U"(!, March 31, 1886, as reported 
by dolm Ciuneron, Adjutant-Ceneral, Headquarters G. 
A. II., 5,705 Posts in the United States, with an aggre- 
g.'ito ni(>iiib(!isiii|) of 295,337. There is one iliing that 
the National Connn;indcr, fiidod by S(a,te Department- 
Commanders might do that would be of great benefit to 
the comrades or their heirs, and that is the collection and 
publicalion in i)aiii[)hhd, forni, of the iianu^s and a.ddicsses, 
inchiding company and regiment, of all soldiers yet liv- 
ing. It is hoped this will be done at an early date, so that 
each Post may have a copy. The cost would be quickly 
volunteered by Posts, if called ui)on, 

OI3JKOTS OK THE) OKDER. 

"To pr(!S('rv(! and stroni^thcn those kind and frateinal feel- 
ings ■which bind togcl.licr the soldiers, sailoi-s, and marines who 
united to suppress Hk; l;it(i rebellion, and to perpetuate the 
UKiUiory and liistoiy of the dead. 

To assist such former coiin-ades in arms as need help and 
protection, and to extend needful aid to the widows and or- 
phans of those wdio have falh^u. 

" 'Vo maintain true allegiance to the Unit(Ml Stat(« oi Amer- 
icji, based u})()n a ])araniount respect for and rnhility to the 
national Constitution and laws ; to discountenance whatever 
t(!nds to W((ak(^n loyalty, incites to insurrection, tn^ason, or re- 
bcillioii, or in any manner impairs the etlieiency and permanency 
of oui' free institutions ; and to encourage t1ies])read of univ(M'- 
sal lib(u-ty, equal rights, and justicp to all men." 




Th(^ fidlowing is furnished at the author's request l)y 
our large-hea-rl(Ml and most woi'thy (M)mra(le, (;a|)ta,in \i. 



A sliort 
Hlcclc.h of 
tlicO. A. 1! 

I,. .1. Aiini. J. Allen, wlio served in Uci'dan's UnilcHJ Stales Sliarp- 



ORAXJ) .(AM/)' OF THIC inCIHTliLW. (WW 

shooters, ;mu1 wlio li;i,s suiroi-cd untold ngony (Voiii luaiiy tssa. 
wounds since the close of the war: — 

You ask me to outline for the myriad readers of your work, 
tliat wontleii'id organization born of a s^Tc^at ni'cd, and perform- 
ing- its mission in a manner to exciti^ wonder and admiration in 
tlic human soul. 

"TifK (Irani) Aumy ok tiik ItKriiUhic;" is an order on khatku- 
whose massive foundation stones arc; graven those thnu^ articles '^'''"'■' 
of faith, " Fraternity," "Charity," " Loyalty." What veti>ran ' "'^'""• 

'' ' •' ■' . liOYAl.'I'Y. 

of that mighty war which convulsed the Rei)ul)lic and moved 
the wt)i-ld, has failed to appreciate, when meeting conn-ades 
whose elbow touch he felt in the shock of battle, the sentiment 
of fraternity? and that never before did he realize how strong 
are the ties of conn-adesliip? Welded in the tire of battle, these 
ties have become like links of steel about the fibers of the lieart. 
What frater of those whom the war spared has ever yet failed 
to respond with ready hand and purse to the call for "charity" 
coming from those; brave maimed conn'ad(;s of ours, S(!arre<l by 
the lea<l and steel of the foe, — coming from the widows ;ind 
orphans of our slain brothers whose bones whiten all the hills 
and vales of the Sumiy South? Nay! nay!! comrades of the 
Grand Army; I am sure that not one t)f you has ever failiMl 
to make prompt and generous response to this scnitiment. And 
" Loyalty," thou spirit of tire! that burned on the altai's of the 
souls of three hundred thoHsaiul martyred patriots who olH'red 
their lives a willing sacrifice to thee, who sternly faced the 
grisly monster in a thousand guises, each seeming more terri- 
ble than the other, — these brave sons of thine were worthy 
to defend, as they did with their lives, the starry emblem of 
our country. And these three sentiments are a fitting foimda- 
tion for this noble organization of vetei-ans, now spread into all 
tlie States of this Union. 

As a rule, the cx-soldicrs are poor. They are all liandi- Vchnm 
capped in the battle of life by wounds or disease. None are'^"'""" 
sound or strong. The etfeets of the excitement, privation, and 
hardships of a soldier's life are with them all. They are, to a 
man, prematurely aged. The suid-cen cheeks, the hollow eyes, 
the l)owed forms, the halting steps, the. weary trace of painful 



614 



GHA.YD AB^fY OF THE REPUBLIC. 



The inev- 
itable 
"muster 
out." 



A worthy 
auxiliary = 
the "Wom- 
an's Relief 
Corps." 



years upon their faces, — all these tell unerringly of premature ' 
decay, — a natural result of their war experience. 

Thus, as I have said, there was great need ; and the veter- 
ans hastened to enlist again, this time in the service of one an- 
other, under the three great principles which I have tried to 
outline. And now, homes for the disabled have been i-eared, — 
yes, the homeless have homes, the hungry ai'e filled, the naked 
are clad, sad hearts are cheered, and comrades to whom the 
earth seemed lone and dreai-y are encoui'aged to struggle on- 
ward to the final muster out. Muster out! did I say? Mus- 
ter in ! would have been more appropriate. The i-elief extended 
to needy ones during each year of the last decade amounts to 
hundreds of thousands of dollars. 

A great auxiliary to this glorious work has been organized, 
the "Woman's Relief Corps," whose members, at the call of the 
"Grand Army of the Republic," have hastened to the aid of 
our suftering brothers. What pen or tongue can ever tell the 
quiet, unassuming work done in lowly homes all over this 
broad land by these angel ministrants, whose coming has been 
indeed like the mercy of Heaven to the sick and worn and 
dying veterans. These two organizations have hand in hand 
performed an incredible amount of such .work, far beyond 
what they are generally credited with, even in the communities 
where they have been the most efiicient. 

As the years leave the scenes and incidents of the war far- 
ther and farther behind, there is danger that in the hurry 
of life the veterans whose sacrifices rendered the present condi- 
tion of comparative prosperity possible, will be crowded aside 
and forgotten ; that the full-fed citizen of plethoric purse and 
person will feel that this soldiers' business is " about played 
out," and that even for the little time we can have them with 
us they become a burden. If this should become the feeling, 
and there is real danger of it, our glorious land may, at some 
future time, when least expected, find that the spirit of loyalty 
which actuated these men has become as dead as the sense of 
gratitude seems to be at this day in the hearts of far too many 
of our people. But let us hope that this dark picture may 
never be realized; that our people, who have been in very 
many matters relating to the soldiers, genei-ous to a fault, may 
contmue to cherish and care for the heroes of our land. 



TOPICAL INDEX. 



Slavery In the United States, paoe, 

Missouri ComproiuLsc, 

States Rights, 

Secession Threatcuings, 

Kansas Stnigj^lo, 

Party Nominees for the I'rt'sideney 
in 1800, 

Beginning; oi' Secession, 

The Sontli j)r('|)ared for War, 

Anderson oeeu[)ics Fort Sumter, 

President Buchanan and Alex. 11. 
Stephens oppose Secession, 

South Carolina sends Commission- 
ers to Washington, 

Stolen Indian Bonds, 

The Star of the West fired into. 

Organization of the Enemy's Gov- 
ernment, 

Southern Congressmen withdraw, 

Forts, Arsenals, etc., seized. 

Treachery of Daniel E. Twiggs, 

Jefferson Davis's Cabinet, 

Brief Biography of Lincoln, 

Lincoln's Cabinet, 

Fort Sumter attacked. 

First Call for Troops, 

Massachusetts Troops attacked in 
Baltimore, 

The National Capital cut olt from 
the North, 

The North aroused. 

The Blockade, 

The Federals enter Virginia, 

Congress calls for 500,000 Men, 

Pay of Soldiers, 

Anns piu'chased in Euroije, 

"All quiet on the Potomac," 

" Army of Virginia," 

Call for 300,000 more Men, 

Federal Supplies captured at Ma- 
nassas, 

Lee invades Maryland, 

McClellan relieved by Burnside, 

Burnside relieved by Hooker, 

Corps Badges, 

Jackson's clever Trick, 

Eighth Pennsylvania Cavalry im- 
mortalized, 

Stoneman's Kaid, 97, 

Hooker relieved by Meade, 

War Expenses, items of, 

Captain Grant, 

Bragg invades Kentucky, 

Grant's first Move toward Vicks- 
burg. 



13 Slreiglit's Raid, PAGE, 

13 Morgan's Raid, 

14 Brief Bi()gra[)liy of General Grant, 
14 Federal Army present for Duty 
1() May 1, 1S()4, 

Richmond occui)ied by U. S. Au- 

17 tliorlty, 

18 Surrender of Lee's Army, 

19 (,)ur Indebtedness to the Union 

19 Soldiers, 
D. Bethunc Dullleld's Eulogy to 

20 General Grant, 
U. S. Flag again over Charleston, 

21 Flight of Jell Davis, 

21 Reward for Jell Davis, 

22 Assassination of President Lincoln, 
Attempt to murder Wm. II. Seward, 

22 Disbanding Troops, 

22 Defenses of Washington, 

23 New York Riots of 18(;3, 

24 Currency Value of Gold, 

25 Number of Men in Service during 

26 the War, by States, 

27 Mortality in the Armies, 

28 Calls for Troops, 

29 Actual Strength "Present" of all 
the Armies during the War, 

29 by Years, 

Colored Troops, number in Service, 

29 Number (jf Soldiers discharged for 

30 disability, captured, paroled, 

31 and died in Prisons, 
31 Proclamations striking off the 
41 Shackles of Slavery, 
41 Dates of secession and re-admission 

41 of the seceding States, 

42 National Cemeteries, 

64 Bounties paid by States, 

65 " Classified Statement of Deaths 
among Union Ti'oops dur- 

68 ing the Civil War," 

77 Sheridan's Cavalry Battles, 
87 " Sheridan's Rid('," by Thomas Bu- 

93 chanan Read, 

94 History of the Alabama, 
99 Brief History of English-made 

"I'rivateers," 
101 Alabama Claims, 
IOC) Grand Army of ihc Republic, 
118 Federal Corps and Division Com- 
173 manders, 36, 43, 49, 65, 78, 

175 93, 161,180, 182, 187,190, 

196 202, 212, 215, 240, 257, 

281, 284, 293, 313, 328, 
208 343, 455. 



249 isni •an 

331 



333 

389 
392 

398 

400 
495 
522 
524 
524 
525 
527 
527 
528 
531 

531 
531 
532 



533 
533 



533 



534 



535 
537 



538 
540 

543 

584 

604 
609 
611 

87, 
198, 
264, 
333, 



liidex lo 

Iiiiporlaiil, 

ICvoiits. 



(015) 



INDEX TO THE MOST IMPORTANT BATTLES 

NARRA^TED IN THIS VOLUlvrE. 



Index to 
the most 
important 
battles. 



lS(il-'G5. Abingdon, Va. page, 278, 287 

Adairsville, Ga. 298 

AlOie, Va. 114 

AUatoona, Ga. 312 

Alpiue Gap, Ga. 256 

Amelia Springs, Va. 390 
Anderson's Cross Roads, Tenc. 261 

Anderson's Gap, Tenn. 261 

Autietam, Md. 81 

Appomattox C. H., Va, 392 

Arkansas Post, Ark. 212 

Ashby's Gap, Va. 428 
. Athens, Ala. 278, -279 

Atlanta, Ga. 300 

Auburn, Va. 165 

Averysboro, N. C. 325 

Bachelor's Creek, N. C. 479 

Baker's Creek, IMiss. 233 

Ball's Bluff, Va. 415 

Barbee's Cross Roads, Va. 86 

Baton Rouge, La. 500 

Bayou Cache, Ark. 459 

Bealington, W. Va. 412 

Bean's Station, Tenn. 276 

Bear Creek, Ala. 248 

Beaver Dam Creek, Va. 54 

Beaver Dam Station, Va. 357 

Belmont, Mo. 178 

Beutonville, N. C. 325 

Bermuda Hundred, Va. 365 

Berryville, Va. 430 

Bethesda Church, Va. 359 

Beverly, W. Va. 412 

Beverly Ford, Va. 109 

Big Bethel, Va. 411 
Big Black River, Miss. 234, 272 

Big Blue River, Mo. 472 

Big Hatchie River, Miss. 207 

Big Hill, Ky. 194 

Big Hill Pass, Ky. 214 

Blackburn's Ford, Va. 37 

Black River, Mo. 455 

Blountsville, Tenn. 214 

Blue Springs, Tenn. 269 

Bolivar, Tenn. 202 

BoonviUe, Mo. 450 

Boonsboro, Md. 159 

Bottom's Bridge, Va. 48 

Boydton Road, Va. 376 
Bradyville, Tenn. 242, 251 
(616) 



Brandenburg, Ky. page, 253 

Brandy Station, Va. 110, 162, 163 

Brashear City, La. 510 

Brentwood, Tenn. 245 

Bridgeport, Ala. 192 

Bristoe Station, Va. 165 

Bristol, Tenn. 287 

Britton's Lane, Tenn. 203 

Buckland's Mills, Va. 166 

Buffington Island, Ohio, 254 

Bull Pasture Mountain, Va. 417 

Bull Run, 1st, Va. 38 

Bull Run, 2d, Va. 73 

BuU's Gap, Tenn. 278 

Bunker Hill, Va. 411 

Burnt Hickory, Ga. 297 

Buzzard Roost, Ga. 273 

Buzzard Roost Gap, Ga. 294 
Cabin Creek, I. T. . 467 

Camden, Ark. 469 

Campbell's Station, Tenn. 270 

Camp Jackson, Mo. 449 

Cane Hill, Ark. • 463 

Cape Girardeau, Mo. 466 

Carnifex Ferry, Va. 413 

Carrick's Ford, W. Va. » 412 

Carthage, Mo. 450 

Cassville, Ga. 296 

CedaF Bluffs, Ga. 250 

Cedar Creek, Va. 433 

' Cedar Mountain, Va. 66 

Centreville, La. 505 
Chambersburg, Pa. 84, 114, 116, 429 

Champion Hill, Miss. 231 

ChancellorsviUe, Va. 99 

Chantilly, Va. 75 

Chapel Hill, Tenn. 245 

Chapin's Farm, Va. 375 

Chaplin HiUs, Ky. 199 
Charles City Cross Roads, Va. 60, 376 
Charleston, S. C. 322, 494 

Charleston, Tenn. 277 

Charlestown, W. Va. 422 

Chattanooga, Tenn. 263 

Cheat Mountain, W. Va. 413 

Chesterfield, S. C. 323 
Chester Gap, Va. 86, 161 

Chickamauga, Tenn. 256 

Chickasaw Bayou, Miss. 211 

CoffeeviUe, Miss. 209 



INDEX TO IMPORTANT BATTLE^. 



61^ 



Cold Harbor, V;v. 


55, 


359 


Fort De Russy, La. 




514 18(il-'6,'i 


Coluiuljia, K_v. 




252 


Fort Donelsou, Teuu. 


183, 


241 


Columbia, S. C. 




322 


Fort Fisher, N. C. 




481 


Columbus, Ga. 




290 


Fort Gaines, Ala. 




517 


Coosaw Rivor, S. C. 




487 


Fort Gibson, I. T. 


461, 


^(js^ Index to 


Coriutb, Miss. 


191, 


, 204 


Fort Harrison, Va. 




g~,- tlie most 


Corydoii, Iiul. 




253 


Fort Hatteras, N. C. 




473 iini)ortant 


College (h-ove, Tcnn. 




245 


Fort Henry, Tenn. 




182 l>"llli^«- 


Craig's Meeting House, Va. 




345 


Fort Hindman, Ark. 




212 


Cramptoii's Gap, Aid. 




80 


Fort Macon, N. C. 




475 


Cross Keys, Va. 




419 


Fort McAUister, Ga. 




318 


Culpepper, Va. 


162, 


, 104 


Fort Morgan, Ala. 




517 


Gulp's House, Ga. 




298 


Fort Pemberton, Miss. 




223 


Cumberland Gup, Tenn. 




255 


Fort Pillow, Tenn. 




274 


Cyntbiana, Ky. 


194, 


, 277 


Fort Pulaski, Ga. 




487 


Dabncy's Mills, Va. 




378 


Fort Sanders, Tenn. 




271 


Dallas, Ga. 




296 


Fort Smith, Ark. 




470 


Dalton, Ga. 




294 


Fort Stedrnan, Va. 1 




379 


Dandridge, Tcnn. 




277 


Fort Sumter, S. C. 


38, 


492 


Danville, Ky. 




247 


Fort Wagner, S. C 




490 


Davis's Cross Rdads, Ga. 




256 


FrankUn, Tenn. 213, 


246, 251, 




Davis's Mills, Miss. 




210 




282, 


286 


Day's Gap, Ala. 




249 


Frederick, Md. 




427 


Deatonsville, Va. 




390 


Fredericksburg, Va. 


88, 


104 


Decatur, Ala. 


/ 


279 


Frederickto-wn, Mo. 




454 


Decatur, Ga. 




302 


Freeman's Ford, Va. 




68 


Deep Bottom, Va. 


370, 


373 


Front Royal, Va. 




417 


Deer Creek, Miss. 




224 


Gadsden, Ala. 




250 


Dinwiddle C. H., A'a. 




385 


Gainesville, Va. 




70 


Doualdsonville, La. 




511 


Gaines's MiU, Va. 




55 


Drancsville, Va. 




415 


Gallatin, Tenn. 




196 


Droop Mountain, Va. 




423 


Galveston, Tex. 




503 


Dublin Station, Va. 




425 


Gauley's Bridge, W. Va 




414 


Dug Gap, Ga. 




256 


Germania Ford, Va. 




97 


Dug Springs, Mo. 




451 


Gettysburg, Pa. 




119 


Duvall's Bluff (near), Ark. 




470 


Glendale, Va. 




60 


Eagle^^lle, Tenn. 




243 


Gloucester Point, Va. 




95 


Ebenczer Cburcb, Ala. 




289 


Goldlug's Farm, Va. 




59 


Egypt Station, MibS. 




288 


Goldsboro, N. C. 




477 


Elizabetb City, N. C. 




475 


GrahamviUe, S. C. 




494 


Elizabethtown, Ky. 




214 


Grand Coteau, La. 




512 


Evacuation of Atlanta, Ga. 




310 


Grand Gulf, Miss. 




227 


Fairfax C. H., Va. 




95 


Grant's Creek, N. C. 




288 


Fairfield, Pa. 




158 


Gravelly Run, Va. 




384 


Fairmont, W. Va. 




420 


Green Hill, Tenn. 




246 


Fair Oaks, Va. 




50 


Greenville, Tenn. 




277 


Falling Waters, Jld. 


100, 


411 


Grierson's raid to Baton Rouge, La. 


225 


Fame's Cross Roads, Va. 




300 


Griswoldville, Ga. 




316 


Farniington, Miss. 




191 


GrovetOD, Va. ' 




71 


Farmviile, Va. 




391 


Gun town, Miss. 




275 


Fayetteville, Ark. 463, 


465, 


472 


Guy's Gap, Tcnn. 




255 


Fisher's Hill, Va. 




432 


Hagerstown, Md. 




158 


Five Forks, Va. 




385 


Hanover, Pa. 




116 


Flint River, Ga. 




309 


Hanover C. H., Va, 


50, 53, 


359 


Florence, Ala. 




251 


Harper's Ferry, Va. 


2c 


), 80 


Fort Anderson, Ky. 




274 


Harrison, Mo. 




471 


Fort Anderson, N. C. 


478, 


484 


Harrisonburg, Va, 




418 


Fort Blakcly, Ala. 




520 


Hartsville, Tenn. 




213 


Fort Blunt, I. T. 




467 


Hartville, Mo. 




465 


Fort Clark, N. C. 




473 


Hatcher's Run, Va. 


376, 


378 


Fort Darling, Va. 




364 


Hawe's Sho]), Va. 




358 



t)18 



INDEX TO UIFOETAKT BATTLEH. 



liulox to 
the most 
important 
battles. 



lli'lena. Ark. 


.■);^~ 


470 


Macou, Ga. 


291, 


807 


llondorsoi.'s Hill, La. 




514 


Mavern Hill. Va. 




02 


High Driiluv, \a. 




;^;u> 


Manassas Gap, Va. 


80, 


101 


Hollow Troo Ciap, Touii. - 




2S(> 


Manassas ,1 unction, Va. 




68 


Holly Spring-!?, Aliss. 




209 


Manchcstir, Tenn. 




195 


ITolston Kivor, IVnu. 




270 


Marais des Cygues, Kan. 




472 


Houoyllill, S. 0. 




4'.I4 


Marion, Va. 




387 


lloiioy Spring.*, Kan. 




407 


I^lark-s Mill, Ark. 




469 


Iloovor'^5t^ap, Tonu. 




2:.5 


Jlartiiisburii', W. Va. 




431 


Huff's Ferry, Tonu. 




270 


Maryland llcights, Va. 




80 


Huutorstowu, Va. 




i;?o 


Mayre's Tleigtits, Va. 




104 


Huutsvillo, Ala. 




19-3 


Jlavsville, Ark. 




463 


ludopeudonoo, A[o. 




401. 


Mci^owcll, Va. 




417 


Irish Bond, La. 




505 


Mc^Unnville. Tenn. 195 


, 247, 


201 


Island Nunihor Ton, Tenu. 




45S 


Jleadow Rridgo, Va. 




358 


luka, Miss. 




208 


Mechanicsville, Va. 




54 


Jackson, Miss. 


•280, 


239 


Medoi\ Station, Tenn. 




303 


Jiunos City, ^'a. 




108 


^[eniphis. Mo. 




460 


Janios Island, S. C. 


489, 


494 


^[eniphis, Tenn. 




376 


Jonkons Forry, Ark. 




409 


Meriilian, ^liss. 




273 


JotTorson City, ;Mo. 




471 


Midillebnrg, Va. 




115 


Jericho Ford, ^■a. 




850 


Middle Creek, Kj'. 




181 


Jetcrsville, \'a. 




390 


Middlcton, Tenu. 




251 


Johu's Island, S. C. 




498 


Milliken's Ucnd. La. 




387 


Johustou's Surrender, N. C. 




82S 


Mills Spring's, Ky. 




181 


Jonesboro, tia. 


o07. 


809 


^Milton. Tenn. 




243 


Kelly's Ford, Va. 


95, 


117 


!Mine Kun. ^'a. 




168 


Keuesaw Jlountain, tia. 




297 


.Mobile, Ala. 




519 


Kernstown, Va, 




430 


^Mouocacy, ]\rd. 




437 


Kettle Run, Va. 




09 


Monterey Ciap. Md. 




157 


Kingsport, Teun. 




287 


:SIontcva"llo, Ala. 




389 


Kiuston, N. G. 


477, 


485 


MonticcUo, Ky. 


24S, 


252 


Kirksville, Mo. 




400 


ilooretield, ^V. ^■a. 


422, 


429 


Kuoxville. Tenu. 




270 


Morg-an's raid, Ind. and Oh 


io, . 


252 


Labadieville. La. 




502 


^forgan/.ie, La. 




511 


Lauivl Hill, W. Va. 




412 


Morristown, Tenu. 




278 


La Vergue, Tenu. 


313, 


214 


:Mossy Creek, Teun. 




377 


Lawreuee, Kau. 




407 


Mount Crawford, Viv. 




426 


Lawreneehurg, Tenn. 




281 


:Monnt Sterling, Ky. 


247, 


277 


Lebanon, Ky. 


194, 


258 


Munfordsvilk\ Ky. 




197 


Lebauou, Teuu. 




243 


M urf reesboro, Tenu. 


198, 


284 


Lcedstown, Va. 




95 


Naniozine Church, Va. • 




390 


Lee's Mills, Va. 




46 


Nashville. Tenn. 


214, 


284 


Lenoirs, Tenn. 




370 


New Berne, N. C. 


475, 


478 


Lett's Tan-Yard, Ga. 




250 


New Bridge. Va. 




49 


Lew is burg, Va. 




418 


New Hope Church, Ga. 




296 


Lexington. Ky. 




214 


New LislKui. Ohio, 




254 


Lexington, Mo. 




453 


New l^ladrid. Mo. 




457 


Liberty, Tenn. 




243 


New Market, Va. 




435 


Liberty liap, Tenn. 




355 


New Market Heights, Va. 




875 


Little Hlue Kiver, Mo. 




471 


Newnau Station, t>a. 




806 


Little Osa!;e Uivor, Kau. 




472 


Newtonia, Mo. 


402, 


472 


Little Kock, Ark. 




408 


Nolansvillc, 'IVnu. 




215 


Log:\n's Cross Koads, Ky. 




181 


Norfolk, Va. 




49 


Loue Jack, Mo. 




401 


North Anna River. Va. 




850 


Long Creek, Ala. 




249 


Nottoway C. H., Va. 




368 


Loudon Crivk, Tenu. 




270 


Oak tJivve, Va, 




53 


Louisa C. H.. Va. 




107 


Okoloua, Miss. 




373 


Lovejoy's Station, Ga. 




807 


Old Fort Wavue. Ark. 




463 


Lynchburg, Va. 




420 


Old Towu Creek, N. C. 




484 



INDKX TO IMPORT AST BATTLES. 



Oil) 



Olustoo, Fla. 




493 


Sabine Cross Roads, La. 


r,14 /.V« /-•«.'>. 


Opelousas, \.'\. 




500 


Sabine Bass, La. 


511 


Opi'quan. Va. 




431 


Sailor's Creek, Va. 


890 


Orangoburii-, S. 0. 




333 


Salem, Ind. 


3[;» Index to 
^"^ tho most 
^~i important 

4«'i ^"''"^"^■ 


OvoraU's Cn-ik, Tonu. 




384 


Salem Heights. Va. 


Ox Hill, Va, 




75 


Salkehatehie, S. C. 


Paducah, Ky. 




374 


Saltville, Va. 


Paliiiotta KatK'ho, Tex. 




531 


Santa Rosa, Fla. 


Parker's Cross Koads, Tcun. 




310 


Savage's Station. Va. 


59 


Patterson, INIo. 




4(U) 


Savannah, (\:\. 


818 


Patterson Creek, Va. 




435 


Secession ville, S. 0. 


488 


Pattersonville. La. 




505 


Selma, Ala. 


289 


Peael) Tree Creek, Oa. 




399 


Sevierville, Tenn. 


277 


Pea Kiilue, Ark. 




45(5 


Seven Pines, Va. 


50 


Perryville, Ky. 




199 


Sharpsburg, Md. 


81 


Petersburu-, \ a. 




365 


Slielbyville, Teim. 


255 


Philadeli^iiia, Tenu. 




309 


Sliepherdstown Ford, Va. 


84 


Pliilippi, W. Va. 




409 


Sheplierdstown, \'a. 


101 


Piedmont, Va. 




42(> 


Sherid.nn's raids, Va. Stil, 


445 


Pilot Knob, i\lo. 




471 


Shiloh, Teini. 


187 


Pine Barren Creelv, Ala. 




520 


Six Mile Creek, Ala. 


389 


Pine Bluir, Ark. 




408 


Slaughter Jlountain, Va. 


60 


Pittsburg- Landing-, Tenn. 




187 


Sniithsburg, Md. 


157 


Plain's Store, La. 




500 


Snake Creek Gap, Ga. 


295 


Pleasant Grove, La. 




515 


Snicker's Gap, Va. 


85 


Pleasant Hills, La. 




515 


Snicker's Ferry, Va. 


428 


Pleasant Ridge. Ala. 




291 


Snow Hill, Teini. 


246 


Plymonth, N. C. 


475, 


479 


Somerset, Ky. 


247 


Poueliatoula, La. 




500 


South ^lountain, Md. 


78 


Poeotflb'":o, S. C. 




489 


Spanish Fort, Ala. 


519 


Port Gibson, Miss. 




227 


Spottsylvania, Va. 


850 


Port Hndson, La. 


504, 


507 


Springtield, Mo. 455, 


404 


Port Republic', \'a. 




419 


Spring Hill, Tenn. 343, 


281 


Port Roval, S. C. 




486 


Steven's Gap, Ga. 


356 


Port AValtbal, Va. 




364 


St. Francois River, Mo. 


466 


Prairie d'Anne, Ark. 




409 


St. i\Iary"s Church, Va. 


303 


Prairie Grove, Ark. 




463 


St. JNlary's liivcr, Fla. 


493 


Prestonburg, Ky. 




181 


Stockade, Stone River, Tenn. 


201 


Proetor's Creek,' Va. 




305 


Stoneman's raid, Va. 97, 


100 


Pulaski, Tenn. 




379 


Stone ]\iver, Tenu. 


310 


Raid, AVistar's, Va. 




170 


Stony Creek, Va. 


869 


Raid, Kilpatriek's, Va. 




170 


Strasl)urg, Va. 


419 


Rapidan, Va. 




103 


Strawberry Plains, Tenn. 


378 


Rappahannoek Bridge, Va. 




107 


Streight's raid, Ala. and Ga. 


349 


Raymond, INliss. 




329 


Sutrolk, Va. 


430 


Ream's Station, Va. 


308, 


374 


Taylor's Ridge, Ga. 


268 


Resaca, Ga. 


29r,, 


312 


Tazewell, Tenn. 


196 


Riehmond, Ky. 




194 


Tebb's Bend, Ky. 


252 


Richmond, Va. 


108, 


377 


Terre Bonne, La. 


510 


Richmond Evacuated, Va. 




388 


Tliomiison's Ford, Va. 


164 


Rich Mountain, W. Va. 




412 


Thompstin's Station, Tenu. 343, 


245 


Ringgold, Ga. 




308 


Thornton Ga]), Va. 


433 


Ripley, ]\Iiss. 




376 


Tidopotomy, Va. 


359 


Roanoke Island, N. C. 




474 


Tom's Brook, Va. 


433 


Rockville, Md. 




116 


Town Creek, Ala. 


248 


Rocky Face Ridge, Ga. 


373, 


294 


Trcvilian Station, Va. 


361 


Rogcrsville, Ky. 




194 


Triune, Tenn. 


353 


Rogersville, Tenn. 


2()9, 


270 


Tullahoma, Tenn. 


355 


Romney, W. Va. 


410, 


, 414 


Tunnel Hill, (Ja. 273, 


395 


Rural Hills, Tenn. 




214 


Tunstall's Station, Va. 


108 


Russell's House, Miss. 




191 


Tupelo, Miss. 


376 



(iin) 



IM PORTA NT i\M VAL It! NO A a K MR NTS. 



Index to 
the most, 
iiiiportiiiit 
battles. 



Tnrlu'v 'ruwii, Ahi. 
TunuT's (Jail, Md. 
'rtisoaUxisa, Ala. 
Tutii'iinibia, Ala. 
l'iii(>u \'ill!tiii', Va. 
Ihiion C'ity, 'l\iiu. 
Unioiivillo, Tomi. 
I'piu'rvillo, Va. 
I) toy Orcc-k, (.Ja. 
Vaii^lit's Hill, Touu. 
Vci'iuui, Iiul. 
Vicksbiirg, Miss. 
M'lutrai'o, 'l\'iiu. 
\Vasliinc.-toii, N. C. 
WuiiliaU'hic, Tonn. 
Waytn'sbori), Ga. 
"\Vayi\t>sb(>r(>, Va. 
^("Idoii Railroad, Va. 
Wost Point, (J a. 
West Voiut, Va. 



86, 



470, 



350 
78 
291 
348 
85 
374 
344 
115 
807 
245 
25;5 
2:55 
2(!1 
478 
3()3 
817 
445 
873 
25)0 
48 



AVliito llouso, Va. 
White House Lamliiijr, 
White Oak Utiail, Va. 
White Oak Swamp, Va. 
White Kiver, Ark. 
White Sulphur Springs, 
Wild Cat, Ky. 
Wilderness, Va. 
Wileox's Brldj-e, N. C. 
Wllliauisburg, Va. 
Williainsport, Va. 
Wilson's Creek, Mo. 
Wilson's raid, Va. 
Wilson's Wharf, Va. 
Wlnelioster, Va. 111,41 
Woodbury, Teun. 
Wytiieville, Va. 
Yellow Tavern, Va. 
Yorktown, Va. 



Va. 



Va. 



0,41 

287, 



8(V.l 

;i()2 

385 

00 

4(U) 

423 

179 

343 

484 

47 

158 

451 

308 

305 

8,429,431 

242, 340 

423, 425 

358 

40 



389, 



DEX TO THE MOST IMPOI^TANT NjlVAL ENGjlGEMEHTS 

NAKK.-XTEO IN THIS VOLUrvlE. 



tsui 'or; 



Important 
naval en- 
gancmonts. 



Tndianola, Texas, 


I'AC.I!, 


547 


llaynes HlulT, Miss. page, 575, 


592 


Sewell's I'oint, Va. 




548 


Corpus Christi, Texas, 




570 


Aequia Creek, Va. 


548, 


550 


Sabine Pass, Texas, 


570, 


585 


Mississippi Uiver, ntouth of, 


La. 


548 


Calveston, Texas, 




570 


INlatthias Point, Va. 




551 


Bayou Teehe, La. 




577 


(.Juantieo Creek, Va. 




551 


Donaldsonville, La. 


577, 


592 


I'ensaeola, Fla. 




551 


Washington, N. C. 




577 


Cedar Keys, Fla. 




551 


White House, Va. 




578 


San Lids Pass, Texas, 




551 


Masonboro Inlet, N. C. 




578 


Hampton Roads, Ratlle between 




SutVolk, Va. 




578 


Jlcrrimac and J/oiiilor, 


Va. 


552 


Ogeeehee (Nashville des 


troyed). 




Drury's Wutl, Va. 




555 


S. C. 




579 


Roanoke Island, N. C. 




555 


Charleston Harbor, S. C. 




580 


Elizabeth City, N. C. 




550 


Fort Sumter, attaek upon. 


S. C. 


581 


Ni'w Berne, N. C. 




550 


Lake Maurepas, La. 




580 


Hamilton, N. C. 




557 


Gordon's Landing, La. 




580 


Blaekwater River, N. C. 




557 


Steele's Bayou and Deer 


Creek, 




New River, N. C. 




558 


Miss. 




588 


l^ueas Rend, Ky. 


558, 


, 500 


Porter's Joke, Miss. 




588 


Belmont, Mo. 




559 


Grand Gulf, Miss. 


589, 


, 590 


Cerro (Jordo, Tenn. 




559 


Qmrn of t/ie ]\\vt destroye 


d. La. 


590 


Florenee, Ala. 




559 


Port Hudson, I^a. 


589, 


591 


Fittsburii; Landing, Tenn. 


559, 


, 501 


Siege of Vieksburg, Miss. 




591 


Island Number Ten, Tenn. 




5()0 


Yazoo City, Aliss. 




592 


Fort Pillow (near), Tenn. 




502 


Bullington Island, Ohio, 




593 


Memjihis, Tenn. 




502 


Helena, Ark. 




593 


lirunswiek, (5 a. 




507 


Albemarle Sound, N. C. 




594 


tlaeksonville, Fla. 




507 


riynionth {Albemarle des 


;troycd), 




St. Charles, Ark. 




572 


N. C. 




594 


Baton Rouge, La. 


573 


, 574 


Springtleld Landing, La. 




597 


Vieksburg, Miss. 57 


3, 574, 


, 590 


Red Uiver, La. 


* 


597 



liMnniTANT NA VAL KM! All IC M IC\T.^. 



AlcXiindrln, l,;i. 

Molilli! Jiiiy, Ala. 

Captiiro of tlic iSaPdniKifi, S. C. 

Caiituro of tlic r,:trd, 8. 0. 

Capturo of l.hr llr(iiir<(/((r({, Fla. 

Cai)tiiiT()f tlic /ii>!/(il Y<ir/it, 'r<'xaH, 

Capture of MaHoii and Sllilcll, 

Capliini of tlid Wilder, Ala. 

Capliiic^ of I.Ik: /''lorida, Klii. 

Cajjliiri; of I.Ik; I'lunler, H. (!. 

Capture! of I,Ik! I'rinccn.i /ioydl^H. C 

Capt,ur(! of Uw. Qu<r/i. of the Wane, 

Cupfuro of tli(! (/('<ir(/i(ina, 

Capture, of tiu; AllanUi, H. C. 

Capture of tilt! TeiincuHce, Ala. 

Fort Clark, N. C. 

Fort llattcraH, N. C. 

Fort HiuraiicaH, Fla. 

Fort McKca, ji'la. 

Fort Macon, N. C. 

Fort Henry, 'I'cnn. 

Fort DonclHon, 'IVtnn. 

Fort Walker, S. C. 

Fort Mcaur.t,^anl, 8. C. 

Fort I'ulaskI, (Ja. 

Fort .(lukson, I, a. 

Foit St. I'liilip, 1/1. 

Fort McAllister, H. C. 57'.), 

Fort Sumter, H. C. 

Foi't Peniherton, Miss. 

Fort I)e KuHHy, La. 

Fort (ialrwH, Ala. 

Fort Morj^ari, Ala. 

Fort Powell, Ala,. 

Fort I''iKlier, N. C. 

Lo,HK of tlu! (Jou(/renn, Vji. 

LoHH of the Vutnhnrldiiil, Va. 

LoHH of tli(! Hteanier /'JIUh, Va. 

LoH8 of the trauHiMirt Governor 

at Hf;a, 
Lobs of the (Jnlro, MIks. 
LoHS of tlu! Harriet Lane, TexaH, 



507 
.MIS 

r)4.H 

548 
548 
541) 
550 
55 I 
55 1 
578 
581 
581 
581 
582 
5'.)'.) 
550 
500 
55 1 
55 1 
557 
55!) 
200 
505 
505 
50(5 
508 
508 
580 
581 
587 
5!)0 
5y8 
508 
»00 

«o:{ 



504 

575 

577 



LoHH of the 
Ijohh of the 
liOHH of tht^ 
LosH of the 

liOHH of thc! 

liOHH of the 
IjOHH of the, 
LoHH of the 
LoHH of the 
LosH of the, 
IjOhh of the 
LoHH of th(s 
liOSH of the 
I.,oHH of the 
IjOHH of the 
LoKH of the 
j.oHH of the 
liOKH of the 
LoHH of I he 
LoHH of the 

liOHH of tll(f 

IO\|>e(lltiori 
lOxpedltloli 

N. (;. 

Fxpednion 
F;Xpedilloii 

H. (!. 
lOxpeditlon 
lOxjieclitlon 

La. 

FXIIIMlltloll 



rickctt, N. (!. 
('olumliid, N. (!. 
Monitor at Hea, 
Jmac r* Smith, H. C. 
Keokuk, H. (J. 
/ftUleras, Texas, 
llarr<it<irin, La, 
I'rclilr, Vhi. 
quirii of the Wcxt, La,. 
Ik Soto', La. 
Indidiiola, MImh. 
A/inKlsniji/n, MIhh. 
Ijtinrdtiter, MIhh. 
DidiKi, La. 
t'infinudti, MIhh. 
DcKdtb, MIhh. 
Wirhdwkvn, 8. C. 
//oiitidlonir, 8. C. 
SoiUhfdd, N. C. 
MiMljiort, La. 
TecuniM'.h, Alii. 
tolla,tteraH iidet, N. C. 
to Koanoke Inland, 

t,o I'ort Royal, 8. C. 
to St. ilclcnn. Hound, 

to the Kloridii, < :ua,Ht, 
a,fjjalnHt New Oi'Iciui.h, 

to the Ked Itiver, La. 



The Enemy's Privateers. 

IllHtory of the Siitntcr, 
llirttory of tlie Aldlinmu, 
IllHtory of the t^dshvilk, 
lllHtoi'y of tli(! Moridd, 
llihtory of the, Uiidc lien, 
illntory (jf the (leoryiu., 
llihtory of th(! TdlliiJuMsee, 
lllHtoiy of (,lie iSheiiaudodh, 



577 

578 

570 

581 

581 

584 

580 

580 

580 

587 

587, 

580 

500 

500 

50 1 

50!i 

.50 U 

504 

504 

507 

500 

540 

555 
504 

500 

507 

507 

500 



684 
601 

004 
005 
000 
(507 
007 
()08 



llJI|inj'llllll 
IlllVid CJI 

KMJ'cmcnlH. 



INDE^X TO NAME^S 

VEENTIONEiD IN THIS VOLUIS'IB. 

All names not otherwise stated are General Officers ; those marked with a star (*) served 
in the ranks of the enemy. 



Abbott, Col. J. C, 483. 

A general Adams, John,* 283. 

Index of Adams, Wikt,* 226, 272. 

the names ^lgek, Russell A., 5, 135, 139, 152, 

mentioned 

. ., . Allen, Capt. L. J., 6, 612. 
m this ' ' ' 



Volume 



Ames, Adelbekt, 109, 161, 328, 480. 
Andeksox,* 310. 
Anderson, Geo. B.,* 83. 
Anderson, P.,* 199, 214. 
Anderson, Robert, 19, 28, 179, 495. 
Anderson, Richard H.,* 62, 67, 98, 

108, 349, 420, 430. 
Anderson, S. R.,* 214. 
Andrews, 520. 
Archer, James J.,* 121. 
Armistead, Lewis A.,* 132. 
Armstrong, Frank C.,* 202. 
Asboth, Alexander, 455, 456. 
AsHBT, Turner,* 418. 
Atkins, Col. Smith D., 314. 
Augur, C. C, 65, 333, 502. 
Averell, AV. W.. 85, 93, 95, 109, 433, 

431. 
Atres, R. B., 161, 355, 385. 

Bacon, Col. Edward, 509. 
Badeau, Adam, 366, 393. 
Bailet, J. C, 517, 597. 
Baird, a., 257, 265, 293, 314. 
Baker, Col. E. D., 415. 

B-ANKHEAD, CaPTAIN, 579. 

Banks, N. P., 43, 49, 64, 75, 333, 411, 

417, 502. 
Baklow, F. C, 342, 351. 
Barnard, J. G., 538. 
Barnes, James, 127, 161. 
Barkesdale, Wm.,* 129. 
(633) 



Barrett, Col. T. H., 521. 
Barton, Col. Wm. B., 489. 
Bartow, Francis S.,* 37, 41. 
Bates, Edward, 27. 
Batlis, Lieut. Richard, 139. 
Bayard, G. D., 65, 86, 87, 90, 418. 
Baxter, Henry, 122. 
Beatty', Samuel, 384. 
Beauregard, G. P. T.,* 28, 37, 186, 

189, 192, 311, 322, 365, 458. 
Bee, Barnard E.,* 37, 41. 
Bell, Col. Wm. B., 519. 
Bell, Com. H. H., 583. 
Bell, 482. 

Benedict, Colonel, 515. 
Benham, H. W., 381, 413, 488. 
Bennett, Mr. James, 328. 
Bexjajiin, Mr. Judah P.,* 35. 
Berdan, H., 126. 
Berry, Hiram G., 93, 104. 
Beveridge, Col. John L., 471. 
BiDDLE, C. J., 122. 
Birge, 11. W., 328. 
BiRNEY, D. B., 87, 93, 94, 161, 166, 

343, 367, 370. 
Black, Mr. Jeremiah S., 21. ^ 

Blaine, Hon. J. G., 536. 
Blair, F. P., 211, 239, 264, 293, 313, 

449. 
Blair, Montgomery, 27. 
Blake, Lieut.-Com'd'r H. C, 585. 
Blenker, Louis, 36, 43, 49. 
Blunt, J. G., 462, 467. 
BoEHN, Private Peter, 139. 
Bohlen, Henry, 68. 
Bonham, M. L.,* 37. 
Booth, Major L. F., 374. 



GENERAL INDEX OF NAMES. 



623 



BowEN, John S.,* 228, 233, 238. 
Bradfokd, Major. W. F., 274. 
Bragg, Braxton,* 186, 192, 195, 213, 

241, 254, 281, 458. 
Branch, Lawrence O'B.,* 50, 84. 
Brannan, J. M., 257, 489. 
Beeckenridge, John C.,* 18, 25, 187, 

193, 216, 257, 278, 425, 500. 
Breese, Lt.-Com'd'r K. R., 482. 
Breathed,* 154. 
Briggs, Col. Geo. G., 437. 
Brooks, Mr., 17. 
Brooks, Col. W. S., 469. 
Brooks, W. T. H., 87, 93, 360, 367. 
Brown, Col. Wm. L., 474. 
Brown,* 283, 356. 
Brown, E. B., 464, 471. 
Brown, Lt.-Com'd'r Geo., 587. 
Brown, Col. S. B., 288. 
Brown, Mr. John, 17. 
Buchanan, 74. 

Buchanan, Capt. MoKban, 502, 577. 
Buchanan, Capt. Franklin,* 518, 

552, 600. 
Buchanan, Mr. James, 20. 
Buckbee, Col. Edwin J , 388. 
BucKNER, Simon B.,*180, 183, 185, 

199, 255. 
Buford, John, 65, 93, 109, 1 19, 158, 

162. 
Buford, Col. Napoleon B., 178. 
Buell, Don Carlos, 181, 185, 188, 

192, 196, 198, 201.- 
bullen, j. d., 511. 
Bullock, Capt.,* 605. 
BuRBRiDGE, S. G., 277, 287. 
Brooke, Colonel John R., 83. 
Burnham, Hiram, 375. 
Burns, W. W., 87. 
BuRNSiuE, Ambrose E., 36, 64, 7.8, 

87, 247, 255, 262, 269, 271, 333, 

342, 357, 373, 474. 
Burton, Col. H. S., 342. 
Butler, B. F., 29, 170, 333, 343, 364, 

378, 410, 473, 480, 497, 502. 
Butler, Private B. H., 139. 
Butterfield, Daniel, 87, 293. 

Cabell, W. L.,* 465. 
Caldwell, J. C, 161. 
Calhoutst, Mr. John C, 16. 



Cameron, Col. James, 40. 
Cameron, Col. John, 612. 
Cameron, Mr. Simeon, 27, 180. 
Cameron, R. A., 515. 
Campbell, 251. 
Campbell, Col., 278. 
Canby, E. R. S., 517, 519. 
Capron, Col., 313. 
Carlin, W. p., 313. 
Carlin, Col., 454. 
CarLton, j. H., 333. 
Carmichael, Major, 470. 
Carr, E. a., 231, 240, 456, 469. 
Carr, j. B., 131, 168, 342. 
Carroll, S. S., 129, 418. 
Carter, Capt., 252. 
Carter, John C.,* 283. 
Carter, S. P., 214, 247, 328, 485. 
Casey, Silas, 43, 49, 325. 
Cass, Mr. Lewis, 21. 
Chalmers, James R.,* 197. 
Chambliss, j. R.,* 115, 149, 393. 
Chase, Mr. Salmon P., 27. 
Cheatham, Benj. F.,* 216, 257, 281,' 

302, 311, 324, 485. 
Chenault, Colonel,* 248. 
Churchill, Private N., 139. 
Churchill, T. J.,* 212. 
Clark, Lieut., 138. 
Clark, Colonel,* 501. 
Clay, Cassius M., 29. 
Clayton, H. D.,* 284. 
Clayton, Powell, 468. 
Cleburne, Patrick R.,*216, 257, 283. 
Clendexnin, Col., 427. 
Clingham, Thomas L.,* 477. 
Cluke, Col.,* 247. 
Cobb, Howell,* 31, 22, 80. 
Cobb, Thomas R. R.,* 91. 
Cockrell,* 283. 
CoBURN, Col. John, 243. 
Cocke, Philip St. G.,* 37. 
Coffey, Colonel,* 461. 
Collins, Com'd'r N., 606. 
CoLERiCK, Lieut. Wm., 139. 
Colston, R. E.,* 98. 
Conrad, 282. 
Cook, H. F.,* 165. 

Cooper,* 461. ' 

Copeland, j. T., 147. 
Corcoran, Michael, 41, 



A general 
Index of 
the names 
mentioned 
in this 
Volume. 



624 



GENERAL INDEX OF NAMES. 



Cordon, Capt. John, 501, 509. 
A general Cornyn, Col., 251. 
Index of CoRSE, J. M., 310, 313. 
the names CouCH, D. N., 43, 49, 77, 84, 85, 87, 
mentioned 9^, 118, 284, 328, 333, 484. 

in this Cox, J. D., 65, 78, 281, 284, 294, 311, 

Volume. 328, 412, 484. 

Craven, Com'd'r T. A. M., 599. 

Craven, Com. T. T., 607. 

Crawford, Mr. M. J.,* 27. 

Crawford, S. W., 19, 66, S3, 161, 342. 

Crittenden, Geo. B.,* 180, 181. 

Crittenden, T. L., 189, 198, 215, 254, 
356, 367. 

Crittenden, T. T., 193. 

Crocker, M. M., 230, 232. 

Crook, Geo., 384, 418, 425, 431. 

Cross, Col. E. E., 127. 

Croxton, J. T., 289, 313. 

Cruft, Charles, 195, 246, 265. 

CuMMiNG, Alfred,* 310. 

Curtis, 482. 

Curtis, S. R., 211, 333, 456, 462. 

CusHiNG, Mr. Caleb, 20. 

Gushing, Lieut. Wm. B., 421, 558, 594. 

Custer, Geo. A., 116, 130, 133, 147, 
162, 358, 361, 384, 437, 445. 

Cutler, L., 121, 349. 

Dahlgren, Admiral A., 544, 593. 

Dahlgren, Col. Ulric, 171. 

Daniels, Julius,* 353. 

Davidson, Major, 277. 

Davis, B. F., 80, 110. 

Davis, Lieut.-Col. H., 108. 

Davis, Jeff. C, 19, 177, 215, 241, 257, 

265, 293, 307, 313, 456. 
Davis, Mr. Jefferson,* 17, 24, 61, 

230, 388, 398, 532. 
Davis, Rear-Admiral C. H., 544, 563, 

572. 
Davis, 166. 
Davies, H. E., 380. 
Davies, T. a., 36, 190, 202. 
Davis, George,* 36. 
Deane, Major Chas. W., 437. 
DeCourcey, Col. J. F., 311. 
Dee.ms, Lt.-Col., 155. 
Dennis, E. S., 303, 237. 
Deshler, James,* 260. 
Devens, Charles, 93, 360, 414. 



Devin, Thomas C, 384, 436, 445. 

Di Cesnola, Col., 114. 

Dix, John A., 32, 333. 

Dobbins,* 470. 

Dodge, G. M., 248, 364, 293, 308. 

Doles, Geo. E.,* 360. 

DouBLEDAT, Abnek, 19, 70, 78, 87, 

93, 120, 161. 
Douglas, Stephen A., 18. 
Dougherty, Col. Henry, 178. 
Drayton, Com'd'r, 566. 
Drew, Capt. G. A., 139. 
DuFFiE, A. N., 109. 
DuFFiELD, Hon. D. Bethune, 400. 
DuFFiELD, Col. H. M., 6, 193. 
DuFFiELD, Col. W. W., 193. 
DuGGAN, Major A. W., 437. 
Duke, Basil,* 287. 
Dumont, E., 315. 
Dunham, Col. Cyrus L., 210. 
DuPoNT, Rear-Admiral S. F., 486, 

544, 564, 567, 593. 
DwiGHT, W., 428, 507, 515. 

Early, Jural A.,* 37, 98, 144, 16G, 
349, 370, 424, 436, 431, 445. 

Ellet, Alfred W., 513, 563, 589. 

Ellet, Col. C. R., 563, 586. 

Ellet, Col. Charles, Jr., 563. 

Elliott, Mr. Henry J., 26. 

Elliott, 113. 

Elliott, W. L., 384. 

Ellsworth, Col. E. E., 33. 

Ely, Col., 113. 

Ely-, Ralph, 388. 

Elzy', Arnold, 37. 

Emory, W. H., 431, 503. 

Ericsson, Mr. John, 552. 

Evans, N. G.,* 37, 415, 477. 

EwELL, Richard S.,* 37, 62, 65, 70, 
108, 166, 344, 391, 417, 523. 

EwiNG, Hugh, 264, 471. 

Fagan, J.,* 473. 

Farnswortii, E. J., 116, 131, 147. 

Farrand, Com.,* 531. 

Farragut, Admiral D. G., 496, 517, 

544, 567, .589, 598. 
Fearing, Col., 335. 
Ferrero, Edward, 342, 355. 
Ferry, Ma.ior Noah H., 135, 141. 
FiNNEGAX, Joseph,* 493. 



GENERAL INDEX OF NAMES. 



625 



FLOi-D, Joiix B.,* 21, 183, 185, 412. 
Flusser, Lieut.-Com'd'r C. W., 557, 

594. 
FooTE, Rear- Admiral A. H., 182, 544, 

558, 562. 
Force, M. F., 321. 
FoRMAx, Major, 467. 
Forrest, Nathan B.,* 193, 210,214, 

241, 245, 248, 251, 273, 274, 289. 
Forsyth, Mr. Johx, 27. 
Foster, John G., 19, 170, 271, 318, 

474, 478, 493. 
Foster, Private G. L., 139. 
Foster, Col., 401. 
Fought, Private Joseph, 139. 
Fox, GusTAvus v., 544. 
Franklin, W. B., 36, 43, 47, 49, 75, 

77, 87, 417, 511. 
Fbazier, J. W.,* 255. 
Fremont, John C, 49, 64, 178, 417, 

451. 
French, W. H., 58, 78, 82, 87, 93, 166. 
French,* 312, 420. 
French, S. G.,* 284. 
Fry, S. S., 215. 
Fry, Lieut. Joseph, 572. 
Fuller, J. W., 301, 308. 
Fyffe, Col. E. P., 195. 

Gardner, Franklin,* 506. 

Gardner,* 186. 

Garfield, J. A., 181, 260. 

Garnett, Richard B.,* 132. 

Garnett, Robert S.,* 412. 

Garrard, Col., 269. 

Garrard, Kenner, 284, 294, 520. 

Garrett, Col.,* 475. 

Garrott, I. W.,* 238. 

Geary, John W., 49, 93, 161, 263, 

293, 314, 417. 
Getty, Geo. W., 87, 342, 420, 433. 
Gibbon, John, 70, 87, 93, 132, 161, 

342, 389. 
Gilbert, C. C, 198. 
Gilbert, 243. 
GiLLEM, A. C, 277, 287. 
GiLLMORE, Q. A , 247, 333, 342, 364, 

487, 490, 494. 
Gist, S. R.,* 283. 
Gladden, A. H.,* 190. 
Godwin, A. C.,* 432. 

4Q 



GoLDSBOROUGH, Admikal L. M., 474, 

544, 555. 
Gooding, Col. Michael, 200. 
Gordon,* 283. 
Gordon, John B.,* 344, 441. 
Gordon, James B.,* 358. 
Gracie, a.,* 393. 
Graham, 128. 
Graham, Lieut., 477. 
G]{ANBURY, H. B.,* 283. 
Granger, Gordon, 245, 246, 251, 255, 

259, 265, 279, 293, 517. 
Granger, R. S., 313. 
Grant, U. S., 175, 178, 182, 185, 202, 

208, 222, 338, 262, 371, 315, 327, 

330, 372, 383, 393, 398, 400, 427, 

454, 516, 526. 
Gray, Col., 138. 
Greble, Lieut. John T., 411. 
Green, Sergeant, 475. 
Green, Thomas,* 513, 516. 
Green, M. E.,* 238. 
Green, G. S., 67, 78, 128. 
Gregg, Colonel,* 410. 
Gregg, Maxcy,* 91 . 
Gregg, D. McM., 93, 109, 133, 148, 

162, 342, 361. 
Gregg, Col. J. Ibvin, 155, 161. 
Gregg,* 229. 
Gresham, W. Q., 293. 
Grierson, B. H., 325, 288. 
Griffin, Charles, 87, 93, 342. 
Griffin,* 154. 

Grover, CuviER, 321, 428, 431, 502. 
Gwin, Lieut., 575. 

Hacke, Count Hermann, 353. 

Hackleman, p. a., 306. 

Haggerty, Lieut.-Col., 41. 

HAI.L, Lieut. J. W., 19. 

Hall, Col. A. S., 345. 

Halleck, H. W., 58, 64, 111, 185, 

190, 203, 332, 455. 
Hamilton, Lieut., 138. 
Hamilton, Schuyler, 190. 
Hamilton, C. S., 43, 303, 303, 308. 
Hampton, Wade,* 39, 47, 84, 97, 115, 

130, 145, 149, 166, 332, 359, 369. 
Hancock, W. S., 48, 87, 93, 118, 123, 

132, 161, 342, 367, 370, 377. 
Hanson, Col. C. S., 353. 



A general 
Index of 
the names 
mentioned 
in this 
Volume. 



626 



GENERAL INDEX OF NAMES. 



Hansojt, Rogek W.,* 314, 231. 
A general Hardee, William J.,* 187, 193, 197, 
Index of 215, 394, 311, 319, 324. 

the names Hari^jen, Col. Henry, 398. 
mentioned Harding, Abner C, 343. 
in tliis Harker, C. G., 398. 
Volume. Harney, W. S., 450. 

Hart, 153. 

Harrill, Lieut., 551. 

Harris,* 453. 

Harrison, Cabter,* 370. 

Harrison, Col., 465. 

Harrow, William, 161, 293. 

Hartranft, J. F., 380. 

Hascall, M. S., 396. 

Hastings, Major S. H., 437. 

Hatch, Edward, 384, 313. 

Hatch, J. P., 73, 74, 281, 494. 

Hawkins, Col., 274. 

Hayne, Mr. J. W., 21. 

Hayne, Mb. Robert T., 15. 

Hays, Alex., 138, 161, 345. 

Hazen, W. B., 319, 346, 263, 309, 313, 
318. 

Hebert, Louis,* 304. 

Heintzelman, S. p., 36, 41, 43, 49, 
67, 77, 333. 

Helm, B. H.,* 260. 

Herron, F. J., 237, 463. 

Heth, Henry,* 108, 119, 418. 

Hicks, Col. S. G., 274. 

Hill, Daniel H.,* 50, 67, 78, 431, 478. 

Hill, Ambrose P.,* 50, 65, 83, 98, 
108, 165, 167, 344, 387. 

Hill, Colonel, 213. 

HiNDMAN, Thomas C.,* 257, 461. 

HoBSON, E. H., 353. 

Hoke, Robert F.,* 324, 479, 484. 

Holmes, Theophilus H.,* 37, 337. 

Holt, Mr. Joseph, 31. 

Hood, John B.,* 67, 80, 108, 356, 357, 
379, 280, 294, 299, 311, 420. 

Hooker, Joseph, 43, 47, 49, 77, 83, 
85, 93, 94, 103, 111, 118, 162, 
363, 393, 303. 

HovEY, A. P., 331, 232, 294. 

Howard, O. 0., 36, 87, 93, 131, 161, 
263, 264, 393, 303. 

Howe, A. P., 87, 93, 109, 161. 

HuGER, Benjamin,* 50, 

Hughes,* 461. 



Hull, Lieut. Wm., 438. 
Humphreys, A. A., 84, 87, 93, 161, 

343, 377, 380. 
Humphrey, Mr. H. H., 8. 
Hunt, H. J., 343. 
Hunt, Major, 461. 
Hunter, David, 36, 41, 373, 436, 430, 

455, 478, 487, 490. 
Hunter, Mr. R. M. T., 25. 
HuRLBUT, S. A., 187, 190, 193, 203, 

207, 212, 223, 272, 293. 

Ingalls, Rueus, 343. 
IvERSON, Alfred,* 133. 

Jackson, Andrew, 16. 

Jackson, C. F., 90. 

Jackson, J. S., 198, 199. 

Jackson,* 290. 

Jackson, N. J., 314. 

Jackson, Thomas J.,* 37, 54, 65, 67, 

77, 81, 88, 99, 101, 411, 416. 
Jefferson, Mr. Thomas, 14. 
Jenkins, A. G.,* 114, 145, 149. 
Johnson, Edward,* 108, 166, 284, 

344, 354, 417. 
Johnson, R. W., 196, 215, 256, 284, 

293. 
Johnson, B. R.,* 256, 257, 265. 
Johnston, Albert S.,* 180, 185, 188. 
Johnston, Joseph E.,* 35, 43, 50, 313, 

330, 339, 280, 394, 399, 333, 338, 

408. 
Jones, John M.,* 348. 
Jones, Samuel,* 369, 521. 
Jones, W. E.,* 110, 145, 419, 423, 

426. 
Jones, David R.,* 37. 
Jones,* 84. 
Jordan, Colonel, 243. 
JuDAH, H. M., 253, 293. 

Kane, 128. 

Kautz, a. v., 252, 365, 368. 

Kearny, Philip, 47, 49, 50, 70, 71, 75, 

94. 
KiLLOGG, Lieut. J. H., 138. 
Keenan, Major Peter, 101. 
Kelley, B. F., 312, 414, 434. 
Kennett, Col. John, 315. 
Kershaw,* 436. 
Keyes, E. D., 36, 43, 4,9, 67, 430. 



ge:^eral index of names. 



627 



KiDD, James H., 6, 434. 
Ktlpatkick, Jxjdsok, 107, 110, 116, 

130, 147, 158, 162, 170, 294, 307, 

313, 314, 342, 411. 
Kimball, Nathan, 237, 281, 284, 303. 
Kinsman, Col., 234. 
King, Rufus, 43, 65, 70, 417. 
King, Mr. Horatio, 21. 
Kirk, E. N., 213, 221. 
KiTTRiDGE, Lieut., 576. 
Knipe, J. F., 284, 289. 

La Grange, Col., 290. 

Lairds, Messrs., 584. 

Lamson, Lieut. R. H., 421, 578. 

Landrum, Colonel, 514. 

Lane, James H., 453, 467. 

Lander, F. W., 416. 

Lauman, J. G., 236, 238. 

Lawton,* 71. 

Lawler, M. K., 234. 

Lea, Lieut. -Com'd'u EowAiiD, 577. 

Ledlie, J. H., 367. 

Lee, a. L., 514. 

Lee, Fitzhugh,* 84, 95, 145, 149, 161, 

345, 359. 
Lee, Robert E.,* 53, 65, 77, 88, 96, 
162, 106, 307, 343, 393, 408, 413. 
Lee, Stephen D.,* 281, 303, 311. 
Lee, W. H. F.,* 95, 145, 308. 
Leggett, M. D.,.293, 313. 
Lent, Lieut., 482. 
Le Rot, Com'd'r Wm. E., 580. 
Lester, Col. H. C, 194. 
LiGHTBURN, J. A. J., 301. 
Lincoln, President Abraham, 18, 26, 
45, 49, 64, 239, 329, 330, 383, 389, 
398, 524, 547. 
Little, Henry,* 204. 
Logan, John A., 178, 229, 232, 23S, 

272, 293, 301, 314. 
Long, Eli, 289. 
Long, A. L.,* 299. 
Long, Col. C. D., 6. 
Longstreet, James,* 37, 47, 50, 67, 
72, 79, 88, 96, 108, 162, 256, 267, 
342, 420. 
LORING, W. W.,* 233, 284. 
LovELL, Mansfield,* 191, 204, 498. 
Lowe, Colonel, 242. 
Lowe, Colonel, 253. 



Lowell, Col. C. R., 436. 

Lyon, Nathaniel, 447, 452. A general 

Lytle, W. H., 260. Index of 

the names 
MACKAJ.L, W. W.,* 458. mentioned 

Mackenzie, R. S., 386. .^ ^^.^ 

Madison, Mb. James, 14. '^ 

Magruder, John B.,* 46, 50, 410, 503. ^ "i"^'^^- 
Mahone, William,* 99. 
M.^LLORY, Mr. Stephen R., 26. 
Manigault, a. M.,* 283. 
Mann, Col. Wm. D., 136. 
Mansfield, J. K. F., 78, 82. 
Manson, M. D., 194. 
Marmaduke, J. S. ,* 463. 
Marshall, Humphrey,* 181, 194. 
Martlv, Captain, 437. 
Mason, Mr. J. M., 550. 
Martindale, J. H., 360. 
Maury, Dabney H.,* 204, 520. 
McArthur, John, 183, 205, 240, 284. 
McBride,* 458. 

McCall, G. a., 43, 49, 53, 61, 417. 
McClellan, G. B., 41, 64, 67, 77, 87, 

181, 202, 408. 
McClernand, J. A., 178, 182, 187, 

190, 212, 228, 238. 
McCooK, A. McD., ISO, 189, 198, 215, 

254, 410. 
McCooK, E. M., 214, 289, 294, 300. 
McCooK, CoL. Daniel, 298. 
McCook, Robert L., 413. 
McCowN, John P.,* 216, 457. 
McCuLLOCH, Ben.1.,* 24, 451, 457. 
McCulloch, Mr. Hugh, 27. 
McDowell, Irvin, 36, 43, 49, 64, 417. 
McDowell, Ma.tor,* 214. 
McGregor,* 154. 
McGinnis, George F., 512. 
McIntosh, .James,* 456, 457. 
MclNTOSii, .JohnB., 133, 151, 153. 
McKean, T. J., 202. 
McKiNSTRV, Justus, 455. 
McLaws, Lafayette,* 67, 80, 98, 108, 

256, 257, 264. 
McLE.iN, Mr. WiLMEi!, 393. 
McMillan, J. W., 515. 
McNeil, John, 460, 466. 
McPheeters, Col.,* 502. 
Mcpherson, J. B., 202, 207, 208, 212, 
223, 228, 271, 272, 293, 301, 333. 



C28 



GENERAL INDEX OF NAMES. 



A geiidvil 
Index of 

IllO lliUIK'S 

nioiitioncd 
ill tliis 
Volmue. 



MoREY>i()LU8, 111, 158. 

McVlCAR, LlEUT.-COL. DUNOAX, OS. 

Mea-de, G. G., 55, 74, 78, 87, 93, 118, 

124, 163, 16G, 330, 383. 
Meade, Lieut. R. K., 19. 
Meagher, T. F., 52, 58, S3. 
Mefford, Capt., 470. 
Memmingee, Mr. CHAiiLEs G.,* 25. 
Meredith, S. A., 121. 
Merrill, Col. Lewis, 460, 465. 
Mereitt, Wesley, 131, 384, 431, 445. 
Miles, Col. Dixon S., 36, 81. 
Miles, N. A., 374. 
Miller, 153. 
Mileot, 284. 

MiLEOT, R, H., 65, 111, 415, 417. 
MiNTT, Col. R. H. G., 241, 244, 256, 

289. 
Mitchell, Col., 259. 
Mitchell, R. B., 198, 246, 259. 
Mitchell, O. M., 192, 489. 
MooEE, Colonel, 213. 
Mooee, Col. J. B., 284. 
MooEB, Col. O. H., 252. 
Morgan, Geo. W., 210, 212. 
Morgan, James D., 307, 311, 313. 
Morgan, John H.,* 194, 196, 213, 

214, 245, 252, 277. 
Morrell, G. W., 49, 78. 
Morrison, Col.,* 248. 
Mosebt, John S.,* 95. 
Mothersill, Major Philip, 444. 
MouTON, Alfred,* 515. 
MoTT, Gbrsham, 346, 355. 
Mower, J. A., 274, 313, 514. 
Mulligan, Col. James A., 429, 453. 
MUNFORD, T. T.,* 114. 
MuRPHT, Col. R. C, 203, 209. 
Murray, Col. Eli H., 314. 

Naglee, H. M., 60. 
Negley, J. S., 214, 215, 257. 
Nelson, William, ISO, 189, 195, 198, 
NiMS, Capt. Ormantj F., 501, 512. 
Newton, John, 87, 93, 124, 161, 293. 

Oglesby, R. J., 206. 
Oliver, Col. John M., 205. 
Opdycke, Emerson, 282, 283. 
O'Neai., E. a.,* 122. 
Oed, E. 0. C, 49, 203, 204, 207, 238, 
370, 376, 378, 415, 417, 



O'Rourke, Col. F. H., 127. 
OsTERiiAUS, P. J., 231, 264, 293, 311, 
313, 456. 

Paine, C. J., 338, 480. 

Paine, E. A., 190. 

Palmer, Col., 286, ^ _ ^ 

Palmer, John M., 134, 214, 215, 243, 

251, 257, 265, 373, 293, 807. 
Palmer, Innis N., 485. 
Parsons, M. M.,* 450, 515. 
Parkhurst, Col. J. G., 194. 
Parke, J. G., 237, 373, 3S0, 474. 
Patten,* 310. 

Patterson, Robert, 35, 40S, 411. 
Paul, G. R., 132. 
Paulding, Lieut., 560. 
Paxton, Edward F.,* 100. 
Peck, J. J., 48, 420, 476. 
Pbgram, John,* 247, 378, 393, 413. 
Pemberton, John C.,* 308, 313, 338, 

388. 

Pender, William D.,* lOs', 133. 
Pennington, Lieut. A. C. M., 138, 

150. 
Pennypacker, G., 483. 
Perrin, Abner,* 353. 
Peters, Dr., 346. 
Peterson, Mr., 535. 
Pettigeew, J. J.,* 100, 478. 
Pettus, J. J.,* 399. 
Phelps, J. W., 496. 
Phillips, Col. Wm. A., 461, 467. 
Pickett, Geo. E.,* 108, 131, 366, 430, 

479. 
Pierce, Ebenezer W., 410. 
Pillow, Gideon J.,* ISO, 183. 
Pleasonton, Alfred, 78, 85, 87, 93, 

101, 109, 133, 144, 162, 342, 471. 
Plummee, J. B., 190, 454. 

POINDEXTEE,* 460. 

Polk, Leonidas,* 178, ISO, 185, 193, 
197, 316, 373, 395, 297, 458. 

Pope, John, 64, 77, 190, 203, 333, 
455, 457. 

Porter, Andrew, 36. 

Porter, Fitz-John, 43, 49, 55, 67, 77. 

Porter, Joe,* 460. 

Porter, Rear-Admieal D. D., 480, 
498, 567, 588, 596. 

Pokter, Com, W. D., 560, 575, 



GENERAL INDEX OF NAMES. 



G29 



POKTERFIELD, COLONEL,* 409. 

PosET, Conrad,* 157. 

Potter, R. B., 337, 3i2. 

Potter, E. E., 478, 494. 

Pkextiss, B. M., 177, 187, 188, 337, 

455. 
PjtESTOx, William,* 357. 
Price, Sterling,* 178, 190, 193, 203, 

450. 
Prince, Henry, 67, 168. 
Pritchard, Col. Benj. D., 398, 524. 
Prtor, Roger A.,* 420. 
Putnam, Col. H. S., 491. 

quantrell,* 467. 
QuARLES, W. A.,* 383. 
QuiMBT, Isaac P., 340. 

Rains, James E.,* 331, 450, 461. 

Ramseur, Stephen D.,* 434. 

Randol, 155. 

Ransom, T. E. G., 308, 311, 313, 

Ransom, Watt (or Matt),* 365. 

Rathbone, Major, 535. 

Rawlins, J. A., 333. 

Reagan, Mr. John H.,* 26. 

Reillt, J. W., 484. 

Reno, J. L., 64, 77, 79, 474. 

Read, Col. Theo., 390. 

Renshaw, Capt. Wm. B., 503, 576. 

Reynolds, J. F., 55, 68, 85, 87, 93, 

119, 131, 161. 
Reynolds, J. J., 342, 246, 257, 413. 
Richardson, Israel B., 36, 43, 49, 78, 

82, 83. 
RiCKETTS, J. B., 65, 78, 343, 437, 431. 
Rice, E. W., 328. 
Rice, J. C, 353. 
Ringgold, Capt. C, 565. 
RrpLEY, Ros-wtell S.,* 83. 
Roberts, Col. G. W., 331, 561. 
Robertson, John, 5. 
Robertson,* 145. 
RoBixVSON, J. C, 93, 131, 161, 343, 

349. 
Robinson, Private, 535. 
RODDEY, P. D.,* 345, 348, 389. 
RoDES, Robert E.,* 98, 108, 166, 844, 

433. 
RODGERS, Com'd'r John, 558, 583. 
RoDiLVN, Isaac P., 78, 83. 



Volume. 



Rogers, 153. 

RosECRANS, W. S,, 301, 203, 304, 208, a general 

313, 341, 254, 333, 413, 470. index of 

Ross, L. F., 323. the names 

RossER, Thomas L.,* 435, 433. mentioned 

Rousseau, L. H., ISO, 198, 315, 279, . , ,, . 
' ' ' ' ' 'III tnis 

984, 313. 
Rowley, T. A., 131, 161. 
RoYALL, Capt. W. B., 53. 
RuPFiN, Mr. Edmund,* 38. 
RuGER, Thomas H., 138, 161, 281, 

338, 484. 
RuNYON, Theodore, 36. 
Russell, D. A., 109, 167, 433. 

Salomon, Frederick, 463. 

Sanders, Colonel, 353. 

Sanders, W. P., 270. 

Saunders, J. C.,* 393. 

Scammon, E. p., 413. 

ScHENCK, R. C, 36, 65, 74, 417. 

Schoepf, A., 179, 198. 

Schaeffer, J. W., 221. 

SCHOFIELD, J. M., 373, 380, 394, 311, 

313, 336, 333, 454, 460, 484. 
Scott,* 383. 

Scott, Winfield, 36, 43, 330. 
ScHUBZ, Carl, 65, 93, 161. 
Sedgwick, John, 43, 49, 78, 93, 161, 

166, 343, 350. 
Seddon, Mr. Jajies A.,* 25. ■ 
Seibert, Major James J., 193. 
Semmes, Paul J.,* 157. 
Semmes, Raphael,* 584. 
Seward, Mr. Wm. H., 27, 535. 
Seymour, Trujian, 19, 55, 74, 348, 

493. 
Shackelford, J. M., 25'3. 
Shaler, a., 348. 
Shaw, Col. Robert G., 491. 
Shelby, Joseph 0.,* 470. 
Sheridan, P. H., 198, 313, 315, 319, 

344, 357, 365, 343, 357, 361, 373, 

377, 383, 430, 434, 445, 540. 
Shepley, Geo. F., 533. 
SHERJLiN, Wm. TECxmsBH, 36, 179, 

185, 187, 190, 193, 303, 308, 210, 

334, 338, 338, 363, 364, 269, 271, 

373, 280, 292, 311, 313. 330, 337, 

338, 333, 383. 
Sherman, T. W., 486, 503, 508. 
Shields, James, 43, 49, 416, 417. 



630 



GENERAL INDEX OF NAMES. 



Sickles, Daniel E., 52, 87, 93, 161. 
A general SiGEL, Franz, 64, 77, 86, 93, 333, 343, 
Index of 425, 450, 456. 

the names Sill, J. W., 198, 218. 
mentioned SiLLTMAN, CoL., 493. 
i„ ti,i3 Slack, G. W. Y.,* 453, 457. 
Volume. Slade, Colonel, 279. 

Slemmer, Lt. Adam J., 30. 

Slidell, Mr. John,* 550. 

Sloodm, H. W., 49, 57, 78, 85, 93, 

124, 161, 263, 293, 303, 313. 
Slocum, Col. J. S., 41. 
SMAI.L, Mr. Robert, 578. 
SjvnxH, Mr. Charles H., 8. 
Smith, Mr. Caleb B., 27. 
Smith, A. J., 210, 212, 229, 374, 376, 

283, 313, 470, 513, 519. 
Smith, C. F., 178, 183, 185, 186. 
Smith, Gustavus,* 476. 
Smith, Giles A., 224, 399, 313. 
Smith, G. W.,* 50. 
Smith, E. Kirhy,"''- 40, 193, 194, 213, 

469, 514, 521. 
Smith, M. L., 309, 2J0, 211, 364, 293, 

301. 
Smith, J. A.,* 284. 
Smith, T. B.,* 284. 
Smith, J. E., 340, 264, 293, 313. 
SiiiTH, Preston,* 260. 
Smith, T. Kilbt, 374, 516. 
Smith, W. F., 43, 49, 78, 87, 360, 364, 

370. 
Smith, W. S., 198, 337, 373. 
Smith, Col., 433. 
Snyder, Lt, G. W., 19. 
Spalding, Col. Geo., 386. 
Sprague, Col., 303. 
Spencer, Col. Geo. E., 334. 
Stafford, Lerot A.,* 348. 
Stagg, Col. Peter, 391. 
Stabel, J. H., 114, 116, 146. 
Stanley, D. S., 190, 203, 213, 315, 

243, 246, 251, 380, 383, 393, 303, 

311, 313. 
Stannard, G. J., 376. 
Stanton, Mr. Edwin M., 31, 27, 44, 

363. 
Stark, Wm, E.,* 71, 84. 
Stark, Capt. Henry, 509. 
Steedman, J. B., 244, 259, 379, 283, 

313. 



Steele, Frederick, 311, 289, 833, 

463, 468, 517. 
Steen, Alex. E.,* 463. 
Stephens, Mr. Alex. H.,* 30. 
Stevens, Major, 423. 
Stevens, Geo. M.,* 299. 
Stevens, Isaac I., 64, 76, 487. 
Stevenson, C. L.,* 284. 
Stevenson, T. G., 343, 353. 
Stewart, Alexander P.,* 257, 281, 

302, 311. 
Stewart, Geo. H.,* 854. 
Stickneit, Col., 510. 
Stone, C. P., 122, 414. 
Stoneman, Geo., 47, 85, 87, 93, 107, 

109, 387, 294, 306. 
Stoughton, Col., 95. 
Strail, 0. F.,* 283. 
Streight, Col. A. D., 348, 251. v 
Stringham, Com. S. H., 473, 549. 
Strong, 153. 
Strong, Geo. C, 490. 
Stuaut, J. E. B.,* 53, 84, 97, 108, 

133, 143, 158, 163, 347, 358, 415. 
Stuart, David, 187, 213. 
Stuart, Col., 466. 
Sturgis, S. D., 78, 87, 275, 452. 
Sullivan, J. C, 203, 210. 
Sumner, Senator Cil-irles, 17. 
Sumner, E. V., 43, 49, 75, 77, 87, 93. 
Sumner, Colonel, 381. 
SwASEY, Lieut. Charles H., 577. 
Sweeney, T. W., 293, 308. 
Sykes, George, 49, 78, 87, 93, 118, 

161. 

Talbot, Lieut. Theodore, 19. 
Taliaferro, William B.,* 70. 
Taylor, Richard,* 286, 505, 514, 521. 
Taylor, Col.,* 461. 
Terrell, W. R., 200. 
Terry, 169. 

Terry, A. H., 326, 482, 491. 
Terry, Wm. R.,* 380. 
Thatcher, Com. H. K., 531. 
Thayer, J. M., 468. 
THO^Us, G, H., 180, 181, 190, 198, 
315, 354, 359, 363, 380, 311, 333. 
Thomas, Mr. Philip F., 31. 
Thompson, Mr. Jacob, 31. 
Thompson, Jeff.,* 453, 531. 
TiLGHMAN, Lloyd,* 182, 233. 



GENERAL INDEX OF NAMES. 



631 



ToLAND, Col., 423. 

Toombs, Robert,* 35, 59. 

ToRBERT, A. T. A., 343, 361, 430, 483, 

445. 
Tower, 74. 

tourtelotte, col., 311. 
ToTTEN, James, 463. 
Town, Col. Charles H,, 137, 153. 
Tract, Edward D.,* 328. 
Treichel, 153. 
Trenholm, Mr. James L.,* 25. 
Trowbridge, Luther S., 6, 135, 141, 

143, 153, 278. 
Turner, J. W., 372. 
Tuttlb, J. M., 340, 372, 
Twiggs, David E.,* 34. 
Tyler, Charles H.,* 391. 
Tyler, Robert 0., 355. 
Tyler, Daniel, 36. 
Tyler, E, B., 419, 437. 

Upton, E., 167, 289, 352. 
Usher, Mr. John P., 27, 

Vance, Robert B.,* 377. 
Nks Cleve, H. p., 215, 257. 
VanDorn, Earl,* 186, 190, 193, 204, 

208, 243, 346, 456, 500. 
Van Pelt, Lieut. G. W., 258, 
Vaughan,* 287, 426. 
Vandever, William, 466. 
Veatch, J. C, 293, 520. 
Villepigue, John B., 381. 
Vincent, 126. 
Von Steinwehr, ADOLpn,"93, 161. 

Wadsworth, J. S., 93, 120, 161, 343, 
347. 

Wagner, G. D., 320, 281, 310. 

Wainwrxght, Capt. J. M., 503, 577. 

Walke, Capt. H., 561. 

Walker, Lieut. Com'd'r J. G., 593. 

Walker,* 67. 

Walker, William,* 303. 

Walker, W. H. T.,* 357. 

Walker, Mr. Leroy P.,* 25, 

Walcott, C. C, 328, 

Wallace, Lewis, 183, 189, 190, 195, 

333, 410, 427, 
Wallace, W. H. L., 187, 188. 
Walthall, E. C.,* 284. 



Volume. 



Ward, J. H. H., 161, 166, 

Ward, W. T., 299, 314. a general 

Ward, Com. J. H., 551. index of 

Warren, G. K., 50, 126, 165,342, 886. t^e names 

Warren, F.H., 465. ^^^^.^^^^ 

Washburnb, C. C, 459, 513. , ,, , 

' ' ' in this 

Washburne, Mr. E. B., 330. 

Washington, Capt. E. C, 236. 

Watts, Thomas H.,* 36. 

Weaver, Col., 812. 

Webb, A. S., 132. 

Webb, Capt. W. A.,* 583. 

Weber, Major Peter A., 135, 100. 

Webster, Mr. Daniel, 15. 

Webster, Col. Geo., 200. 

Weed, S. H., 137. 

Weitzel, Godfrey, 376, 378, 381, 

389, 480, 501, 533. 
Welch, Thomas, 237, 
Welles, Gideon, 27, 544. 
Wessells, H. W., 476, 479. 
Wharton, John A.,* 318, 341, 442. 
Wheeler, Joseph,* 213, 341, 261, 367, 

373, 300, 333. 
Wheeler, Lt. W. H., 139. 
Wheaton, Frank, 161. 
Whipple, A. W., 85, 87, 93, 104. 
White, Julius, 370, 
Whiting, W. H. C.,* 48, 483. 
Whittaker, W. C, 359. 
Wilcox,* 37. 
Wild, E. A., 365. 
Willcox, 0. B., 36, 41, 78, 85, 87, 

342. 
Wilkes, Capt. Charles, 550. 
WiLLARD, Col., 128. 
Wilder, Col. John T., 197, 247, 356. 
Williams, A. S., 43, 65, 78, 83, 93, 

135, 161, 393, 303, 314, 416. 
Williams, Col. J. M., 467. 
Williams, Thomas, 499, 501. 
Wlllich, a., 331. 
Wilson, J. H., 381, 389, 313, 343, 

368, 398, 430. 
Winder, Charles S.,* 65, 67. 
WiNSLOw, Capt. John A., 601. 
WiNTHROP, Major Tiieo., 411. 
Wise, Henry A.,* 61, 413. 
WiSTAR, Isaac, 170. 

WiTCHER,* 151. 

Withers, Jones M.,* 216. 



632 



GENERAL INDEX OF NAMES. 



A general 
Index of 
the names 
mentioned 
in this 
Volume. 



WoLFOED, Col., 269. 

Wood, T. J., 190, 198, 315, 200, 265, 

281, 283, 293. 
WooDEUiT, Lieut., 138. 
Woods, Chakles R., 802, 313. 
WoRDEN, Capt. Joirsr L., 552, 579. 



Weight, H. G., 161, 247, 342, 350, 

370, 427, 431, 433, 488. 
Weight, Geo., 333. 
WxwDHAM, Col. Percy, 110. 

Zagonti, Major, 455. 
ZoLLicoFPER, Felts K.,* 179, 182. 
ZooK, S. K., 128. 




PART THIRD. 



General Officers, 

OFFICERS UNITED STATES ARMY3 186( 

List of Battles During the War. 



GENERAL OFFICERS OF THE REGULAR ARMY. 



isei — isQS. 



Those to whose names 



the asterisk (*) is affixed, were not graduates of the Military Academy. 



Name. 



Date of 
Commission. 



Original Appointed 
entry into '^^^^^ 
Service. 



Disposition. 



LIEUTENANT-GENERAL. 
Ulysses S. Grant, Mar. 3, '64. July 1, '43. lU. 



Scott, Winfibld,* 

McClelian, Geo. B. 

Fremont, John C* 
Halleck, Henkt W. 
Wool, John E.* 

Grant, Ulysses S. 
Sherman, Wm, T. 



MAJOR-GENERALS. 

June 3.5, '41. May 3, '08. Va. 

May 14, '61. July 1, '46. Ohio. 

May 14, '61. July 7, '38. S. C. 

Aug. 19, '61. July 1, '39. N. T. 

May 16, '63. Apr. 14, '13. N. T. 

July 4, '63. July 1, '43. HI. 

Aug. 13, '64. July 1, '40, Ohio. 



Meade, Geo. G. Aug. 18, '64. July 1, '35. D. C. 

Sheridan, Philip H. Nov. 8, '64. July 1, '53. Ohio. 

Thomas, Geo. H. Dec. 15, '64. July 1, '40. Va. 

BRIGADIER-GENERALS. 

Wool, John E.* June 35, '41. Apr.l4, '13. N. T. 

Harney, Wm. S.* June 14, '58. Feb. 13, '18. La. 

Sdmner, EWIN v.* Mar. 16, '61. Mar. 3, '19. N. T. 

MAiJSFiELD, Jos. K. F. May 14, '61. July 1, '33. Conn. 



GeneralJuly 35, '66. Prcd- 
de7it, Mar. 4, '69, to Mar. 4, 
'77. Died at Mt. McGregor, 
N. T., July 23, '85. 



Ret'dNov. 1, '61. Died West 
Point, N. T., May 39, '66. 
Resis;ned Nov. 8, '64. Died 
Oct."39, '85. 
Resigned June 4, '64. 
Died Jan. 9, 1873. 
Retired Aug. 1, '63. Died 
Nov. 10, '69. 

Promoted Lieut.-General. 
Lieut.-General July 25, '66. 
General March 4, '69. Re- 
tired Feb. 8, '84. 
Died Nov. 6, '73. - 
Lieut.-General Mar. 4, '69. 
Died Mar. 28, '70. 



McDowell, Irvin, May 14, '61. 
Anderson, Robert, May 15, '61. 



July 1, '38. Ohio. 
.July 1, '35. Ky. 



Rosecrans, Wm. S. May 16, '61. July 1, '43. Ohio. 
Cooke, Philip St. G. Nov. 13, '61. July 1, '37. Va. 



Promoted Maj.-Gen. 
Retired Aug. 1, '68. 
Died at Syracuse, N. T., 
March 31, '63. 
Died Sept. 18, '62, of wounds 
received at Antietam, Md. 
Died May 4, 1885. 
Retired Oct. 27, '63. Died 
Oct. 36, '71. 
Resigned March 38, '67. 
Retired Oct. 29, '73. 
(635) 



()3() 



GENERAL OFEICEItS OF THE REGULAR ARMY. 



Name. 



Date of 
Commission. 



e^T^^to Appelated 
Service. "°^- 



Disposition. 



Pope, Jojin', 
Hooker, Joski-u, 



July 14, '63. 

Sept. 20, '63. 



Meade, Geo. (r. July 3, '63. 

Sherman, War. T. July 4, '63. 

McPhersok, James B. Aug. 1, '63. 

Thomas, Geo. H. Oct. 27, '68. 

Hancock, Winfield S. Aug. 13, 64. 



July 1, '42. 111. 

July 1, '37. Cal. 

July 1, '35. D. C. 

July 1, '40. Ohio. 

July 1, '53. Ohio. 

July 1, '40. Va. 

July 1, '44. Pa. 



Schopield, John M. Nov. 30, '64. July 1, '53. lU. 



HowAKD, Oliver 0. Dec. 31 , '64. 

Terry, Alfred H.* Jan. 15, '65. 

Kawlins, John A.* Mar, 3, '65. 

Thomas, Lorenzo, Aug. 3, '61. 

Meigs, Montgomery C. May 15, '61. 
Ripley, James W. Aug. 3, '61. 



July 1, '54. Me. 

Apr. 35, '63. Conn. 

Aug. 30, '61. lU. 

July 1, '33. Del. 

July 1, '36. Pa. 

June 1, '14. Conn. 



Taylor, Joseph P.* Feb. 9, '63. May 20, '13. Ky. 



Hammond, Wm. A.* Apr. 35, '63. 

ToTTEN, Joseph G. Mar. 3, '63. 

Ramsay, Geo. D. Sept. 15, '63. 

Fry, James B. Apr. 31, '64. 

Holt, Joseph,* June 22, '64. 

Eaton, Amos B. June 29, '64. 

Barnes, Joseph K.* Aug. 22, '64. 

Delafield, Richard, Apr. 33, '64. 



Apr. 35, '49. Md. 
July 1, '05. Conn. 

July 1, '30. D. C. 

July 1, '47. lU. 

Sept. 3, '63. D. C. 
July 1, '36. N. T. 

June 15, '40. Pa. 
July 34, '18. N. Y. 



Dyer, Alex. B. Sept. 13, '64. July 1, '37. Mo. 



Now in service. 
Retired as Maj.-Gen. Oct. 
15, '68. Died Oct. 31, '79. 
Promoted Major-General. 
Promoted Major-General. 
Killed in battle at Atlanta, 
Ga., July 33, '64. 
Pr( moted Major-General. 
Major-General July 26, '66. 
Died Feb. 9, '86. 
Major-General March 4, '69. 
Now in service. 
Now in service. 
Now in service. 
Resigned March 13, '69. 
Adjutant-General. Retired 
Feb. 22, '69. Died March 3, 
1875. 

Quartermaster-General. Re- 
tired Feb. 3, '83. 
Ordnance Department. Re- 
tired Sept. 15, '63. Died 
March 15, '70. 
Subsistence Department. 
Died at Washington, D. C, 
June 39, '64. 

Surgeon-General. Left the 
service Aug. 18, '64. 
Engineer Corps. Died at 
Washington, D. C, April 
22, '64. 

Ordnance Department. Re- 
tired Sept. 13, '64. Died 
May 23, '82. 

Provost-Marshal General. 
Commission as Provost Mar- 
shal-General expired Aug. 
37, '66. 

Judge Advocate General. 
Retired Dec. 1, '75. 
Subsistence Department. 
Retired May 1, '74. Died 
Feb. 31, '77. 

Surgeon-General. Died Apr. 
5, '83. 

Engineer Corps. Retired 
Aug. 8, '66. Died Nov. 5, 
1873. 

Ordnance Department. 
Died May 30, '74. 



GENERAL OFFKJEUIS IX VOLUNTEER HERYWE. Oot 



MAJOR-GENERALS IX VOLUNTEER SERVICE. 
1861-1865. 



Name. 



Adgur, Christophek C. 
Banks, Nathaxiel P.* 
Barlow, Fraxcis C* 
Berry, IIiuam G.* 

BniNEY, David B.* 
Blair, Frank P.* 
Blunt, James G.* 
Brooks, \J. T. H. 

BuELL, Dox Carlos, 
BuFoRD, John, 
Botinside, Ambrose E. 
Butler, Benjamin F.* 
Butterfield, Daniel,* 
Cadwalader, Geo.* 
Canby, Edward R. S. 

Casey, Silas. 

Clay, Cassius M.* 
Couch, Darius xM. 
Cox, Jacob D.* 
Crittenden, Thomas L.* 
Crook, Geo. 
Curtis, Samuel R. 
Custer, George A. 

Dana, Napoleon J. T. 
Davis, Henry E.* 
Dix, John A.* 
Dodge, Grenville M.* 

DOUBLEDAY, AbNER, 

Emory, Wm. H.* 

Fessenden, Francis,* 
Foster, John G. 

Frankjlin, Wm. B. 
French, Wm. EI. 

Garfield, James A.* 

Gibbon, John, 
GiLLEM, Alva x C, 



Dite of 
Coiri?i>ission. 



Appointed 
from. 



Disposition. 



Aug. 9, '62. Mich. 

May 16, '61. Ma.s3. 

May 25, '65. N. IT. 

Nov. 20, '62. Me. 



May 20, '63. 


Pa. 


Nov. 20, '63. 


Mo. 


Nov. 29, '63. 


Kau. 


June 10, '63. 


Ohio. 


MarcU 21, '63. 


lud. 


July 1, '63. 


111. 


March 18, '62. 


R. I. 


May 16, '61. 


Mass. 


Nov. 29, '63. 


N. Y. 


April 35, '63. 


Pa. 


May 7, '64. 


Ind. 


May 31, '63. 


R. I. 


April 11, '63. 


Ky- 


July 4, '63. 


Mass. 


Dec. 7, '64. 


Ohio. 


July 17, '63. 


Ky. 


Oct. 31, '64. 


Ohio. 


March 31, '63. 


Iowa. 


April 15, '65. 


Ohio. 


Nov. 29, '62. 


Mina. 


May 4, '65. 


N. r. 


May 16, '6L. 


N. Y. 


June 7, '64. 


Iowa. 


Nov. 39,' '63. 


N. Y. 


Sept. 35, '65. 


Md. 


Nov. 9, '65. 


Me. 


April 36, '62. 


N. H. 


July 4, '63. 


Pa. 


Nov. 39, '63. 


D. C. 


Sept. 19, '63. 


Ohio. 


June 7, '64. 


N. C. 


Nov. 3, '65, 


Teau, 



Mustered out Sept. 1, '66. 
Mustered out Aug. 34, '65. 
Resigned Nov. 16, '65. 
Killed in action at Chancellorsville, 
Va., May 3, 1863. 
Died at Phil., Pa., Oct. 18, '64. 
Resigned Nov. 1, 1S65. 
Mustered out July 29, 1865. 
Appointment revoked April 18, '61 
(See Brig.-Gen.) 
Mustered out May 33, 1864. 
Died Dec. 16, '63, at Washington. 
Resigned April 15, 1865. 
Resigned Nov. 30, 1865. 
Mustered out August 34, 1865. 
Resigned July 5, 1865. 
Mustered out Sept. 1, '66. Murdered 
by Modoc Indians in Or. Apr. 11, '73. 
Mustered out Aug 24, '65. Died 
Jan. 23, 1883. 
Resigned March 11, 1863. 
Resigned May 35, 1865. 
Resigned Jan. 1, 1866. 
Resigned Dec. 13, 1864. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1865. 
Mustered out April 30, 1866. 
Mustered out Feb. 1, '66. Killed by 
Indians in M. T. June 35, 1876. 
Resigned May 37, 1865. 
Resigned Jan. 1, 1866. 
Resigned Nov. 30, 1865. 
Resigned May 30, 1866. 
Mustered out Aug. 34, 1865, 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. 
Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. 
Sept. 3, 1874. 
Resigned Nov. 10, 1865. 
Mustered out May 6, '64. 
May 30, 1881. 

Resigned Dec. 5, 1863. Presidmt 
U. S. Died Sept. 19, 1881. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. 



Died 



Died 



638 GENERAL OFFICERS IN VOLUNTEER SERVICE. 



■Name. 



Date of Appointed 
Commission. from. 



Disposition. 



GlLLMOKE, QUIXCY A. 

Granger, Gordon', 
Grant, Ulysses S. 
Griersox, Bexjamin H.* 
Griffix, Charles, 
Hamilton, Charles S. 
Hamilton, Schuyler, 
Hancock, Winfield S. 
Hartsuff, Geo. L, 

Hazen, Wm. B. 
Heixtzelmax, Samuel P. 
Herrox, Francis J.* 
Hitchcock, Ethan A. 
Hooker, Joseph, 
Howard, Oliver 0. 
Humphreys, Axdrevv A. 

Hunter, David, 
Hurlbut, Stephen A.* 
Kearny, Philip,* 

Keyes, Erasmus D. 
Kilpatrick, Judsox, 
Logan, John A.* 
Leggett, Mortimer D.* 
McCleknand, John A.* 
McCooK, Alex. McD. 
McDowell, Irvix, 
McPherson, James B. 

Meade, George G. 
Merritt, Wesley, 
Mii-Es, Nelson A.* 
Milroy, Robert H.* 
Mitchell, Ormsby M. 
Morell, George W. 

Morgan, Edwin D.* 
Mott, Gersham,* 
Mower, Joseph A.* 
Negley, James S.* 
Nelson, Wm."^" 
Newton, John, 
Oglesby, Richard J.* 
Ord, Edward 0. C. 



July 10, '63. 


Ohio. 


Sept. 17, '62. 


N. Y. 


Feb. 16, '63. 


111. 


May 27, '65. 


111. 


April 2, '65. 


Ohio. 


Sept. 19, '6i. 


Wis. 


Sept. 7, '63. 


N. Y. 


Nov. 29, '63. 


Pa. 


Nov. 29, '63. 


]\nch. 


Dec. 13, '64, 


Ohio. 


July 4, '63. 


Pa. 


Nov. 39, '62. 


Iowa. 


Feb. 10, '63. 


Mo. 


July 4, '62. 


Cal. 


Nov. 29, '63. 


Me. 


July 8, '6.3. 


Pa. 



Aug. 13, '61. 111. 
Sept. 17, '62. ill. 
ITuly 4, '63. N. J. 



July 4, '62. 


Me. 


June IS, '65. 


N. J. 


Nov. 39, '63. 


111. 


Aug. 26, '65. 


Ohio. 


March 21, '63. 


lU. 


July 17, '63. 


Ohio. 


March 14, '63. 


Ohio. 


Oct 8, '63. 


Ohio. 


Nov. 29, '63. 


D. C. 


April 1, '65. 


lU. 


Oct. 31, '65. 


Mass. 


Nov. 29, '63. 


lad. 


April 11, '62. 


N. y. 


July 4, '63. 


N. Y. 


Sept. 38, '61. 


N. Y. 




N.J. 


Aug. 12, '64. 


COUQ. 


Nov. 39, '63. 


Pa. 


July 17, '63. 


Ky. 


March 30, '63. 


Va. 


Nov. 29, '63. 


111. 


May 3, '62. 


D. C. 



Resigned Dec. 5, 1865. 

M. O. Jan. 15, '66. Died -Jan. 10, '76. 

Promoted Maj.-Gen. U. S. Army. 

Mustered out April 30, 1866. 

M. 0. Jan. 15, '66. Died Sept. 1.5, '67. 

Resigned April 13, 1863. 

Resigned Feb. 37, 1863. 

Brig.-Gen. U. S. Army. 

Mustered out Aug. 34, 1865. Died 

May 16, 1874. 

Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 

M. 0. Aug. 24, '65. Died May 1, '80. 

Resigned June 7, 1865. 

Mustered out Oct. 1, 1867. 

Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. 

Mustered out Jan. 1, 1869. 

Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. Died 

Dec. 37, 1883. 

Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 

Mustered out June 20, 1865. 

Killed in action at Chantilly, Va., 

Sept. 1, 1862. 

Resigned May 6, 1864. 

Resigned Jan. 1, 1866. 

Resigned Aug. 17, 1865. 

Resigned Sept. 38, 1865. 

Resigned Nov. 30, 1864. 

Resigned Oct. 21, 1865. 

Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. 

KiUed in action at Atlanta, Ga., 

July 22, 1864. 

Promoted Brig.-Gen. U. S. Army. 

Mustered out Feb. 1, 1866. 

Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. 

Resigned July 26, 1865. 

Died at Beaufort, S. C, Oct. 30, '62- 

Appointment expired March 4, '63. 

(See Brig.-Gen.) 

Resigned Jan. 1, 1863. 

Resigned Feb. 20, 1866. 

M. 0. Feb. 1, '66. Died Jan. 6, '70. 

Resigned Jan. 19, 1865. 

Died at LouisviUe, Ky., Sept. 39, '62. 

Appointment revoked April 18, '64. 

Resigned May 26, 1864. 

Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. Died 

July 33, 1883. 



GENERAL OFFICERS IN VOLUNTEER SERVICE. 63 !J 



Name. 



Date of 
Commission. 



Appointed 
from. 



Disposition. 



OsTERHAUS, Peter J.* 


July 23, '64. 


Mo. 


Palmer, John M.* 


Nov. 29, '63. 


111. 


Parke, John G. 


April 26, '62. 


Pa. 


Peck, John J. 


Jiily 4, '63. 


N. Y. 


Pleasonton, Alfred, 


Juae 32, '63. 


D. C. 


Pope, John, 


Marcti 21, '62. 


111. 


Porter, Fitz-John, 


July 4, '63. 


D. C. 


Potter, Robert B.* 


Sept. 29, '65. 


N. Y. 


Prentiss, Benj. M.* 


Nov. 29, '62. 


111. 


Reno, Jesse L. 


April 26, '63. 


Pa. 



Reynolds, John F. 

Reynolds, Joseph J. 
Richardson, Israel B. 

ROSECRANS, Wm. S. 

Rousseau, Lovell H.* 



Nov. 29, '62. Pa. 

Nov. 29, '63. Ind. 

July 4, '63. Mich. 

March 31, '62. Ohio. 

Oct. 8, '62. Ky. 



Schenck, Robert C* 


Aug. 30, '63. 


Ohio. 


ScHOFiELD, John M. 


Nov. 29, '63. 


111. 


ScHURZ, Carl,* 


March 14, '63. 


Wis. 


Sedgwick, John, 


July 4, '63. 


Conn, 


Sheridan, Philip H. 


Dec. 31, '62. 


Ohio. 


Sherman, Wm. T. 


May 1, '63. 


Ohio. 


Sickles, Daniel E.* 


Nov. 29, '62. 


N. Y. 


Sigel, Franz,* 


March 21, '62. 


Mo. 


Slocum, Henry W. 


July 4, '62. 


N. Y. 


Smith, Andrew J. 


May 13, '64. 


Pa. 


Smith, Charles F. 


March 31, '63. 




S^^TH, Giles A.* 


Nov. 24, '65. 


111. 


Smith, Wm. F. 


Mai-ch 9, '64. 


Vt. 


Stahel, Julius H.* 


March 14, '63. 


N. Y. 


Stanley, David S. 


Nov, 29, '63. 


Ohio. 


Steedman, James B.* 


April 20, '64. 


Ohio. 


Steele, Frederick, 


Nov. 29, '63. 


N. Y. 


Stevens, Isaac I. 


July 18, '63. 


W. T. 


Stonemaj^, Geo. 


Nov. 39, '62. 


N. Y. 


Strong, Geo. C. 


July 18, '63. 


Mass. 


Sumner, Edwin V,* 


July 4, '63. 


N. Y. 


SwAYNE, Wager,* 


June 20, '65. 


Ohio. 


Sykes, Geo, 


Nov. 29, '63. 


Md. 



Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 

Resigned Sept. 1, 1866. 

Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 

Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 

Mustered out Jan. 15, 186(;. 

Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. 

Left the service Jan. 31, 1863. 

Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 

Resigned Oct. 28, 1863. 

Killed in action at South Mountain, 

Md., Sept. 14, 1862. 

Killed in action at Gettysburg, Pa., 

July 1, 1863. 

Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. 

Died Nov. 3, '62, of wounds received 

at Antietam, Md. 

Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 

Resigned Nov. 30, 1865. Died Jan. 

7, 1869. 

Resigned Dec. 5, 1863. 
Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. 
Resigned May 6, 1865. 
Killed in action at Spottsylvania, 
Va., May 9, 1864. 
Brig.-Gen. U. S. Army Sept. 20, '64. 
Maj.-Gen. U. S. Army. 
Brig.-Gen. U. S. Army. 
Mustered out Jan. 1, 1868. 
Resigned May 4, 1865. 
Resigned Sept. 28, 1865. 
I^Eustered out Jan. 15, 1865. 
Died at Savannah, Tenn., April 
25, 1862. 

Mustered out Feb. 1, 1866. 
Resigned Nov. 4, 1865. 
Resigned Feb. 8, 1865. 
Mustered out Feb. 1, 1866. 
Resigned Aug. IS, 1866. 
Mustered out March 1, 1867. Died 
Jan. 12, 1868. 

Killed in action at ChantiUy, Va., 
Sept. 1, 1862. 
Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. 
Died July 30, '63, of wounds re- 
ceived at Ft. Wagner, S. C. 
Brig.-Gen. U. S. 'Army. 
Mustered out Aug. 22, 1867. 
Mustered out June 15, 1866. Died 
Feb. 8, 1880. 



(Uo 



GENERAL OFFICERS IN VOLUNTEER SERVICE!. 



N;ime. 



Date of 
Commission. 



Appointed, 
from. 



Disposition. 



Tekuy, Alfred H.* 
Thomas, Geo. H. 
Wallace, Lewis,* 

WaREEN, GOUVER>iELIR K. 

Washbuene, C. C* 
Weitzel, Godfket, 
Whipple, Amiel W. 

"Wilson, James II. 
Wood, Thomas J. 
WRiciHT, Horatio G. 



BRIGADIER-GENERALS IN VOLUNTEER SERVICE. 

1861-1865. 



Jan. 15, '65. 


Conn. 


Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. 


April 25, '63. 


Va. 


Brig. -Gen. U. S. Army. 


March 21, '62. 


Ind. 


Resigned Nov. SO, 1865. 


May 3, '63. 


N. Y. 


Resigned May 37, 1865. Died Aug. 

8, 1882. 


Nov. 29, '63. 


Wis. 


Resigned May 25, 1865. 


Nov. 17, '64. 


Ohio. 


Mustered out March 1, 1866. 


May 3, '63. 


Mass. 


Died May 7, 1863, of wounds re- 
ceived at Chancellorsville, Va. 


May 6, '65. 


111. 


Mustered out Jan. 8, 1S66. 


Jan. 2T, '65. 


Ky. 


Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. 


May 13, '64. 


Conn. 


Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. 



Abercrombie, John J. Aug. 31, '61. Tenn. 



Died 



Allen, Robert, 
AivoRD, Benjamin, 
Ames, Adelbert, 
Ammen, Jacob, 



May 23, '63. 
April 15, '63. 
May 33, '63. 
July 16, '63. 



Andrews, Christopher C* Jan. 5, '64. 
Andrews, George L. Nov. 10, '62. 

Arnold, Lewis G. Jan. 24, '62. 



Arnold, Richard, 



Nov. 29, '62. 



Ind. 

Vt. 

Me. 

Ohio. 

Minn. 

Mass. 

N.J. 

R.I. 



AsBOTH, Alexander,* 


March 21, '62. 




Augur, Christopher C. 


Nov. 12, 


'61. 


Mich. 


Averell, Wm. W. 


Sept. 36, 


'63. 


N. T. 


Atres, Rometn B. 


Nov. 29, 


'63. 


N. Y. 


Bailt, Joseph C* 


Nov. 10, 


'64. 


Wis. 


Baird, Absalom, 


April 38, 


'63. 


Pa. 


Baker, Lafayette C* 


April 26, 


'65. 


D. C. 


Barlow, Francis C* 


Sept. 19, 


'62. 


N. Y. 


Barnaed, John G. 


Sept. 23, 


'61. 


Mass. 


Barnes, James, 


Nov. 29, 


'62. 


Mass. 


Barnum, Henry A.* 


May 31, 


'65. 


N. Y. 


Barry, Wm. F. 


Aug. 30, 


'61. 


N. Y. 



Bartlett, Joseph J.* 
Bartlett, Wm. T.* 
Baxter, Henry,* 
Bayard, Geo. D. 



March 30, '63. , N. Y. 
June 20, '64. Mass. 
March 12, '63. Mich. 
April 38, '68, N. J, 



Mustered out June 24, 1864. 
Jan. 3, 1877. 

Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. 
Resigned Aug. 8, 1865. 
Mustered out April 30, 1866. 
Resigned Jan. 4, 1865. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Com. cancelled, he having been re- 
tired as Lt.-Col. U. S. A. Feb. 8, '64. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Died 
Nov. 8, 1882. 

Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Resigned May 18, 1865. 
Mustered out April 30, 1866. 
Resigned July 7, 1865. 
Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
May 14, 1883. 

Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Resigned Jan. 9, 1866. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
July 18, 1879. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Mustered out July 18, 1866. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Died Dec. 14, 1863, of wounds at 
Fredericksburg, Va. 



Died 



Died 



GENERAL OFFICERS IN VOLUNTEER SERVICE. 641 



Name. 



Date of 
Commission. 



Appointed 
from. 



Disposition. 



Beal, George L.* 


Nov. 30, '64. 


Me. 


Beattt, John,* 


Nov. 39, '62. 


Ohio. 


Beatty, Samuel,* 


Nov. 29, '63. 


Ohio. 


Belkxap, Wm. W.* 


July 30, '64. 


Iowa. 


Benham, Henry W. 


Aug. 13, '61. 


Conn. 


Benton, Wm. P.* 


April 38, '63. 


Ind. 


Berry, Hiram G.* 


March 17, '63. 


Me. 


Biddle, Charles J.* 


Aug. 31, '61. 


Pa. 


Bidwell, Daniel D.* 


Aug. 11, '64. 


N. Y. 


BiRGE, Henry W.* 


Sept. 19, '63. 


Conn. 


BiRNEY, David D.* 


Feb. 3, '62. 


Pa. 


BiRNEY, Wm.* 


May 22, '68. 


N. J. 


Blair, Frank P.* 


Aug. 7, '63. 


Mo. 


Blenker, Louis,* 


Aug. 9, '61. 


N. Y. 


Blunt, James G.* 


April 8, '62. 


Kan. 


Bohlen, Henry',* 


April 28, '61. 


Pa. 


BoWEN, James,* 


Oct. 11, '63. 


N. Y. 


Boyle, Jeremiah T.* 


Nov. 9, '61. 


Ky. 


Bradley, Luther P.* 


July 30, '64. 


111. 


Bragg, Edward S.* 


June 35, '64. 


Wis. 


Brannan, John M. 


Sept. 28, '61. 


Ind. 


Brayman, Mason,* 


Sept. 24, '62. 


111. 


Briggs, Henry S.* 


July 17, '62. 


Mass. 


Brisbin, Jajies S.* 


May 1, '65. 


U. S. A. 


Brooke, John R.* 


May 12, '64. 


Pa. 


Brooks, Wm. T. H. 


Sept. 28, '61. 


Ohio. 


Brown, Egbert B.* 


Nov. 29, '62. 


Mo. 


Buckingham, C. P. 


July 16, '63. 


Ohio. 


Buckland, Bat.ph p.* 


Nov. 29, '63. 


Ohio. 


Buell, Don Carlos, 


May 17, '61. 


Ind. 


BuroRD, John, 


July 27, '63. 


111. 


BuEORD, Napoleon B. 


April 15, '63. 


lU. 


Burbridge, Stephen G.* 


June 9, '63. 


Ky. 


BuRNHAM, Hiram,* 


April 36, '64. 


Me. 


Burns, Wm. W. 


Sept. 28, '61. 


Ohio. 


Burnside, Ambrose E. 


Aug. 6, '61. 


R. L 


BussEY, Cyrus,* 


Jan. 5, '64. 


Iowa. 


BUTTERFIELD, DANIEL,* 


Sept. 7, '61. 


N. Y. 


Caldwell, John C* 


AprU 38, '63. 


Me. 


Cameron, Robert A.* 


Aug. 11, '68. 


Ind. 


Cajnipbell, Charles T.* 


March 13, '63. 


Pa. 


Campbell, Wm. B.* 


June 30, '63. 


Tenn. 


Canby, Edward R. S. 


March 31, '63. 


Ind. 


Carlin, Wm. p. 


Nov. 29, '63. 


Ill, 



Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Resigned Jan. 38, 1864. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Mustered out Aug. 34, 1865. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Resigned July 34, 1865. 
Promoted to Major-Geaeral. 
Declined. 

Killed in action Oct. 19, 1864, at 
Cedar Creek, Va. 
Resigned Oct. 18, 1865. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, '65. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Discharged March 31, 1863. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
KiUed in action at Freeman's Ford, 
Va., Aug. 32, 1863. 
Resigned July 37, 1864. 
Resigned Jan. 26, 1864. 
Resigned June 30, 1865. 
Mustered out Oct. 9, 1865. 
Mustered out May 31, 1866. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Mustered out Dec. 4, 1865. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Resigned Feb. 1, 1866. 
Resigned July 14, 1864. 
Resigned Nov. 10, 1865. 
Resigned Feb. 11, 1863. 
Resigned Jan. 6, 1865. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Resigned Dec. 1, 1865. 
KiUed in action Sept. 30, 18(U, at 
Chapin's BlufE, Va. 
Resigned March 20, 1863. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Mustered out Aug. 34, 1865. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Resigned June 22, 1865. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Resigned Jan. 26, 1863. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865, 



41 



642 GENERAL OFFICERS IN VOLUNTEER SERVICE. 



Name. 



Date of 
Commission. 



Appointed 
from. 



Disposition. 



Carlton, Jajies II.* 
Carr, Eugene A. 
Carr, Joseph B.- 
Carrington, Henry B.* 
Carroll, Samuel S. 
Carter, Samuel P.* 
Casey, Silas, 
Catterson, Robert F.* 
Chamberlain, Joshua L.* 
Chambers, Alexander,* 



Champlin, Stephen G.* Nov. 29, '62. Mich. 

Chapman, George H.* 
Chetlain, Augustus L.* 
Chrysler, Morgan H.* 
Clayton, Powell,* 
Clark, Wm. T.* 
Cluseret, Gustave p.* 
Cochran, John,* 
Connor, Patrick E.* 
Connor, Selden,* 
Cook, John,* 
Cooper, James,* 
Cooper, Joseph A.* 
CoPELAND, Joseph T.* 
Corcoran, Michael,* 

Corse, John M.* 
Couch, Darius N. 
Cox, Jacob D.* 

Craig, James,* 
Cra-rtord, Samuel W.* 
Crittenden, Thomas T.* 
Crittenden, Thomas L.* 
Crocker, Maecellus M.* 

Crook, George, ^ 

Croxton, John T.* 
Cruet, Charles,* 
CuLLUM, Geo. W. 
Curtis, N. Martin,* 
Curtis, Samuel R. 
Custer, Geo. A. 
Cutler, Lysander,* 
Dana, Napoleon J. T. 
Davidson, John W. 



April 28, '6-2. Me. Mustered out April 30, 1866. 

March 7, 'C2. N. Y. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 

Sept. 7, '62. N. Y. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 

Nov. 29, '62. Ohio. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 

May 12, '64. D. C. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 

May 1, '62. Tenn. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 

Aug. 31, '61. R. I. Major-General Volunteers. 

May 31, '65. Ind. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 

June 18, '64. Me. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 

Aug. 11, '63. N. Y. Commission expired April 6, 1864. 

Not confirmed. 

Died at Grand Rapids, Mich., Jan. 

26, 1864. 

July 21, '64. Ind. Mustered" out Jan. 7, 1866. 

Dec. 18, '63. 111. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 

Nov. 11, '65. N. Y. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 

Aug. 1, '64, Kan. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 

May 31, '65. Iowa. Mustered out Feb. 1, 1866. 

Oct. 14, '62. Prance. Resigned March 2, 1863. 

July 17, '62. N. Y. Resigned Feb. 25, 1863. 

March 30, '63. Cal. Mustered out April 30, 1866. 

June 11, '64. Me. Mustered out April 7, 1866. 

March 21, '62. 111. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 

May 17, '61. Md. Died at Columbus, O., March 28, '63. 

July 30, '64. Tenn. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 

Nov. 29, '62. Mich. Resigned Nov. 8, 1865. 

July 21, '61. N. Y. Died at Fairfax C. H., Va., Dec. 

22, 1863. 

Aug. 11, '63. Iowa. Mustered out April 30, 1866. 

May 17, '61. Mass. Major-General Volunteers. 

May 17, '61. Ohio. Major-General Volunteers. 

March 21, '62. Mo. Resigned May 5, 1863. 

April 25, '62. Pa. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 

April 28, '62. Ind. Resigned May 5, 1868. 

Sept. 27, '61. Ky. Major-General Volunteers. 

Nov. 29, '62. Iowa. Died at Washington, D. C, Aug. 

26, 1865. 

Sept. 7, '62. Ohio. Major-General Volunteers. 

July 30, '64. Ky. Resigned Dec. 26, 1865. 

July 16, '62. Ind. Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 

Nov. 1, '61. Pa. Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. 

Jan. 15, '65. N. Y. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 

May 17, '61. Iowa. Major-General Volunteers. 

June 29, '68. Ohio. Major-General Volunteers. 

Nov. 29, '62. Wis. Resigned June 30, 1865. 

Feb. 3, '62. Minn. Major-General Volunteers. 

Feb. 3, '62. Va. Mustered out Jan. 15, 1806. 



GENERAL OFFICERS IX VOLUNTEER SERVICE. 



643 



Name. 



Date of 
Commission. 



Appointed 
from. 



Disposition. 



Davies, Henry E.* 
Davies, Thomas A. 
Davis, Edmund J.* 
D.vvis, Jeffeuson C* 

Deitzlek, Geo. W.* 
Dennis, Elias S.* 
Dent, Frederfck T. 
Denver, James W.* 
De Russy, Gustavus A.* 
De Trobriand, Philip R.* 
Devens, Charles,* 
Devin, Thojias C* 
Dewey, Joel A.* 
Dodge, Charles C* 
Dodge, Grenville M.* 
DooLiTTLE, Charles C* 
Doubleday', Absek, 
Dow, Neal,* 
DuFFiE, Alfred N.* 

DUMONT, EbENEZER,* 
DURYEA,' ABRAM,* 

Duv.AL, Isaac H.* 

DWIGHT, Wm.* 

Edwards, John,* 
Edwards, Oliver,* 
Egan, Thomas W.* 
Ellet, Alfred W.- 
Elliott, Washington L.* 
Emory, Wm. H. 
EsTE, Geo. P.* 
EusTis, Henry L. 
EwiNG, Hugh,* 
Ewing, Charles,* 
EwiNG, Thomas, Jr.* 
Fairchild, Lucius,* 
Farnsworth, John F.* 
Ferrero, Edward,* 
Ferry, Orris S.* 
Fessenden, Francis,* 
Fessenden, James D.* 
FiSK, Clinton B.* 
Force, Manning F.* 
Forsyth, Jabies W. 
Foster, Robert S.* 
Foster, John G. 
Franklin, Wm. B. 



Sept. 16, '63. 


N. y. 


Marcla 7, '62. 


N. Y. 


Nov. 10, '6-t. 


Texas. 


Dec. IS, '61. 


lad. 


Nov. 29, '62. 


Kan. 


Nov. 29, '62. 


111. 


April 5, '65. 


U. S. A. 


Aug. 14, '61. 


Cal. 


May 23, '63. 


Va. 


Jan. .5, '64. 


N. Y. 


AprillS, '62. 


Mass. 


Oct. 19, '64. 


N. Y. 


Dec. 13, '65. 


Ohio. 


Nov. 29, '62. 


N. Y. 


March 31, '62. 


Iowa. 


Jan. 27, '65. 


Mich. 


Feb. 8, '62. 


N. Y. 


April 28, '62. 


Me. 


June 23, '63. 


R. I. 


Sept. 3, '61. 


Ind. 


iVug. 31, '61. 


N. Y. 


Sept. 24, '64. 


W. Ya. 


Nov. 20, '62. 


N. Y. 


Sept. 26, '64. 


loAva. 


May 19, '65. 


Mass. 


Sept. 3, '64. 


N. Y. 


Nov. 1, '62. 


111. 


June 11, '62. 


Pa. 


March 17, '62. 


Md. 


June 26, '65. 


Ohio. 


Sept. 12, '63. 


Mass. 


Nov. 29, '62. 


Ohio. 


March S, '65. 


U. S. A. 


March 13, '63. 


Kan. 


Oct. 19, '63. 


Wis. 


Nov. 29, '62. 


111. 


May 6, '63. 


N. Y. 


March 17, '62. 


Conn. 


May 10, '64. 


Me. 


Aug. S, '64. 


Me. 


Nov. 24, '62. 


Mo. 


Aug. 11, '63. 


Ohio. 


May 19, '65. 


U. S. A. 


June 1 2, '63. 


Ind. 


Oct. 23, '61. 


N. IT. 


May 17, '61. 


Pa. 



Major-General Volunteers. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. 
Nov. 30, 1879. 
Resigned Aug. 27, 1863. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Mustered out April 30, 1866. 
Resigned March 5^ 1863. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Mu-stered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Mustered out Jan. 31, 1866. 
Resigned June 12, 1863. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Mustered out Nov. 30, 1865. 
Major-General Volunteer.^. 
Resigned Nov. 30, 1864. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1S65. 
Resigned Feb. 28, 1863. 
Resigned Jan. 5, 1863. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 18()6. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Resigned Dec. 31, 1864. 
Mustered out March 1, 1366. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Resigned Dec. 4, 1865. 
Resigned June 27, 1864. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Mustered out Dec. 1, 1865. 
Resigned Feb. 23, 1865. 
Resigned Nov. 2, 1863. 
Resigned March 4, 1863. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Resigned June 15, 1865. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Resigned Sept. 25, 1865. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Major-General Volunteers. 



Died 



644 GENERAL OFFICERS IN VOLUNTEER SERVICE. 



Name. 



Date of 
Commission. 



Appointed 
from. 



Disposition. 



French, Wm. H, 
Fry, Speed S.* 
Fuller, JoH]sr W.* 
Gamble, Wm.* 
Garfield, James A.* 
Garrard, Kenner, 
Garrard, Theophilus T.* 
Geart, John W.* 
Getty, Geo. W. • 
Gibbon, John, 
GiBBS, Alfred, 

Gilbert, James I.* 
GiLLEM, Alvan C. 

GiLLMORE, QUINCY A. 

Gordon, Geo. H. 
Gorman, Willis A.* 
Graham, Charles K.* 
Graham, Lawrence P.* 
Granger, Gordon, 
Granger, Robert S. 
Grant, Lewis A.* 
Grant, Ulysses S. 
Greene, Geo. S. 
Gregg, David McM. 
Gresham, Walter Q.* 
Grierson, Benjamin IL* 
Griffin, Charles, 
Griffin, Simon G.* 
Grose, Wm.* 
Grover, Cltvieb, 



Hackelman, Pleasant A.* April 38, '62. Ind. 



Sept. 28, '61. 


D. C. 


March 21, '62. 


Ky. 


Jan. 5, '64. 


Ohio. 


Sept. 25, '65. 


111. 


Jan. 11, '62. 


Ohio. 


July 23, '63. 


Ohio. 


Nov. 29, '62. 


Ky. 


April 25, '62. 


Pa. 


Sept. 25, '62. 


D. C. 


May 2, '62. 


N. C. 


Oct. 19, '64. 


N. T. 


Feb. 9, '65. 


Iowa. 


Aug. 17, '63. 


Tenn. 


April 28, '62. 


Ohio. 


June 9, '61. 


Mass. 


Sept. 7, '61. 


Minn. 


Nov. 39, '62. 


N. Y. 


Aug. 31, '61. 


Va, 


March 26, '62. 


N. Y. 


Oct. 20, '63. 


Ohio. 


April 27, '64. 


Vt. 


May 17, '61. 


111. 


April 38, '62. 


N. Y. 


Nov. 29, '63. 


Pa. 


Aug. 11, '63. 


Ind. 


June 3, '63. 


IH. 


June 9, '62. 


Ohio. 


May 12, '64. 


N. H. 


July 30. '64. 


Ind. 


April 14, '62. 


Me. 



Hamblin, Joseph E.* 
Hamilton, Andrew J.* 
Hamilton, Charles S. 
Hamilton, Schuyler, 
Hamlin, Cyrus,* 
Hancock, Winfield S. 
Hardin, Martin D. 
Harding, Abner C* 
Harker, Charles G. 

Harland, Edward,* 
Harris, Thomas M.* 
Harrow, Wm.* 



May 19, '65. 


N. Y. 


Sept. 18, '63. 


Texas. 


May 17, '61. 


Wis. 


Nov. 12, '61. 


N. Y. 


Dec. 3, '64. 


]Me. 


Sept. 33, '61. 


Pa. 


July 3, '64. 


lU. 


March 13, '63. 


HI. 


Sept. 20, '63. 


N.J. 


Nov. 29, '62. 


Conn. 


March 39, '65. 


W. Va. 


Nov. 39, '63. 


Ind. 



Major-General Volunteers. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Resigned Aug. 15, 1865. 
Mustered out March 13, 1S66. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Mustered out April 4, 1864. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Mustered out Oct. 9, 1866. 
Major-General Volunteei-s. 
Mustered out Feb. 1, 1866. Died 
Dec. 26, 1868. 

Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Mustered out May 4, 1864. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 186S. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Mustered out April 30, 1866. 
Resigned Feb. 3, 1865. 
Mustered out April 30, 1866. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Resigned Dec. 31, 1865. 
Mustered out Aug. 34, 1865. Died 
a Colonel of the Regular Armj-, 
June 6, 1885. 

Killed in action at Corinth, Miss., 
Oct. 3, 1862. 

Mustered out June 15, 1866. 
Resigned June 19, 1865. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Resigned June 3, 1863. 
Died June 27, 1864, of wounds re- 
ceived at Marietta, Ga. 
Resigned June 22, 1865. 
Mustered out April 30, 1866. 
Resigned April 30, 1865. 



GENERAL OFFICERS IN VOLUNTEER SERVICE. 



tU5 



Name. 



Date of 
Commission. 



Appointed 
from. 



Disposition. 



Haktranpt, John F.* 
Hartsuff, Geo. L. 
Hascall, Mii>o S. 
Haskin, Joseph A. 
Hatch, Edward,* 
Hatch, John P. 
Hautt, Hermann, 
Hawkins, John P. 
Hawlet, Joseph R.* 
Hates, Joseph,* 
Hates, Rutherford B.* 
Hats, Alexander, 

Hats, Wm. 
Hazen, Wm. B. 
Heckman, Charles A.* 
Heistzelman, Samuel P. 
Herron, Francis J.* 
HiNKS, Edward W.* 
HoBSON, Edward H.* 
Hooker, Joseph, 
Hovet, Alyin p.* 
Howard, Oliver 0. 
Howe, Albion P. 
Howell, Joshua B.* 

Humphrets, Andrew A. 
Hunt, Henrt J. 
Hunt, Lewis C. 
Hunter, David, ^ 

Hurlbut, Stephen A.* 
Ingalls, Rufus, 
Jackson, Conrad F.* 

Jackson, James S.* 
Jackson, Nathaniel J.* 
Jackson, Richard H.* 
jAivnsoN, Charles D.* 
Johnson, Andrew,* 
Johnson, Richard W. 
Jones, Patrick H.* 
Judah, Henrt M. 
Kane, Thomas L.* 
KIautz, August V. 
Kearnt, Philip,* 
Keim, Wm. H.* 
Kelley, Benjashn F.* 



May 12, '64. 


Pa. 


April 15, '62. 


Mich. 


April 25, '63. 


Ind. 


Aug. 5, '64. 


N. T. 


April 27, '64. 


Iowa. 


Sept. 28, '62. 


N. Y. 


Sept. 5, '62. 


Pa. 


April 13, '63. 


Ind. 


Sept. 18, '64. 


Conn. 


May 12, '64. 


Mass. 


Oct. 19, '64. 


Ohio. 


Sept. 26, '62. 


Pa. 


Nov. 29, '62. 


Tenn. 


Nov. 29, '62. 


Ohio. 


Nov. 29, '62. 


N.J. 


May 17, '61. 


Pa. 


July 16, '62. 


Iowa. 


Nov. 29, '62. 


Mass. 


Nov. 29, '62. 


Ky. 


May 17, '61. 


Cal. 


April 28, '62. 


Ind. 


Sept. 3, '61. 


Me. 


June 11, '62. 


Me. 


April 28, '62. 


D. C. 


Sept. 15, '62. 


Ohio. 


Nov. 29, '62. 


Mo. 


May 17, '61. 


lU. 


May 17, '61. 


111. 


May 23, '63. 


Me. 


July 17, '62. 


Pa. • 


July 16, '62. 


Ky- 


Sept. 24, '63. 


lie. 


May 19, '65. 


U. S. 1 


Sept. 3, '61. 


Me. 


Mar. 4, '62. 


Tenn. 


Oct. 11, '61. 


Ky- 


Dec. 6, '64. 


N. Y. 


March 21, '62. N. Y. 


Sept. 7, '62. 


Pa. 


May 7, '64. 


Ohio. 


May 17, '61. 


N.J. 


Dec. 30, '61. 


Penn. 


May 17, '61. 


Va. 



Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Resigned Oct. 27, 1864. 
Mustered out April 30, 1866. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
DecUned. 

Mustered out Feb. 1, 1866. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Resigned June 8, 1865. 
Killed in action at Wilderness, Va., 
May 5, 1864. 

Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Resigned May 25, 1865. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Resigned June 30, 1865. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865, 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Resigned Oct. 7, 1865. 
Major-General Volunteers: 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Died Sept. 14, 1864, near Peters- 
burg, Va. 

Major-General Volunteers. 
Mustered out April 30, 1866. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. 
KiUed Dec. 13, 1862, at Fredericks- 
burg, Va. 

Killed Oct. 8, '62, at Perryville, Ky. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
. Mustered out Feb. 1, 1866. 

Died at Old Town, Me., Nov. 6, '62. 
Resigned March 3, 1865. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Resigned June 17, 1865. 
Mustered out Aug. 34, 1865. 
Resigned Nov. 7, 1863. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Died May 18, 1862. 
Resigned June 1, 1865. 



646 



GENERAL OFFICERS IK VOLUNTEER SERVTCE. 



Name. 



Date of 
Commission. 



Appointed 
from. 



Dispositiotfi* 



Kenlt, John R.* 


Aug. 22, '62. 


Md. 


Ketcham, John H.* 


April 1, '65. 


N. Y. 


Ketchum, Wm. S. 


Feb. 3, '62. 


Conn. 


Ketes, Erasmus D. 


May 17, '61. 


Me. 


KiERNAN, James L.* 


Aug. 1, '63. 


N. T. 


KiLPATRICK, JUDSON, 


June 13, '63. 


N.J. 


Kimball, Nathan,* 


April 15, '62. 


Ind. 


King, John H.* 


Nov. 29, '62. 


Mich. 


King, Eufus, 


May 17, '61. 


Wis. 


KiRBT, Edmund, 


May 23, '63. 


U.S. A 


Kirk, Edward N.* 


Nov. 29, '62. 


m. 


Knipe, Joseph F.* 


Nov. 29, '62. . 


Pa. 


Lander, Frederick W.* 


May 17, '61. 


Mass. 


Lauman, Jacob G.* 


March 21, '62. 


Iowa. 


Lawler, Michael K.* 


Nov. 29, '62. 


III. 


Ledlie, James H.* 


Oct. 27, '68. 


N. T. 


Lee, Albert L.* 


Nov. 29, '62. 


Kan. 


Leggett, Mortimer D.* 


Nov. 29, '62. 


Ohio. 


LiGHTBURN, J. A. J.* 


March 14, '63. 


Va. 


LocKwooD, Henry H. 


Aug. 8, '61. 


Del. 


Logan, John A.* 


March 21, '62. 


111. 


Long, Eli,* 


Aug. 18, '64. 


Ky. 


Lowell, Charles R.* 


Oct. 19, '64. 


Mass. 


Lucas, Thomas J.* 


Nov. 10, '64. 


Ind. 


Lyon, Nathaniel, 


May 17, '61. 


U. S. A 


Lytle, Wm. H."- 


Nov. 29, '62. 


Ohio. 


Mackenzie, Ranald S. 


Oct. 19, '64. 




Maltbt, Jasper A.* 


Aug. 4, '63. 


lU. 


Manson, Mahlon D.* 


March 24, '62. 


Ind. 


Marston, Gilman,* 


Nov. 29, '62. 


N. H. 


MaRTINDALE, JOHN H. 


Aug. 9, '61. 


N. T. 


Mason, John S. 


Nov. 29, '62. 


Ohio. 


Matthies, Charles L.* 


Nov. 29, '62. 


Iowa. 


Mc Arthur, John,* 


March 21, '62. 


111. 


McCall, Geo. A. 


INlay 17, '61. 


^a. 


McClernand, John A.* 


May 17, '61. 


111. 


McCooK, Alexander McD 


Sept. 3, '61. 


Ohio. 


McCooK, Edward M.* 


April 27, '64. 


Ind. 


McCooK, Robert L.* 


March 21, '62. 


Ohio. 


McGiNNis, Geo. F.* 


Nov. 29, '62. 


Ind. 


McIntosh, John B.* 


July 21, '64. 




McKean, Thomas J. 


Nov. 21, '61. 


Iowa. 


McLean, Nathaniel C* 


Nov. 29, '62. 


Ohio. 



Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Resigned Dec. 2, 1865. 
Mustered out April 30, 1866. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Resigned Feb. 3, 1864. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Resigned Oct. 20, 1863. 
Died of wounds. May 28, 1863, at 
Chancellorsville, Va. 
Died at Chicago, 111., July 29, '63. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Died at Camp Chase, Va., Mar. 2, '62. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Resigned Jan. 23, 1865. 
Resigned May 4, 1865. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Resigned June 22, 1865. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Died Oct. 20, 1864, of wounds re- 
ceived at Middletown, Va. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Killed in action Aug. 10, 1861. 
Died of wounds Sept. 20, 18G3, at 
Chiekamauga. 

Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
MustereA out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Resigned Dec. 21, 1864. 
Resigned April 20, 1865. 
Resigned Sept. 13, 1864. 
Mustered out April 30, 1866. 
Resigned May 16, 1864. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Resigned March 31, 1863. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Died Aug. 6, 1862, of wounds re- 
ceived from Guerillas in Tenu. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 18G5. 
Mustered out April 30, 1866. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Resigned April 20, 1865. 



GENERAL OFFWETl,'^ TiV VOLUNTEER SEUYKJE. 



i'A\ 



Date of 
Commission. 



Appointed 
from. 



Disposition. 



McMillan, James W.* 


Nov. 29, '62. 


Ind. 


McNeil, John,* 


Nov. 29, '62. 


Mo. 


McPhersox, James B. 


May 15, '62. 


Ohio. 


Meade, Geo. G. 


Aug. 31, '61. 


D. C. 


Meagher, Thomas F.* 


Feb. 3, '62. 


N. T. 


Meredith, Solomon,* 


Oct. 6, '62. 


Ind. 


Meredith, Sullivan A."" 


Nov. 29, '62. 


Pa. 


Mbrritt, Wesley, 


June 29, '63. 


lU. 


Miles, Nelson A.* 


May 12, '64. 


Mass. 


Miller, John F.* 


Jan. 5, '64. 


Ind. 


Miller, Stephen,* 


Oct. 26, '63. 


Minn. 


MiLROY, Robert H.* 


Sept. 3, '61. 


Ind. 


Mitchel, Ormsby M. 


Aug. 9, '61. 


N. Y. 


Mitchell, John G.* 


Jan. 12, '6.5. 


Ohio. 


Mitchell, Robert B.* 


April 8, '62. 


Kan. 


Montgomery, Wm. R. 


May 17, '61. 


N. J. 


Morell, Geo. W. 


Aug. 9, '61. 


N. Y. 


Morgan, Charles H. 


March 21, '65. 


U. S. A. 


Morgan, Geo. W.* 


Nov. 12, '61. 


Ohio. 


Morgan, James D.* 


July 17, '62. 


lU. 


Morris, Wm H.* 


Nov. 29, '62. 


N. Y. 


Morton, James St. C. 


Nov. 29, '62. 


Pa. 


Mott, Gersham,* 


Sept. 7, '62. 


N. J. 


Mower, Joseph A.* 


Nov. 29, '62. 


Conn. 


Nagle, James,* 


March 13, '63. 


Pa. 


Naglee, Henry M. 


Feb. 4, '62. 


Pa. 


Nagley, James S.* 


Oct. 1, '61. 


Pa. 


Neill, Thoivl\.s H. 


Nov. 29, '62. 


Pa. 


Nelson, William,* 


Sept. 16, '61. 


U. S. N. 


Newton, John, 


Sept. 23, '61. 


Va. 


NicKERSON, Frank S.* 


Nov. 29, '62. 


Me. 


Oab^s, James, 


May 17, '61. 


Pa. 


Oglesby, Richard J.* 


March 21, '62. 


lU. 


Oliver, John M.* 


Jan. 12, '65. 


Mich. 


Opdyke, Emerson,* 


July 26, '65. 


Ohio. 


Ord, E. 0. C. 


Sept 14, '61. 


D. C. 


Orime, Wm. W.* 


Nov, 29, '62. 


111. 


OsBORN, Thomas 0.* 


May 1, '65. 


lU. 


Osterhaus, Peter J.* 


June 9, '62. 


Mo. 


Owens, Joshua T.* 


Nov. 29, '62. 


Pa. 


Paine, Charles J.* 


July 4, '64. 


Mass. 


Paine, Eleazer A. 


Sept. 3, '61. 


111. 


Paine, Halbert E.* 


March 13, '63. 


AVis. 


Palmer, Innis N. 


Sept. 23, '61. 


N. Y. 


Palmer, John M.* 


Dec. 20, '61. 


lU. 


Pakke, John Q, 


Nov. 23, '61. 


Pa. 



Resigned May 15, 1865. 
Resigned April 12, 1865. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Resigned May 15, 1865. 
Mustered out May 22, 1865. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Resigned Sept. 35, 1865. 
Resigned Jan. 18, 1864. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Resigned July 3, 1865. 
Mustered out .Jan. 15, 1866. 
Resigned April 4, 1 864. 
Mustered out Dec. 15, 1864. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Resigned June 8, 1863. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Mustered out Nov. 7, 1863. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
jMajor-General Volunteors. 
Resigned May 9, 1863. 
Mustered out April 4, 1864. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Mustered out Jan. 31, 1866. 
Resigned May 13, 1865. 
Declined. 

Major-General Volunteers. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Resigned Jan 1, 1866. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Resigned April 26, 1864. 
Resigned Sept. 28, 1865. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Mustered out July IS, 1864. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Resigned April 5, 1865. 
Resigned May 15, 1865. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1860. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Major-General Volunteers. 



648 GENERAL OFFICERS IN VOLUNTEER SERVICE. 



Name. 



Date of 
Commission. 



Appointed 
from. 



Disposition. 



Paesons, Lewis B.* 


May 11, 


'65. 


Mo. 


Patrick, Marsena K. 


March 17, '63. 


x\. T. 


Patteeson, Francis E.* 


April 11, 


'63. 


Pa. 


Paul, Gabriel E. 


April 18, 


'63. 


Mo. 


Peck, John J. 


Aug. 9, ' 


61. 


N. T. 


Penntpacker, Galusha,* 


Feb. 18, 


'65. 


Penn. 


Penrose, Wm. H.* 


June 27, 


'65. 


U. S. A. 


Phelps, John W. 


May 17, 


'61. 


Vt. 


Piatt, Abraham S.* 


April 28, 


'62. 


Ohio. 


Pierce, Btkon R.* 


June 7, ' 


64. 


Mich. 


Pile, Wm. A.* 


Dec. 26, 


'63. 


Mo. 


Pitcher, Thomas G. 


Nov. 29, 


'62. 


Ind. 


Pleasonton, Alfred, 


July 16, 


'62. 


D. C. 


Plcmmee, Joseph B. 


Oct. 22, 


'61. 


Mass. 


Pope, John, 


May 17, 


'61, 


lU. 


Porter, Andrew,* 


May 17, 


'61. 


Pa. 


Porter, Fitz-John, 


May 17, 


'61. 


D. C. 


Potter, Edward E.* 


Nov. 29, 


'62. 


N. T. 


Potter, Joseph H. 


May 1, '( 


55. 


N. H. 


Potter, Robert B.* 


March 13, '63. 


N. Y. 


Potts, Ben.tamin P.* 


Jan. 12, 


'65. 


Ohio. 


PowBLL, Wm. H.* 


Oct. 19, 


'64. 


Ohio. 


Pratt, Calvin E.* 


Sept. 13, 


'63. 


N. Y. 


Prentiss, Benjamin M.* 


May 17, 


'61. 


111. 


Prince, Henry, 


April 28, 


, '63. 


Me. 


QuiNBT, Isaac F. 


March 17, '61. 


N. Y. 


Ransom, T. E. G.* 


Nov. 29, 


'63. 


HI. 


Raum, Green B.* 


Feh. 15, 


'65. 


111. 


Rawlins, John A.* 


Aug. 11, 


'63. 


lU. 


Reid, Hugh T.* 


March 13, '68. 


Iowa. 


Reilly, James W.* 


July 30, 


'64. 


Ohio. 


Reno, Jesse L. 


Nov. 12, 


'61. 


Pa. 


Revere, Joseph W.* 


Oct. 25, 


'63. 


N.J. 


Reynolds, John F. 


Aug. 20, 


'61. 


Pa. 


Reynolds, Joseph J. 


May 17, 


'61. 


Ind. 


Rice, Americus V.* 


May 31, 


'65. 


Ohio. 


Rice, Elliott W.* 


June 20, 


'64. 


Iowa. 


Rice, Jajvies C* 


Aug. 17, 


'63. 


N. Y. 


Rice, Samuel A.* 


Aug. 4, ■ 


•63. 


Iowa. 


Richardson, Israel B. 


May 17, 


'61. 


Mich. 


RiCKETTS, James B. 


July 21, 


'61. 


N. Y. 


Roberts, Benjamin S. 


July 16, 


'63. 


Iowa. 


Robinson, James S.* 


Jan. 12, 


'65. 


Ohio. 


Robinson, John C* 


April 28, 


'63. 


N. Y. 



Mustered out April 30, 1866. 
Resigned June 13, 1865. 
Died Nov. 33, 1S63. 
Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Resigned April 30, 1866. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Resigned Aug. 21, 1862. 
Resigned Feb. 17, 1863. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Mustered out April 30, 1866. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Died at Corinth, Miss., Aug. 9, '62. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Mustered out April 4, 1864. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Resigned July 24, 1865. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Mustei-ed out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Resigned Jan. 5, 1865. 
Resigned April 25, 1863. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Mustered out April 30, 1866. 
Resigned Dec. 31, 1863. 
Died at Rome, Ga., Oct. 29, 1864. 
Resigned May 6, 1865. 
Brig. -Gen. U. S. Army. 
Resigned April 4, 1864. 
Resigned April 30, 1865. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Resigned Aug. 10, ^803. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Resigned Jan. 33, 1863. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Killed in action at Spottyslvania, 
Va., May 10, 1864. 
Died July 6, 1864, of wounds re- 
ceived at Jeulvins Ferry, Ark. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Mustered out April 30, 1866. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Mustered out Aug. 31, 1865. 
Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. 



GENERAL OFFICERS IN VOLUNTEER SERVICE. Gi'J 



Name. 



Date of 
Commission. 



Appoiiiled 
from. 



Disposition. 



Rodman, Isaac P.* 

Ross, Leonard F.* 
Rousseau, Lovell, H.* 
Rowley, Thomas A.* 
RucKEK, Daniel H.* 
RuGER, Thomas H. 
Russell, David A. 

Salomon, Frederick,* 
Sanborn, John B.* 
Sanders, Wm. P. 

Saxton, Rufus, 

SCAMMON, ElIAKIM P. 
SCHEMMELFINNIG, ALEX.* 

ScHENCK, Robert C* 

SCHOEPF, AlBIN,* 

Schofield, John M. 
ScHURZ, Carl,* 
Scott, Robert K.* 
Sedgwick, John, 
Seward, Wm. H., Jr.* 
Seymour, Truman, 
Shackleforb, James M.* 
Shaler, Alexander,* 
Shepard, Isaac F.* 

Sheplet, Geo. F.* 
Sheridan, Philip H. 
Sherman, Francis T.* 
Sherman, Thomas W, 

Sherman, Wii. T. 
Shields, James,* 
Sibley, Henry II." 
Sickles, Daniel E.* 
SiGEL, Franz," 
Sill, Joshua W. 

Slack, James R.* 
Slemmek, Adam J. 

Slocum, Henry" W. 
Slough, John P.* 
Smith, Andrew J. 



April 28, 


'62. 


R.I. 


April 25, 


'62. 


111. 


Oct. 1, '61. 


Ky. 


Nov. 29, 


'62. 


Pa. 


May 23, 


'63. 


Mich. 


Nov. 29, 


'62. 


Wis. 


Nov. 29, 


'62. 


N. Y. 


July 16, 


'62. 


Wis. 


Aug. 4, 


'63. 


Minn. 


Oct. 18, 


'63. 


U. S. A, 


April 15, 


'62. 


Muss. 


Oct. 15, 


'62. 


Ohio. 


Nov. 29, 


'62. 


Pa. 


May 17, 


'61. 


Ohio. 


Sept. 30, 


'61. 


Md. 


Nov. 21, 


'61. 


111. 


April 15, 


, '62. 


Wis. 


Jan. 12, 


'65. 


Ohio. 


Aug. 13, 


'61. 


Conn. 


Sept. 13, 


'64. 


N. T. 


April 28, 


, '62. 


Vt. 


Jan. 2, ' 


63. 


Ky. 


May 26, 


'63. 


N. Y. 


Oct. 27, 


'63. 


Mass. 



July IS, '62. Me. 

July 1, '62. Ohio. 

July 21, '65. lU. 

May 17, '61. R. I. 



May 17, 


'61. 


Ohio. 


Aug. 19, 


'61. 


Cal. 


Sept. 29, 


'62. 


Minn. 


Sept. 3, ■ 


'61. 


N. Y. 


May 17, 


'61. 


Mo. 


July 16, 


'62. 


Ohio. 


Nov. 10, 


'64. 


Ind. 


Nov. 29, 


'62. 


Pa. 



Aug. 9, '61. N. Y. 

Aug. 25, '62. C. T. 
March 17, '62. Pa. 



Di"d Sept., 1863, of wounds, Autie- 
tam, Md. 

Resigned July 22, 1863. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Resigned Dec. 29, 1864. 
Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. 
Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. 
Killed in action, Winchester, Va., 
Sept. 19, 1864. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Mustered out April 30, 1866. 
Died Nov. 19, 1863, of wounds re- 
ceived at Knoxville, Tenn. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Died at Weraersville, Pa., Sept. 7, 
1865. 

Major-General Volunteers. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Resigned July 6, 1868. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Resigned June 1, 1865. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Resigned Jan. 18, 1864. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Commission expired July 4, 1864. 
Not confirmed. 
Resigned July 1, 1865. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Mustered out April 30, '66. Maj.- 
Gen. U. S. A. DiedMarch 16, 1S79. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Resigned March 28, 1863. 
Mustered out April 30, 1866. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
KUled Dec. 81, 1862, at Stone 
River, Tenn. 

Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. Died 
Oct. 7, 1868. 

Major-General Volunteers. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Major-General Volunteers. 



650 GENERAL OFFICERS IN VOLUNTEER SERVICE. 



Kiime. 



Date of Appointed 
Comuiission. from. 



Dispositiou. 



Smith, Charles F. 


Aug. 31, '61. 


Pa. 


Smith, Giles A.* 


Aug. 4, '63. 


111. 


Smith, Green Clay,* 


June 11, '62. 


Ky. 


Smith, Johx E.* 


Nov. 29, '62. 


111. 


Smith, Morgan L.* 


July 16, '62. 


Mo. 


Smith, Thomas C. H."' 


Nov. 29, '62. 


Ohio. 


Smith, Thomas K.* 


Aug. 11, '63. 


Ohio. 


Smith, Wm. F. 


Aug. 13, '61. 


Vt. 


Smith, Wm. S. 


April 15, '63. 


Ohio. 


Smyth, Thomas A.* 


Oct. 1, '64. 


Del. 


SPE.4.RS, J AMES G.* 


March 5, '63. 


Tenn. 


Spinola, Francis B.* 


Oct. 1, '63. 


N. Y. 


Sprague, John W.* 


July 30, '64. 


Ohio. 


Spragdb, Wm.* 


May 17, '61. 


R I. 


Staiiel, Julius H.* 


Nov. 12, '61. 


N. Y. 


Stanley, David S. 


Sept. 28, '61. 


Ohio. 


Stannard, Geo. J.* 


March 11, '63. 


Vt. 


Starkweather, John C* 


July 17, '63. 


Wis. 


Steedman, James B.* 


July 17, '63. 


Ohio. 


Steele, Frederick, 


Jan. 29, '63. 


N. Y. 


Stevens, Isaac I. 


Sept. 38, '61. 


W. T. 


Stevenson, John D.* 


Nov. 29, '63. 


Mo. 


Stevenson, Thomas G.* 


Mar. 14, '63. 


Mass. 


Stokes, J-uies H. 


July 20, '65. 


111. 


Stolbrand, Carlos J.* 


Feb. IS, '65. 


lU. 


Stone, Charles P. 


May 17, '61. 


D. C. 


Stoneman, George, 


Aug. 13, '61. 


N. Y. 


Strong, Geo. C. 


Nov. 39, '62. 


Mass. 


Strong, Wm. K.* 


Sept. 38, '61. 


N. Y. 


Sturgis, Samuel D. 


Aug. 10, '61. 


Pa. 


Sullivan, Jeremiah C* 


April 38, '63. 




Sully, Alfred, 


Sept. 36, '63. 


Pa. 


Sweeny, Thomas W.* 


Nov. 39, '63. 


N. Y. 


Sykes, George, 


Sept. 38, '61, 


Md. 


Taylor, Geo. W.* 


May 9, '63. 


N.J. 


Taylor, Wilson,* 


Sept. 7, '63. 


N. Y. 


Terrell, Wm. R. 


Sept. 9, '63. 


U. S. A, 


Terry, Alfred H.* 


April 25, '63. 


Conn. 


Terry, Henry D.* 


July 17, '63. 


Mich. 


Thayer, John M.* 


March 13, '63. 


Neb. 


Thomas, Geo. II. 


Aug. 17, '61. 


Va. 


'J'lioMAS, Henry G.* 


Nov. 30, '64. 


Me. 



Major-General Volunteers. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Resigned Dec. 1, '63. 
Mustered out April 30, 1866. 
Resigned July 13, '65. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Resigned July 15, 1864. 
Died April 9, 1865, of wounds re- 
ceived in action, Farmville, Va. 
Left the service Aug. 30, 1864. 
Resigned June S, '65. 
Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. 
Declined. 

Major-General Volunteers. 
Majoi'-General Volunteers. 
Resigned June 38, 1866. 
Resigned May 11, 1865. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Resigned Jan. 15, 1866. 
Killed in action, Spottsylvania, Va., 
May 10, 1864. 

Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Mustered out Jau. 15, 1866. 
Mustered out April 4, 1864. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Resigned Oct. 30, 1863. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Resigned May 11, 1865. 
Mustered out April 30, 1866. Died 
April 37, 1879. 
Mustered out Aug. 34, 1865. 
Major-Geueral Voluuteers. 
Died Aug. 31, 1863, of wounds. 
Cub Run, Va. 
Resigned Jan. 19, 1863. 
Killed Oct. 8, '63, at Perryville, Ky. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Resigned Feb. 7, 1865. 
Resigned July 19, 1865. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 



GENERAL OFFICERS IN VOLUNTEER SERVICE. 051 



Date of 
Commission. 



Appointed 
from. 



Disposition. 



Thomas, Stephen,* 
Thruston, Charles M. 
TiBBITTS, Wm. B.* 
TiLLSON, Davis,* 

TORBERT, AXFRED T. A. 

To^\'ER, Zealous B. 
TuRCHiN, John B.* 
Turner, John W. 
TuTTLE, James M.* 
Tyler, Daniel, 
Tyler, Erastus B.* 
Ttler, Robert 0. 
Tyndale, Hector,* 
Ullman, Daniel,* 
Underwood, Adin B.* 
Upton, Emory, 



Feb. 1, '65. 
Sept. 7, '61. 
Oct. 18, '65. 
Nov. 29, '62. 
Nov. 29, '62. 
Nov. 23, '61. 
July 17, '62. 
Sept. 7, '63. 
June 9, '62. 
March 13, '62. 
May 14, '62. 
Nov. 29, '62. 
Nov. 29, '62. 
Jan. 13, '63. 
Nov. 6, '63. 
May 12, '64. 



Van Alen, James H.* 
Van CLEVii, Horatio P. 
Van Derveeu, Ferdinand,* 
Vandever, Wm,* 
Van Vliet, Stewart, 
Van Wyck, Charles H.* 
Veatch, James C* 
Viele, Egbert L. 
Vinton, Francis L. 
Vogdes Israel, 
Von Steinwehr, Adolpu,* 
Wade, Melancthon S.* 
Wadsworth, James S.* 

Wagner, George D.* 
Walcutt, Charles C* 
Wallace, W. H. L.* 

Wallace, Lewis,* 
Ward, John H. H.* 
Ward, Wm. T.* 
Warner, James M. 
Warren, Fitz-Henry,* 
Warren, Gouverneur K. 
Wasuburne, C. C* 
Watkins, Louis D.* 

Webb, Alexander S. 



April 15, '62. 
March 21, '62. 
Oct. 4, '64. 
Nov. 29, '62. 
March 13, '65. 
Sept. 27, '65. 
April 28, '62. 
Aug. 17, '61. 
March 13, '63. 

Nov. 29, '62. 

Oct 12, '61. 

Oct. 1, '61. 

Aug. 9, '61. 



Vt. 
Md. 
N. Y. 

Me. 

Del. 

Mass. 

lU. 

111. 

Iowa. 

Conn. 

Ohio. 

Conn. 

Pa. 

N. Y. 

Mass. 

N. Y. 

N. Y. 
Minn. 
Ohio. 
Iowa. 
N. Y. 
N. Y. 
Ind. 
N. Y. 
N. Y. 
Pa. 
N. Y. 
Ohio. 
N. Y. 



Nov. 29, '62. Ind, 
.July 30, '64. Ohio. 
March 21, '62. 111. 



Sept. 3, '61. 
Oct. 4, '62. 
Sept. 18, '61. 
May 8, '65. 
July 16, '62. 
Sept. 26, '62. 
July 16, '62. 
Sept. 25, '65. 



Ind. 
N. Y. 
Ky. 
Vt. 
Iowa. 
N. Y. 
Wis. 
D. C. 



Jan. 23, '63. N. Y. 



Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Resigned April 17, 1862. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Mustered out Jan. 17, 1867. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Resigned Oct. 4, 1864. 
Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. 
Resigned June 14, 1864. 
Resigned April 6, 1864. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Resigned Aug. 26, 1864. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Mustered out Sept. 1, 1865. 
Mustered out April 30, 1806. Died 
March 15, 1881. 
Resigned July 14, 1863. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Resigned June 15, 1865. 
Mustered out Aug 24, 1865. 
Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Resigned Oct. 20, 1863. . 
Resigned May 5, 1863. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Resigned June 15, 1865. 
Resigned March 18, 1862. 
KiUed in action. Wilderness, Va., 
May 6, 1864. 

Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Died April 10, 1862, of wounds re- 
ceived at Shiloh, Tenn 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Mustered out July 18, 1864. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 
Major-General Volunteers. 
Major-General Voluuteers. 
Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. Died 
March 29, ISGS. 
Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 



052 GENERAL OFFICERS IN VOLUNTEER SERVICE. 



'Saiwa. 


Date of 
Commission. 


Appointed 
from. 


Disporsitiou. 


Weber, Max,* 


April 28, 


'62. 


N. Y. 


Resigned May 13, 1865. 


Webster, Joseph D.* 


Nov. 29, 


'62. 


lU. 


Resigned Nov. 6, 1865. 


Weitzel, Godprev, 


Aug. 29, 


'62. 


Ohio. 


Major-General Volunteers. 


Welch, Thomas,* 


March 13, '63. 


Pa. 


Died at Cincinnati, 0., Aug. 14, '63 


Wells, Wm.* 


May 19, 


'65. 


Vt. 


Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 


Wessels, Henry W. 


April 25, 


'62. 


Conn. 


Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 


West, Joseph R.* 


Oct. 25, 


'62. 


Cal. 


Mustered out Jan. 4, 1866. 


Wheaton, Frank,* 


Nov. 29, 


'62. 


R. I. 


Mustered out April 30, 1866. 


Whipple, Amiel W. 


April 14, 


'61. 


Mass. 


Major-General Volunteers. 


Whipple, Wm. D. 


July 17, 


'63. 


N. Y. 


Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 


White, Julius,* 


Juue 9, ' 


62. 


111. 


Resigned Nov. 19, 1864. 


Whittaker, Walter C* 


June 25, 


'63. 


Ky. 


Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 


Wild, Edward A.* 


April 24, 


1863. 


, Mass. 


Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 


WiLLCOx, Orlando B. 


July 21, 


'61. 


Mich. 


Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 


Williamson James A.* 


Jan. 13, 


'65. 


Iowa. 


Mustered out Aug. 24, 1865. 


Williams, Alpheus S.* 


May 17, 


'61. 


Mich. 


Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 


Williams, Seth, 


Sept. 23, 


, '61. 


Me. 


Died March 23, 1866. 


Williams, Thomas, 


Sept. 28, 


'61. 


Mich. 


Killed in action at Baton Rouge, 
La., Aug. 5, 1862. 


WiLLiGH, August,* 


July 17, 


'62. 


Ind. 


Mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 


Wilson, James H. 


Oct. 30, 


'63. 


111. 


Major-General Volunteers. 


Wistar, Isaac,* 


Nov. 29, 


'02. 


Pa. 


Mustered out Sept. 15, 1864. 


Wood, Thomas J. 


Oct. 11, 


'61. 


Ky. 


Major-General Volunteers. 


Woodbury, Daniel P. 


March 19, '62. 


N. H. 


Died at Key West, Fla., Aug. 15, '64: 


Woods, Charles R. 


Aug. 4, • 


'63. 


Ohio. 


Mustered out Sept. 1, 1866. 


Woods, Wm. B* 


May 31, 


'65. 


Ohio. 


Mustered out Feb. 17, 1866. 


Wright, Geo. 


Sept. 28, 


'61. 


Vt. 


Lost at sea July 30, 1865. 


Wright, Horatio G. 


Sept. 14, 


'61. 


Conn. 


Major-General Volunteers. 


ZooK, Samuel K.* 


Nov. 29, 


'62. 


N. Y. 


Killed in action at Gettysburg, Pa., 



July 3, 1863. 



Note. — The names of those whose commissions were vacated, expired by limitation, declined, 
canceled, etc., and of those who received brevet commissions, have not been given for want of space. 



OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY, 

As Appears from the Official Army Hegister for the Tear 1860. 

ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED. 

Those names marked with a star (*) loft the United States Army in 1861, most of whom 
joined the enemy. 



Kank. 



Original entry Appointed 
into Service. from. 



Abadie, Eugexe H. 
Abbot, Henry L. 
Abbot, Robekt O. 
Abeel, James S. 
Aberchombie, John J. 
Abert, James W. 
Abekt, John J. 
Abert, Wm. S. 
Adams, John,* 
Alexander, Barton S. 
Alexander, Charles T. 
Alexander, Edmund B. 
Alexander, Edward P.* 
Alexander, James B. S.* 
Alexander, Richard H. 
Alexander, Thomas L. 
Allen, Harvey A. 
Allen, Robert, 
Alley, John W. 
Alvord, Benjamin, 
Amory, Thomas J. C. 
Andersen, Allen L. 
Anderson, Charles 1).* 
Anderson, George B.* 
Anderson, Richard H.* 
Anderson, Robert, 
Anderson, Robert H.* 
Anderson, Samuel S.* 
Anderson, Wm. W. 
Andrews, George, 
Andrews, Georgj P. 
Andrews, Timothy P. 
Archer, James J.* 
Archer, Samuel, 
Armistead, Frank S.* 
Armistead, Lewis A.* 
Armstrong, Francis C* 
Arnold, Abraham K. 
Arnold, Lewis G. 
Arnold, Richard, 
Augur, Christopher C. 

AUSTINE, AVm. 

Averell, Wm. W. 



Major-Surgeon. 

1st Lieut. 

Capt., Assist.-Surg. 

Brevet 2d Lieut. 

Lt. Col. 

Captain. 

Colonel. 

1st Lieut. 

Captain. 

Captain. 

1st Lt., Assist.-Surg. 

Colonel. 

2d Lieut. 

2d Lieut. 

Capt., Assist.-Surg. 

Major. 

Captain. 

Captain. 

1st Lieut. 

Major, Paymaster. 

1st Lieut. 

2d Lieut. 

1st Lieut. 

1st Lieut. 

Captain. 

Major. 

2d Lieut. 

Captain. 

Capt., Assist.-Surg. 

Lt. Col. 

Captain. 

Lt.Col.,Dep.P.M.Gcn, 

Captain. 

1 st Lieut. 

2d Lieut. 

Captain. 

1st Lieut. 

Brevet 2d Lieut. 

Captain. 

1st Lieut. 

Captain. 

Caijtain. 

3d Lieut. 



M. D. 
Topo. Eng. 
M. D. 
M. S. K. 
3d Inf. 
Topo. Eug. 
Topo. Eug. 
4th Artillery. 
1st Drag. 
Eug. Corps. 
M. D. 
10th Inf. 
Eng. Corps. 
9th Inf. 
M. D. 
8 th Inf. 
2d Artillery. 
A. Q. M. 
3d Inf. 
Pay Dep't. 
7th Inf. 
5th Inf. 
4th Artillery. 
2d Drag. 
2d Drag. 
1st Artillery. 
9th Inf. 
2d Artillery. 
M. D. 
6th Inf. 
3d Artillery. 
Pay Dep't. 
9th Inf. 
5th Inf. 
10th Inf. 
6th Inf. 
2d Drag. 
2d Cavali'y. 
2d Artillery. 
3d Artillery. 
4th Inf. 
3d Artillery. 
M't'd Riflemen. 



July 4, 1836. Penn. 

July 1, 1854. Mass. 

Nov. 23, 1S49. Penn. 

May 3, 1813. N. Y. 

July 1, 1822. Tenu. 

July 1, 1842. D. C. 

Nov. 22, 1814. D. C. 

June 18, 1855. D. C. 

July 1, 1846. Tenn. 

July 1, 1842. Ky. 

Oct. 1, 1856. Ark. 

July 1, 1823. Ky. 

July 1, 1857. Ga. 

July 1, 1856. Va. 

Dec. 2, 1853. Ky. 

July 1, 1830. Ky. 

July 1, 1841. N. C. 

July 1, 1836. Ind. 

July 1, 1850. Me. 

July 1, 1833. Vt. 

July 1, 185 L Mass. 

July 1, 1859. Ohio. 

June 27, 1856. Texas. 

July 1 , 1 852. N. C. 

July 1, 1842. S. C. 

July 1, 1825. Ky. 

July 1, 1857. Ga. 

July 1, 1841. Va. 

June 29, 1849. S. C. 

.July 1, 1823. D. C. 

July 1, 1845. N. C. 

May 22, 1822. D. C. 

April 9, 1847. Md. 

June 28, 1848. Army. 

July 1, 1856. Va. 

July 10, 1839. Va. 

June 7, 1855. Texas. 

July 1, 1859. Pa. 

July 1, 1837. N. J. 

July 1, 1856. R. I. 

July 1, 1843. Mich. 

July 1, 1838. Conn. 

July 1, 1855. N. T. 

(653) 



Oott 



OFFICERS OF THE UXITED STATES ARMY. 



>'"aine. 


Eank. 


Serving in. 


Oriiinfll enrrv 


Appointed 








ir:o Sorvice. 


from. 


Atieks, Eometx B. 


1st Lieut. 


3d ArtiUerv. 


Julv 1, 1S47, 


N. T. 


Babbitt, Edwis B. 


Captain. 


A. Q. M. 


Julv 1, 1S26. 


Ind. 


Bachz, Hartmax, 


Major. 


Topo. Eng. 


Julv 24, ISIS. 


Pa- 


Backus, Elzctts, 


Lieut. CoL 


3d Inf. 


Julv 1, 1S24. 


N. T. 


Baglet, Edwai:d F. 


1st. Lieut. 


4tli ArtiDerv. 


Sept. 25, 1S4T. 


Ala. 


Bailet, Golfokd D. 


2d Lieut. 


2d ArtiUerv. 


Julvl, 1S56, 


X. T. 


Bmtft, Joseph H. 


Capt., Assist.-Srj-g. 


M. D. 


Nov, 28, 1S34. 


N. T. 


Batlt, Eusha J. 


Capt., Assist.-Surg. 


M. D. 


Feb. 16, 1547, 


Pa. 


Batlt, Joseph C. 


1st Lt., Assist.-Surg. 


M. D. 


Oct. 27, 1S57, 


Pa. 


Baxn-betdge. Edmotd C. 


1st Lieut. 


4tli Artillery. 


Julv 1, 1S56. 


N. Y. 


BaIRD, ABSAL05I. 


1st Lieut. 


1st ArtiUerv. 


Julv 1, 1849. 


Pa. 


BaKFE, EUGE>-E 31. 


Brevet 2J Lieut. 


2d Drag. 


Julv 1, 1S59. 


N. T. 


Bmtfr, Laurexce S.* 


•2d Lieut. 


M'fdRiflemen 


. July 1, 1S51. 


X. C, 


Baxch, George T. 


1st Lieut. 


Ord. Dep. 


Julv 1, 1S51. 


Ohio. 


Baldtvts^, Briscoe G., Jr. 




M. S. K. 


Oct. 3, 1851. 


Ala. 


Ba>. K H H AT). HE>Tty C. 


1st Lieut. 


5th Inf. 


Julv 1, 1850. 


Ya. 


Barxakd, Joh^t G. 


Major, 


Ens, Corps. 


July 1, 1833. 


Mass. 


Barxes, Joseph K. 


Major and Surg. 


M.^D. 


June 15, 1S40. 


Pa. 


Barriger. Jonx W. 


2d Lieut. 


2d Artillery. 


Julv 1, 1856, 


Kv. 


Barry, Wm. F. 


Captain. 


2d ArtiUerv. 


July 1, 1S38, 


N. r. 


Bartholott, Koberts, 


1st Lt., Assist.-Surg. 


M. D. 


June 4, 1S57. 


Md. 


Bartox, Seth >[.* 


Captain. 


1st Inf. 


July 1, 1849. 


Va. 


Bascom, George X. 


2d Lieut. 


7th Inf. 


Julv 1, 1S58. 


Ky. 


Bates, Fr.k^xcis H. 


1st Lieut. 


4th Inf. 


July 1, 1850. 


Mass. 


Batakd, George D. 


2a Lieut. 


1st Cavalry. 


July 1, 18-56. 


X.J. 


Bati-or, Thomas G. 


Brevet 2d Lieut. 


Ord. Dep." 


Julv 1, 1857. 


Va, 


Beach, Fi^axlis, 


2d Lieut. 


4th ArtiUery. 


Jtdy 1, 1857, 


Conn. 


Beall, Bexjamix' L. 


Lieut. Col. 


1st Drag. 


•June 8, 1836. 


D, C. 


Beaix, Lloyt>, 


1st Lieut. 


2d LieuL 


March 29, 1848 


, Mo. 


Beaix, Lloyd J.* 


ilajor. Pavuuister. 


P. D. 


Julv 1, 1830. 


Md. 


Beall, Wm. N. R.* 


Captaiu. 


1st Cavalry. 


July 1, 1848. 


Ark, 


Beauregard. Peter G. T. 


* Captain. 


Eng. Corp,^. 


July 1, 1838. 


La. 


Beckham, Robert F.* 


Brevet 2d Lieut. 


Topo. Eng. 


Julv 1, 18.59. 


Va. 


Beckwith, Amos, 


1st Lieut. 


1st ArtiUery. 


Julv 1, 1850. 


vt. 


Beckwtth, Edward G. 


Captain. 


3d ArtiUerv. 


Julvl, 1842, 


X. T. 


Bee. Barxard E.* 


Captain. 


10th Inf. 


July 1, 1845, 


X. C, 


Belger, James, 


Captain. 


A. Q. M. 


Oct", 15, 1S3S. 


Army. 


Bell, David, 


1st Lieut. 


1st Cavalry. 


•Julv 1, 1851. 


Iowa. 


Bell, George, 


1st Lieut. 


1st ArtiUery. 


Julv 1, 1853. 


Md. 


Bell, \Vm. H. 


Major. 


Ord. Dep. ' 


July 1, 1820. 


X. C. 


Bell, Wm. H. 


2d Lieut. 


3d Inf. 


July 1, 1858. 


Pa. 


Beltox, Fraxcis S. 


Colonel 


4th Artillery. 


March 27, 1812. 


, Md. 


Bextit, Stephex \'. 


1st Lieut. 


Ord. Dep. 


.lulv 1, 1849, 


Fla 


Bex-ham. Hexry W, 


Captain. 


Eug. Corps. 


July 1, 1837. 


Conn. 


Bexxett, Clarexcl- F. 


2d Lieut. 


10th Inf. 


July 1, 1855. 


X, Y. 


Bexsox, Hexrt, 


1st Lieut. 


2d ArtiUerj-. 


June 28, 1848. 


Armv. 


Bextox, James G. 


Captain. 


Ord. Dep, 


Julv 1, 1842. 


X. H. 


Berrt, Thomas J. 


2d Lieut. 


2d Drag. 


Julv 1, 1S57. 


Ga. 


Best, ClermoxtL. 


1st Lieut. 


4th ArtiUerv-. 


July 1, 1847. 


X. T. 


Biggs, IIermax, 


2d Lieut. 


1st Inf. 


July 1, 1856. 


X. T. 


BlXGHAM, JCDSON D. 


1st Lieut. 


2d ArtiUerv, 


Jul"v 1, 1854. 


Ind. 


BiSSELL, LyMAX, 


1st Lieut. 


9th Inf. 


April 9, 1847. 


Conn. 


Black, Hexky M, 


Captain. 


9th Inf. 


July 1, 1S47. 


Pa, 


Blair, AVm. B.* 


Captain. 


Com"s"vof Sub 


1. Julv 1, 1S3S. 


Va. 


Blake, Edward D.* 


1 st Lieut. 


Sth Inf. 


Julv 1, 1847. 


S. C. 


Blake. George A. H. 


Major. 


1st Drag. 


Julv 11. 1S36. 


Pa. 


Bliss. Zenas R. 


2d Lieut, 


Sth Inf." 


July 1, 1854. 


K. I. 


Bluxt, Charles E. 


1st Lieut. 


Eug. Corps. 


July 1, 1846. 


X. Y. 



OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY 



055 



Name. 



Rank. 



Serving in. 



Oriixiiial entry Apvoiutod 
into Scvvico. from. 



Bluxt, Matthew M. 
BOGGS, Wm. R.* 

BOMFORD, J.VMES V. 

BOX15, Adolphus F. 
BoxsE.vr, Richard V. 
Bonneville, Benj. L. E. 
bonnycastle, john c. 
Bootes, Levi C. 
Bowman, Alexanx^er H. 
Bowman, Andrew W. 
Brackett, Albert G. 
Bradford, James A. J. 
Bradfute, Wm. R." 
Bhannan, John M. 
Breck, Samuel, Jr. 
Brewer, Charles,* 
Brewer, Richard II.* 
Brewerton, Henry, 
Brice, Bex-iamin W. 
Bristol, Henry B. 
Bkodie, Robert L. 
Brooks, Edward J. 
Brooks, Horace, 
Brooks, Wm. T. H. 
Brotherton, David H. 
Brown. Harvey, 
Brown, John A.* 
Brown, Joseph B. 
Brown, Nathan W. 
Bryan, Francis T. 
Bryant, Montgomery, 
Buchanan, Robert C. 
BuELL, Don Carlos, 
BuFORD, John, Jr. 
Burbank, Sidney, 
Burke, Martin, 
Burnet, Wm. E. 
Burns, Wm. W. 
Burton, Henry S. 
Bush, Edward Ct. 
Butler, John B. 
Butler, Wm. 
Byrne, Bernard M. 
Cabell, Wm. L.* 
Cady, Albemarle, 
Caldwell, James N. 
Callender, Franklin 
Camp, Elisha E. 
Campbell, John, 
Campbell, Reuben P. 
Canby, Edward R. S. 
Carey, Asa B. 
Carleton, James H. 
Carlin, Wm. p. 
CIarling, Elias B. 
Carlisle, Josiah H. 
Carlton, Caleb H. 
Carpenter, Stephen 



1st Lieut. 

1st Lieut. 

Captain. 

1st Lieut. 

2d Lieut. 

Colonel. 

1st Lieut. 

1st Lieut. 

jMajov. 

Captain. 

Captain. 

Captain. 

Captain. 

Captain. 

2d Lieut. 

1st Lt., Assist. -Surg 

2d Lieut. 

Major. 

Major, Paymaster. 

2d Lieut. 

Capt., Assist.-Surg. 

2d Lieut. 

Captain. 

Captain. 

1 st Lieut. 

Major. 

Captaiu. 

Capt. and Assist.-Surg, 

Major and Paymaster. 

1st Lieut. 

2d Lieut. 

Major. 

Captaiu. 

Captain. 

Major. 

Major. 

2d Lieut. 

Captain. 

Captain. 

2d Lieut. 



2d Lieut. 

Major and Surgeon. 
Captain. 
Major. 
Captaiu. 
D. Captain. 

2d Lieut. 

Capt. and Assist.-Surg 

Captain. 

Major. 

2d Lieut. 

Captain. 

1st Lieut. 

Brevet 2d Lt. 

Captain. 

Brevet 2d Lt. 
D. Captain. 



2d Artillery. 
Ord. Dep. 
8th Inf. 
2d Inf. 
3d Inf. 
3d Inf. 
4th Inf. 
6th Inf. 
Eng. Corps. 

Sdluf. 

2d Cavah-y. 

Ord. Dep. 

2d Cavah-y. 

1st Artillery. 

1st Artillery. 

M. D. 

1st Drag. 

Eng. Corps. 

P. b. 

5th Inf. 
M. D. 
Sth Inf. 
2d Artillery. 
3d Inf. 
.5th Inf. 
2d Artillery. 
4th Artillery 
M. D. 
P. D. 
Topo. Eng. 
6th Inf. 
4th Inf. 
As't.Adj.-Gen. 
2d Drag. 
1st Inf. 
2d Artillery. 
1st Inf. 
Com's'y of Sub 
3d Artillery. 
10th Inf. 
M. S. K. 
2d Artillery. 
M. D. 
A. Q. M. 
6th Inf. 
1st Inf. 
Ord. Dep. 
9th Inf. 
M. D. 
2d Drag. 
10th Inf. 
7th Inf. 
1st Drag. 
6th Inf. 
2d Artillery. 
2d Artillery. 
7th Inf. 
1st Inf. 



July 1, 1853. 
Julv 1, 1858. 
July 1, 1833. 
July 1, 1851. 
July 1, 1852. 
Dec. 11, 1815. 
June 27, 1848. 
June 28, 1848. 
July 1, 1835. 
July 1, 1841. 
March 3, 1855. 
July 1, 1827. 
March 3, 1855. 
July 1, 1841. 
July 1, 1855. 
Aug. 29, 1856. 
July 1, 1858. 
July 1, 1819. 
July 1, 1829. 
May 15, 1857. 
Mnv 15, 1854. 
Juiie 30, 1855. 
July 1, 1835. 
July 1, 1841. 
July 1, 1854. 
July 14, 1818. 
July 1, 1846. 
June 29, 1849. 
Sept. 5, 1849. 
July 1,1846. 
Feb. 21, 1857. 
July 1, 1830. 
July 1,1841. 
July 1, 1848. 
July 1, 1829. 
Jan. 28, 1820. 
Feb. 21, 1857. 
.July 1, 1847. 
July 1, 1839. 
July 1, 1859. 
June 25, 1846. 
June 7, 1855. 
May 20, 1836. 
July 1, 1850. 
July 1, 1829. 
July 1, 1840. 
July 1, 1839. 
Aug. 28, 1847 
Dec. 13, 1847 
July 1, 1840. 
July 1, 1839. 
Jul'y 1, 1858. 
Oct. IS, 1839 
July 1, 1850. 
July 1, 1859. 
July 1, 1845. 
Julv 1, 1859. 
July 1, 1840. 



N. Y. 

Ga. 
D. C. 
Ohio. 
Ala. 
N. V. 

Va. 

Arinv. 

Pa. ' 

Pa. 

Ind. 

Ky. 

Tenn. 

Ind. 

Mass. 

Md. 

Md. 

N. Y. 

Ohio. 

Mich. 

S. C. 

jNIich. 

Mass. 

Obio 

Pa. 

N.J. 

Md. 

Mich. 

N. Y. 

N. C. 

Mo. 

D. C. 

Ind. 

111. 

Mass. 

D. C. 

Texas. 

Ohio. 

Vt. 

111. 

Pa. 

Kaus. 

Md. 

Va. 

N. H. 

Ohio. 

N. Y. 

111. 

N. Y. 

N. C. 

Ind. 

Conn. 

Me. 

HI. 

Md. 

Me. 

Ohio. 

Me. 



05G 



OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY. 



Name. 


Rank. 


Serving in. 


Original entry 
into Service. 


Appointed 
from. 


Caer, Eugene A. 


Captain. 


1st Cav. 


July 1, 1850. 


N. T. 


Carr, George W.* 


1st Lieut. 


9th Lnf. 


April 9, 1847. 


Va. 


Carr, Milton T. 


1st Lieut. 


1st Dj-ag. 


July 1, 1854. 


Va. 


Carroll, Samuel S. 


2d Lieut. 


10th Inf. 


July 1, 1856. 


D. C. 


Carswell, Wm. a. 


1st Lieut., Ass't-Surg, 


. M. D. 


Nov. 29, 1859. 


S. c. 


Casey, Silas, 


Lieut. Col. 


9th Inf. 


July 1, 1826. 


R. L 


Casey, Thomas L. 


1st Lieut. 


Eng. Corps. 


July 1, 1852. 


R. L 


Chalfin, Samuel F. 


1st Lieut. 


1st ArtiUery. 


July 1, 1847. 


111. 


Chambers, Alexander, 


1 st Lieut. 


5th Inf. 


July 1, 1853. 


N. T. 


Chambliss, Wm. P. 


1st Lieut. 


2d Cav. 


March 3, 1855. 


Tenn. 


Chandler, Daniel T. 


Captain. 


3d Inf. 


Aug. 1, 1838. 


La. 


Chandler, John G. 


] st Lieut. 


3d Artillery. 


July 1, 1853. 


Mass. 


Chapin, Gurden, 


1 st Lieut. 


7th Inf. 


July 1, 1851. 


Va. 


Chapman, Alfred B. 


] st Lieut. 


1st Drag. 


July 1, 1854. 


Ala. 


Chapman, Wm. 


Captain. 


5th Inf. 


July 1, 1831. 


Md. 


Chase, Daniel, 




M. S. K. 


April 16, 1856. 


Cal. 


Childs, Frederick L. 


2(1 Lieut. 


1st Artillery. 


July 1, 1855. 


N. C. 


Chilton, Robeist H.* 


Major and Paj-master. 


P. D. 


July 1, 1837. 


Va. 


Church, John R. 


2d Lieut. 


1st Cav. 


July 1, 1855. 


Ga. 


Churchill, Chas. C. 


1st Lieut. 


3d Artillery. 


March 3, 1848. 


Pa. 


Churchill, Sylvester, 


Colonel. 


Inspector Gee 


I. March 12, 1812 


. Vt. 


Claflin, Ira W. 


2d Lieut. 


M't'd Riflemen. July 1, 1857. 


Iowa. 


Claiborne, Thomas, Jk. 


* Captain. 


M't'dRiflemei 


I.May 27, 1846. 


Tenn. 


Clark, Darius D. 


1st Lieut. 


. 6th Inf. 


July 1, 1849. 


N. T. 


Clark, Michael M. 


Major. 


Q. M. 


July 1, 1826. 


Va. 


Clarke, Francis N. 


Captain. 


4th Artillery. 


July 1, 1840. 


N. T. 


CLA.RKE, Henry F. 


Captain. 


Com's'y of Sub. July 1, 1843. 


Pa. 


Clarke, Joseph C, Jr. 


1st Lieut. 


4th Artillery. 


July 1, 1848. 


N.J. 


Clarke, Newman S. 


Colonel. 


6th Inf. 


March 12, 1812, 


. Vt. 


Clary, Robert E. 


Captain. 


A. Q. M. 


July 1, 1828. 


Mass. 


Clements, Bennett A. 


1st Lieut., Ass't-Surg. 


M. D. 


Nov. 4, 1856. 


N. Y. 


Clinton, William, 


1st Lieut. 


10th Inf. 


March 3, 1855. 


Pa. 


Clitz, Henry B. 


Captain. 


3d Inf. 


July 1, 1845. 


Mich. 


Closson, Henry W. 


1st Lieut. 


1st Artillery. 


July 1, 1854. 


Vt. 


CoGSAVELL, Milton, 


1st Lieut. 


8th Inf. 


.luly 1, 1849. 


Ind. 


CoLBUiiN, Albert V. 


2d Lieut. 


1st Cav. 


July 1, 1855. 


Vt. 


Cole, Robert G.* 


1st Lieut. 


8th Inf. 


July 1, 1850. 


Fla. 


Collins, Charles R.- 


Brevet 2d Lt. 


Topo. Eng. 


July 1, 1859. 


Pa. 


Collins, Joseph B. 


1st Lieut. 


4th Inf. 


March 29, 184S. 


D. C. 


CoMSTocK, Cyrus B. 


2d Lieut. 


Eng. Corps. 


July 1, 1855. 


Mass. 


ttoNE, AURELIUS F. 


2d LiQut. 


1st. Inf. 


July 1, 1857. 


Ga. 


Conner, Edward J. 


2d Lieut. 


4th Inf. 


July 1, 1857. 


N. H. 


Conrad, Joseph S. 


2d Lieut. 


2d Inf. 


July 1, 1857. 


N. Y. 


Cooke, John R.* 


2d Lieut. 


8th Inf. 


June 30, 1855. 


Mo. 


Cooke, Philip St. G. 


Colonel. 


2d Drag. 


July 1, 1827. 


Va. 


CooLiDGE, Richard H. 


Captain, Assist. -Surg. 


M. D. 


Aug. 16, 1841. 


N. Y. 


Cooper, George E. 


Captain, Assist. -Surg. 


M. D. 


Aug. 28, 1847. 


Pa. 


Cooper, Samuel,* 


Colonel. 


Adj.-Gen. 


Dec. 11, 1815. 


N. Y. 


Cooper, Samuel M. * 


2d Lieut. ' ' 


1st Artillery. 


Feb. 21, 1857. 


D. C. 


CoRLEY, James L.* 


1st Lieut. 


6th Inf. 


July 1, 1850. 


s. c. 


Cosby, George B.* 


1st Lieut. 


2d Cav. 


July 1, 1852. 


Ky- 


Covey, Edward N. 


1st Lieut., As't.-Surg. 


M. D. 


Aug. 29, 1856. 


Md. 


Craig, Henry K. 


Colonel. 


Ord. Dep. 


March 17, 1812. 


Pa. 


Craig, Presley 0. 


2d Lieut. 


2d Artillery. 


May 14, 1857. 


Pa. 


Craig, Robert 0. 


1st Lieut., Assist.-Surg 


. M. D. 


Aug. 29, 1856. 


N. Y. 


Craig, Wm. 


1st Lieut. 


8th Inf. 


July 1, 1853. 


Md. 


Craig hill, Wm. P. 


1st Lieut. 


Eng. Corps. 


Julv 1, 1853. 


Va. 


Cram, Thomas J. 


Captain. 


Topo. Eng. 


July 1, 1826. 


N. H. 



OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY. 



65^ 



Name. 


Rank. 


Serving in. 


Original entry 
into Service. 


Appointed 
from. 


Crane, Charles H. 


Capt., Assist.-Surg. 


M. D. 


Feb. 2, 1848. 


Mass. 


Crawford, Sa.mlel W. 


Capt., Assist.-Surg. 


M. D. 


March 10, 1851. 


Pa. 


Ckessey, Edward P. 


Brevet 2d Lt. 


M't'd Riflemen 


. July 1, 1858. 


N. Y. 


Crilly, Francis J. 


2d Lieut. 


7th Inf. 


July 1, 1859. 


Pa. 


Crispin, Silas, 


1st Lieut. 


Ord. Dep. 


July 1, 1850. 


Pa. 


Crittenden, Eugene W. 


1st Lieut. 


1st Cav. 


March 3, 1855. 


Ky. 


Crittenden, Geo. B.* 


Lieut. -Col. 


M't'd Riflemen 


.July 1, 1832. 


K.V. 


Crook, George, 


1st Lieut. 


4fli Inf. 


Julyl, 1852. 


Ohio. 


Crosman, George H. 


Lieut.-Col. 


Dep.Q.M.Gen 


.July ], 1823. 


Mass. 


Cross, Osborne, 


Major. 


Q. M. 


July 1, 1825. 


Md. 


Crowell, Nathaniel S. 


Capt., Assist.-Surg. 


M. D. 


Nov. 8, 1854. 


S. C. 


CuLLUM, George W. 


Captaiu. 


Eng. Corps. 


July 1, 1833. 


Pa. 


Gumming, Alfred,* 


Captain. 


10th Inf. 


July 1, 1849. 


Ga. 


Cunningham, Arthur S. 


2d Lieut. 


10th Inf. 


Jan. 1, 1857. 


D. C. 


Cunningham, Francis A. 


Major and Paymaster 


. P. D. 


Dec. 30, 1847. 


Ohio. 


Cunningham, George A. 


2d Lieut. 


2d Cav. 


July 1, 1S57. 


Ala. 


CuYLER, John M. 


Major and Surg. 


M. D. 


April 1, 1834. 


Ga. 


Dana, James J. 


Ist Lieut. 


4th Artillery. 


June 18, 1855. 


N. y. 


Dandy, George F. B. 


2d Lieut. 


3d Artiller}'"! 


Feb. 21, 1857. 


Array. 


Davidson, Delozier, 


Captaiu. 


2d Inf. 


July 31, 183S. 


D. C. 


Davidso'x, Henry B.* 


1st Lieut. 


1st Drag. 


July 1, 1853. 


Teuu. 


Davidson, John W. 


Captain. 


1st Drag. 


July 1, 1845. 


Va. 


Davis, Benjamin F. 


2d Lieut. 


1st Drug. 


July 1, 1854. 


Miss. 


Davis, Jeffersox C. 


1st Lieut. 


1st Artillery. 


June 17, 1848. 


Ind. 


Davis, Matthew L., Jr. 


1st Lieut. 


3d Inf. 


July 1, 1852. 


N. C. 


Davis, Nelson H. 


Captain. 


2d Inf. 


July 1, 1846. 


Mass. 


Dawson, Samuel K. 


Captain. 


1st Artillery. 


July 1, 1839. 


Pa. 


Day, Edward H. 


1st Lieut. 


3d Artillery. 


Julyl, 1851. 


Teiin. 


Day, Hannibal, 


2d Lieut. 


2d Inf. 


July 1, 1823. 


Vt. 


Dearing, St. Clair, 


2d Lieut. 


Artillery. 


June 7, 1855. 


Ga. 


Deas, George,* 


Major. 


As't Adj't-Geu 


.Aug. 1, 1838. 


Pa. 


De Camp, Samuel G. I. 


Maj. and Surg. 


M. D. 


Oct. 10, 1823. 


N.J. 


De Hart, Henry V. 


1st Lieut. 


3d Artillery. 


July 1, 1856. 


N.J. 


Delafield, Richard, 


Major. 


Eng. Corps. 


July 24, 1818. 


N. Y. 


De Leon, David C* 


Maj. and Surg. 


M. D. 


Aug. 21, 1838. 


S. C. 


Dent, Frederick T. 


Captain. 


9th Inf. 


July 1, 1843. 


Mo. 


Derby, George H. 


1st Lieut. 


Topo. Eng. 


July 1, 1846. 


Mass. 


De Russy, Gustavus A. 


Captain. 


4th Artillery. 


March 8, 1847. 


Va. 


De Russy, RENe E. 


Lieut.-Col. 


Eug. Corps. 


June 10, 1812. 


N. Y. 


De Saussure, Wm. D.* 


Captaiu. 


1st. Cav. 


March 3, 1854. 


S. C. 


Deshler, James,* 


1st. Lieut. 


10th Inf, 


July 1, 1854. 


Ala. 


DicKERSON, John H. 


Captain. 


A. Q. M. 


July 1, 1847. 


Ind. 


Dickinson, Wm. 


2d Lieut. 


3d Inf. 


Feb. 21, 1857. 


Conn. 


Dillon, Edward, 


2d Lieut. 


6th Inf. 


June 30, 1857. 


Neb. 


DiMicK, Justin, 


Lieut.-Col. 


2d Artillery. 


July 1, 1819. 


Vt. 


Dixon, Joseph, 


Brevet 2d Lieut 


Topo. Eng. 


July 1, 1858. 


Tenu. 


D'Lagxel, Julius A.* 


1st Lieut. 


2d Artillery. 


March 8, 1847. 


Va. 


Dodge, Richard I. 


1st Lieut. 


8th Inf. 


July 1, 1848. 


N. C. 


Donaldson, James L. 


Captain. 


A. Q. M. 


July 1, 1836. 


Md. 


DOUBLEDAY, AbXER, 


Captain. 


1st Artillery. 


July 1, 1842. 


N. Y. 


Douglass, Henry, 


1st Lieut. 


9 th Inf. 


July 1, 1852. 


N. Y. 


Drake, Alexander E. 


2d Lieut. 


2d Inf. 


Feb. 21, 1857. 


Ky. 


Drum, Richard C. 


1st Lieut. 


4th Artillery. 


April 9, 1847. 


Pa. 


Dryer, Hiram, 


1st Lieut. 


4th Inf. 


June 28, 1848. 


Army. 


Drysdale, John, 


1st Lieut. 


3d Artillery. 


June 30, 1855. 


Fla. 


DuAXE, James C. 


1st Lieut. 


Eng. Corps. 


July 1, 1848. 


N. Y. 


Du Barry, Beekman, 

42 


1st Lieut. 


Sd^Artillery. 


July 1, 1849, 


D. C. 



658 



OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY. 



Nam 5. 



Kank. 



Serving in. 



Original entry 
into Service. 



Appointed 
from. 



Du Bois, JOHX V. D. 
Dudley, Nathan A. M. 
Duncan, Thomas, 
DcN'ovANT, John, 

Dum'EA, RlCHAKD 0. 

D y E, Wj lli AM McE . 
Dyer, Alexandek B. 
Eagle, Robert N. 
Eastman, Seth, 
Eastox, Langdon C. 
Eaton, Amos B. 
Eaton, Joseph, 
Echols, Wm. H.* 
EcKERSON, Theodore J. 
Eddt, As HER R. 
Edelin, Thomas B. 
Edgar, Wm. F. 
Edson, John H. 
Edwards, John, Jr. 
Edwards, Lewis A. 
Elliot, George H. 
Elliott, Washington L. 
Elwood, John, 
Elzey Arnold,* 
Emory', Wm. H. 
English, Thomas C. 
Enos, Herbert M. 
Erving, John, 
Evans, Andrew W. 
Evans, Nathan G* 
Ewell, Richard S.* 
Farrand, Charles E. 
Fatherly, Richard, 
Fauntleroy, Thomas T.* 
Ferguson, Saml'el W.* 
Field, Charles W.* 
Fink, Theodore, 
Finley, Clement A. 
Fish, Oliver H. 
Fitzgerald, Edward H. 
Fleming, Hugh B. 
Fletcher, Crawford, 
Flint, Franklin F. 
Floyd-Jones, Delancy, 
Foard, Andrew J. 
FoLLETT, Frederick M. 
FooTE, Rensselaer W. 
Forney, John H.* 
Forsyth, James W. 
FoRSYTHE, Benjamin D. 
Foster, John G. 
Frank, Royal T. 
Franklin, Wm. B. 
Frazer, John W.* 
Freedlet, Henry W. 
Freman, Edmund, 
FiiBNCH, Wm. H. 
Fry, Gary H. 



2d Lieut. 


M't'd Riflemen 


I.July 1, 1S53. 


N. Y. 


1st Lieut. 


10th Inf. 


March 3, 1855. 


Mass. 


Captain. 


M't'd Riflemen 


I.May 27, 1846. 


111. 


Captain. 


10th Inf. 


March 3, 1855. 


S. C. 


1st Lieut. 


1st Artillery. 


July 1, 1S53. 


N. Y. 


1st Lieut. 


8th Inf. 


July 1, 1853. 


Ohio. 


Captain. 


Ord. Dep. 


July 1, 1837. 


Mo. 


1st Lieut. 


2d Cavalry. 


March 3, 1855. 


Texas. 


Major. 


5th Inf. 


July 1, 1829. 


Me. 


Captain. 


A. Q. M. 


Julv 1, 1838. 


Mo. 


Captain. 


Com's'yofSub 


. July 1, 1826. 


N. Y. 


Captain, Assist.-Surg. 


M. D. 


April 14, 1813. 


Mass. 


Brevet 2d Lieut. 


Topo. Eng. 


July 1, 1858. 


Ala. 




M. S. K. 


Sept. 16, 1853. 


W. T. 


1st Lieut. 


1 st Artillery. 


July 1, 1844. 


R. L 


2a Lieut. 


7th Inf. 


June 7, 1855. 


Md. 


Captain, Assist.-Surg. 


M. D. 


March 2, 1S49. 


Mo. 


2d Lieut. 


M't'd Riflemen 


L. July 1, 1853. 


Mass. 


1st Lieut. 


3d Artillery. 


July 1, 1851. 


Me. 


Captain, Assist.-Surg. 


M. D. 


Aug. 27, 1846. 


D. C. 


2d Lieut. 


Eng. Corps. 


July 1, 1855. 


Mass. 


Captain. 


M't'd Riflemen 


I.May 27, 1846. 


Pa. 


2d Lieut. 


5th Inf. 


May 14, 1857. 


Ky. 


Captain. 


2d Artillery. 


July 1, 1837. 


Md. 


Major. 


1st Cavalry. 


July 1, 1831. 


Md. 


Captain. 


9th Inf. 


Julyl, 1849. 


Pa. 


2d Lieut. 


M't'd Riflemen 


1 July 1, 1856. 


N. Y. 


Colonel. 


1st Artillery. 


Jan. 9, 1809. 


Mass. 


1st Lieut. 


7th Inf. 


July 1, 1852. 


Md. 


Captain. 


2d Cavalry. 


July 1, 1848. 


S. C. 


Captain. 


1st Drag. 


July 1, 1840. 


Va. 


2d Lieut. 


1st Inf. 


July 1, 1857, 


N. Y. 




M. S. K. 


Aug. 9, 1858. 


Ark. 


Colonel. 


1st Drag. 


June 8, 1836. 


Va. 


3d Lieut. 


1st Drag. 


July 1, 1857. 


S. C. 


1st Lieut. 


2d Cavalry. 


July 1, 1849. 


Ky. 


1st Lieut. 


8th Inf. 


June 28, 1848. 


Army. 


Major and Surgeon. 


M. D. 


Aug. 10, 1818. 


Ohio. 


2d Lieut. 


1st Cavalry. 


July 1, 1857. 


Ky. 


Captain. 


1st Drag. 


Oct. 26, 1839. 


Va. 


1st Lieut. 


9th Inf! 


July 1, 1852. 


Pa. 


Captain. 


9th Inf. 


March 3, 1855. 


Ark. 


Captain. 


6th Inf. 


July 1, 1841. 


Mass. 


Captain. 


4th Inf. 


July 1, 1846. 


N. Y. 


Capt., Assist.-Surg. 


M. D. 


May 11, 1853. 


Ga. 


1st Lieut. 


4 th Artillery. 


July 1, 1850. 


N. Y. 


Captain. 


6t.h Inf. 


Nov. 1, 1838. 


N. Y. 


1st Lieut. 


10th Inf. 


July 1, 1 852. 


Ala. 


2d Lieut. 


9th Inf. 


July 1, 1856. 


Ohio. 


1st Lieut. 


4th Inf. 


July 1, 1848. 


lU. 


1st Lieut. 


Eng. Corps. 


July 1, 1846. 


N. H. 


2d Lieut. 


Sth Inf. 


July 1, 1858. 


Me. 


Captain. 


Topo. Eng. 


July 1, 1843. 


Pa. 


Captain. 


91h Int 


July 1, 1849. 


Miss. 


2d Lieut. 


3d Inf. 


July 1, 1855. 


Pa. 


2d Lieut. 


Sth Inf. 


June 7, 1855. 


Mass. 


Captain. 


1st Artillery. 


July 1, 1S37. 


D. C. 


Major and P.nyma.sfcr, 


F. D. 


July 1, 1834. 


Ky. 



OFFICERS OF THE UNVrED ;STATEii ARMY. 



(sm 



Name. 


Rank. 


Serving in. 


Original entry 
into Service. 


Appointed 
from. 


Fry, James B. 


1st Lieut. 


1st Artillery. 


July 1, 1847. 


HI. 


Gaexsi.en, Joiix J. 


1st Lieut., As.s't-Surg. 


M. D. 


May 16, 1856. 


Va. 


G-AiNEs, Augustus W. 


Major and Paymaster. 


P. D. 


July 20, 1846. 


Ky. 


Galt, John M. 




M. S. K. 


Dec. 28, 1842. 


Va. 


Gakdinek, John W. T. 


Captaiu. 


Ist Drag. 


July 1, 1840. 


Me. 


Gakdxer, Fkaxklix,* 


Captain. 


10th Inf. 


July 1, 1843. 


Iowa- 


Gardner, John L. 


Lieut. -(.'ol. 


1st Artillery. 


May 20, 1813. 


Mass. 


Gardner, Wm. M.* 


Captain. 


2d Inf. 


July 1, 1846. 


Ga. 


Garesche, Julius P. 


Captain. 


As't Adj. -Gen 


. July 1, 1841. 


Del. 


Garland, John, 


Colonel. 


8th Inf. 


March 31, 1813. 


, Va. 


Garland, John S. 


Captain. 


4th Artillery. 


March 8, 1847. 


Mich. 


Garland, Robert R. 


1st Lieut. 


7th Inf. 


Dec. 30, 1847. 


Mo. 


GARNETT, RlCHAIiD B.* 


Captain. 


6th Inf. 


July 1, 1841. 


Va. 


Garnett, Rohekt S.* 


Major. 


9th Inf. 


July 1, 1841. 


Va. 


Garrard, Kennek, 


1st Lieut. 


2d Cav 


July 1, 18.51. 


Ohio. 


Gates, Wm. 


Colonel. 


3d Artillery. 


March 0, 1 806. 


Mass. 


Gatlin, Richard C* 


Captain. 


7th Inf. 


July 1, 1S32. 


N. C. 


Gay, Ebenezer, 


2d Lieut. 


2d Dra.i;-. 


July 1, 1855. 


N. II. 


Gentry, Wm. T. 


2d Lieut. 


4th Inf. 


July 1, 1856. 


Ind. 


Getty, Geo. W. 


Captain. 


4th Artillery. 


July 1, 1840. 


D. C. 


Getty, Thomas M. 


Capt. and Ass't-Surg. 


M. D. 


Nov. 23, 1840. 


Va. 


Ghiselin, James T. 


1st Lieut., Ass't-Surg. 


M. D. 


June 1, 1855. 


Md. 


Gibbon, John, 


Captain. 


4th Artillery. 


July 1, 184T. 


N. C. 


Gibes, Alfkei>, 


1st Lieut. 


M't'dRilleineu 


. July 1, 1846. 


N. Y, 


(iiBsoN, Augustus A. 


Captain. 


2d Artillery. 


July 1, 183'i. 


Me. 


Gibson, George, 


Colonel. 


Com.-Gen.'Sub.May 3, 1808. 


Pa. 


Gibson, Geo., Jr. 




M. S. K. 


AprU 9, 1853. 


Pa. 


Gibson, Horatio G. 


Ist Lieut. 


3d Artillery. 


July 1, 1847. 


Pa. 


Gibson, Wm. R. 




M. S. K. 


March 14, 1857. 


. Or. 


Gilbert, Charles C. 


Captain. 


Ist Inf. 


July 1, 1846. 


Ohio. 


Gill, Wm. G.* 


1st Lieut. 


4th Artillei-y. 


July 1, 1848. 


Pa. 


Gill, Wm. II. 




M. S. K. 


June 12, 18.58. 


Ohio. 


GiLLEM, Alvan C. 


1st Lieut. 


1st Artillery. 


July 1, 1851. 


Tenn. 


Gillmore, Quinct a. 


1st Lieut. 


Eng. Corps. 


July 1, 1849. 


Ohio. 


GiLMAN, Jeremiah H. 


2d Lieut. 


1st Artillery. 


July 1, 1856. 


Me. 


GiLMEK, Jeremy F.* 


Captain. 


Eng. Corps. 


July 1, 1839. 


N. C. 


Glisan, Rodney, 


Capt. and Ass't-Surg. 


M. D. 


May 2, 1850. 


Md. 


Goode, John T. 


1st Lieut. 


4th Artillery. 


June 18, 1855. 


Va. 


Gooding, Oliver V. 


2d Lieut. 


10th Inf. 


July 1, 1858. 


Ind. 


Gordon, George A. 


1st Lieut. 


2d Drag. 


July 1, 1854. 


N. Y. 


Gordon, Wm. H. 


Captain. 


3d Inf. 


July 31, 183S. 


D. C. 


Gorgas, Josiah,* 


Captain. 


Ord. Dep. 


July 1, 1841. 


N. Y. 


Gove, Jesse A. 


Captain. 


10th Inf. 


April 9, 1847. 


N. H. 


Graham, Campbell, 


Major. 


Topo. Eng. 


July 1, 1822. 


Va. 


Graham, James D. 


Major. 


Topo. Eng. 


July 17, 1817. 


Va. 


Graham, Laavrence P. 


Major. 


2d Drag. 


Oct. 13, 1837. 


Va. 


Graham, Wm. M. 


2d Lieut. 


1st Artillery. 


June 7, 1855. 


D. C. 


Granger, Gordon, 


1st Lieut. 


M't'd Riflemen. July 1, 1845. 


N. Y. 


Granger, Robert S. 


Captain. 


1st Inf. 


July 1, 1338. 


Ohio. 


Grayson, John B.* 


Major. 


Com's'y Sub. 


July 1, 1826. 


Kv. 


Greble, John T. 


1st Lieut. 


2d ArtiUery. 


July 1, 1854. 


Pa. 


Greene, James B. 


1st Lieut. 


1st Inf. 


July 1, 1851. 


N. Y. 


Greene, Oliver D. 


2d Lieut. 


2d ArtiUery. 


July 1, 1854. 


N. Y. 


Green, John, 


2d Lieut. 


2d Drag. 


June 18, 1855. 


Army. 


Gregg, David McM. 


2d Lieut. 


1st Drag. 


July 1, 1855. 


Pa. ' 


Grey, Thomas, 


2d Lieut. 


2d ArtiUery. 


Dec. 30, 1847. 


Army. 


Gkier, Wm. N. 


Captain. 


1 St Drag. 


July 1, 1835. 


Pa. 


Griffin, Charles, 


1st Lieut. 


2d Artillery. 


July 1, 1847. 


Obi... 



66U 



OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY. 



Name. 


Rank. 




Serving in. 


Original entry 
into Service. 


Appointed 
from. 


Grover, Cuvier, 


Captain. 




10th Inf. 


July 1, 1850. 


Me. 


GuENTHER, Francis L. 


Brevet 2d Lie 


ut. 


1st Artillery. 


July 1, 1859. 


N. Y. 


Guild, Lafayette,* 


Capt., Assist. 


-Surg. 


M. D. 


Mareh 2, 1849. 


Ala. 


GwTNNE, Thomas P. 


Major. 




5th Inf. 


Dec 1, 1820. 


Va. 


IIaden, John M.* 


Capt., Assist. 


-Surg. 


M. D. 


Dec. 18, 1847. 


Miss. 


Hagner, Peter V. 


Captain. 




Ord. Dep. 


July 1, 1836. 


D. C. 


Haines, Thomas J. 


1st Lieut. 




2d Artillery. 


July 1, 1849. 


N. H. 


Haller, Granville 0. 


Captain. 




4th Inf. 


Nov. 17, 1839. 


Pa. 


Hall, Jonathan N. 


Brevet 2d Lieut. 


4th Artillery. 


July 1, 1859. 


Mich. 


Hallonquist, James H.* 


2d Lieut. 




4th Artillery. 


July 1, 1S5S. 


S. C. 


Hamilton, John, 


1st Lieut. 




3d Artillery. 


July 1, 1847. 


Ind. 


Hammond, George, 


1st Lt. Assist 


..-Surg. 


M. D. 


June 28, 1856. 


Md. 


Hammond, John F. 


Capt., Assist. 


-Surg. 


M. D. 


Feb. 16, 1847. 


S. C. 


Hammond, Wm. A. 


Capt., Assist. 


-Surg. 


M. D. 


June 29, 1849. 


Pa. 


Hancock, David P. 


1st Lieut. 




7th Inf. 


June 1, 1854. 


Pa. 


Hancock, Winfield S. 


Captain. 




A. Q. M. 


July 1, 1844. 


Pa. 


Hanham, Jasies R. 






M. S. K. 


Jan. 17, 1805. 


Md. 


Hardcastle, Aaron B. 


2d Lieut. 




6th Inf. 


June 7, 1855. 


Md. 


Hardee, Wm. J.* 


Major. 




2d Cavalry. 


July 1, 1838. 


Ga. 


Hardib, James A. 


Captaiu. 




3d Artillery. 


July 1, 1843. 


N. Y. 


Hardin, Martin D. 


Brevet 2d Lieut. 


3d ArtiUery. 


July 1, 1859. 


111. 


PIarker, Charles G. 


2d Lieut. 




9th Inf. 


July 1, 1858. 


N. J. 


Harney, Wm. S. 


Brig.-Geueral, 




Gen. Oiticer. 


Feb. 13, 1818. 


La. 


Harrison, James E. 


2d Lieut. 




2d Cavalry. 


June 27, 1856. 


D. C. 


Hartsuff, George L. 


1st Lieut. 




2d Artillery. 


July 1, 1852. 


Mich. 


Hartz, Edward L. 


2d Lieut. 




8 th Inf. 


July 1, 1855. 


Pa. 


Harvie, Edwin J. 


1st Lieut. 




9th Inf. 


March 3, 1855. 


Va. 


Hascall, Herbert A. 


1st Lieut. 




4th Artillery. 


Julyl, 1856. 


N. Y. 


Haskell, Alexander M.* 2d Lieut. 




1st Inf. 


June 27, 1856. 


Ind. 


Haskin, Joseph A. 


Captain. 




1st ArtiUery. 


July 1, 1839. 


N. Y. 


Hasson, Alexander B. 


Capt., Assist. 


-Surg. 


M. D. 


June 29, 1849. 


M. D. 


Hastings, David H. 


1st Lieut. 




1st Drag. 


June 28, 1848. 


Arinv. 


H.ATCH, John P. 


1st Lieut. 




M't'd Riflemen.July 1, 1845. 


N. Y. 


Hawes, James M. 


Captain. 




2d Drag. 


July 1, 1845. 


Ky. 


Hawkins, Edgar S. 


Major. 




2d Inf. 


July 1, 1820. 


N. Y. 


Hawkins, John P. 


1st Lieut. 




2d Inf. 


July 1, 1852. 


Ind. 


Hayden, Julil'.s, 


Captain. 




2d Inf. 


Jan. 16, 1839. 


Fla. 


Hayman, Samuel B. 


Captaiu. 




7th Inf. 


July 1, 1842. 


Pa. 


Hays, William, 


Captain. 




2d Artillery. 


July 1, 1840. 


Tenu. 


Hazex, Wm. B. 


2d Lieut. 




8th Inf. 


July 1, 1855. 


Ohio. 


Hazzard, George W. 


Captaiu. 




4th Artillery. 


July 1, 1847. 


Ind. 


Head, John F. 


Capt., Assist. 


-Surg. 


M. D. 


Aug. 6, 1846. 


Mass. 


Heger, Anthony. 


1st Lt., Assis 


t.-Surg. 


M. D. 


Aug. 29, 1856. 


Pa. 


Heintzelman, Samuel P. 


^Tajor. 




1st Inf. 


July 1, 1826. 


Pa. 


Hendershott, Henry B. 


1st Lieut. 




2d Artillei-y. 


July 1, 1847. 


Ohio. 


Hendren, Cornelius D. 


2d Lieut. 




3d Inf. 


Feb. 21, 1857. 


Miss. 


flEXDRICKSON, TlIOMAS, 


Captaiu. 




Bth Inf. 


July 31, 1838. 


Army. 


Herndon, James C. 


1st Lt., Assist.-Surg. 


M. D. 


Feb. 22, 1856. 


Va. 


Hetii, Henry,* 


Captain. 




10th Inf. 


July 1, 1847. 


Va. 


HiGGiNS, Silas P. 


Ist Lieut. 




6th Inf. 


July 1, 1853. 


Ala. 


Hight, Thomas, 


1st Lieut. 




2d Drag. 


July 1, 1853. 


Ind. 


Hildt, John McL. 


2d Lieut. 




3d Inf. 


July ], 1856. 


D. C. 


Hill, Ambrose P.* 


1st Lieut. 




) St Artillery. 


July 1. 1847. 


Yn. 


Hill, Bennett H. 


Captain. 




1 St Artillery. 


July 1, 183;'. 


D. C. 


Hill, Gabriel H. 


2d Lieut. 




3d Artillery. 


Feb. 21, 1857. 


N. C. 


Hill, Henry,* 


Major and Pa 


jmastcr. 


P. D. 


Nov. 6, 1847. 


Va. 


Hill, Jamf.v H.* 


2d Lieut. 




10th Inf. 


July 1, 185.5. 


N. Y. 


Hill, Piobert C* 


2d Lieut. 




5th Inf. 


July ], 1855. 


N. C 



OFFICERS OF THE UiVf. 


TED STATES ARMY. 


(i()L 


Name. 


Rank. 


Serving In. 


Original (Mitry 
into Sovvico. 


Appoiulftl 
I'loin. 


liODGES, HeNKY C. 


1st. Lieut. 


4tb Inf. 


July 1, 1851. 


Vt. 


Hoffman, William, 


Major. 


6th Inf. 


July 1, 1829. 


N. Y. 


HOLABIRD, SaMI^EL B. 


IstLieut. 


1st Inf. 


July 1, 1849. 


Conn. 


HoLDEN, Levi H. 


Capt., Assist.-Surg. 


M. D. 


June 1.5, 1840. 


R.I. 


HOLLEXBUSH, CaLVIN G. 


1st Lt, Assii?t.-Surg. 


M. D. 


June 4, 1857. 


Pa. 


HoLLiDAY, Jonas P. 


1st Lieut. 


2d Drag. 


July 1, 1850. 


N. Y. 


HoLLOwAY, Edmunds B.* 


Captain, 


8th Inf. 


July 1, 1843. 


Ky. 


Holm AX, James H. 


2d Lieut. 


1st Inf. 


Feb. 21, 1857. 


Tenn. 


Holmes, Theophilus H.- 


Major. 


8th Inf. 


July 1, 1829. 


N. C. 


Holt, Geokge W. 


3d Lieut. 


3d Inf. 


July 1, 1S57. 


Ala. 


Hood, John B.* 


1st Lieut. 


2d Cav. 


July 1, 1853. 


Ky. 


Houston, David C. 


2d Lieut. 


Eng. Corps. 


July 1, 1856. 


N. Y. 


Howard, James, 


2d Lieut. 


3d Artillery. 


Feb. 21, 18.57. 


Md. 


Howard, John C. 


1st Lieut. 


9th Inf. 


April 9, 1847. 


Texas. 


Howard, Oliver 0. 


1st Lieut. 


Ord. Dep. 


July 1, 1854. 


Me. 


Howard, Kor.EitT V. W. 


1st Lieut. 


4th Artillery. 


June 28, 1848. 


Arinv. 


Howe, Albiox P. 


Captain. 


4th Artillery. 


July 1, 1841. 


Me. ' 


Howe, Marshall S. 


Lieut. -Col. 


2d Drag. 


June 11, 1836. 


Me. 


Howlaxd, George W. 


1st Lieut. 


M't'd Riflemen 


I. July 1, 1848. 


R. I. 


Hudson, Edward McK. 


1st Lieut. 


4th Artillery. 


July 1, 1849. 


Conn. 


lIi'GER, Benjamin,* 


Major. 


Ord. Dep. 


July 1, 1825. 


S. C. 


Hughes, Wm. B. 


2d Lieut. 


9th Inf. 


July 1, 1856. 


Tenn. 


Humphreys, Andrew A. 


Captain. 


Topo. Eng. 


Julyl, 1831. 


D. C. 


Humphreys, Frederick C. 




M. S. K. 


Jan. 30, 1855. 


Fla. 


Hunt, Ed"\vard B. 


Captain. 


Eng. Corps. 


July 1, 1845. 


N. Y. 


Hunt, Franklin E. 


Major and Pa)'master. 


P. b. 


July 1, 1829. 


N. J. 


Hunt, Henrv J. 


Captain. 


2d Artillery. 


July 1, 1839. 


Ohio. 


Hunt, Lewis G. 


Captain. 


4th Inf. 


July 1, 1847. 


Mo. 


Hunter, David, 


Major and Paymaster. 


P. D. 


July 1, 1822. 


111. 


Hunter, Robert F. 


3d Lieut. 


2d Inf. 


July 1, 1858. 


Ohio. 


Hush, Caleb,* 


1st Lieut. 


1 st Artillery. 


July 1, 1851. 


IMass. 


Huston, Daniel, Ju. 


Captain. 


1st. Inf. 


July 1, 1848. 


N. Y. 


HuTTER, George C. 


Major and Paymaster. 


P. D. 


Jan. 28, 1820. 


Va. 


Ingalls, Rufus, 


Captain. 


A. Q. M. 


July 1, 1843. 


Me. 


Ingersoll, Edward, 




M. S. K. 


May 24, 1841. 


Mass. 


Ingraham, Charles H. 


2d Lieut. 


7th Inf. 


July 1, 1858. 


Mass. 


Ixgraiiam, Edward, 


2d Lieut. 


1st Cav. 


June 27, 1856. 


Miss. 


Irwjn, Bernard J. D. 


1st Lieut., Assist.-Surg 


. M. D. 


Aug. 28, 1856. 


N. Y. 


Iverson, Alfred, Jr.* 


1st Lieut. 


1st Cav. 


May 3, 1855. 


Ga. 


Ives, Joseph C* 


1st Lieut. 


Topo. Eng. 


July 1, 1852. 


Conn. 


Jackson, Andrew,* 


1st Lieut. 


Bd Inf. 


Dec. 31, 1847. 


Va. 


Jackson, Andrew, Jr.* 


2d Lieut. 


1st Cav. 


July 1, 1858. 


Tenn. 


Jackson, George, 


2d Lieut. 


2d Drag. 


July 1, 1856. 


Va. 


Jackson, Thomas K. 


1st Lieut. 


8th Inf. 


July 1, 1848. 


S. C. 


Jackson, Wm. H.* 


2d Lieut. 


M't'd Riflemen. July 1, 1856. 


Tenn. 


James, George S.* 


1st Lieut. 


4th Artilk-ry. 


June 27, 1856. 


S. C. 


Jarvis, Nathan S. 


Maj. and Surgeon. 


M. D. 


March 2, 1833. 


N. Y. 


Jenifer, Walter H. 


1st Lieut. 


2d Cav. 


April 9, 1847. 


Md. 


Jenkins, Walworth, 


1st Lieut. 


1st Artillery. 


July 1, 1853. 


N. Y. 


Jesup, Charles E. 


2d Lieut. 


6th Inf. 


July 1, 1858. 


D. C. 


Jesup, Thomas S. 


Brig.-Gen. 


Q. M. G. 


May 3, 1808. 


Ohio. 


Johns, Edward W. 


Capt., Assist.-Surg. 


M. D. 


June 29, 1849. 


Md. 


Johns, Wm. B. 


Captain. 


3d Inf. 


July 1, 1840. 


D. C. 


Johnson, Edward,* 


Captain. 


6th Inf. 


July 1, 1838. 


Ky- 


Johnson, Richard W. 


Captain. 


2d Cav. 


July 1, 1849. 


Ky. 


Johnston, Albert S.* 


Colonel. 


2d Cav. 


July 1, 1826. 


Texas. 


JoHXSTox, Joseph E.* 


Lieut-Col. 


1st Cav. 


July 1, 1829. 


Va. 


Johnston, Robert, 


1st Lieut. 


1st Drag. 


July 1, 1850. 


Va. 



(m 



OF JUICERS OP THE UNITED STATES ARMf. 



Name. 


Eauk. 


Servina; in. 


Original entry 
into Service. 


Appointed 
from. 


Jones, David R.* 


Captain. 


Ass't.-Adj-Gen.July 1, 1846. 


Ga. 


JoxES, Edmund C. 


1st Lieut. 


7th Inf. 


July 1, 1853. 


Ind. 


Jones, Jon\ M.* 


Captain. 


7th Inf. 


July 1, 1841. 


Va. 


Jones, Joseph P. 


2d Lieut. 


2d Artillery. 


July 27, 1856. 


N. C. 


Jones, Llewellyn, 


Captain. 


M't'd Riflemen. May 27, 1846. 


N. Y. 


Jones, Rogeb, 


1st Lieut. 


M't'd Riflemen.July 1, 1851. 


D. C. 


Jones, Samuel,* 


Captain. 


1st Artillery. 


July 1, 1841. 


Va. 


Jones, Thomas M.* 


1st Lieut. 


8th Tnf. 


July 1, 1853. 


Va. 


Jones, Walter,* 


3st Lieut. 


1st Inf. 


June 30, 1855. 


Va. 


Jordan, Charles D. 


Captain. 


8th Inf. 


July 1, 1842. 


Mass. 


Jordan, Thomas,* 


Captain. 


A. Q. M. 


July 1, 1840. 


Va. 


JuDAH, Henry M. 


Captain. 


4th Inf. 


July 1, 1843. 


N. Y. 


JuDD, Henry B. 


Captain. 


3d ArtiUery. 


July 1, 1839. 


Conn. 


Kautz, August V. 


1st Lieut. 


4th Inf. 


July 1, 1852. 


Ohio. 


Kearney, James, 


Lieut.-Col. 


Topo. Eng. 


Aprilll, 1813. 


D. C. 


Kearny,. Wm. 


2d Lieut. 


10th Inf. 


March 3, 1855. 


Mo. • 


Keeney, Charles C. 


Capt., Assist. -Surg. 


M. D. 


July 12, 1842. 


Mich. 


Kellogg, John, 


1st Lieut. 


3d ArtiUery. 


July 1, 1849. 


Mass. 


Kellogg, Lyman ^\. 


1st Lieut. 


3d Artillery. 


July 1, 1852. 


Ohio. 


Kelly, Henry B. 


1st Lieut. 


10th Inf. 


April 9, 1847. 


La. 


Kelton, John C. 


1st Lieut. 


6th Inf. 


July 1, 1851. 


Pa. 


Kensel, George A. 


2a Lieut. 


4th Artillery. 


July 1, 1857. 


Ky. 


Ketchum, Wm. S. 


Captain. 


6th Inf. 


July 1, 1834. 


Conn. 


Keyes, Erasmus D. 


Major. 


1st Artillery. 


July 1, 1832. 


Me. 


Kilbtjrn, Ch.arles L. 


Captain. 


Com's'y of Sub. July 1, 1842. 


Pa. 


Kimmel, Manning M. 


2d Lieut. 


2d Cavalry. 


July 1, 1857. 


Mo. 


King, Benjamin, 


Capt., Assist. -Surg. 


M. D. 


Oct. 14, 1818. 


Md. 


King, John H. 


Captain. 


1st Inf. 


Dec. 2, 1837. 


Mich. 


King, Wm. S. 


Major and Surgeon. 


M. D. 


July 29, 1837. 


Pa. 


Kingsbury, Charles P. 


Captain. 


Ord. Dep. 


July 1, 1840. 


N.C. 


Kip, Lawrence, 


2d Lieut. 


3d Artillerv. 


June 30, 1857. 


Cal. 


KiRKHAM, Ralph W. 


Captain. 


A. Q. M. 


July 1, 1842. 


Mass. 


Knowlton, Miner, 


Captain. 


1st Artillery. 


Julyl, 1829. 


Conn. 


Kurtz, John D. 


Captain. 


Eng. Corps. 


July 1, 1S42. 


D. C. 


Laidley, Theodore T. S 


1. Captain. 


Ord. Dep. 


July 1, 1842. 


Va. 


Landrum, John H. 


Captain. 


3d Artihery. 


March 8, 1847. 


Md. 


Lane, Wm. B. 


1st Lieut. 


M't'd Riflemen. June 28, 1848. 


Armv. 


Langdon, Loomts L. 


2d Lieut. 


1st Artillery. 


July 1, 1854. 


N. Y. 


Langwortity, Elisha p. 


Capt., Assist.-Surg. 


M. D. 


May 16, 1850. 


N. Y. 


Lansing, S.4.nders, 




M. K. S. 


July 19, 1834. 


N. Y. 


Larned, Ben.jamix F. 


Col., Paymaster Gen. 


P. D. 


Oct. 1, 1813. 


Mass. 


Larned, Fr.ank n. 


1st Lieut. 


2d Artillery. 


April 9, 1847. 


Mich. 


Latimer, Alfred E. 


1 st Lieut. 


2d Inf. 


July 1, 1853. 


D. C. 


]jAUB, Charles II. 


Majtjr and Surgeon. 


M. D. 


Nov. 30, 1836. 


D. C. 


Lawson, Thomas, 


Col. and Surgeon. 


M. D. 


Feb. 8. 1811. 


Va. 


Lay, George W.* 


Captain. 


6th InL 


July 1, 1842. 


A'a. 


Lay, Richard G. 


2d Lieut. 


3d Inf. 


June 20, 1859. 


D. C. 


Lazelle, Henry M. 


2d Lieut. 


Sth Inf. 


July 1, 1855. 


Masi=. 


Lee, Arthur T. 


Captain. 


Sth Inf. 


Oct. 8, 1838. 


Pa. 


Lee, Fitzhugh,* 


2d Lieut. 


2d Cavalry. 


July 1, 1856. 


Va. 


Lee, George "W. C." 


1st Lieut. 


Eng. Corps. 


July 1, 1854. 


Va. 


Lee, John F. 


j Captain. 

\ Brevet Major. 


Ord. Dep. 
J. Adv. -Gen. 


I July 1, 1834. 


Va. 


Lee, Richard B. 


Major. 


Com's'y of Sub. July 17, 1817. 


Va, 


Lee, Robert E.* 


Lieut.-Col. 


2d Cavalry. 


July 1, 1829. 


Va. 


Lee, Stephen D.* 


ist Lieut. 


4th Artillery. 


July 1, 1854. 


S. C. 


Lee, Wm. F.* 


2d Lieut. 


2d Inf. 


June 30, 1855. 


Va. 


L'Engle, 'Wm. J. 


1st Lt., Assist.-Surg. 


M. D. 


Aug. 28, 1856. 


s. c. 



OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY. 



663 



Name. 


Rank. 


Serving in. 


Original entry 
into Service. 


Appointod 
from. 


Leonard, HiRAJt, 


Major and 


Paymaster. 


P. D. 


Nov. 24, 1846. 


N. Y. 


Leonard, Ll-ther, 






M. S. K. 


Dec. 12, 1808. 


111. 


Leslie, Thomas J. 


Major and Paymaster. 


P. D. 


March 4, 1815. 


Pa. 


Letterman, Jonathan, 


Capt., Assist.-Surg. 


M. D. 


June 29, 1849. 


Pa. 


Lewis, Theodore, 






M. S. K. 


Aug. 31, 1852. 


La. 


Lewis, W'm. IL 


1st Lieut. 




5tli Inf. 


July 1, 1849. 


N. Y. 


Lindsay, Andrew J. 


Captain. 




M't'd Riflemen 


..May 27, 1846. 


Miss. 


Little, Henry,* 


Captain. 




7th Inf. 


July 1, 1839. 


Md. 


Livingstone, Henry B. 


2d Lieut. 




2d Drag. 


June IS, 1855. 


N. Y. 


Livingstone, La Rhett L 


1. 1st Lieut. 




3d ArtiUery. 


July 1, 1853. 


N. Y. 


LocKETT, Samuel H.* 


Brevet 2d Lieut. 


Eng. Corps. 


July 1, 1859. 


Ala. 


IjOdor, Richard, 


2d Lieut. 




4th Ai-tillery. 


July 1, 1856. 


N. J. 


LOMAX, Lunsford L.* 


2d Lieut. 




1st Cavalry. 


July 1, 1856. 


D. C. 


Long, Armistead L.* 


1st Lieut. 




2d Artillery. 


July 1, 1850. 


Va. 


Long, Eli, 


2d Lieut. 




1st Cavalry. 


June 27, 1856. 


Ky. 


Long, John 0.* 


2d Lieut. 




2d Inf. 


July 1, 1854. 


N. Y. 


Long, Stephen H. 


Major. 




Topo. Eng. 


Dec. 12, 1814. 


N. H. 


Longstreet, James,* 


Major and 


Paymaster. 


P. D. 


July I, 1842. 


Ala. 


Loomis, Gustavus, 


Colonel. 




5th Inf. 


March 1, ISll. 


Vt. 


Lorain, Lorenzo, 


2d Lieut. 




3d Artillery. 


July 1, 1856. 


Pa. 


Lord, Richard S. C. 


2d Lieut. 




1st Drag. 


July 1, 1856. 


Ohio. 


LORING, Wm. W.* 


Colonel. 




M't'd Riflemen 


. May 27, 1846. 


Fla. 


Loturop, Warren L. 


2d Lieut. 




4th Artillery. 


Feb. 21, 1857. 


Army. 


LovELL, Charles S. 


Captain. 




6th Inf. 


Oct. 13, 1837. 


Army. 


LovELL, Christopher S. 


Captain. 




2d InL 


July 31, 1S3S. 


S. C. 


Lowe, Wm. W. 


1st. Lieut. 




2d Cavalry. 


July 1, 1853. 


Iowa. 


Lugenbeel, Pinkney, 


Captain. 




9 th Inf. 


July 1, 1840. 


Ohio. 


Lynde, Isaac, 


Major. 




7th Inf. 


July 1, 1827. 


Vt. 


Lyndb, Richard D. 


1st Lieut, 


Ass't-Surg. 


M. D. 


Aug. 29, 1856. 


Md. 


Lyon, Hylan B. 


2d Lieut. 




3d Artillery. 


July 1, 1856. 


Ky. 


Lyon, Nathaniel, 


Captain. 




2d Inf. 


July 1, 1841. 


Conn. 


Macfeely, Robert, 


1st Lieut. 




4th Inf. 


July 1, 1850. 


Pa. 


Mack, Oscar A. 


1st Lieut. 




4th Artillery. 


July 1, 1850. 


N. H. 


MaCKALL, WiM. W.* 


Major. 




Ass'tAdj.-Geri 


I.July 1, 1837. 


i\Id. 


Maclin, Sackfield,* 


Major and 


Paymaster. 


P. D. 


July 2, 1846. 


Ark. 


Maclay, Robert P. 


Captain. 




8th Inf. 


July 1, 1840. 


Pa. 


Macomb, John N. 


Captain. 




Topo. Eug. 


July 1, 1832. 


N. Y. 


Macrae, Nathaniel C. 


Major. 




3d Inf. 


July 1, 1826. 


Va. 


Madison, Thomas C. 


Major and Surgeon. 


M. D. 


Feb. 27, 1840. 


Fla. 


Magruder, David L. 


Capt. and Ass't-Surg. 


M. D. 


Feb. 1, 1850. 


Va. 


Ma CRUDER, John B.* 


Captain. 




1st Artillery. 


July 1, 1830. 


Va. 


Magruder, Wm. T. 


1st Lieut. 




1st Drag. 


July 1, 1850. 


Md. 


Major, Jajies P.* 


2d Lieut. 




2d Cavalry. 


July 1, 1856. 


Mo. 


Maloney, Maurice, 


Captain. 




4th Inf. 


Nov. 27, 1846. 


Army. 


Mallory, Francis, 


2d Lieut. 




4th Inf. 


June 27, 1856. 


Va. 


Mansfield, Joseph K. F. 


Colonel. 




Inspector- Gen 


. July 1, 1822. 


Conn. 


Marcy, Randolph B. 


Major and Paymaster. 


P. D. 


July 1, 1832. 


Mass. 


Marmaduke, John S.* 


2d Lieut. 




7th Inf. 


July 1, 1857. 


Mo. 


Marshall, Elisha G. 


1st Lieut. 




6th Inf. 


July 1, 1850. 


N. Y. 


Marshall, Louis H. 


1st Lieut. 




10th Inf. 


July 1, 1849. 


Md. 


Martin, James G.* 


Captain. 




A. Q. M. 


July 1, 1840. 


N. C. 


Mason, John S. 


1st Lieut. 




3d Aitillery. 


July 1, 1847. 


Ohio. 


Maury, Dabney H.* 


1st Lieut. 




M't'd Riflemen 


I.July 1, 1846. 


Va. 


May, Charles A. 


Major. 




2d Drag. 


June 8, 1836. 


D. C. 


May, Julien, 


1st Lieut. 




M't'd Riflemen 


I.May 27, 1846. 


D. C. 


Maynadier, Henry E. 


1st Lieut. 




10th Inf. 


July 1, 1851. 


D. C. 


Maynadier, Wm. 


Captain. 




Ord. Dep. 


July 1, 1827. 


D. C. 


McAlester, Miles D. 


2d Lieut. 




Eng. Corps. 


July 1, 1856. 


:\Iieh. 



064 



OPFIGEUS OF THE (IiVlTED STATES ARMY. 



Name. 


Rank. 


Serving in. 


Original entry 
into Service. 


Appointed 
from. 


McAllister, Julien, 


1st Lieut. 


Ord. Dep. 


July 1, 1847. 


Ga. 


McArthur, Joseph H. 


1st Lieut. 


2d Cav. 


July 1, 1849. 


Mo. 


McCall, James K. 


3d Lieut. 


4th Inf. 


June 27, 1856. 


Tenn. 


McCartt, James C. 




M. S. K. 


June 14, 1858. 


Tenu. 


McCleary, John, 


2d Lieut. 


6tli Inf. 


July 1, 1854. 


Ohio. 


McCltjre, Daniel, 


Major and Paj-master. 


P. D. 


July 1, 1849. 


lud. 


McCooK, Alexander McD 


. 1st Lieut. 


3d Inf. 


July 1, 1853. 


Ohio. 


McCormick, Charles, 


Major and Surgeon. 


M. D. 


Aug. 30, 1S3G. 


D. C. 


McCowN, John P.* 


Captain. 


4th Artillery. 


July 1, 1840. 


Tenu. 


McDouGALL, Charles, 


Major and Surgeon. 


M. D. 


July 13, 1832. 


Ind. 


McDowell, Irvin, 


Major. 


Ass't Adj. -Gen. July 1, 1838. 


Ohio. 


McFerran, John C. 


Captain. 


A. Q. M. 


July 1, 1843. 


Ky. 


McIntosh, James,* 


Captain. 


1st Cav. 


July 1, 1849. 


Ela. 


McIntyre, James B. 


1st Lieut. 


1st Cav. 


July 1, 1853. 


Texas. 


]\[cKee, J. Cooper, 


Ist Lieut., Ass't-Surg. 


M. D. 


Oct. 3, 1858. 


Pa. 


McKee, Samuel, 


2d Lieut. 


1st Drag. 


July 1, 1S5S. 


Utah. 


McKeever, Chauncet, 


1st Lieut. 


3d Artillery. 


July 1, 1849. 


Md. 


McKiBBiN, David B. 


2d Lieut. 


9th Inf. 


March 3, 1855. 


Pa. 


McKlNSTRY, JCSTUS, 


Captain. 


A. Q. M. 


July 1, 1838. 


Mich. 


McLane, George, 


Captain. 


M't'd Riflemen. May 37, 1S46. 


Md. 


McLaren, Adam N. 


Major and Surgeon. 


M. D. 


March 2, 1833. 


S. C. 


McLaws, Lafayette,* 


Captain. 


7th Inf. 


S\x]f 1, 1842. 


Ga. 


McLean, Eugene E.* 


Captain. 


A. Q. M. 


Julv 1, 1843. 


Md. 


McLean, Nathaniel H. 


1st Lieut. 


2d Inf. 


July 1, 1S4S. 


Ohio. 


McLemore, Owen K. 


2d Lieut. 


6th Inf. 


July 1, 1856. 


Ala. 


McMillan, James, 


2d Lieut. 


2d Inf. 


Julv 1, 1 856. 


N. Y. 


McNab, John, 


1st Lieut. 


10th Inf. 


Auo-. 3, 1847. 


Vt. 


McNally, Christopher H 


. 2d Lieut. 


M'fd Riflemen. May 23, 1855. 


Army. 


McNeill, Henry C* 


2d Lieut. 


M't'd Riflemen. July 1, 1857. 


Texas. 


McNutt, John, 


Captain. 


Ord. Dep. 


Julv 1, 1840. 


Ohio. 


McParlin, Thomas A. 


Capt. and Ass't-Surg. 


M. D. 


March 2, 1849. 


Md. 


McPherson, James B. 


1st Lieut. 


Eng. Corps. 


Julv 1, 1853. 


Ohio. 


McRae, Alexander, 


1st Lieut. 


M't'd Riflemen. July 1, 1851. 


N. C. 


Meade, George G. 


Captain. 


Topo. Eng. 


July 1, 1835. 


D. C. 


Meade, Richard K., Jr.* 


2d Lieut. 


Eng. Corps. 


July 1, 1857. 


Va. 


Meigs, Montgomery C. 


Captain. 


Eng. Corps. 


July 1, 1S36. 


Pa. 


Mendell, George H. 


1st Lieut. 


Topo. Eng. 


July 1, 1852. 


Pa. 


Mendenhall, John, 


1st Lieut. 


4th Artillery. 


July 1, 1851. 


Ind. 


Mercer, John T.* 


2d Lieut. 


1st Drag. 


July 1, 1854. 


Ga. 


Merchant, Anderson,* 


1st Lieut. 


2d ArtiUery. 


.March 8, 1847. 


N. Y. 


Merchant, Charles S. 


Lieut. -Col. 


3d Artillery. 


IMarch 11, 1814 


. N. Y. 


Merrill, Lewis, 


2d Lieut. 


2d Drag. 


Julv 1, 1855. 


Pa. 


Merrill, Wm. E. 


Brevet 2d Lieut. 


Eng. Corps. 


July 1, 1S59. 


Va. 


Michler, Nathaniel, 


1st Lieut. 


Topo. Eng. 


Julv 1, 1848. 


Pa. 


Miles, Dixon S. 


ColoneL 


2d Inf. 


Julv 1, 1S24. 


Md. 


Milhau, John J. 


Capt. and Assist.-Surg 


. M. D. 


April 30, 1S51. 


N. Y. 


Miller, Marcus P. 


2d Lieut. 


4th Artillery. 


Julv 1, 1853. 


Mass. 


Miller, Morris S. 


Captain. 


A. Q. M. 


July 1, 1834. 


N. Y. 


Miller, Thomas E. 


2d Lieut. 


2d Artillery. 


Julv 1, 1856. 


Ky. 


Mills, Madison, 


Maj. and Surg. 


M. D. 


April 1, 1834. 


N. Y. 


Mjnter, Joseph F.* 


2d Lieut. 


2d Cav. 


March 3, 1855. 


W. T. 


Mizner, John K. 


2d Lieut. 


2d Drag. 


July 1, 1856. 


Mich. 


MoLiNARD, Albert J. S. 


1st Lieut. 


2d Artillery. 


July 1, 1S5L 


N. Y. 


Montgomery, Alexander 


, Captain. 


A. Q. M. 


July 1, 1334. 


Pa. 


Montgomery, Alex. B.* 


2d Lieut. 


4th Artillery. 


June 22, 1857. 


Ga. 


Montgomery, Samuel H. 




M. S. K. 


Jan. 4, 1S47. 


Ark. 


Moore, Isaiah N. 


l&t Lieut. 


1st Drag. 


July 1, 1851. 


Pa. 


Moore, John, 


Capt. and Assist. -Suvg 


. M. D. 


June 22, 1S53. 


Ind. 



OFFICERS OF THE UN FT EL) STATES Ah'.ur. 



OtJa 



Xiune. 


HMik. 


Serving in. 


Uri'^iuul entry 
into Service. 


Apiiointc'd 
from. 


MooKE, Orlando II. 


2d Lieut. 


6th Inf. 


June 27, 185G. 


Mich. 


Moore, Samuel P.* 


Maj. and Surg. 


M. D. 


March 14, 1835 


. S. C. 


Moore, Tredwell, 


Captain. 


A. Q. M. 


July 1, 1847. 


Ohio. 


MoRDECAi, Alfred, 


Major. 


Ord. Dep. 


July 1, 1823. 


N. C. 


Morgan, Charles H. 


2d Lieut. 


4th Artillery. 


July 1, 1857. 


N. Y. 


Morgan, Michael R. 


1st Lieut. 


3d Artillery. 


July 1, 1854. 


La. 


Morris, Gouverneur, 


Lieut.-Col. 


1st Inf. 


May 24, 1824. 


N. Y. 


Morris, Lewis 0. 


l8t Lieut. 


1st Aitillery. 


March 8, 1847. 


N. Y. 


Morris, Robert M. 


Cajrtain. 


M't'dlUflemen.May 27, 1S46. 


D. C. 


Morris, Thompson, 


Lieut.-Col. 


4th Inf. 


Julv 1, 1822. 


Ohio. 


Morris, Wm. W. 


jMajor. 


4th Artillery. 


July 1, 1820. 


N. Y. 


Morrison, Pitcairn, 


Lieut.-Col. 


7th Inf. 


Oct. 27, 1820. 


N. Y. 


Morton, James St. C. 


1st Lieut. 


Eng. Corps. 


July 1, 1851. 


Pa. 


Mower,- Joseph A. 


1st Lieut. 


Ist'lnf. 


June IS, 1855. 


Conn. 


Mullan, John, Jr. 


1st Lieut. 


2d Ai-tillery. 


July 1, 1852. 


Md. 


Mullins, John,* 


1st Lieut. 


2d Drag. 


July 1, 1854. 


Miss. 


MirNROE, John, 


Lieut.-Col. 


4th Artillery. 


March 11, 1814. 


N. Y. 


MuRPHr, Dennis, 




M. S. K. 


April 7, 1858. 


Va. 


Murray, Robert, 


Capt. and Ass't.-Surg. 


M. D. 


June 29, 1846. 


Md. 


MuRRV, Alexander, 


2d Lieut. 


10th Inf. 


March 3, 1855. 


Pa. 


Mter, Albert J. 


Capt. and Ass't.-Surg. 


1\I. D. 


Se].t. 18, 1854. 


N. Y. 


Myers, Abraham C.*"" 


Captain. 


A. Q. M. 


Julvl, 1833. 


S. C. 


Myers, Frederick, 


Captain. 


A. Q. M. 


July 1, 1846. 


Conn. 


Myers, Wm. 


l.st Lieut. 


9th Inf. 


July 1, 1852. 


Pa. 


Napier, Leroy, Jr. 


2d Lieut. 


1st Drag. 


July 1, 1858. 


Ga. 


Nauman, George, 


Major. 


3d Artillery. 


July 1, 1823. 


Pa. 


Neill, Thomas II. 


Captain. 


5th Inf. 


Julv 1, 1847. 


Pa. 


Nelson, Anderson D. 


Captain. 


10th Inf. 


July 1, 1841. 


Ohio. 


Newby, Edward W. B. 


Captain. 


1st Cav. 


March 3, 1855. 


111. 


Newton, John, 


Captain. 


Eng. Corps. 


July 1, 1842. 


Ya. 


Newton, Washington I. 


Captain. 


3d Drag. 


Aug. 1, 1838. 


Va. 


Nichols, Wji. A. 


Captain. 


As't.Adj.-Gen 


. July 1, 1838. 


Pa. 


N I COD emus, Wm. J. L. 


2d Lieut. 


5th Inf. 


Julv 1, 1858. 


Md. 


Norris, Basil, 


Capt. and Assist.-Surg 


. M. D. 


Oct. 11, 1852. 


Md. 


NoRRis, Charles E. 


1st Lieut. 


2d Drag. 


July 1, 1851. 


Ind. 


Northrop, Lucius B.* 


Captain. 


1st Drag. 


July 1, 1831. 


S. C. 


Oakes, James, 


Captain. 


2d Cav. 


Julv 1, 1846. 


Pa. 


O'Bannon, Lawrence AY. 


* 1st Lieut, 


3d Inf. 


March 3, 1848. 


S. C. 


O'CoNNELL, John D. 


1st Lieut. 


2d Inf. 


July 1, 1852. 


Pa. 


Offley, Robert H. 


2d Lieut. 


1st. Inf. 


May 14, 1857. 


N. Y. 


Ogle, Charles H. 


1st Lieut. 


1st Drag. 


July 1, 1S4S. 


Pa. 


Ord, Edward 0. C. 


Captain. 


3d Artillery. 


July 1, 1839. 


D. C. 


Otis, Elmer, 


1st Lieut. 


1st Cavahy. 


July 1, 1853. 


Ohio. 


Owen, Philip A. 


1st Lieut. 


9th Inf. 


March 3, 1855. 


Ala. 


Owens, Wesley, 


2d Lieut. 


2d Cavalrv. 


July 1, 1856. 


Ohio. 


Page, Charles, 


Capt., Assist. -Sui'g. 


M. D. 


Dec. 2, 1851. 


Va. 


Page, Erancis N. 


Captain. 


As't. Adj.-Gen.July 1, 1S41. 


Va. 


Paine, Wm. C. 


2d Lieut. 


Eng. Corjis. 


July 1, 1858. 


Mass. 


Palfrey, John C. 


2d Lieut. 


Eng. Corps. 


Julv 1, 1857. 


Mass. 


Palmer, Innis N. 


Captain. 


2d Cavalry. 


July 1, 1846. 


N. Y. 


Palmer, Wm. R. 


Captain. 


Topo. Eng. 


Julv 7, 1S3S. 


N. J. 


P.ARKE, John G. 


1st Lieut. 


Topo. Eng. 


Julv 1, 1849. 


Pa. 


Patten, George W. 


Captain. 


2d Inf. 


Julv 1, 1830. 


R. L 


Paul, Gabriel R. 


Captain. 


7th Inf. 


July 1, 1834. 


Mo. 


Payne, Matthew M. 


Colonel. 


2d Artillery. 


March 12, 1812 


. Ya. 


Pease, Wm. R. 


2d Lieut. 


7th Inf. 


July 1, 1855. 


N. Y. 


Peck, Lafayette, 


2d Lieut. 


8th Inf. 


July 1, 1857. 


Tenn. 


Pegram, John,* 


1st Lieut. 


2d Dragoons. 


Julv 1, 1854. 


Va. 



666 



OFFICERS OF TUB UNITED STATUS ARMt. 



Name. 


Eank. 


Serving in. 


Original entry 


Appointed 










into Service. 


from. 


Pelouze, Lewis H. 


1st Lieut. 




4th Artillery. 


July 1, 1S53. 


Pa. 


Pemberton, John C* 


Captain. 


j- 


4tli Artillery. 


July 1, 1837. 


Pa. 


Pender, Wji. D.* 


1st Lieut. 




Ist Dragoons. 


. July 1, 1854. 


N. C. 


Perin, Glover, 


Capt., Assist. -Surg. 


M. D. 


Dec. 4, 1847. 


Ohio. 


Perkixs, Delavan D. 


1st Lieut. 




4th Artillery. 


July 1, 1849. 


N. Y. 


Perry, Alexander J. 


1st Lieut. 




2d Artillery. 


July 1, 1851. 


Conn. 


PiiiFEu, Charles W. 


2d Lieut. 




2d Cavalry. 


March 3, 1855. 


Miss. 


Phillips, Edwjn D. 


1st Lieut. 




1st Inf. 


July 1, 1852. 


Mich. 


Pickett, GEOiiGE E.* 


Captain. 




9th Inf. 


July 1, 1846. 


111. 


Piper, Alexaxrer, 


1st Lieut. 




3d Artillery. 


July 1, 1851. 


Pa. 


Pitcher, Thomas G. 


Captain. 




Sth Inf. 


July 1, 1845. 


Ind. 


Platt, Edward R. 


1st Lieut. 




2d Artillery. 


July 1, 1849. 


Vt. 


Pleasonton, Alfred, 


Captain. 




2d Dragoons. 


July 1, 1844. 


D. C. 


Plummer, Augustus H. 


1st Lieut. 




7th Inf. 


July 1, 1853. 


Pa. 


Plummer, Josepjh B. 


Captain. 




1st Inf. 


July 1, 1841. 


Mass. 


Plimpton, Joseph, 


Colonel. 




1st Inf. 


Jan. 3, 1812. 


Mass. 


Plympton, Peter W. L. 


1st Lieut. 




7th Inf. 


July 1, 1847. 


N. T. 


PoE, Orlando M. 


2d Lieut. 




Topo. Eng. 


July 1, 1856. 


Ohio. 


Pope, John, 


Captain. 




Topo. Eng. 


July 1, 1842. 


HI. 


Pouter, Andrew, 


Captain. 




M't'dRiflemec 


u May 27, 1846. 


Pa. 


Porter, A. Parker, 


2d Lieut. 




2d Cavalry. 


July 1, 1856. 


Pa. 


Porter, Fitz-John, 


Captain. 




As't. Adj.-Gen.July 1, 1845. 


D. C. 


Porter, Giles, 


Major. . 




4th Artillery. 


July 24, 1818. 


N. Y. 


Porter, John B. 


Major aud 


Surgeon. 


M. D. 


Dec. 1, 1833. 


Conn. 


Potter, Joseph H. 


Captain. 




7th Inf. 


July 1, 1843. 


N. H. 


Potter, Reuben M. 






M. S. K. 


March 23, 1848 


. Texas. 


Potts, Richard, 


Capt., Assist.-Surg. 


M. D. 


Sept. 16, 1853. 


Md. 


Powell, James E. 


1st Lieut. 




1st Inf. 


June 7, 1855. 


Me. 


Pratt, Henry G. 


Captain. 




2d Artillery. 


July 1, 1837. 


Mass. 


Prime, Frederick E. 


1st Lieut. 




Eng. Corps. 


July 1, 1850. 


N. Y. 


Prince, Henry, 


Major and 


Paymaster. 


. P. D. 


Sept. 18, 1835. 


Me. 


Prince, Wm. E. 


Captain. 




1st Inf. 


Aug. 1, 1838. 


Mass. 


Putnam, Haldimand S. 


Brevet 2d Lieut. 


Topo. Eng. 


July 1, 1857. 


N. H. 


Quattlebaum, Paul J. 


2d Lieut. 




9th Inf. 


July 1, 1857. 


S. C. 


Quinan, Pascal A. 


1st Lt., Assist.-Surg. 


M. D. 


Aug. 15, 1855. 


Md. 


Ragan, Abraham B. 


Major and 


Paymaster, 


P. D. 


March 29, 1848. 


, Ga. 


Rains, Gabriel J.* 


]\rajor. 




4th Inf. 


July 1, 1827. 


N. G. 


Ramsay, Douglas, 


2d Lieut. 




1st Artillery. 


June 7, 1855. 


D. C. 


Ramsay, George D. 


Captain. 




Ord. Dep. 


July 1, 1820. 


D. C. 


Randal, Horace, 


2d Lieut. 




1st Dragoons. 


July 1, 1854. 


Texas'. 


Randall, Burton, 


IMajor aud Surgeon. 


M. D. 


Oct. 24, 1832. 


Md. 


Randolph, John F. 


1st Lt., Assist.-Surg. 


M. D. 


Dec. 24, 1855. 


La. 


Ransom, Dunbar R. 


1st Lieut. 




3d Artillery. 


June 7 1855. 


Vt. 


Ransom, Hy'att C. 


Captain. 




A. Q. M. 


July 1, 1851. 


N. Y. 


Ransom, Robert, Jr.* 


1st Lieut. 




1st Cavalry. 


July 1, 1850. 


N. C. 


Raynolds, Wm. F. 


Captain. 




Topo. Eng. 


July 1, 1843. 


Ohio. 


Read, Edwin W. H. 


2d Lieut. 




8th Inf. 


June 27, 1856. 


Ind. 


Reese, Chauncey B. 


Brevet 2d Lieut. 


Eng. Corps. 


July 1, 1859. 


N. Y. 


Reeve, Is.\ac V. D. 


Captain. 




8th Inf. 


July 1, 1835. 


N. Y. 


Reno, Jesse L. 


1st Lieut. 




Ord. Dep. 


July 1, 1846. 


Pa. 


Reno, Marcus A. 


2d Lieut. 




1st Drag. ■ 


July 1, 1857 


lU. 


Reynolds, Alex. W.* 


Captain. 




A. Q. M. 


July 1, 1S3S. 


Va. 


Reynolds, Charles A. 


2d Lieut. 




9th Inf. 


March 3, 1855. 


Md. 


Reynolds, John F. 


Captain. 




3d Artillery. 


July 1, 1841. 


Pa. 


Reynolds, Robert B. 


Major and 


Paymaster. 


P. D. 


March 3, 1S47. 


Tenn. 


Reynolds, Samuel H.* 


1st Lieut. 




1st Inf. 


July 1, 1849. 


Va. 


Rhett, Thomas G-* 


Major and 


Paymaster. 


P. D. 


July 1, 1845. 


S. C. 


Rich, Lucius L.* 


1st Lieut. 




5th Inf. 


July 1, 1853. 


Mo. 



OFFICER 


S OF THE UNITED STATES AEMT. 


667 


Name. 


Rank. 


Serving in. 


Original entry 


Aiipointcd 








into St'i-vice. 


from. 


RrcKETTs, James B. 


Captain. 


1st Artillery. 


July 1, 1839. 


N. Y. 


RiDDICK, RiCHAKD H. 


2d Lieut. 


1st Cav. 


March 27, 1855 


. N. C. 


RiDGELT, AQUILA T. 


Capt. autl Ass't-Snrg. 


M. D. 


June 30, 1851. 


Md. 


Ringgold, George H. 


Major and Paymaster, 


. P. D. 


July 1, 1833. 


D. C. 


Ripley, Jajies W. 


Lieiit.-Col. 


Ord. Dep. 


June 1, IS 14. 


Conu. 


RiTTER, Joiix F. 


2d Lieut. 


5th Inf. 


July 1, 1856. 


Pa. 


Robert, Henry M. 


2d Lieut. 


Eng. Corps. 


July 1, 1857. 


Ohio. 


Roberts, Benjajiin S. 


Captain. 


M't'd Riflemen. July 1, 1835. 


Iowa. 


Roberts, Joseph, 


Captain. 


4th ArtiUery. 


July 1, 1835. 


DeL 


Robertson, Beverly I-L* 


1st Lieut. 


2d Drag. 


July 1, 1849. 


Va. 


Robertson, James M. 


1st Lieut. 


2d Artillery. 


June 28, 1848. 


Army. 


Robinson, Augustus G. 


2d Lieut. 


3d Artillery. 


July 1, 1857. 


ile. 


Robinson, James W. 


1st Lieut. 


1st Artillery. 


July 1, 1852. 


aio. 


Robinson, Joun C. 


Captain. 


5 th Inf. 


Oct. 27, 1839. 


N. Y. 


Robinson, Wm. G. 


3d Lieut. 


2d luf. 


July 1, 1«5S. 


N. C. 


Rodman, Thomas J. 


Captain. 


Ord. Dep. 


July 1, 1841. 


lud. 


RossELL, Nathan B. 


Captain. 


5th Inf. 


Aug. 1, 1838. 


N.J. 


RossELL, Wm. H. 


2d Lieut. 


10th Inf. 


March 3, 1855. 


N.J. 


Roy, James P. 


1st Lieut. 


2d Inf. 


July 1, 1849. 


Va. 


Royall, Wm. B. 


1st Lieut. 


2d Cav. 


March 3, 1855. 


Mo. 


RucKER, Daniel H. 


Captain. 


A. Q. M. 


Oct. 13, 1837. 


Mich. 


Ruff, Charles F. 


Major. 


M't'd Riflemen. July 1, 1838. 


Mo. 


Ruggles, Daniel,* 


Captain. 


5th Inf. 


July 1, 1833. 


Mass. 


RuGGLES, Geo. D. 


2d Lieut. 


2d Inf. 


July 1, 1855. 


N. Y. 


RuNDELL, Charles H. 


2d Lieut. 


4th Inf. 


July 1, 1852. 


N. Y. 


Russell, David A. 


Captain. 


4th Inf. 


July 1, 1845. 


N. Y. 


Ryan, George, 


2d Lieut. 


7th Inf. 


July 1, 1857. 


Conn. 


Ryland, Kirtley, 


1st Lieut., Ass't-Surg. 


, M. D. 


April 28, 1859. 


Mo. 


Sacket, Delos B. 


Captain. 


1st Cav. 


July 1, 1845. 


N. Y. 


Sanders, Wm. P. 


2d Lieut. 


2d Drag. 


July 1, 1856. 


Miss. 


Satterlee, Richard 8. 


Major aiid Surg. 


M. D. 


Feb. 25, 1823. 


Mich. 


Saunders, John S.* 


Brevet 2d Lieut. 


Ord. Dep. 


July 1, 1858. 


Va. 


Saunders, Thomas M. 


1st Lieut. 


3d Artillery. 


June 27, 1856. 


Va. 


Sawtelle, Charles G. 


2d Lieut. 


6th Inf. 


July 1, 1854. 


]\Ie. 


Saxton, Rufus, 


1st Lieut. 


4th Artillery. 


July 1, 1849. 


Mass. 


ScHOFiELD, John M. 


1st Lieut. 


1st Artillery. 


July 1, 1853. 


m. 


SCHROEDEK, HeNRY B. 


Captain. 


3d Inf. 


July 1, 1844. 


Md. 


Scott, Henry L. 


Captain. 


4th Inf. 


July 1, 1833. 


N. C. 


Scott, John B. 


Major. 


3d Artillery. 


July 1, 1821. 


Conn. 


Scott, Robert N. 


2d Lieut. 


4th Inf. 


Feb. 21, 1857. 


Cal. 


Scott, Winfield, 


Maj.-Gen., B'tLt.-G. 


C'd'r-in-Chief 


. May 3, ISOS. 


Va. 


SE.VWELL, Washington, 


Lieut.-Col. 


8th Inf. 


July 1, 1825. 


Va. 


Sedgwick, John, 


Major. 


1st Cav. 


July 1, 1837. 


Conn. 


Selden, Henry R, 


Captain. 


5th Inf. 


July 1, 1 843. 


Vt. 


Selden, Joseph, 


Captain. 


Sth Inf. 


July 7, 1S3S. 


Va. 


Seward, Augustus H. 


Captain. 


5th Inf. 


July 1, 1847. 


N. Y. 


Seymour, Truman, 


1st Lieut. 


1st Artillery. 


July 1, 1846. 


^'|. 


Shaaff, Arthur, 


2d Lieut. 


4th Inf. 


June 30, 1855. 


(Ja.. 


Shaaff, John T. 


1st Lieut. 


2d Cav. 


July 1, 1851. 


D. V. 


Shepherd, Oliver L. 


Captain, 


3d Inf. 


July 1, 1840. 


N. Y. 


Sherburne, John P. 


2d Lieut. 


1st Inf. 


June 27, 1856. 


N. H. 


Sheridan, Philip H. 


2d Lieut. 


4th Inf. 


July 1, 1853. 


Ohio. 


Sherman, Thomas W. 


Captain. 


3d Artillery. 


July 1, 1836. 


K. I. 


Shinn, John B. 


2d Lieut. 


3d Artillery. 


July 1, 1856. 


Ohio. 


Shipley, Alexander N. 


2d Lieut. 


3d Inf. 


June 1, 1857. 


Army. 


Shiras, Alexander E. 


Captain. 


Com's'y Sub. 


July 1, 1833. 


N.J." 


ShoemaivEr, Wm. R. 




M. S. K. 


Aug. 3, 1841. 


111. 


Shoup, Framcis a. 


2d Lieut. 


1st Artillery. 


July 1, 1855. 


Ind. 



(J(J8 



Ot'FICERS OF THE UNITED STATES AEMf. 



Name. 


Rank. 


Scrying in. 


Original entry 


Appointed 








into Service. 


from. 


Shunk, Francis J. 


1st Lieut. 


Ord. Dep. 


July 1, 1853. 


Pa. 


Sibley, Caleb C. 


]\[ajor. 


3d Inf. 


July 1, 1829. 


Mass. 


Sibley, Ebexezer S. 


j\rnjor. 


Q. M. 


July 1, 1827. 


Mich. 


Sibley, Hexhy H.* 


Captain. 


2d Drag. 


July 1, 1838. 


La. 


Sill, Joshua W. 


1st Lieut. 


Ord. Dep. 


July 1, 1853. 


Ohio. 


SiLVEY, Wm. 


1st Lieut. 


1st Artillery. 


July 1, 1849. 


Ohio. 


Simmons, Seneca G. 


Captain. 


7tli Inf. 


July 1, 1834. 


Vt. 


Simons, James, 


Maj. and Surgeon. 


M. D. 


July 11, 1S39. 


s. c. 


SiMONSON, John S. 


Major. 


M't'd Riflemen. May 27, 1846. 


Ind. 


Simpson, James II. 


Captain. 


Topo. Eng. 


July 1, 1832. 


N.J. 


Simpson, Josiah, 


Maj. and Surg. 


M. D. 


July 11, 1837. 


Pa. 


Simpson, Marcus D. L. 


Captain. 


Com's'y Sub. 


July 1, 1846. 


N. Y. 


Simpson, PiIcharb F. 


Capt. and Assist.-Surg. M. D. 


Aug. 1, 1840. 


Va. 


Sinclair, William, 


2d Lieut. 


3d Artillery. 


July 1, 1857. 


Ohio. 


Sitgreaves, Lorenzo, 


Captain. 


Topo. Eng. 


July 1, 1832. 


Pa. 


Slaughter, Jaimes E.* 


1st Lieut. 


1st Artillery. 


April 9, 1847. 


Va. 


Slemmer, Adam J. 


1st Lieut. 


1 st Artillery. 


July 1, 1850. 


Pa. 


Sloan, Wm. J. 


Maj. and Surgeon. 


M. D. 


July 12, 1837. 


Pa. 


Small, Michael P. 


2d Lieut. 


2d Artillery. 


July 1, 1855. 


Pa. 


Smalley, Henry A. 


2d Lieut. 


2d ArtiUery. 


July 1, 1854. 


Vt. 


Smead, Abnkr, 


2d Lieut. 


1st Artillery. 


July 1, 1854. 


Ga. 


Smead, John K. 


1st Lieut. 


2d Artillery. 


July 1, 1854. 


Pa. 


Smith, Albert J. 


Major and Paymaster. 


P. D. 


June 1, 1849. 


Va. 


Smith, Andrew J. 


Captain. 


'ist Drag. 


Julv 1, 1838. 


Pa. 


Smith, Andrew K. 


Capt. and Assist.-Surg 


•. M. D. 


July 26, 1853. 


Conn. 


Smith, Benjamin F. 


1st Lieut. 


6th Inf. 


July 1, 1853. 


N.J. 


Smith, Caleb, 


1st Lieut. 


2d Inf. 


June 21, 1848. 


Va. 


Smith, Charles F. 


Lieut. -Col. 


10th Inf. 


July 1, 1825. 


Pa. 


Smith, Charles H. 


Capt. and Assist.-Surg. 


M. D. 


Dec. 13, 1847. 


Va. 


Smith, Edmund K.* 


Captain. 


2d Cav. 


July 1, 1845. 


Fla. 


S.MITEI, James A. 


2d Lieut. 


Cth Inf. 


July 1, 1853. 


Miss. 


Smith, J. L. Kirby, 


2d Lieut. 


Topo. Eng. 


July 1, 1857. 


N. Y. 


S.mith, Joseph R. 


Capt. and Assist.-Surg 


;. M. D. 


Dec. 15, 1854. 


N. Y. 


Smith, Joseph R. 


Major. 


7th Inf. 


July 1, 1823. 


N. Y. 


S.mith, Larkin,* 


Captain. 


8th Inf. 


July 1, 1835. 


Va. 


Smith, Martin L.* 


Captain. 


Topo. Eng. 


July 1, 1842. 


N. Y. 


Smith, Wm. D.* 


Captain. 


2d Drag. " 


July 1, 1846. 


Ga. 


Smith, Wm. F. 


Captain. 


Topo. Eng. 


July 1, 1845. 


Vt. 


Smith, Wm. P. 


Brev. 2d Lieut. 


Topo. Eng. 


July 1, 1857. 


Va. 


Snyder, CIeorge W. 


2d Lieut. 


Eng. Corps. 


July 1, 1856. 


N. Y. 


Spencer, Wm. C. 


2d Lieut. 


2d Inf. 


June 18, 1855. 


Md. 


Sprague, John T. 


Captain. 


8th Inf. 


Oct. 17, 1834. 


Mass. 


Stanley, David S. 


1st Lieut. 


1st Cav. 


July 1, 1852. 


Ohio. 


Stansbury, Howard, 


Captain. 


Topo. Eng. 


July 7, 1838. 


N. Y. 


Starr, Samuel H. 


Captain. 


2d Drag. 


June 28, 1848. 


Army. 


Steele, Frederick. 


Captain. 


2d Inf. 


July 1, 1843. 


N. Y. 


Steele, William,* 


Captain. 


2d Drag. 


Julv 1, 1840. 


N. Y. 


Steen, Alexander E.* 


1st Lieut, 


3d Inf. 


April 9, 1847. 


Mo. 


Steen, Enoch, 


Major. 


l.st Drag. 


July 16, 1832. 


Mo. 


Steptoe, Edward J. 


Major. 


9 th Inf. 


July 1, 1837. 


Va. 


Steuart, George H.* 


Captain. 


1st Cav. 


July 1, 1848. 


Md. 


Stevens, Walter H. 


1st Lieut. 


Eng. Corps. 


July 1, 1848. 


N. Y. 


Stevenson, Carter L.* 


Captain. 


5th Inf. 


July 1, 1838. 


Va. 


Stevenson, Matthew R. 


Captain. 


7th Inf. 


July 1, 1846. 


N. Y. 


Stewart, Charles S. 


1st Lieut. 


Eng. Corps. 


July 1, 1846. 


N. J. 


Stewart, Joseph, 


Captain. 


3d Artillery. 


July 1, 1842. 


Ky. 


Stith, Donald C* 


1st Lieu|^ 


5th Inf. 


July 1, 1850. 


Md. 


Stivers, Charles B. 


2d Lieut. 


7th luf. 


July 1, 1856. 


Ky. 



OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES AllMY. 



(jOO 



Name. 



Rmik. 



Sening in. 



OriLniiJil pntry Appointed 
into Service. Ironi. 



Stockton, Philip, 
Stone, Lyman H. 
Stone, Roderic, 
Stoneman, George, 
Stoughton, Edwin H. 
Strong, George C. 
Stuart, James E. B.* 
Sturgis, Samuel D. 
Sullivan, Thomas C. 
Sully, Alfred, 
Summers, John E. 
Sumner, Edwin V. 
Sutherland, Charles, 
SwAiNE, Peter T. 
Sweeny, Thomas W. 
SwEiTZEK, Nelson B. 
Swift, Ebenezer, 
Swords, Thomas, 
Sykes, George, 
Symington, John, 
Symmes, John C. 
Symonds, Henry C. 
Talbot, Theodore, 
Taliaferro, Lawrence, 
Tallmadge, Grier, 
Tannatt, Thomas R. 
Taylor. George, 
Tay'lor, John G.* 
Taylor, John McL. 
Taylor, Joseph H. 
Taylor, Joseph P. 
T.vtlor, Lewis, 
Ten Broech, Peter G. S 
Terrill, Wm.R. 
Thayer, Sylvanus, 
Thom, George, 
Thomas, Bryan M. 
Thomas, Charles, 
Thomas, Charles W. 
Thomas, George 11. 
Thomas, Lorenzo, 
Thompson, James, 
Thompson, John A. 
Thornton, Wm. A. 
TiDBALL, John C. 
TiDBALL, Joseph L. 
TiLFORD, John G. 

TiLLINGHAST, OTIS H. 

Tipton, John, 
Todd, John W. 
Tompkins, Danlel D. 
Tokbert, Alfred T. A. 
Totten, Ja>ies, 
Totten, Joseph G. 
Tower, Zealous B. 
TowNSEND, Edward D. 
Tracy, Albert, 
Ti;i;aiy, Edw.uu), 



1st Lieut. 

Capt. and Assist.-Surg 

2(1 Lieut. 

Captain. 

2(1 Lieut. 

2(1 Lieut. 

1st Li(*ut. 

Captain. 
2d Lieut. 

Captain. 

Capt., Assist.-Surg. 

Colonel. 

Capt., Assist.-Surg. 

1st Lieut. 

1st Lieut. 

1st Lieut. 

Capt., Assist.-Surg. 

Lleut.-Col. 

Captain. 

Major. 

1st Lieut. 

1st Lieut. 

1st Lieut. 



1st Cav. 
M. D. 
5th Inf. 
2(1 Cav. 
6th Inf. 
Ord. Dep. 
1st Cav. 
1st Cav. 
1st Artillery. 
2d Inf. 
M. D. 

1st Cavalry. 
M. D. 
10th Inf. 
2d Inf. 
1st Drasioons- 
M. D. 



1st Lieut. 

2d Lieut. 

1st Lt., Assist.-Surg. 

2d Lieut. 

1st Lieut. 

2d Lieut. 

Lieut.-Col. 

1st Lt., Assist.-Surg. 

Capt., Assist.-Surg. 

1st Lieut. 

Lieut.-Col. 

Captain. 

2d Lieut. 

Colonel. 

2d Lieut. 

;Ma.ior. 

Lieut.-Col. 

1st Lieut. 

2d Lieut. 

Captain. 

1st Lieut. 

Captain. 

1st Lieut. 

1st Lieut. 

1st Lieut. 

1st Lieut. 

Colonel. 

3d Lieut. 

Captain. 

Colonel. 

Captain. 

Major. 

Captain. 

2d Lieut. 



July 1, 1852. 
Dec. 13, 1847. 
July 1, 1859. 
July 1, 1846. 
July 1, 1859. 
July 1, 1857. 
July 1, 1854. 
July 1, 1846. 
July 1, 1856. 
July 1, 1841. 
Dec. 13. 1847. 
March 3, 1819. 
Aug. 5, 1852. 
July 1, 1853. 
March 3, 1848. 
July 1, 1853. 
Aug. 30, 1847. 



D. Q. M. Gen. July 1, 1829. 



3d Inf. 
Ord. Dep. 
Ord. Dep. 
2d Artillery. 
1st Artillery. 
M. S. K. 
4th Artillery. 

4th Artillery. 

M. D. 

Sth Inf. 

2d Artillery. 

1st Cavalry. 

Ass't C.-G. S. 

M. D. 

M. D. 

4th Artillery. 

Eng. Corps. 

Topo. Eng. 

Sth Inf. 



July 1, 1842 
March 2, 1815. 
July 1. 1847. 
July 1, 1853. 
May 22, 1847. 
Julv 2, 1813. 

Julv 1, 1848. 
Julv 1, 1858. 

April 1, 1856. 

June 7, 1855. 

March 3, 1848. 

July 1, 1856. 

Mav 20, 1813. 

March 3, 1857, 

Dec. 13,1847. 

,Iuly 1, 1853. 

Feb. 23, 1808. 

July 1, 1839. 

July 1, 1858. 



A. Q. M. Gen. Aug. 13, 1819 
1st Inf. July 1, 1855. 

2d Cavalry. July 1, 1840. 
Ass't Adj.-Gen.July 1, 1823. 
2d Artillery. July 1, 1851 



1st Cavalry 
Ord. Dep. 
2d Artillery 
10th Inf. 



June 25, 1855 

July 1, 1825. 

July 1, 1848. 

July 1, 1849 



M't'd Riflemen.July 1, 1851. 
1st Artillery. July 1, 1847. 



3d Artillery 
Ord. Dep. 
A. Q. M. Gen 
5th Inf. 
2d Artillery. 
Eng. Corps. 
Eng. Corps 



July 1, 1856. 
July 1, 1852. 
July 1, 1820. 
July 1, 1855. 
.July 1, 1841. 
,Tuly 1, 1805. 
July 1, 1841. 



Ass't Adj.-Gen. July 1, 1837 
10th InL April 9, 1847 

M'fd Riflemen. :May 23, 1855 



N.J. 

Vt. 
Minn. 
N. Y. 
Vt. 
Mass. 
Va. 
Pa. 
Ohio. 
Pa. 
Va. 
N. Y. 
Pa. 
N. Y. 
N. Y. 
Pa. 
Ohio. 
N. Y. 
Md. 
Md. 
Ohio. 
Mass. 
Ky. 
Pa. 
N. Y. 
Mass. 
Md. 
Ky. 
Ky. 
Md. 
Ky. 
Pa. 
N. Y. 
Va. 
Mass. 
N. II. 
Ga. 
, Pa. 
D. C. 
Va. 
Del. 
N. Y. 
Va. 
N. Y. 
Ohio. 
Ohio. 
Ky. 
N. Y. 
Ind. 
Ky. 
N. Y. 
Del. 
Va. 
Conn. 
Mass. 
Mass. 
Me. 
Army. 



070 



OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES AEMY 



Name. 


Rank. 


Scrvins: in. 


Original entry 
into Service. 


Appointed 
from. 


Treadwell, Thomas .J. 


2d Lieut. 


Ord. Dep. 


July 1. 18.54. 


N. H. 


TrEVITT, JOHX, 


Captain. 


Sd Inf. 


July 1, 1844. 


Ohio. 


Tkipler, Charles S. 


Alajor andSiirgeoo. 


M. D. 


Oct. 30, 1830. 


N. Y. 


TURNBULL, CuARI.ES N. 


1 St Lieut. 


Topo. Bug-. 


July 1, 1854. 


D. C. 


Tl'KXER, JOHX W. 


2d Lieut. 


1st Artillery. 


July 1, 1855. 


III. 


Turner, Thomas E. 


2d Lieut. 


4th Inf. 


Mav 20, 1857. 


Cal. 


TURNLET, PaRMENAS T. 


Captain. 


A. Q. M. 


Julv 1, 1846. 


Teun. 


TwiCxGS, David E * 


Brig.-Geueral. 


General Oftiee: 


i-.Mareh 12, 1812. 


Ga. 


Tyler, Charles H.* 


1st Lieut. 


2d Dragoons. 


Julv 1, 1848. 


Va. 


Tyler, Robert 0. 


1st Lieut. 


3d Artillerv. 


Julv 1, 18.53. 


Conn. 


UXDERWOOD, ED^t^-XD, 


Captain. 


4th Inf. 


March 3, 1848. 


Pa. 


Updegraff, Joseph, 


1st Lieut. 


.5th Inf. 


June 38, 1848. 


Arniv. 


UPHAjr, JOHX J. 


Brevet 3d Lieut. 


9 th Inf. 


July 1, 1859. 


AVis. 


Vax Bokkelex, Wm. K. 


Captain. 


A. Q. M. 


July 1, 1843. 


N. Y. 


Van Dorx, Eai:l,* 


Captain-. 


2d Cavalry. 


July 1, 1842. 


Miss. 


Van Horn, James J. 


2d Lieut. 


Sth Inf. 


July 1, 1858. 


Ohio. 


Van Ness, Eugene, 


Lt.-CoL, Dcp. P. AI. G 


. P. D. 


Dec. 18, 1839. 


N. Y. 


V^\.N Vliet, Ste\vart, 


Captain. 


A. Q. M, 


July 1, 1840. 


N. Y. 


Van Voast, James. 


1st Lieut. 


9th Inf. 


July 1, 1852. 


N. Y. 


Villipigue. John B.* 


1st Lieut. 


2d Dragoons. 


July 1, 1854. 


S. C. 


Vincent, Thomas M. 


1st Lieut. 


2d Artillery. 


Julv 1, 1853. 


Ohio. 


Vinton, David H. 


Major. 


Q. M. 


July 1, 1822. 


R. I. 


Vogdes, Israel, 


Captain. 


] st Artillerv. 


July 1, 1837. 


Pa. 


VoLLLTM, Ed-ward P. 


Capt., Assist.-Sui-o;. 


•M. D. 


May 31, 1853. 


N. Y. 


AVaddy-, John R.* 


2d Lieut. 


4 th Artillery. 


Feb. 21, 1827. 


A^a. 


Waggaman, Georgk G. 


Captain. 


Com's'y of Sub 


i.Julv 1, 1835. 


D. C. 


Wagner, Orlando G. 


Brevet 2d Lieut. 


Topo. Eng. 


Julv 1, 1859. 


Pa. 


AVainavright, Robert A. 


Captain. 


Ord. Dep. 


July 1, 1835. 


INiass. 


Waite, Carlos A. 


Lieut.-Col. 


Sth Inf. 


Jaii. 38, 1820. 


N. Y. 


W.ALKER, Charles J. 


2d Lieut. 


3d Dragoons. 


July 1, 1857. 


Ky. 


AV^ALKER, Henry H.* 


1st Lieut. 


f)th Int 


July 1, 1853. 


Va. 


AValicer, John G. 


Captain. 


M't'd Riflemen 


.May 27, 1846. 


JMo. 


AValker, Thomas ^V. 


2d Lieut. 


3d Inf. 


July 1, 1856. 


Ind. 


AValker, AA^m. H. T. 


Major. 


10th luf. 


July 1. 1837. 


Ga. 


AValker, AV:m. S. 


Captain. 


1st Cavalrv. 


April 9, 1847. 


D. C. 


AVallace, (J gorge AV. 


Captain. 


1st Inf. 


July 1, 1839. 


Pa. 


AVall, Asa, 


IstLt., Assist.-Surg. 


M. D. 


Aug. 29, 1856. 


Va. 


AVallen, Henry D. 


Captain. 


4th Inf. 


July 1, 1840. 


Fla. 


AVakneu, Edward R. 


2d Lieut. 


Sd Artillery. 


July 1, 1857. 


Pa. 


Warren, Gouverneir K. 


1st Lieut. 


Topo. Eng. 


July 1, 1850. 


N. Y. 


Washington, T. A.- 


1st Lieut. 


1st Inf. 


July 1, 1849. 


Va. 


Watson, Charles B. 


2d Lieut. 


2d Inf. 


Feb. 21, 1857. 


lud. 


AVayne, Henry C* 


Captain. 


A. Q. M. 


July 1, 1838. 


Ga. 


AVebb, Alexander S. 


2d Lieut. 


2d Artillerv. 


July 1, 1855. 


N. Y. 


AVebb, AVm. a. 


1st Lieut. 


5th Inf. 


July 1, 1853. 


Me. 


AA'ebber, Charles H. 


3d Lieut. 


1st Artillery. 


May 29, 1855. 


Mass. 


Weed, Stephen H. 


1st Lieu*- 


4th Artillery. 


July 1, 1854. 


N.Y. 


AA^EEKS, George H. 


2d Lieut, 


4th Artillery. 


July 1, 1857. 


Me. 


AA'eitzel, Godfrey, 


2d Lieut. 


Eng. Corps. 


July 1, 1855. 


Ohio. 


AA'elcker, Wm. T.* 


1st Lieut. 


Ord. Dep. 


July 1, 1851. 


Teun. 


Wessells, Henry AV. 


Captain. 


2d Inf. 


July 1, 1833. 


Conn. 


AA'iiARTON, Hexky AV. 


Captain. 


6th Inf. 


Oct. 31, 1837. 


Ala. 


Wheaton, Frank, 


1st Lieut. 


1st Car. 


March 3, 1855. 


R. I. 


Wheaton, AValteu V. 


Major and Surg. 


M. D. 


March 28, 1813. 


. R.I. 


AA'heeler, J.vmes, Jr. 


2d Lieut. 


1st Drag. 


July 1, 1855. 


N.Y. 


AA^heeler, Joseph, Jr. 


2d Lieut. 


1st Drag. 


July 1, 1859. 


N.Y. 


AVheeler, Junius B. 


2d Lieut. 


Topo. En--. 


■Inlv 1, ISo.'s. 


N. C. 


AVinrrLE, Amiel AV. 


Captain. 


Tojio. Eng. 


July 1, 1841. 


Mass. 



OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES AllMY. 



<;n 



Name. 



Rank. 



Serving in. 



Ori^'iiial entry 
into Service. 



A|)l)(iiiit('(l 

llulll. 



Whipple, Wm. D. 
WiiisTLEK, Joseph N. G. 
WiiisTi-Eu, Wm. 
WiuTALL, John A. 
White, James L. 
White, Moses J.* 
White, ^VM. J. H. 
Whitelev, Robekt II. K. 
Whiting, Ciiahi.es J. 
Whitinc, Daniel P. 
WiiiTiNr,, Wm. H. C* 

VVniTTl-ESEY, JCSEl'II IT. 

Wicici.ii'i'-E, Nathaniel, 
WiLCo.K, Cadmus M.* 
WlLUltlCK, Abkam C. 

WiLKiNS, John D. 

WlLLAUD, GeOKGE L. 

Willi A.MS, Geouge A. 
Williams, Lawrence A. 
Williams Roiucht, 
Williams, Seth, 
Williams, Solomon,* 
Williams, Thomas, 
Williams, Thomas G.* 
Williams, Thomas H. 
Williamson, Uoi'.icki" S. 
Wilson, IIicnry, 
Wilson, Thomas, 
WiNDEK, Charles S.* 
Winder, John IL* 
Winder, Wm. A. 
WiNGATB, Benjamin, 
Wiktz, Horvce R. 

WiTHERELL, JaMES B. 

Withers, John,* 
WooDHURY, Daniel P. 
Wood, (Jeorge K. 
Wood, Henry C. 
Wood, Robeht C. 
Wood, Thomas J. 
Wood, Wm. H. 
WooDiiUFF, Dickinson, 

WOODUITFF, IsitAEL, C. 

Woods, Charles R. 
Woods, Samuel, 
Wool, John E. 
Worth, Henry A. F. 
Wright, George, 

WlilGIlT, IIORATIO G. 

Wright, Joseimi J. B. 
Wright, Moses IT. 
Wyman, Powell T. 
Wyse, Francis O. 



1st Lit'Ut. 

1st Lieut. 

Colonel. 

Captain. 

1st Lieut. 

Brevet 2(1 Lieut. 

Capt. and A.s.sist.-Surji;. 

Caiitaiii. 

Captain. 

Caiitain. 

Cai>taiu. 

Captain. 

2(1 Lieut. 

1st Lieut. 

2d Lieut. 

1st Lieut. 

1st Lieut. 

1st Lieut. 

1st Lieut. 

1st Lieut. 

Ca])taia. 

2d Lieut. 

Captain. 

1st Lieut. 

Cajjt. and Ass't-Surg. 

1st Lieut. 

Colonel. 

1st Lieut. 

Captain. 
Captain. 

1st Lieut. 

Capt a i IK 

Capt. ami Ass't-Sur^. 

2d Lieut. 

Captain. 

Captain. 

Capt. and Ass't-Surg. 

2d Lieut. 

Major and Surgeon. 

Captain. 

1st Lieut. 

Captain. 

Cajitain. 

1st Lieut. 

Major and P.aymaster. 

Brig.-GeniTal. 

Brevet 2.1 Lieut. 

Colonel. 

Captain. 

Captain and Surgeon. 

Brevet 2d Lieut. 

1st Lieut. 

Captain. 



3d Inf. 
3d luL 
4th InL 
:-,i\\ Inf. 
;fd Artillery. 
Ord. Dep. 
M. D. 
Ord. Dep. 
2d Cav. 
7th Inf. 
Eng. Ij'orps. 
1st Drao;. 
Oth Inf. 
71h Inf. 
3d Artillery. 
3d Inf. 
8th Inf. 
1st Inf. 
10th Inf. 
1st Drag. 



July 1, 1851. 
July 1, 184R. 
June 8, 1801. 
Aug. 1, 1838. 
July 1, 1853. 
July 1, 185S. 
March Vi, 1850. 
July 1, 1830. 
July 1, 1835. 
July 1, 1833. 
July 1, 1845. 
July 1, 1844. 
June 30, 1855. 
July 1, 1840. 
July 1, 1857. 
July 1, 1840. 
June 28, 1848. 
July 1, 1852. 
July 1, 1852. 
July 1, 1851. 



Ass't Adj. -Gen. July 1, 1842. 
2d Dra- July 1, 1858. 



4Ui Artillery. 
1st Inf. 
M. D. 
Topo. Eng. 
7lh Inf. 
5th Inf. 
9th Inf. 
Ist Artillery. 
3d Artillery. 
.5111 Inf. 
M. D. 
2d Cav. 



July 1, 1837 
July 1, 1849. 
March 2, 1S49. 
July 1, 1848. 
May 17, 1813. 
July 1, 1853. 
July 1, 18.50. 
July 1, 1820. 
Mai'ch 24, 1848 
June 14, 1848. 
Dec. .5, 1840. 
March 3, 1S55. 



Ass't Adj. -Gen.July 1, 1849. 

Ene. Corps. July 1, 1836. 

M.D. June 29, 1849. 

1st Inf. June 27, 1850. 

M. D. May 28, 1825. 

1st Cav. July 1, 1845. 

3a Inf. July 1, 1845. 

9th Inf. March 3, 1855. 

Topo. Ktig. July 1, 1830. 

9tli Int. '^ July 1, 1852. 

P. D. July 1, 1837. 

Gen. Oflieer. April 14, 1812. 

8th Inf. July 1, 1859. 

9th Inf. July 1, 1822. 

Enc:. Corps. July 1, 1841. 

M.D. Oct. 2.5, 1833. 

Ord. Dep. July 1, 1859. 

1st Artillery. July 1, 1850. 

3dArtiUery. July 1, 1837. 



N. Y. 

Fla. 

N. W.T. 

I), c:. 

Fla. 

Mi.ss. 

D. C. 

Del. 

Cal. 

N. Y. 

D. C. 

N. Y. 

Ky. 

Tenn. 
N. J. 
Pa. 
Army. 

N. y. 

D. C. 
Va. 

Me. 

N. C. 

Mich. 

Va. 

Md. 

N.J. 

Pa. 

D. C. 

Md. 

Md. 

Md. 

Arinv. 

Pa. ' 

Mich. 

Miss. 

N. H. 

N. Y. 

Me. 

R. I. 

Ky. 

Mass. 

N.J. 

N. J. 

Ohio. 

Ind. 

N. Y. 

Va. 

Vt. 

Conn. 

Pa. 

Tenn. 

Mass. 

Md. 



Note. It is not claimed that all who regigned in the early paH of ISGI, or that all who did po rc- 
pig^i and enter the service of the enemy, are marked with a Btar. 



BATTLES AND SKIRMISHES, 

AS BEPORTED, BY STATES. 



^?5^Xj.iL.:B^^n^/j:.ZL.. 







186 2, (13) 






lluntsville, 


April 11 


Athens, May 29 


Tuscumbia River, 


Oct. 5 


Bridgoport, 


29 


Trinity, July 24 


Little Bear Creek, 


Nov. 38 


Elktou Station, 


May 9 


Courtiand Bridge, 35 


Little Bear Creek, 


Dec. 12 


Kogersville, 


13 


Fort McCoolc, Aug. 27 






Ounter's Lauding, 


15 


Steveusou, 31 

18 6 3. (31) 






Tusciimbia, 


Feb. 23 


Sand Mountain, April 30 


Maysville, 


Aug. 28 


(i lendale, 


oo 


Day's Gap, 30 


Stevenson, 


31 


Cherokee Station, 


April 17 


Long Creek, 30 


Maysville, 


Oct. 13 


Lundy's Lane, 


17 


Blountsville, • May 1 


Dickson Station, 


20 


Bear Creek, 


17 


Black "Warrior Creek, 1 


Cherokee Station, 


31 


Diekson Station, 


V.) 


Turkey Town, 3 


Tuscumbia, 


34.-27 


Dicksou Station, 


23 


Blount's Farm, 3 


Cane Creek, 


Oct. 26 


Tuscunibia, 


2 + 


Gadsden, 2 


Bear Creek, 


26 


Leig-bton, 


24 


Florence, 27 


Cherokee Station, 


29 


Loudon Laue, 


25 


Hamburg Landing, 29 






Town Creek, 


28 


Pulaski, July 15 

18 6 4. (45) 






Athens, 


Jan. 25 


Jackson's Ford, July 14 


Turkey Ridge, 


Oct. 26 


Sulphur Springs, 


35 


Coosa, 15 


Decatur, 


26-29 


Floreneo, 


26 


Stone's Ferry, 15 


Ladiga, 


30 


liebauon. 


Feb. 3 


Decatur, 20 


Muscle Shoals, 


30 


Lebanon, 


6 


Cheraw, 30 


Raccoon Ford, 


30 


Deeatur, 


March 7 


Courtiand, 25 


Shoal Creek, 


Nov. 9 


Claysville, 


1-4 


Fort Gaines, Mobile, 


Aberdeen, 


17 


Clayton, 


1-4 


Aug. 5-23 


New Market, 


19, 20 


Florence, 


April 13 


Fort Morgan, Mobile, 5-33 


Madison Station, 


2f? 


Decatur, 


17 


Deeatur, " 18 


Deeatur, 


28 


Madison Station, 


May 17 


Athens, Sept. 23, 24 


Pine Barren Creek, 


Decatur, 


26, 27 


Sulphur Branch, 25 


Dec. 17, 19 


iMoulton, 


2S, 29 


Huntsville, Oct. 1 


Mobile, 


23 


Cane Creek, 


June 10 


Athens, 3, 3 


Decatur, 


37, 28 


Pond Spriuii', 


28 


Florence, 6, 10 


Pond Spring, 


29 


Coosa Kiver, 


July 13 


Cedar Bluff, 23 

186 5. (40) 






Nauvoo, 


Jan. 2 


Boyd's Station, March 18 


26 to 


April 8 


Thorn Hill, 


a 


Pine Barren Creek, 25 


Fort Blakely, Mobile 




jMud Creek, 


5 


Bluff Springs, 25 


26 to 


' April 9 


Scottsboro, 


8 


Mobile, Siege of, 


iMontevallo, 


31 


Ked Ilill, 


14 


March 26 to April 11 


Five Mile Creek, 


31 


Sand Mountain, 


27 


Spanish Fort, Mobile, 


Six Mile Creek, 


31 



(«73) 



LIST OF BATTLES, BY STATES. 



6T3 



Triana, 


April 


1 1 


Solma, 


April 2 


Mobile, 


April 10 


Tuscaloosa, 






Soottsville, 


3 


Montf!;oinery, 


13, 13 


Ebenczer Church, 






Nortliport, 


3 


Wliisller's Stutloii, 


13 


Coosa Creole, 






Tusoaluosa, 


4 


Montevallo, 


13 


Mouut Plcusiint, 






Bridg'ovillo, 


6 


Talladega, 


23 


Centreville, 






Pleasant Ki<lgc, 


(•) 


Muiiford'B Station, 


33 


Bogler's Crock, 






Sipsey Swamp, 


(5 


Montevallo, 


80,31 


Plantersville, 






Fiker's Ferry, 


8 






Maplesville, 






Lowudesboro, 


10 







Bushy Creek, 



180 1. (3) 

Dec. 9 Dayton, Dec. 33 

186 2. (63) 



Bentorville, March 6 

P.ca Riv.go, 0-8 

Elkhorn Tavern, 8 

Salem, 18 

Talbot's Ferr}', Ajiril I'.l 

\Vliito River, May (i 

Chalk Blulfs, 15 

Searcy Lauding, 19 

Big Indian Creek, 27 

Cache River Bridge, 38 

Waddell's Farm, June 12 

St. Charles, 17 

Smithville, 1 8 

Little Red River, 2.5 

Village Crook, 27 

Waddell's Fium, 27 

White River, July 4 

Ci'and Prairio, (1 

JFiU'sPlnnlation, 7 

Bay(Hi CjkIm', 7 

Cotton Plant, 7 



Cane Hill, 


Jan. 2 


La Grange, 


3 


Arkansas Post, 


11 


Lick Creek, 


12 


Helena, 


ir, 


Dcvall's BlulT, 


17 


Van Burcn, 


2(i 


Batesville, 


Fob. 4. 


Arkadelphia, 


l.'i 


Bentonvillo, 


20 



Chalk Bhills, March 9, 15 

Chalk Bin lis, AyxU 1 

Little Rock Road, 2 

Madison, 4 

Lundy's Lane, 17 

Fayetteville, 18 

Jackson, 36 

White River, 36 

La Grange, May 1 

Mount Vernon, 11 

4:? 



Aberdeen, July 9 

SoulterviUo, 10 

Batesville, 1 4 

Fayetteville, 1 r> 

Pittman's Ferry, 20 

Languelle Ferry, Aug. 3 

Jonesboro, 3 

Jaeksou, 3 

TaberviUe, 11 

Helena, 11-14 

Clarendon, 13 

Clear Creek, 19 

La Grange, Sept. 6 

Helen ii, 20 

La Grange, Oct. 1 1 

Trenton, 14 

Elkhorn Tavern, Hi 

Sugar Crook, 17 

Ci'oss Hollows, 18 

Helena, 18 

Maysvillo, 22 

1 8 :i . (f''9) 

Fort Smith, May 15 

Helena (near), 2.5 

Grand liakc, June 16 

Helena, July 4 

Big Creole, 10 

Brownsville, 3.5 

West Point, Aug. 14 

Beiitonvillc, 15 

I'ocaiiontas, 22 

Brownsville, 25, 36 

Perryville, 26 

Bayou Met(;e, 27 

Austin, 31 

Fort Smith, 31 

Bayou Metoe, Sept. 1 

Devil's Backbone, 1 

Ashley's Mills, 7 

Ferry's Landing, 7 

Dardanelle, 8 

Dardanelle, 9 



Old Fort Wayne, Oct. 32 

Fayetteville,' 24,27 

Cross Hollows, 28 

Oxford Bond, 28 

lllica's Mills, Nov. 7 

Boonsboro, 7 

Marianna, 7 

l^a (irange, 7 

Carthage, 27' 

Cane Hill, 2s 

lioston Mountains, 2S 

Boonsboro, 28 

Helena, Dor. ."> 

Reed's Mountains, 5 

Boston Mountains, 4-1) 

Illinois Creek, 7 

Prairie Grove, 7 

Cane Hill, 20 

Van Buren, 21, 28 

Dripping Spring.s, 28 

La Grange, 30 



Little Rock, 


Si'pt. 10 


Waldron, 


n 


Benton, 


( t 


Brownsville, 


H, ii; 


Mollat'6 Station, 


2;' 


Elizabetiitown, 


Oct. 1 


Baxter Springs, 




Fort Blair, 




Waldi'on, 




Pine Bliiir, 


25 


Clarksville, 


28 


Ozark, 


39 


Clarksville, 


Nov. 8 


Rosevillo, 


13 


Caddo Gap, 


Dec. 4 


Princeton, 


8 


Devall's Bluff, 


12 


Jacksonport, 


23 


Waldron, 


30 



674 



LIST OF BATTLES, BY STATES. 



18 64. (113) 



Martin's Creek, 


Jan. 7 


Osceola (near), 


April 8 


Pine Bluff, 


July 2 


Monticello, 


16 


Prairie D'Anne, 


10-18 


Searcy, 


4 


Lewisburg, ' 


17 


Indian Bay, 


13 


Petit Jean, 


12 


Branchville, 


19 


Moscow, 


13 


Clarendon, 


14 


Rolling Prairie, 


23 


Dutch Mills, 


14 


Ozark, 


14, 15 


Baker Springs, 


24 


Liberty Post OflSce, 


15 


Wallace's Ferry, Big 


Cr. 26 


Caddo Gap, 


26 


Camden, 


15 


Helena (near). 


26 


Van Buren, 


26 


King's River, 


16 


Des Arc, 


26 


Dallas, 


28 


ClarksviUe, 


18 


Big Creek, 


26 


Waldron, 


Feb. 1 


Poison Springs, 


18 


Massard Prairie, 


27 


Rolling Prairie, 


4 


Cotton Plant, 


31 


West Point, 


28 


Hot Springs, 


4 


Cache River, 


22 


Fort Smith, 27 


', 29-31 


Mountain Foi'k, 


4 


Swan Lake, 


23 


Helena, 


Aug. 2 


Spring River, 


9 


Camden, 


24 


Osceola, 


2,4 


Morgan's Mills, 


9 


Jacksonport, 


24 


Bull Creek, 


6 


Lake Village, 


10 


Mark's Mills, 


25 


Van Buren, Aug 


:• 11, 12 


Caddo Gap, 


12 


Little Rock, 


26 


Devall's Bluff, 


21 


Scott's Farm, 


12 


Moro Creek, 


26 


Fort Smith, 


24, 27 


Caddo Gap, 


12, 16 


Princeton, 


29 


Ashley's Station, 


24 


Rose Landing, 


14 


Jenkin's Ferry, 


15, 30 


Long Prairie, 


24 


Batesville (near). 


19 


Pine Bluff, 


May 1 


Brownsville, 


25 


Flint Creek, 


March 6 


Richland, 


3 


BuU Bayou, 


26 


Clarendon, 


15 


Jenkin's Ferry, 


4 


Jacksonport, 


26 


Monticello, 


18 


Saline River, 


4 


Augusta, 


Sept. 2 


Rockport, 


25 


Dardanelle, 


10 


Searcy, 


6 


Long View, 


26,30 


Fayetteville, 


19 


DevaU's Bluff, 


6 


Danville, 


28 


Stony Point, 


20 


ClarksviUe, 


27 


Arkadelphia, 


28 


Little Rock, 


28 


Carter Station, 


27 


Mount Elba, 


30 


Columbia, 


June 2 


ClarksviUe, 


28 


Fitzhugh's Woods, 


April 1 


Searcy, 


3 


White River, 


Oct. 22 


Augusta, 


1 


Lake Chicot, 


6 


Princeton, 


23 


Antoine, 


2 


West Point, 


16 


Hurricane Creek, 


23 


Spoonville, 


2 


Pine Bluff, 


21 


Fayetteville, 


28 


Okalona, 


3 


White River, 


22 


BrownsviUe (near). 


30 


Elkin's Ford, 


4,6 


White River, 


24 


Vera Cruz, 


Nov. 3 


Roseville, 


4, 5, 15 


Pine Bluff, 


27 


Arkansas River, 


Dec. 18 


Mark's MOls, 


5 


Clarendon, 


25-29 


Fort Smith, 


24 


Stone's Farm, 


5 


St. Charles, 

1865 


25-29 
. (7) 






Joy Ford, 


Jan. 8 


Clear Creek, 


Feb. 11 


Douglas Landing, 


Feb. 22 


Dardandie, 


14 


Pine Bluff, 


22 


Clear Lake, March 11 


■ ClarksviUe, 


18 











Santa Rosa, 



Oct. 9 



Cedar Keys, Jan. 10 

Musquito Inlet, March 21 



Jacksonville, March 29 



18 61. (2) 

Fort Pickens, Pensacola, Nov. 23 

18 6 2. W 

Tallahatchie, June 18 Appalachicola River, Oct. 15 

186 3. (2) 

St. Augustine, Dec. 30 



LIST OF BATTLES, BY STATES. 



0T5 



Poiut Washington (uciir), 

Feb. 9 
St. Mary's River, 9, 10 

Lake City, 13 

(Jainesvillo, 14 

C)cean Pond, 20 

Olustee, Feb. 20 

Silver Lake, ' 20 

Pensacola, April 2 



Dunn's Lake, 
Cedar Keys, 



Feb. 5 
16 



18 6 J^. (24) 

Jacksonville, May 1 

Welaka, " 19 

Saundera, 19 

Jacksonville, 28 

Barrancas, July 22 

St. Mary's Trestle, 20 

Black River, 27 

Whiteside, 27 

Gainesville, Aug. 17 

186 o. (4) 



Fort Myers, 



Fort Tyler, Aug. 21 

Marianna, Sept. 27 

Pierce's Point, Oct. 18 

Milton, 26 

Ogeechee River, Dec. 7, 9 

Mitchell's Creek, 17 

Pine Barren Fork, 17, IS 



Feb. 20 Jacksonville, April 4 



O-EOISO-I-iL.. 



Fort Pulaski, 



April 10 



Fort McAllister, Feb. 1 

Foi-t McAllister, March 3 
"Walnut Grove Church, 

June 24 
Graysville, Sept. 10 

Ringgold, • 11 



Dalton (near), Jan. 21 

Tunnel Hill, 28 
Buzzard Roost, Feb. 24-27 

Tunnel Hill, 24-27 

Rocky Face Ridge, a3-27 

Rocky Face Valley, 25 
Rocky Face Ridge, March 5, 9 
Nickajack, April 23 

Red Claj-, May 3 

Rocky Face Ridge, 5-12 

Tunnel HiU, 7 

Mill Creek, 7 

Dug Gap, 7 

Buzzard Roost Gap, 8 

Snake Creek Gap, 8-10 

Dalton, 9 

VarneU's Station, 9 

Oostanaula, 13-16 

Resaca, 13-16 

Ley's Ferrj-, 15 

Tanner's Bridge, 15 

Rome (near), 15 

Rome Cross Roads, 16 

Adairsville, 17, 18 

Rome, 17, 18 

Kingston, 18 

Cassville, ^ 19-22 

Kingston, ' 24 

Ne\v Hope Church, 25, 26 
Burnt Hickory, 24 to June 4 



18 6 2. (2) 

"\\'hitemarsb, April 16 

18 63. (IS) 

Dug Gap, Sept. 11 

Alpine Gap, 11 

Davis's Cross Roads, 11 

Steven's Gap, 11 

Lett's Tan Yard, 13 

Reed's Bridge, 18 

1864. (134) 

Dallas, May 25 to June 4 
Cassville, 25 

Burned Church, Jlay 26 

New Hope Chui-ch, June 4 
Acworth, 3, 4 

Big Shanty, 6 

Kenesaw Mt., 9 to July 2 
Lost Mountain, Jiuie 9-30 
Pine Mountain, 9-14 

McAfee's Cross Roads, 12 
Golgotha, 16 

Nose's Creek, 17 

Pine Knob, 19 

Lattamore's Mills, 20 

Powder Spring, 20 

Noonday Creek, 20 

Gulp's House, 22 

Marietta, July 3, 4 

Smyrna, 2-5 

Nickajack Creek, 2-5 

Burnt Hickory, 4, 5 

Chattahoochee River, 6-10 
Stone Mountain, 18 

Auburn, 18 

Dnrrant's MiU, 20 

Peach Tree Creek, 19, 20 
Bald Hill, 21 

Atlanta, Hood's 1st sortie, 22 
Beachtown, 22 

Decatur, 22 



Chickamauga Creek, 18-21 

Rossville, 22 

Ringgold, 27 

Gray.sviUe, 27 

Pea Vine Creek, 27 

Taylor's Ridge, 27 



Flat Rock, July 27 
Atlanta, Hood's 2d sortie, 28 

Campbelltown, 28 

Flat Shoals, 28 
Atlanta, siege of, 28-Sept. 2 

Ezra Chapel, July 28 

Lovejoy Station, 29, 30 

Macon, 30 

Newnan, 30, 31 

Hillsboro, 31 
Utoy Creek, Aug. 5, 6 

Decatur, 5 

Dalton, 14-16 

Fairburn, 18 

Montgomery, 18 

Red Oak, 19 

Jonesboro, 19, 20 

Lovejoy Station, 20 

Red Oak, 28 

Rough and Ready, 30 
Jonesboro, 31, Sept. 1 

Fhnt River, Sept. 1 

Atlanta Evacuated, 2 

Big Shanty, 2 

Lovejoy's Station, 2-6 

East Point, 5 

Rosswell, 26 

Sweetwater Creek, Oct 1 

Salt Spring, 1 

Nose's Creek, 3 



676 



LIST OF BATTLES, BY STATES. 



Big Shanty, 


Oct. 3 


Ship's Gap, 


Oct. 16 


Jones's Plantation, 


27, 29 


Powder Spring Creek, 3 


Atlanta (near), 


Nov. 9 


Waynesboro, 


27, 29 


Nose's Creek, 


3 


Lovejoy's Station, 


16 


Oconee River, 


30 


Ailatoona, 


5 


Bear Creek Station, 


16 


Millen Cove, 


Dec. 1 


Lost Mountain, 


5 


Clinton, 


19 


Thomas Station, 


3 


Van Wert, 


10 


Macon, 


20, 24 


Waynesboro, 


4 


Rome, 


12 


GriswoldviUe, 


22 


Brier Creek, 


4 


Resaca, 


12 


Clinton, 


22 


Dry Creek, 


4 


Kingston, 


12 


Coosa River, 


25 


Statesboro, 


4 


Tilton, 


18 


MiUedgeviUe, 


24 


Cypress Swamp, 


7 


Silver Creek, 


13 


Oconee River, 


24, 25 


Ebenezer Church, 


7 


Dalton, 


13 


Louisville, 


26, 29 


Ogeechee River, 


7-9 


Rome, 


13 


SandersvilJe, 


26 


Savannah, siege of. 


10-21 


Buzzard Roost, 


13 


Sylvan Grove, 


26 


Fort McAllister, 


13 


Snake Creek Gap, 


15 


186 5 


. (6) 






Cahawba River, 


April 8 


Columbus, 


April 16 


Macon, 


April 20 


West Point, 


16 


Double Bridges, 


18 


Irwinville, 


May 10 



Orleans, 
Blue Island, 



June 17 
19 



insriDi.iL.i>T^?^. 



18 6 8, (<3) 



Corydon, 
Salem, 



July 9 
9 



Vernon, 

VersaiUos, 



July 12 

12 



Locust Grove, 
B.ayou Bernard, 



Fort Gibson, 
Port Blunt, 
Tahlequah, 
Webber's Falls, 
Webber's Falls, 



i:isriDz.j^n^T teiisi^itoik"'^. 



July 3 



Feb. 28 

March 27 

30 

April 11 

26 



Fort Gibson, May 20, 25 



ScuUyviUe, April 16 

Smith's Station, May 12 



186 2. (5) 



Fort Gibson, 
Fort Gibson, 



July 28 
Oct. 15 



186 3. (IS) 



Fort Blunt, 
Spring Creek, 
Cabin Creek, 
Grand Pass, 
Honey Springs, 
Webber's FaUs, 



May 20 

June 6 

July 1, 2, 5 

7 

17 

Sept. 8 



Julesburg, 



Jan. 7 



1 8 6 4. (6) 

Fort Gibson, Sept. 16, 18 
Cabin Cr'k, Sept. 19, Nov. 4 

186 5. (3) 

Mud Springs, Feb. 8 



Fort Cobb, 



Oct. 21 



Seneca Sta., Buffalo Creek, 14 



Brazil Creek, 
Webber's Falls, 
Creek Agency, 
Fort Gibson, 
Barren Fork, 



Fort Lyon, 
Sand Creek, 



Rush Creeli, 



Oct. 11 

12 

25 

Dec. 18, 26 

19 



Dec. 9 

9 



Feb. 9 



2^.iL.nsrs.i5^s. 



Fort Scott, 



Shawneetown, 
Lawrence, 



18 61. (3) 

Sept. 1 Pupinsville, Sept. 5 

1863. (5) 



June 6 Brooklyn, 
July 27 Lawrence, 



Aug. 21 Marais des Cygnes, Aug. 31 
81 



LIST OF BATTLES, BY STATES. 



677 



Smoky Hill, 
Denver, 
Osage Mission, 



Foi-t Larned, 



18 4, (s) 

Aug. 16 Fort Leavenworth, Oct. 20, 2G 

Sept. 7 Fort Scott, 22, 28 

26 Little Osage River, 25 

IS 66. (1) 



Marais des Cygnes, Oct. 25 
Pawnee Forks, Nov. 25 



May 22 



180 1. (16) 



Lucas Bend, 


Sept. 26 


Hodgcnsville, 


Oct. 23 


Cypress Bridge, 


Nov. 17 


Buffalo Hill, 


Oct. 4 


Saratoga, 


26 


Bagdad, 


Dee. 12 


Hillsboro, 


8 


Woodbury, 


29 


Rowlett's Station, 


IT 


Wild Cat, 


21 


Morgantown, 


29 


Munfordville, 


17 


West Liberty, 


23 


Piketowu, 

1862. 


Nov. 9 
(.54) 


Sacramento, 


2S 


PaintsviUe, 


Jan. 7 


Madisonville, 


Aug. 26 


Perryville, 


Oct. 8 


Middle Creek, 


10 


Danville, 


26 


Lawrenceburg, 


9 


Preston burg. 


10 


Richmond, 


30 


Harrodsburg, 


10 


MiU Springs, 


19-20 


Yate's Ford, 


31 


Stanford. 


14 


Bowling Green, 


Feb. 1, 15 


Morgansvillc, 


Sept. 2 


Lancaster, 


14 


Lockbridgc's Mills, 


, May 5 


Slaughterville, 


3 


Lexington, 


17 


Dresden, 


5 


Munfordville, 


14-16 


Big Hill Pass, 


23 


Monterey, 


June 11 


Florence, 


17 


Morgantown, 


24 


Tompkinsville, 


July 9 


Owensburg, 


19, 20 


Williamsburg, 


28 


New Hope, 


11 


Munfordville, 


21 


Garrettsburg, 


Nov. 6 


Lebanon, 


12 


Shepherdsville, 


21 


Hopkinsvllle, 


6 


Cynthiana, 


17 


Augusta, 


27 


Glasgow, 


Dec. 24 


Mount Sterling, 


29 


Russellville, 


30 


Bear Wallow, 


25 


Russellville, 


29 


Floyd's Fork, 


Oct. 1 


Green's Chapel, 


25 


Paris, 


30 


Mount Washington, 


2 


Bacon Creek, 


26 


White Oak Ridge, 


Aug. 19 


Bardstown, 


4 


Muldraugh's Hill, 


28 


Crab Orchard, 


22 


Glasgow, 


5 


PZlizabethtown, 


27 


Big Hill, 


23 


Madisonville, 

18 6 3 


5 

. (36) 


Elk Fork, 


28 


Athens, 


Feb. 23 


South Union, 


May 13 


Lawrenceburg, 


July 9 


Paris, 


March 11 


Fishing Creek, 


25 


Salvisa, 


10 


Mt. Sterling, 


20, 22 


Montieello, 


June 9 


Winchester, 


25 


Danville, 


24 


Wilson's Creek, 


13 


Richmond, 


28 


Dutton's Hill, 


30 


Triplet's Bridge, 


16 


Lexington, 


28 


Somerset (near). 


30 


Beaver Creek, 


27 


Paris, 


29 


Pikevillc, 


April 15 


BurkesviUe, 


July 2 


Lancaster, 


30 


Celina, 


20 


Columbia, 


3 


Irvine, 


30 


Tompkinsville, 


23 


Tebb's Bend, 


4 


Clark's Neck, 


Aug. 27 


Howe's Ford, 


28 


Lebanon, 


5 


Glasgow, 


Oct. 5 


Montieello, 


May 1 


Brandenburg, 


8 


Salyersville, 


Nov. 30 


Horse Shoe Bend, 


11 


Cummiugs's Ferry, 

18 04 


9 

. (33) 


Creelsboro, 


Dec. 7 


Truman's Ferry, 


Jan. 9 


Hazel Green, 


May 10 


Cynthiana, 


June 10 


Mayfield, 


12 


Pond Creek, 


16 


Kellar's Bridge, Li 


eking 


Union City, 


24 


Pound Gap, 


17 


River, 


10 


Paducab, 


March 25 


Mount Sterling, 


June 9 


Cynthiana, 


11 


Quickpaiid Creek, 


April 6 


Frankfort, 


10 


Georgetown, 


13 


PaintsviUe, 


13 


Lexington, 


10 


Henderson, 


July 21 


Pound Gap, 


19 


Princeton, 


10 


Lebanon, 


30 



678 



LIST OF BATTLES. BY STATES. 



Canton, 
Owensboro, 

Ghent, 
Henderson, 



Smithfield. 
SimpsonyiUe, 



Aug. 22 Glasgow, Oct. 15 

27 Harrodsbmg, :2i 

29 Hazel Green, Xot. 9 

Sept. 25 Morristown, 13 



Jan. o 
25 



186 5. (5) 



Fort Jones, 
Glasgow, 



Feb. IS 
March 25 



State Creek, 
Monut Sterling, 
ElktoE. 
Hopkinsville. 
EUzabethtown, 

TavlorsTiUe, 



Not, 



Deo. 



April IS 



18 6 2, (16) 



Forts Jackson and St. 

Philip, April 28 

New Orleans, capture of, 

May 2 
Vicksburg, '20 

Grand Gulf, 27 



Barou Teche, Jan. 14 

Carthage, 23 

Plaquemine Bayou, 27 

Lake Providence, Feb. 10 
Berwick City, March 13 

Gordon's Landing, Red 

Riyer, 14 

Port Hudson. 14 

Brash ear City, 18 

Ponchatoula, 24 

PattersonTiUe, 28 

Amite River, 28 

Round Away Bayou, 30 

Richmond. ' " 30 

Bayou Teche, April 11, 13 
CentreTllle, 13 

Bisland, 12-14 

Irish Bend, 13, 14 

Tickfaw River, 12 

Dunbar's Plantation, 15 

Xew Iberia, 16 

Bayou Yermillion, 17 

Opelousas, 20 

Bute La Rose, 20 



MadisonviUe, Jan. 7 

VidaUa, Feb. 7 

Donaldsomille. 8 

New River, 9 

Water Proof, 14, 15 

Grosse Tete Bayou, 19 

Harrisonburg, March 2 

Berwick City, 18 

Fort DeRussej, 14 

Bayou Rapids, 21 

Henderson Hill, 21 

Grosse Tete Bayou, 30 

Natchitoches, 31 



Ponchatoula, June 15 

Algiers (near), 22 

Amite River, 27 

Baton Rouge, Aug. 5, 17 

Des Allemand's, Sept. 9 

Ponchatoula, 14 

18 6 3, (TO) 

Alexandria, May 6 

Civiques FeiTy, 10 

Bayou Macon, 10 

Ponchatoula, . 13 

Camp Moore, 15 

Plain's Store, 21 

Franklin, 25 

Lake Providence, 27 

Port Hudson, siege of, 

2I to July 9 

Clinton. June 4 

IMilliken's Bend, 6 

Ashland, 6, S 

Lake Providence, 10 

Port Hudson, 11, 14 

Richmond, 15 

Plaquemine, 19 
Jackson Cross Roads. 20 

Terre Bonne, 21 

La Fom-che, 20, 21 

Brashear City, 23 

Chacahoula Station, 24 

DonaldsonviUe, 28 

Lake Providence, 29 

18 64. (85) 

Piney Woods, April 2 

Crump's Hill, 2 

Grand Ecore, 3 

Wilson's Fai-m, 7 

Plain's Store, 7 

Mansfield, 8 

Sabine Cross Roads, 8 

Pleasant Grove, 8 

Pleasant Hill, 9 
Pleasant HiU Landing, 12 

Natchitoches, 19 

Water Proof, 20 
Tunica Bend, Red River, 22 



LabadleviUe, Oct. 27 

Georgia Landing, 27 

Bayou Teche, Nov. 3 

Bayou Bontecom, 21 

Clinton, Dec. 28 



Groodrich Landing, June 30 
Bayou Tensas, 30 

Springfield Landing. July 2 
Port Hudson, surrender, 7 
DonaldsonviUe, 13 

Jackson, Aug. 3 

Bayou Tensas, 10 

Atehafalaya River, Sept. 7 
Baton Rouge. 8 

Sabine Pass. S 

Atehafalaya. 9-10 

Sterling's Plantation. 12 

Yidaha", 14 

Cross Bayou. 14 

Morganzia (near), 29 

Newton, Oct. 4 

Yermillion Bayou. 10 

Opelousas, 2 1 

Grand Coteau, Nov. 3 

Bayou Bordeau, 3 

Bayou Tunica. 9 

Carrion Crow Bayou IS 

Bonfonca, 20 

Bayou Boeuf, Dec. 13 



Monetis, April 23 

Cane River Crossing, 23 
Cane River, 24 

CloutierviUe, 23, 24 

Red River, 26 

Alexandria, 26 

Hudnofs Plantation, May 1 
Ash wood Landing, 1-4 

Clinton, 1 

Alexandria, 2-S 

Baton Rouge, 3 

Snagtry Point. Pa d River, 3 
Natchitoches, 5 





LIST 


OF BATTLERS, 


nr STATES. 


6T9 


Dunn's Barou, 


May 5 


Lake Chicot, 


June 6 


Davis's Bend, 


Sept. 3, 29 


Bayou La Mourie, 


7 


Ditch Bayou, 


6 


Ciunp Marengo, 


14 


Bayou Boeuf, 


7 


Point Pleat ant. 


25 


Jackson, 


Oct. 5 


Bayou Roberts, 


8 


Lake Chicot, 


July 6 


Fort Adams, 


5 


Yellow Bayou, 


10 


Atchafalaya, 


8 


Bayou Biddell, 


15 


Bayou De Mora, 


12 


Goodrich Landing, 


16 


Waterloo, 


20 


Mansura, 


14-16 


Vidalia, 


23 


Black River, 


Nov. 1 


Marksvllle, 


14-16 


Atchafalaya, 


28 


Clinton, 


15 


Calhoun Station, 


18 


Bayou Tensas, 


30 


Liberty Creek, 


15 


Morganzia, 


18 


Donaldsonville, 


Aug. 5 


Ash Bayou, 


19 


Bayou De Glaize, 


18 


Concordia Bayou, 


5 


Bayou La Four( 


-■he, 19 


Yellow Bayou, 


19 


Plaquemine, 


6 


Liberty, 


21 


Old River,' 


23 


Clinton, 


35 


Jackson, 


21 


Morganzia, 


30 


Conee Creek, 


25 


Morganzia, 


23 


Fish Bayou, 


June 5 


Bayou Tensas, 


26 










1865 


. (3) 






Olive Branch, 


March 6 


Amite River, March 18 







3^.i5^I^"^"L.^:LTID. 



streets of Baltimore, 
Haynesville, 



April 19 
July 3 



Martinsburg, 
Falling Waters, 
Point of Rocks, 



18 61, .(6) 

Julyi 



Pritchard's MiUs, Sept. 15 



Aug. 5 



Poolesville, Sept. 7 

Nolan sville, 9 

Sugar Loaf Mountain, 10 
l..Lonocacy, 11 



Frederick, 
Turner's Gap, 
Crampton's Gap, 
South Mountain, 



1862. (11) 

Sept. 1$ 



186 3. (16) 



Seneca, 

Rockville, 

Westminster, 

Hanover, 

Monterey Gap, 

Smithsbury, 



June 11 

38 

29 

30 

July 4 

4 



Cavetown, 

Hagerstown, 

Smith town, 

Williamsport, 

Boonsboro, 

Williamsport, 



July 5 

6 

6 

6 

7-9 

10, 12 



Boonsboro, 

Antietam, 

Williamsport, 



Hagerstown, 
Funkstown, 
Falling Watei's, 
Rockville, 



Sept. 13 
17 
20 



Ju 11 
12 
14 

Sept. 23 



18 6 4. (10) 



Point of Rocks, June 9 

Point of Rocks, July 4 

Hagerstown, 5 

Hagar's Mountain, 7 



Middlctown, 
Solomon's Gap, 
Frederick City, 
Monocacy, 



July 7 
7 
7 
9 



Clear Springs, July 29 

Cumberland, or Flock's 
Mills, Aug. 1 



n^ississi^i^i. 



Mississippi City, March 8 

Pass Christian, April 4 

Corinth, April 30 to Mmv 30 

Pine Hill, May 2 

Farmington, 3, 9, 2(5 

Monterey, 3 

Glendale, 8 

Farmington, 9 



1862. 


(53) 






Coldwater, j\[ 


ay 11 


Blackland, 


June 4 


Owl Creek, 


17 


Baldwin, 


9 


Rufssell's House (Cor- 




Amite River, 


20 


inth), 


17 


Vicksbui-g, 


26-29 


Booneville, 


30 


Booneville, 


July 1 


Tu.«cumbia Creek, 


30 


Coldwater, 


24 


Corinth, evacuation of, 


30 


Spangler's MM]s, 


26 


Booneville, J 


uue 1 


.^(istiii, 


Aug. 2 



680 



LIST OF BATTLES, BY STATES. 



Bolivar, 


Aug. 25 


Kienzi, 


26 


Marietta, 


31 


Coldwater, 


Sept. 10 


Bay Spriug-s, 


10 



Cochran's Crossroads, 10 
Rienzi, 9, 18 

luka, 19 

Chewala, Oct. 1 

Baldwin, 2 



Brownsville, Jan. 14 

Coldwater, Feb. 19 

Yazoo Pass, 20 

Prairie Station, 21 

Deer Creek, 23 
Fort Pemberton, 

March 11 to AprU 5 
Davis's Mills, March 14 

Port Hudson, 14 

Steele's Bayou, 16 

Deer Creek, 21 

Beaver Dam Lake, 24 
Black Bayou, April 5-10 

Deer Creek, 8, 12 

Pascagoula, 9 

Glendale, 14 

Barton Station, 16 

Holly Springs, 17 

Hernando, 18 

New Albany, 19 

Coldwater, 19 

Palo Alto, 21, 22 

Birmingham, 24 

Union Church, 28 

Grand Gulf, 29 

Snyder's Bluff, 30 

Port Gibson, May 1 

Tickfaw River, 1 

Bayou Pierre, 2 

Haiikiusou's Ferry, 3 

Guntown, 4 

Tupelo, 6 

Fourteen Mile Creek, 12 

Hall's Ferry, 13 

Baldwin's Ferry, 13 

Jackson, 14 



Grand Gulf, Jan. 16, 18 

Big Black River, Feb. 4 

Bolton's Depot, 4 

Raymond, 4 

Champion Hill, 4 

Baker's Creek, 5 

Clinton, 5 

Wyatts, 5 

Morton, 7, 8 

Meridian, 9-19 

Hillsboro, 1 



Corinth, Oct. 3, 4 

Big Hatchie River, 5 

Tuscumbia Creek, 5 

Metamora, 5 

Holly Springs, Nov. 7 

Hudsonville, S 

Coldwater, 8, 9 

Lamar, 1 2 

Holly Springs, 12, 28 

HudsonviUe, 14 

186 3, (101) 

Baker's Creek, May 16 

Champion Hill, 16 

Edward's Station, 16 

Big Black River, 3, 17 
Vicksburg, Siege of. 

May 18 to July 4 
Austin (near). May 23 
Mechanicsville, 24 
Senatobia, 25 
Hernando, 28 
Mechanicsburg, • June 4 
Richmond, 14 
Bird Song Ferry, IS 
Bi-ownsville, 18 
Tallahatchie River, 20 
Hernando, 20 
Hill's Plantation, June 23 
Cypress Bend, 22 
Vicksburg, Fort Hill as- 
sault, 25, 28 
Bolton, Big Black, July 4 
Vicfeburg surrendered, 4 
Bird Song Bridge, Big 

Black, 5 
Jones's Ford, Big Black, 6 

Ripley, 7 

Clinton, 8 

luka, 7, 9 

Jackson, 9-16 

Brandon, 13 

Yazoo City, 13 

Clinton, 16 

Brandon, 18 

Canton, 18 

Panola, 20 

Brandon, 20 

18 64. (83) 

Decatur, Feb. 12 

Chunkey's Station, 12 

Vicksburg (near), 13 

Tunnel Hill, 13 

Meridian, 14 

Marion, 17 

Prairie Station, 20 

West Point, 21 

Union, 21, 22 

Okolona, 22 

Mount Ivy, 22 



SummerviUe, Nov. 26 

Waterford, 29 

Lumkin's Mill?, 29, 30 

Oakland, Dec. 3 

Oxford, 3 

Coffeeville, 5 

Holly Springs, 20 

Davis's Mills, 21 

Middleburg, 24 

Chickasaw Bayou, 27-29 



Coldwater, 


July 2S 


Big Black River 


Bridge, 




Aug. 12 


Grenada, 


13 


Corinth, 


16 


Coldwater, 


21 


Vicksburg, 


27 


Hendricks, 


Sept. 15 


Canton, 


28 


New Albany, 


Oct. 5 


Como, 


7 


Salem, 


8 


Ingraham's, 


10 


Ingham's Mills, 


12 


Wyatt's Ford, 


13 


Big Black River, 


13 


Canton, 


15 


Brownsville, 


16 


Clinton, 


17 


Barton Station, 


20 


Bay Springs, 


26 


Bear Creek, 


27 


Yazoo City, 


31. 


Bayou Sara, 


Nov. 9 


Natchez, 


11 


Bayou St. Louis, 


17 


Fayette, 


22 


Ripley, 


Dec. 1 


Moscow Station, 


4 


Natchez, 


7, 10 


Rodney, 


17 


Fayette, 


22 


Rodney, 


24 


Port Gibson, 


26 



Canton, Feb. 27 

Yaiioo City (near), 28 

Rodney, March 4 

Yazoo City, 5 

Coleman's, 5 

Black Bayou, 19 

Livingston, 27 

Red Bone, April 21 

Natchez, 25 

Bolivar, May 3 

Benton, 7 





LIST 


UF BATTLER'S, 


11 r isr 


ATJ£S. 


G81 


Vaughan, 


Mav 13 


Ripley, 


July 7 


Holly Springs, An 


g. 27, 28 


Muuut Fleasaut, 


21 


King Creek, 


9 


I!rownsville, 


Sept. 28 


Holly Springs, 


24 


Cherry Ci-eek, 


10 


Port Gibson, 


Oct. 1 


Danville, 


June (j 


New Albanj-, 


10 


Fayette, 


3 


Ripley, 


7 


Pontotoc, 


11 


Woodvillc, 


6 


Corinth, 


10 


Tupelo, 


13, 14 


East Point, 


10 


GuntowD, 


10 


Old Town Creek, 


15 


East port, 


10 


Ripley, 


11 


Grand Gulf, 


16 


Hurricane Creek, 


23 


Salem, 


11 


Ellistown, 


10-21 


Easfport, 


Nov. 11 


Colliersville, 


23 


Port Gibson, 


17 


Rolling Fork, 


22 


Ashwood, 


35 


Steamer Clara Hell, 


, Julj- 24 


Big Black River Bri 


dge, 27 


Saulsbui-y, 


July 2 


Tallaha1chi(> River, 


Aug. 7, 9 


Yazoo City, 


Dec. 1 


Vicksburg, 


4 


Abbeville, 


13 


Franklin Creek, 


IS 


Clinton, 


4 


Oxford, 


13 


"Verona, 


25 


Jackson, 


5 


nunican(^ Creek, 


14 


Egypt Statit)n, 


28 


Port Gibson, 


7, 15 


College Hill, 


31, 23 






Clinton, 


7 


Abbeville, 


23, 25 







Franklin, 



Jan. 3 



18 6 5. (1) 



nvnissoTJiRi. 



18 6 1. (~6) 



Camp Jackson, 


May 10 


Lookout Station, 


Aus;-. 20 


Big Hurricane Creek, Oct. 10 


Boonville, 


June 17 


Jonesltoro. 


21 


Fredericktown, 


17-21 


Independence, 


17 


Ball's isniis. 


28, 29 


Camp Crittenden, 


33 


Camp Cole, 


18 


Lexington, 


29 


Buffalo Mills, 


23 


Carthage, 


July 5 


Bennett's Mills, 


Sept. 1 


Springfield, 


25 


Dry Fo'rki*, 


5 


Fort Scott, 


o 


Platts"burg, 


37 


Monroe Station, 


10 


Dallas, 


o 


Spring Hill, 


37 


Mexico, 


15 


Dry Wood, 


o 


Renick, 


Nov. 1 


Millville, 


16 


Shelbina, 


4 


Little Santa Fe, 


6 


Fulton, 


17 


Black River (neai 


• Iron- 


Belmont, 


7 


Martinsburg, 


17 


ton). 


12 


Little Blue, 


11 


Harrisonville, 


18 


Boonville, 


13 


Palmyra, 


18 


Parkersville, 


19 


Lexington, 


13-20 


Lancaster,^ 


24 


Forsyth, 


22 


Morristown, 


17 


Johnstown, 


24 


Etna, 


23 


Blue Mills, 


17 


Independence, 


26 


Blue Mills, 


24 


Papinsvillc, 


31-23 


Black Walnut Cre 


ck, 39 


Lane's Prairie, 


26 


Eliott's Mills, 


33 


Grand River, 


30 


Harrisonville, 


26 


Shanghai, 


37 


Salem, 


Dec. 3 


Dug Springs, 


Aug. 2 


Springfield, 


Oct. 5, 25 


Dunksburg, 


4 


Athens, 


5 


Cameron, 


12 


Bertraud, 


11 


Springfield, 


10 


Beckwith Farm, 


13 


Milford, 


18 


Wilson's Creek, 


10 


Wet Glaze, 


13 


Blackwater, 


19 


Potosi, 


10 


Big River Bridge, 


15 


Hudson, 


21 


Brunswick, 


17 


Linn Creek, 


15 


Wadesburg, 


24 


Bird's Point, 


19 


Warsaw, 


16 


Mount Zion, 


28 


Charleston, 


19 


Warrensbui'g, 

186 


18 
2. (112) 






Hannewell, 


Jan. 3 


Sugar Creek, 


Feb. 17 


Mountain Grove, 


March 9 


Calhoun, 


4 


Independence, 


IS 


Lexington, 


12 


Charleston, 


8 


Bentonville, 


19 


Lebanon (near), 


13 


Silver Creek, 


8 


KeytesviUe, 


26 


Island No. 10, 15 


to April 8 


Columbus, 


9 


Sykestown, 


March 1 


Leesville, 


March 19 


Knobnoster, 


22 


Point Pleasant, 


9 


Independence, 


32 


Springfield, 


Feb. 13 


New Madrid, 


3-13 


Carthage, 


23 


Marshfleld, 


14 


Fox Creek, 


7 


Warren sburg, 


26, 28 



682 


LI 


'ST 


OF BATTLES, 


BY STATES. 




Huuiansville, 


Marct 


i26 


Brown's Springs, 


Julv 27 


Shelburne, 


Sept. 15 


Putuam's Ferry, 


Api 


■il2 


Moore's Mills, 


28 


Hickory tii-ove. 


19 


Wan-ensburg, 




8 


Bloomfield, 


29 


Shirley's Fm-d, 


20 


Jackson, 




9 


Bollinger's Mills, 


29 


Cassville, 


21 


Little Blue Klver, 




12 


Arrow Rock, 


29 


Sturgeon, 


22 


Diamond Grove, 




14 


Newark, 


Aug. 1 


Cambridge, 


26 


Walkeisville, 




14 


Ozark, 


2 


Newtonia, 


30 


Moutevallo, 




14 


Forsyth, 


2 


Liberty, 


Oct. 6 


Diamond Grove, 




24 


Clear Creek, 


2 


Fayette, 


7 


Neosho, 




26 


Chariton Bridge, 


3 


Franldin, 


13 


Bloomfield, 


May 12 


White River, 


4 


Marshall, 


12, 13 


Chalk Bluffs, 




15 


Montevallo, 


6 


Hazel Bottom, 


14 


Butler, 




15 


Kirksville, 


6 


Lexington, 


17 


Florida, 




22 


Rocky Bluff, 


7 


Marshfleld, 


20 


Osceola, 




27 


Panther Creek, 


8 


Grand Prairie, 


24 


Neosho, 




31 


Chariton River, 


9 


Clarkton, 


28 


Warrensburg, 


June 17 


Stockton, 


9 


Pittman's Ferry, 


27 


Cherry Grove, 




26 


Grand River, 


10-13 


Island Mound, 


27, 29 


Eaytown, 




23 


Independence, 


11 


Osage, 


29 


Salem, 


July 


6,9 ■ 


■ Lone Jack, 


15, 16 


Harrisonville, 


Nov. 3 


Black River, 




8 


Union MiUs, 


20 


Lamar, 


5 


Clinton, 




9 


Hickory Grove, 


23 


Big Beaver Creek, 


7 


Pleasant Hill, 




11 


Dallas, 


24 


Huntsville, 


9 


Memphis, 




18 


Lamar, 


24 


Bastin Mountain, 


9 


Clinton, 




19 


Coon Creek, 


24 


Beaver Creek, 


24 


Florida, 




23 


Bloomfield, 


25 


Ozark, 


Dec. 2 


Cfjlumbus, 




23 


Roanoke, 


Sept. 6 


Parkersville, 


6 


Batts Farm, 




24 


Big Creek, 


9 


Neosho, 


15 


Santa Fti, 




24 


Bloomfield, 


11-13 






Greenville, 




26 


Newtonia, 

1863 


13 
. (50) 






Springfield, 


Jan. 


7, 8 


Cape Girardeau, April 25, 26 


West Point, 


Aug. 14 


HartviUe, 




11 


Bloomfield, 


29, 30 


Waynesville, 


35 


Carthage, 




13 


St. Francois River, 


30 


Bear Skin Lake, 


Sept. 7 


Mingo Swamp, 


Fc 


b. 3 


St. Francois River, 


Mav 1 


Hornersville, 


20 


Bear Creek, 




5 


Bloomfield, 


13 


Carthage, 


Oct. 3 


Independence, 




3, 8 


Carthage, 


16, 24 


Warsaw, 


8 


S])ring River, 




19 


Sherwood, 


18 


Merrill's Crossing, 


12 


Neosho, 


March 2 


Richfield, 


19 


Black Water, 


13 


Blue Springs, 




22 


Bentonville, 


22 


Boonville, 


12, 13 


Sibley's Landing, 


massa- 




HartviUe, 


23 


Lamine Crossing, 


13 


ere, 




30 


Bushy Creek, 


28 


Jonesboro, 


13, 14 


Sedalia, 


Api 


I'll 9 


Rocheport, 


June 1 


Syracuse, 


14 


White River, 




17 


Westport, 


17 


Cross Timbers, 


16 


Patterson, 




20 


Carthage, 


27, 28 


Harrisonville, 


24 


Mill Creek, 




24 


Marshall, 


July 28 


Neosho, 


Nov. 5 


White Water, 




24 


New Madrid, 


Aug. 7 


Ripley, 


Dec. 1 


Jackson, 




27 


Pineville, 

1864 


13 

. ^59) 


Springfield, 


16 


Rolling Prairie, 


Feb. 4 


Kingsville, 


June 12 


Diamond Grove, 


Aug. 21 


Cape Girardeau, 




5 


Lexington, 


14 


Dayton, 


27 


Pocahontas, 




10 


Fayette, 


July 1 


Black River, Sept. 17,-20 


Independence, 




19 


Platte City, 


3 


Carthage, 


23 


Lexington, 




22 


Little Blue, 


6 


Rockport, 


23 


Clear Creek, 


May 16 


Wellington, 


8 


Blackwater, 


23 


Lane's Prairie, 




26 


Ozai-k, 


14, 15 


Fayette, 


24 


Warrensbnrg, 




28 


Fredericksburg, 


17 


Ironton, 


26, 27 


Pleasant Hill, 




28 


Rolla, 


Aug. I 


Pilot Knob, 


2(), 27 


Diamond Grove, 


June 3 


Enterpi'ise, 


7' 


Harrison, 


37, 30 



LIST OF BATTLES, BY STATES. 



OJJO 



Ceutralia, Sept. 27 


Glasgow, 


Oct. 15 


Carthago, 


Oct. 26 


Newtouia, 27 


Sedalia, 


1.5 


Newtonia, 


28, 30 


Leesburg, 29 


Lexington, 


19 


Big Blue, 


31 


Harrison, 30 


Dover, 


20 


Quincy, 


Kov. 1 


Franklin, Oct. 1 


Little Blue, 


21 


Lone Jack, 


1 


Osage River, • 6 


Independence, 


23, 26 


Hermitage, 


2 


Jefferson City (near), 7 


Westport, Big Blue, 


22, 23 


Neosho, 


10 


California, 9 


Coldwater Grove, 


24 


Fayette, 


IS 


RusseUville, Oct. 9 


Little Osage River 


25 


Kansas City, 


22 


BoonviUe, 9, 11 


West Point, 


26 







Macon, 



Feb. 12 



1865. (3) 

Center Creek, Feb. 20 



nsTE^T^ n^EiiKiico. 



18 6 1. (5) 



Fort Fillmore, July 27 Fort Craig, 

Mesilla, Aug. 3 Fort Craig, 



Aug. 23 Alimosa Cnear Ft. Craig), 
Sc^pt. 6 Oct. 4 



186 2. (6) 

Valverde, Feb. 21 Apache Canyon, March 26-28 Fort Fillmore, -Vug. 7 

Santa Fe (near), March 26-28 Fort Craig, May 23 Albuquerque, 9 

18 63. (5) 

Fort McRae, June 20 Concha's Springs, July 22 Gila River, Nov. 5 

Rio Hondo, July 18 Pueblo Colorado, Aug. 18 







1864. 


(1) 


Fort Sumner, 


Jan. 4 










1865. 


(1) 


Abo Pass, 


July 3 







18 61. (3) 



Fort Hatteras, 


Aug. 28, 29 


ChickamicoEoico, 

18 6 2 


Oct. 5 
. (37) 








Roanoke Island, 


Feb. 8 


Clinton, 


May 19 


Rawle's MiUs, 


Nov. 3 


Elizabeth City, 


10 


New Berne (near) , 


22 


New Berne, 




11 


New Berne, 


March 14 


Tranter's Creek, 


June 5 


Bachelor's Creek, 




U 


Pollocksville, 


April 14 


Hamilton, 


July 9 


Cove Creek, 




18 


Camden, 


19 


Young's Cross Roadi 


5, 26 


Trenton, 


Dec. 


12 


Fort Macon, 


25 


Plymouth, 


Sept. 2 


South West Creek, 




13 


Horton's MiUs, 


27 


Washington, 


6 


Kinston, 




14 


New Berne (near), 27 


Cape Fear River, 


Oct. n 


White Hall, 




16 


Trenton Bridge. 


May 14 


Monocacy River, 

186 3 


11 

. (ifi) 


Goldsboro, 




17 


Pollocksville, 


Jan. 17 


Bachelor's Creek, 


May 23 


Plymouth, 


Nov. 


26 


New Berne, 


Feb. 1, 4, 27 


Quaker Bridge, 


July 6 


Warm Springs, 




26 


New Berne, 


March 14 


Pattacasscy Creek, 


26 


, Indian Town, 


Dec. 


18 


Washington, 


30 to April 4 


Pasquotank, 


Aug. 18 


Greenville, 




30 


Blount's Mills, 


9 


Washington, 


Nov. 1 




' 




Gum Swamp, 


May 22 


Greenville, 


25 









0S4 



LIST OF BATTLES. BY STATES. 







1 8 4, 


(^l) 








Bachelov's Creek, 


Feb. 1 


Qualetown, 




Feb. .-, 


Plymouth, 


(Vt. 


31 


Newport Barracks 


3 


New Berne, 




:2ii 


Butler's Bridge, 


Dee. 


12 


New Berne, 


3 


Plymouth, 


April ir-20 


Fort Fisher, 




25 






1865. 


(30) 








Fort Fisher, 


Jan. 13-15 


Kinston, 


March 14 


Neuse River, 


April 


10 


Federal Point. 


Feb. 11 


Avervsboro, 




16 


Abbott Creek, 




10 


Fort Anderson, 


18 


BentoQTille, 




19-31 


Grant's Creek, . 




12 


Town Creek. 


20 


Goldsboro, 




21 


Salisbury, 




12 


Wilmington, 


23 


Coxe's Bridge, 




2-t 


Statesviile, 


10, 


, 14 


Florence, 


March 8 


Yadkin River, 




2S 


Catawba River, 




19 


Eoekingham, 


7 


Boone, 




April 1 


Dallas, 




19 


AVilcox's Bridofc, 


Wise 


Raleigh, 




3,- IT 


Suwano Gap, 




23 


Fork, 


8-10 


Salem, 




3 


Johnston's surrender, 


20 


Monroe's Cross Roads, 10 


Deep River Bridge, 


4 








Fayetteville, 


13 


Warsaw, 




6 









T^awrenceburg, 



Greencastle, 

McConnellsburg 
Hanover, 



Hanover, 



OECIO. 
18 64. (3) 

July 14 BufSngton Island, Jnly IS, 19 Ne-w Lisbon, 

18 63. {') 



June 20 

:-4, 29 

30 



Mav 29-31 



Sporting Hill, near Har- 

risburg, June 30 

Gettysburg, July 1-3 

18 6 4, (2) 

Chambersbure:, Julv 30 



Hunterstotm, 

Fairfield, 



Julv 2r, 



Julv 



SOTJTI3: ci^.'^^ajLjXi<r^. 



Fort Sumter, April 12, 13 



Coosaw River, Jan. 1 

Edisto Island, April IS 

Pocotaligo. May 29 

Seabrook's Point, June 1 



Broad River, April IS 

BlutTton, June 4 

Fort Wagner, Morris 

Island,^ July 10 to Sept. 6 
Fort Wagner, assault, 

July 10, 11 



Wnimarsh Island, Feb. 23 
Boyken's MiUs, April 18 ' 
Ashepoo, . May 16 

St. John's River, " 23 



186 1. (-3) 

Port Royal, No^-. 7 

18 6 2, (9) 

Legare's Point, June 3 

James Island, 10, 13 

SecessionviUe, James 
Island, 16 

1863. (11) 

SecessionviUe, July 16 

Fort Wagner, assault, IS 
ilorris Island, Aug. 26 

Fort Wagner, evacuation. 

Sept, 7 

18 64. (10) 

Fort Johnson, James 

Island, July 2 

John's Island, 5-7 

Honey Hill, Nov. 30 



Pinckney Island, 
PocotaliiTo, 



Aug. 31 
Oct. 22 



Fort Sumter, night attack. S 
BarnweU's Island, Nov. 24 
Legares%"ille, Stouo Inlet, 

Dec. 25 



Coosaw River, 
Tilliiinny, 
Devaux's Neck, 



Dec. 4 
6-9 



IJiiT OF BATTLES, BY STATUS. 



085 



Pocotuligo. -laii. 14-1C> 

Conibabce River, '25 

Salkehatcbie, Vvh. :iA) 

W illiston, iS 

Soutli Edisto RivtT, SI 

James Island, 10 

Blaekville, 1 1 

AiUen, 1 1 

Orangeburg, N. Edisto, 12 



(iunter's Bridge, 
Congaree Creek, 
Columbia, 
C'barlestt>n, 
jNIouiit Clio, 
Lyneli Creek, 
Catawba River, 
Chesterfield, 



18 0/*. (25) 
Feb. 14 
15 



10, 17 
IS 
•2() 

March 2 



Cheraw, 
Flori'uee, 
8umterville, 
Sumterville, 
Spring Hill, 
Boyken's Mills, 
Swift Creek, 
Singleton's, 



March 2, 3 

3 

23 

April 9 

15 

18 

17, 1!» 

19 



TElSr^TESSEE. 







1 s a 1 . 


(3) 








Taylor's Ford, AVautauga 


Chickamauga station, 




.Morrislown, 


Dec 


. 1 


River, 


Nov. 10 


N 

18 2. 


ov. 2(j 

(101) 








Fort Henry, 


Feb. 


Trenton, 


Aug. r 


l^a \'ergne, 


Nov 


. 7 


Fort Douelson, 


U-16 


Salisljury, 


11 


'I'yree Springs, 


7 


, 8 


Pittsburg Landing, 


March 2 


Williamsport, 


11 


Rural Hills, 




10 


Nashville (near). 


s 


Kinderhook, 


11 


Huntsville, 




11 


Jacksouboro, 


10 


Gallatin, 


12 


Lebanon, 




11 


Paris, 


11 


Clarksvillc, 


19 . 


La (i range. 




11 


Pound Gap, 


14 


Edgetleld Junction, 


20 


Rural Hills, 




18 


Black Jack Forest, 


16 


Courtlaud, 


22 


Nolansville, 




20 


Union City, 


30 


Fort Donelson, 


25 


Mill Creek, 




27 


Crump's Landing, 


April 4 


Cumberland Iron Woi 


•ks, 2(i 


La Vergne, 




27 


Adamsville, 


4 


Readyville, 


28 


Lebanon, 


Dec. 


Shiloh, 


0, 7 


Mancliester, 


29 


Ilartsville, 




7 


Island No. 10, 


8 


Bolivar, 


30 


liean Station, 




9 


Fort Pillow, 


14 


McMinnville, 


30 


Dobbin's Ferry, 




9 


Lick Creek, 


24 


Medon Station, 


31 


Brentville 




9 


Cumberland Mount 


ain, 28 


Britton's Lane, 


Sept. 1 


La ^■ergue, 




9 


Monterey, 


28 


Big Creek Gap, 


4 


Franklin, 




13 


Pulaski, 


May 4 


New Providence, 


»i 


Salem Cemetery, 




18 


Dresden, 


.5 


Clarksville, 


7 


Lexington, 




18 


Lebanon, 


5 


Co]um])ia, 


9 


Jackson, 




18 


Fort Pillow, 


10 


Durhamville, 


17 


Humboldt, 




20 


Monterey, 


13 


Middleburg, 


21 


Trenton, 


Dec. 


20 


Fort Pillow, 


June 4 


Bolivar, 


21 


I.,a Vergne, 




3() 


Jaspar, 


4 


Gallatin, 


Oct. 1 


Nolansvilii', 




20 


Memphis, 


6 


La Vergue, 


7 


Elk Fork, 




28 


Battle Creek, 


21 


Medon Station, 


10 


Stewart's Creek. 




29 


Gerraantown, 


25 


Island No. 10, 


17 


Wautauga Bridgi 


.', 


30 


Russellville, 


July 1, 


Nashville (near). 


20 


Carter's Station, 




30 


Murfreesboro, 


13 


Anxvois River, 


20 


Blouutsvilie, 




30 


Decatur (near). 


15 


Wood villi'. 


21 


Parker's Ci'oss R 


oads. 


30 


Nashville, 


21 


Richland, 


23 


Rod Mounil, 




30 


Brownsville, 


25, 29 


Waverly, 


23 


Jefferson, 




30 


Sparta, 


Aug. 4 


ShelbyviWe, 


33 


Stone River, Dec.3l-Jan. 2 


Tazewell, 


6 


Nashville, 

1 8o:i. 


Nov. 5 

(1S7) 








Stewart's Creek, 


Jan. I 


Bradyville, 


Jan. 21 


Middleton, 


Jan 


. 31 


La A^ergne, 


1 


Fish Springs, 


23 


Franklin, 


Feb. 1 


Murfreesboro, 


3 


Woodbury, 


34 


Milton, 




1 


Somerville, 


3 


Germantown, 


27 


Ft. Donelson (D 


over). 


3 


Middleton, 


5 


Woodbury, 


28 


Liberty, 




3 


Ripley, 


8 


Dyersburg, 


30 


Lebanon, 




8 


Harpcth River, 


13 


Rover, 


31 


Bone Yard, 




10 



6SC> 


LIST 


OF BATTLED, 


BY 


8TATES. 




Bolivar, 


Feb. 13 


Liberty Gap, 


June 


24 


Island No. 10, 


Oct. 16 


Cainsville, 


15 


Beech Grove, 




25 


Philadelphia, 


20, 22 


Nolansville, 


15 


Guy's Gap, 




27 


New Madrid Bend, 


28 


Moscow, 


18 


ShelbyviUe, 




27 


Tullahoma, 


28 


Milton, 


18 


Fairfield, 




29 


Sweet Water, 


24 


Auburn, 


19 


Lexington, 




29 


Collierville, 


25 


Lebanon, 


25 


Tullahoma, 


July 1 


Philadelphia, 


26 


Spring Hill, 


29 


Elk River, 




2 


Brown's Ferry, 


22, 27 


Bradyville, 


March 1 


Jones's Foi-d 




2 


Wauhatchie, 


28 


Eagleville, 


2 


University Place, 




4 


Leiper's Ferry, 


28 


Harpeth River, 


2, 4 


Dechard, 




4 


Fayetteville, 


Nov. 1 


Petersburg, 


2,4 


Tullahoma, 




5 


CenterviUe, 


3 


Chapel Hill, 


2, 4 


Pound Gap, 




6 


Collierville, 


3 


Unionville, 


4,5 


Union City, 




10 


Lawrenceburg, 


4 


Spring Hill, 


4,5 


Jackson, 




13 


Moscow, 


4 


Bolivar, 


9 


Elk River, 




14 


Metley's Ford, 


4 


Thompson's Station. 


8 


La Grange, 




16 


Kincaels, 


6 


Franklin, 


9 


Sparta, 


Aug. 9 


RogersviUe, 


0, 10 


Covington, 


10 


Warm Springs, 




19 


Palmyra, 


13 


Ruthford's Creek, 


10 


Chattanooga, 




21 


Huff's Ferry, 


14 


Duck River, 


11 


Kingston, 


Sept. 1 


Rockford, 


14 


Hillsboro, 


13 


Limestone Station, 




5 


MarysviUc, 


14 


Coldwater Station, 


17 


Conyersville, 




5 


Loudon Creek, 


15 


Vaught's Hill, 


20 


Cumberland Gap, 




9 


Ledoir, 


15 


Salem Pike, 


21 


Brimstone Creek, 




10 


Holston River, 


15 


College Grove, 


21 


Knoxville, 




10 


Campbell's Station, 


16 


Brentwood, 


25 


Paris, 




13 


Knoxville, 17 to Dec. 4 


Franklin, 


25 


Cleveland, 




18 


Union City, 


Nov. 19 


Somerville, 


29 


Como, 




19 


Chattanooga, 


23-25 


Germantown, 


April 1 


Bristol, 




21 


Lookout Mountain, 


24 


Woodburj', 


2 


Johnson's Depot, 




22 


Missionary Ridge, 


25 


Liberty, 


3 


Jack's Shop, 




22 


Kingston, 


26 


Snow HiU, 


3 


Carter's Station, 




22 


Beersheba Springs, 


26 


Green Hill, 


6 


Blountsville, 




22 


Sparta, 


26 


Waverly, 


10 


ZoUicoffer, 




24 


Cleveland, 


27 


Franklin, 


10 


Calhoun, 




26 


Lotiisville, 


28 


Antioch Station, 


10 


Athens, 




27 


Fort Sanders, KnoxviUc, 29 


SaUsbury, 


16 


McMinnviUe, 




28 


Moscow, 


Dec. 2, 3 


Coldwater, 


19 


Loudon, 




29 


Salisbury, 


8 


McMinnvillc, 


20 


SwaUow Bluff, 




80 


Clinch Mountain, 


6 


Duck River Shoals, 


24 


Anderson's Gap, 


Oct. 1 


Celina, 


7 


Carter's Creek, 


27 


Anderson's Cross Roads, 





Bean's Station, 


10 


Franklin, 


27 


Thompson's Cove, 




3 


Morristown, 


10 


Wat;trace, 


29 


McMinnviUe, 




4 


Mooresburg, 


10 


Linden, 


May 12 


Murfreesboro road. 




4 


Bean's Station, 


14 


Bradyville, 


16 


Stockade, Stone River, 


5 


Blain's Cross Roadi 


5, 16 


Middleton, 


22 


Blue Springs, 




5 


Cleveland, 


Dec. 22 


Hamburg, 


30 


Wartrace, 




5 


Dandridge, 


24 


Franklin, 


June 4 


ShelbyviUe Pike, 




7 


Bolivar, 


24 


Triune, 


4 


Sugar Creek, 




9 


Mossy Creek Station, 24 


ShelbyviUe Pike, 


6 


Blue Springs, 




10 


Somerville, 


25 


Triune, 


11, 20 


Rheatown, 




11 


La Fayette, 


25 


Rover, 


23 


Henderson's Mills, 




11 


Collierville, 


27, 28 


Middleton, 


24 


Collierville, 




11 


Charleston, 


28 


Hoover's Gap, 


24 


Blountsville, 

1864 


] 


13 
14) 


Talbot Static 
Mossy Creek, 


29 
29 


Strawberry Plains, 


Jan. 10 


Sevierville (near), Jan. 14 


, 15 


Tazewell, 


Jan. 24 
^ 27 


Mossy Creek, 


10, 13 


Dandridge, 


16 


, 17 


Sevierville (near), 


Middleton, 


14 


Tracy City, 




20 


Scott's MiUs Road, 


27 


Terrisville, 


14 


Armstrong's Ferry, 




22 


Cumberland Gap, 


29 





LIST 


OF BATTLES 


, BY <S7' 


ATES. 


687 


Bolivar, 


Feb. 6 


Decatur, 


Aug. 18 


Big Pigeon River, 


Nov. 5, 6 


Holston River, 


20 


Pine Bluff, 


19 


Bull's Gap, 


13 


Powell's River Bridge, 23 


Block House, No. 


4, 19 


Lawrenceburg, 


23 


Cumberland Gap, 


22 


Cany Branch, 


20 


Strawberry Plains, 


23,24 


Mulberry Gap, 


22 


Memphis, 


21 


Campbellsville, 


24 


Johnson's Mills, 


22 


New Market, 


21 


Lynnville, 


24 


Panther Springs, 


March 5 


Rogersville, 


22 


Columbia, 


24-28 


Cheek's Cross Road 


,s, 14 


Strawberry Plains 


24 


Spring Hill, 


29 


Fort Pillow, 


16 


Kingston, 


26 


Mount Cavmel, 


29 


Manchester, 


17 


Nashville, 


30 


Frankhn, 


30 


Beersheba Springs, 


20 


Block House, No. 


5, 31 


NashviUe, 


Dec. 1-16 


Jackson, 


23 


La Vergne, 


Sept. 1 


Block House, No. 


2, 3, 3 


Union City, 


24 


Franklin, 


2 


Block House, No. 


7, 4 


Wautauga, 


25 


Murfreesboro, 


3 


Overall's Creek, 


4 


Bean's Gap, 


26 


Greenville, 


4 


Murfreesboro, 


5-8 


Bolivar, 


29 


Campbellsville, 


5 


Kingsport, 


13 


Cleveland, 


April 2 


ReadyviUe, 


7 


Bristol, 


14 


Wolf River, 


8 


Sevierville, 


18 


Memphis, 


14 


Fort Pillow, 


12 


Bull's Gap, 


24 


Murfreesboro, 


15 


Cleveland, 


13 


JohnsonviUe, 


25 


Nashville (battle ( 


jf), 15-16 


Wautauga Bridge, 


25, 26 


Richland, 


26 


Brentwood, 


15 


Memphis, 


May 2 


Franklin, 


27 


Hollow Tree Gap, 


17 


Bolivar, 


3 


Pulaski, 


26,27 


Frankhn, 


17 


Pulaski, 


13 


Carter's Station, 


37 


Columbia, 


19 


Tilton, 


13 


Centreville, 


29 


Rutherford Creek 


, 19 


Dandridge, 


ly 


Memphis (near). 


Oct. 4 


Lawrenceburg, 


22 


Nashville, 


24 


Fort Donelson, 


11 


Lynnville, • 


23 


La Fayette, 


June 9 


Greenville, 


13 


Biaford Station, 


23 


Moscow, 


15 


Little River, 


30 


Campbellsville, 


24 


Kingsport, 


18 


Fort Heiraan, 


28 


Murfreesboro, 


34 


La Fayette, 


24 


Morristown, 


28 


Pulaski, 


35 


Sevierville, 


Julys 


Union Station, 


Nov. 1, 4 


Lamb's Ferr}-, 


35 


Newport, 


8 


Shoal Creek, 


5 


Anthony's Hill, 


25 


Cleveland, 


Aug. 17 


JohnsonviUe, 


4,5 


Sugar Creek, 


25 



Magnolia, 



Nueces River, 



Jan. 6 



Aug. 10 



Galveston, Jan. 1 

Wachita, Feb. 10 

Sabine Pass, April 18 

Palmetto Rauche, May 12, 13 



186 5 . (3) 

Brawley Creek, March 25 

186 2. (3) 

Fort Esperanza, Nov. 30 

18 63. (8) 

Brazos Santiago, Nov. 2 

Aransas Pass (near), 17 

Old Bent's Fork, 24 

186 5. (1) 



Fort Brown (near), Dec. 14 



Fort Esperanza, Nov. 27-29 
Matagorda Bay, Dec. 29, 30 







"xriiKa-iiNrz^^s^. 






1 8 6 1 . 


, (38) 


Fairfax C. H. 


June 1 


Newport News, 


July 5 


Great Bethel, 


10 


Great Falls, 


7 


Vienna, 


17 


Bunker Hill, 


17 


Edward's Ferry, 


17 


Blackburn's Ford, 


18 


Patterson Creek, 


26 


Bull Run, 


21 


Mathias Point, 


27 


Hampton, 


Aug. 7 



Lovettsville, Aug. 8 

Ball's Cross Roads, 37 

Mun son's Hill, 31 

Beher's Mills, Sept. 3 

Lewinsville, 11 

Darnestown, 15 



68S 



Z/^-7' OF BATTLES, BY STATES. 



Mnnson's Hill, Sept. 29 

Bayle's Cross Roads, Oct. 13 
Uptoa Hill, 13 

Bolivar Heights, 16 

Leesburgr, 21 



Huntersrille, Jan. 4 

Hancock, 4 

Bath, 4 

Blue Gap. 7 

Occocitian Bridge, 29 

Linn Creek, Feb. S 

Blooming Gap, 1.3 

Mason's Xeck, 24 
Occoquan, March .5 

Hampton Roails, 9 

Burk"s Station. 10 

Acquia Creek, 16 

Winchester, 23 

Middletown, 25 

Strasborg, 27 

Middlebiirg, 2S 

Thoroughfare Gap, Ai)rii 2 

Great Bethel. 4 
Torktown. siege, 5 to May 3 

Torktown, 11 

Monterey, 13 

Lee's Mills, 16 

Fahnouth, 18 

Harrisonburg, 22 

Torktown, " 26 
Cheese Lake Church, May 4 

Williamsburg, 5 

West Point," 7 

Somerville Heishts, 7 

ilcDowell, ~ 7. S 
Bull Pastiu-e ilountain. S 

SlatersTille, 9 

New Kent C. H. 9 

Norfolk, 10 

Linden. 15 

Fort Darling, 15 

Lewisburg, ^3 

Front Koyal, 23 

Buckton Station, 23 

Newtown, 24 

iliddletown, 24 

Chickahominy, 24 

New Bridge, 24 

Winchester, 25 

Hanover C. H. 27 

Charlestown, 28 

WaaiensriUe, 28 

Front Royal, 30 
Seven Pines, or Fair Oaks, 

31, June 1 
Strasbuig and Staunton 

Road, 1. 3 



Ball's Bluff, 


Oct- 31 


Edward's Ferry, 


21 


Occoquan Creek, 


Nov. 13 


Dranesvilie. 


36 


Hunter's Aliils 


3(5 



Tienna, Dcc. 3 

Anuandale, 4 

Dam No. 4, Potomac, 11 
Buffalo Moimtain. 13 

Dranesvilie, 20 

New Market Bridge, 33 



18 6:2 . (155) 

Harrisonburg, 

Union Church, 

Cross Ke^-s. 

Port Republic, 

Old Chxirch. 

Timstall's Station, 

Orange C. H. 

WiUiamsburg Road, 

Oak Grove, 

Beaver Dam Creek. 

Ellison's MiUs, 

Mechanicsville, 

Cold Harbor, 

Gaines's MiUs, 

Goldins's Farm. 

Willis Church, 

Peach Orchard, 

Allen's Farm. 

Savage's Station. . 

Whife Oak Swamp, 

Charles City Cross Roads, 30 

Luray, 

Malvern Hill, 

Milford. 

Haxall's Landing, 

Sperrvville, 

Williamsburg, 

CiUpepper, 

Luray, 

Fairfax, 

Turkey Island Bridge 

North Anna River. 

Orange C. H. 

Coggin's Point, 

Orange C. H. 

Sycamore Church, 

"^Tiite Oak Swamp Bridge, 4 

Malvern Hill, 

Thombui^, 

Mattapony, 

Cedar Mountain, 

Cedar Run, 

Brandy Station, 

Kelly's Ford, 

Catlett's Station, 

Waterloo Bridge, 

Freeman's Ford, 

Sulphur Springs, 

Bull Run Bridge, 

Kettle Run, 

Shady Springs, 

Gainesville, 



June 6 


Groveton. 


A.ug. 29 


S 


BuU Run, 2d. 


30 


s 


Chantilly, 


Sept. 1 


9 


Vienna, 


-") 


13 


Jlarttnsburg, 


6 


14 


Williamsburg, 


9 


16 


Goose Creek, 


17 


18 


Blackburn's Ford, 


19, -20 


25 


Ashby's Gap, 


33 


26 


Sutton, 


23 


26 


Warrenton Junction, 


26 


26 


Blackwater. 


28 


27 


Charleston, 


Oct. 6 


27 


Aldie, 


9 


2S 


Carrsvill*^ 


15 


29 


Chtirleston, 


16 


29 


Thoroughfare Gap. 


17 


29 


Havmarket, 


IS 


29 


LovettsvUk\ 


21 


30 


Hedgesville, 


23 


•ads, 30 


Manassas Junction. 


24 


30 


Catlett's Station, 


24 


July 1 


Black Water. 


24 


2 


Aldie, 


31 


3 


Franklin, 


31 


5 


Philomont, 


Not. 1 


11 


Bkx)mneld, 


t> 


13 


Snicker's Gap, 


2 


13 


Upperville. 


3 


13 


Manassas Gap. 


5 


20 


Barbee's Cross Roads 


5 


83 


Chester Gap. 


5 


25 


New Baltimore, 


5 


31 


Salem. 


5 


Aug. 3 


Thoroughfare Gap. 


5 


3 


Rappahannock Bridge, S 


idse, 4 


Fredericksburg, 


9 


5 


Fayetteville, 


15 


6 


^A'hite Sulphur Springs, 15 


6 


Gloucester, 


17 


9 


Frankfort, 


26 


9 


Cold Knob Mountain 


26 


20 


Hartwood Church, 


28 


21 


Charleston, 


Dec. 1 


21-23 


Berrv ville, 


1 


23 


Franklin, 


3 


24 


King George C. H. 


2 


25 


Fredericksburg, 


13 


37 


Occoquan, 


19 


27 


Isle of Wight C. H. 


23 


28 


Dumfries. 


27 


28 


Suffolk. 


28 




Occoquan, 


83 



LIST OF BATTLES, BY STATES. 



689 



Catlett's Station, Jan. 10 

Suffolk (near), 30 

Carrsvllle, 30 

KeUy's Ford, 30 

Williamsburg', Feb. 7 

SomerviUe, 9 

Gloucester Point, 10 

Smithfield, 13 

Brentsville, 14 

Hartwood Church, 25 

Fairfax C. H, March 8 

Black Water, 17 

Kelly's Ford, 17 

Williamsburg, 29 

Broad Run, April 1 

Suffolk, siege of, 12 to May 4 

West Branch, April 14 

South Quay, 17 

Battery Huger, 18 

Chuckatuck, 23 
Fitzhugh's Crossing, 29, 30 

Spottsylvania C. H. 30 

ChanceUorsville, May 1-4 

South Quay Bridge, 1 

Rapidan Station, 1 

Louisa C. H. 1 

Mayre's Heights, 3 

Warrenton Junction, 3 

Nansemond River, 3 

Shannon Hill, 4 

Tunstall's Station, 4 

Warrenton Junction, 14 

CarrsviUe, 15 

Suffolk, 16 

Piedmont Station, 16 

Berry's Ferry, 16 

FayetteviUe, 17-20 

CarrsviUe, 18 

Winchester, 19 

Greenwich, 30 



Rectortown, 


Jan. 1 


Jonesville, 


3 


Loudon Heights, 
Bealton, 


10 
14 


Cameron, 


27 


Smithfield, 


Feb. 1 


Morton's Ford, 


6 


Barnett's Ford, 


7 


Brentsville, 


14 


Dranesville, 


22 


Kilpatrick's raid on 
mond. 


Rich- 

28 


TaylorsviUe, 
StanardsviUe, 


29 
March 1 


Burton's Ford, 


1 


Brook's Turnpike, 
Atlee's, 


1 
1 


New Kent C. H. 


2 



1863. (119) 

Frying Pan, June 4 

Franklin's Crossing, 5 

BerryviUe, 6 

Beverly Ford, 9 

Brandy Station, 9 

Middletown, 11 

BerryviUe, 12 

Winchester, 13, 15 

Martinsburg, 14 

Aldie, 17 

Middleburg, 17, 19 

Upper ville, 21 

Hanover C. H. (near), 26 
Baltimore Cross Roads, 26 
Fairfax, 27 

Baltimore Cross Roads, July 2 
Bottom's Bridge, 2 

Beverly, 2 

Ash by 's Gap, 12 

Bolivar Heights (near), 14 
HaUtown, 1 5 

WytheviUe, 18 

Manassas Gap, 21 

Chester Gap, 21, 22 

Wapping Heights, 22 

Rappahannock Station, 

Aug. 1-3 
KeUy's Ford, 1-3 

Brandy Station, 1-3 

Dutch Gap, 5 

Waterford, 7 

Coyle Tavern, 24 

White Sulphur Springs, 26 
Dry Creek, 29 

Bottom's Bridge, 29 

Barbee's Cross Roads, Sept. 1 
Brandy Station, 6 

Bath, 8 

Culpepper, 13 

Blackburn's Ford, 15 

18 64. (224) 

TunstaU's Station, March 3 
Suffolk, 9 

Cabletown, 10 

CarroUton's Store, 13 

Little Cacapon, April 10 
Smithfield, 14 

Cherry Grove, 14 

Bristoe Station, 15 

Bermuda Hundred, May 4 
Wall Bridge, 5 

Craig's Meeting House, 5 
Wilderness, 5-7 

City Point (near), 6 

Port WalthaU (near), 6 

Chester Station (near), 7 
Stony Creek Station, 7 

Abb's Valley, 8 

Todd's Tavern, 8 



Raccoon Ford, 


Sept. 


14 


Smithfield, 




15 


Raccoon Ford, 




19 


White's Ford, 




21 


Upperville, 




25 


Jack's Shop, 




26 


Rapidan, 


Oct. 


10 


James City, 




10 


Brandy Station, 


11, 


13 


Jeffersonton, 




12 


Thompson's Ford, 




13 


Culpepper, 




12 



White Sulphur Springs, 13 

Auburn, 14 

Bristoe Station, 14 

Salt Lick, 14 

McLean's Ford, 15 

Liberty MiUs, 15 

Hedgesville, 15 

Blackburn's Ford, 15 

Rapidan, 17 

BerryviUe, 18 

Buckland MiUs, 19 

Hay Market, 19 

Beverly Ford, 22 

Rappahannock, 22 

Bealton, 24 
Rappahannock Bridge, 24 

Droop Mountain, Nov. 6 

Rappahannock Bridge, 7 

Kelly's Ford, 7 

Stevensburg, 7 

Brandy Station, 8 

Culpepper (near), 8 

Charles City Cross Roads, 16 

Mount Jackson, 17 

Locust Grove, 26-28 

Mine Run, 26-30 

Bartlett's MiUs 27 

Sangster's Station, Dec. 15 



Spottsylvania C. H. May 8-18 
JeffersonviUe, 8 

Jarratt's Station, 9 

Nottoway Creek, 9 

Childsburg, 9 

Swift Creek, 9, 10 

Cone Mountain, 9, 10 

Coyd's Mt. 9 

Beaver Dam Station, 9 

WytheviUe, 10 

New River Bridge, 10 

Ground Squirrel Church, 10 
Drury's Bluff, 10-16, 20 
Ashland, 11 

TeUow Tavern, 11 

Fort DarUng, 12-1 6 

Meadow Bridge, 12 

Point Lookout, 13 



44 



690 



LIST OF BATTLES, BY STATES 



Rood's HiU, May 14 

New Mai-ket, 15 

Fredericksburg Road, 1 6-30 

Bermuda Huudred, 16-30 

Belcher's MiUs, 16 

Downer's Bridge, 20 

Milford Station, 20 

North Anna River, 23-27 

Wilson's Wharf, 2-t 

Jericho ]\Iills, 24 

Hawe's Shop, 28 

Tolopotomv, 29-31 

Hanover C. H. 30 

Ashland, 30 

Old Church, 30 

Bethesda Church, 30 
Cold Harbor, June 1-12 

Bermuda Hundred, 2 

Gaines's MiU, 2 

Salem Church, 2 

Hawe's Shop, 2 

Mount Crawford, 5 

Piedmont, 5 

Petersburg, 10 

Old Church, 10,11 

Wilson's Landing, 11 

TreviUan Statiou^ 11, 12 
White Oak Swamp Bridge, 13 

■\ATiite Post, 13 

Buchanan, 14 

Samaria Chm'ch, 15 

ilalvern HiU, 15 

Baylor's Farm, 15 
Petersburg, siege of, 

15 to April 2, 1865 

Petersburg, assault, 15-19 

Otter Cre^k, 16 

Wier Bottom Chm-ch, 16 

Walthall. 16 

Piersou's Farm, 16 

Lvnchbiirg, 17, 18 

White House, 20 

Liberty, 20 

Salem," 21 

"UTiite House, 21 

Buford's Gap, 21 

Ream's Station, 22 

Weldon R. R. 22, 23 

Nottoway C. H. 23 

Jones's Bridge. 23 

New Market^Heights, 24 

Samaria Church, 24 

Staunton Bridge, 24 

Roanoke Bridge, 25 

St. INIary's Church, 26 

Charleston. 27 

Stony Creek, 28 

Ream's Station, 29 



North Mountain, July 3 
Leetown, 3 
Mount Zion Church, 6 
Bohvar Heights, 4-7 
Lee's Mills, 12 
Snicker's Gap, 17 
Snicker's Ferry, 18 
Ashby's Gap, 18 
Darksville, 19 
Winchester, 20 
Carter's Farm, 20 
Deep Bottom, 21 
Kernstown, ,23 
Winchester, 24 
Deep Bottom, 27, 28 
New j\[arket, 27, 28 
Malvern HiU, 27, 28 
Petersburg, mine explo- 
sion, " 30 
Lee's Mills, 30 
Cabin Point, Aug. 5 
Explosion of ammunition 

at City Point, 9 

Berrjvilie Pike, 10 

Winchester, 1 1 
Sulphm- Springs Bridge, 1 1 
Snicker's Gap (near), 13 

Deep Bottom, 14-19 

Gravel HiU, 14 

Strawberrv PLiins, 14-1 8 

Fisher's HiU, 15 

Front Royal, 16 

Winchester, 17 

Weldon R. R. 18-21 

Snicker's Gap Pike, 19 

Mai-tinsburg, 19 

Summit Point, 21 

Dutch Gap, 24 

Bermuda Hundred, 24, 25 

Hall town, 24 

Leetown, 25 

Smithfield, 25 
Ream's Station, Aug. 25 

HaUtown, 2^6, 27 

Smithfield, 29 

Wormley's Gap, 29 

Arthur's Swamp, 29, 30 
BerryviUe, Sept. 3, 4 

Deep Bottom, 2, 6 

Dai-ksvUle, 3 

Summit, 4 

Dutch Gap, 7 

Lock's Ford, 13 

Coggin's Point, 16 

Sycamore Church, 16 

Fairfax Station, 17 

Belcher's MiUs, 17 

Martinsburg, 18 



Opequan, Sept. 19 

Winchester, 19 

Front Royal Pike, 21 

Fisher's HUl, 22 

Luray, 24 

Brown's Gap, 26 

Weyer's Cave, 17 

Waynesboro, 28 
New INIarket Heights, 28-30 

Fort Sedgwick, 28 

Fort Gihner, 29 

Chapin's Farm, 29, 30 

Fort Harrison, 29, 30 
Poplai- Springs C. H. 30, Oct. 1 
Arthur's Swamp, 30, Oct. 1 

Weldon R. R. 1-5 

Deep Bottom, 1,31 

Waynesboro, 2 

Abingdon, 2 

SaltvHle, 2 

GladesviUe, 2 

Pound Gap, 2 
Charles City Cross Roads, 7 

New Market, 7 

Darbytown Road, 7, 13 

Tom's Brook, 9 

Woodstock, 9 
Stony Creek Station. Oct. 11 

Cedai- Run C. H. 17 

:Middletown, 19 

Cedar Creek, 19 

Hatcher's Run, 27 

Bovdton Road, 27, 28 

Fair Oaks, 27, 28 

Chapin's Farm, Nov. 4 

Fort Sedgwick, 5 

Newton, 12 

Cedai- Springs, 13 

Dutch Gap, 1 r 

Chester Station, 17 

Cedar Run Church, 17 

Mverstown, 18 

Rood's HiU, 22 
Bermuda Hundred. Dec. 1-4 

Stony Creek Station, 1 

Weldon R. R. 1 

BeUefield, 9 

Hicksford, 9 

Abingdon, 15 

ilaiion, 16 

Wjthevffle, 16 

MUlwood, 17 

Marion, IS 

SaltvUle, 20 

Lacev Spring, 20 

Madison C. H. 20 

Jack's Shop, 23 

^locassin Gap, 24 



LIST OF BATTLES, BY STATES. 



691 



Fort Brady, Jan. 24 

Powhattan, 2.5 

Dabuey's Mills, Feb. .5-7 

Hatcher's Run, 5-7 

Ashby Gap, 18 

Mount Crawford, March 1 

Waynesboro, 2 
North Fork, Shenandoah, 

South Anna River, 1.5 

Ashland, 15 

Hamilton, 21 



180 5, (31) 

Fort Stedman (Peters- 
burg), March 25 
Gravelly Run, 29, 31 
Boydton Road, 31 
White Oal< Road, 31 
Dinwiddle C. H. 31 
Five Forks, April 1 
Petersburg, Final assault, 2 
Namozine Church, 3 
Richmond and Petersburg 
evacuated, 3 



Wytheville, April 3 

Fame's Cross Roads, 5 

Amelia Springs, 5 

Jetersville, 5 

Sailor's Creek, 6 

High Bridge, Appomattox, 6 
Deatonsville, 6 

Farmvillc, 7 

Appomattox C. H. 8, 9 

Lee's surrender, 9 

Berryville, 17 



18 61. (37) 



Harper's Ferry, 


April 18 


Carrick's Ford, 


14 


Cheat Mountain, 


12-13 


Philippi, 


June 3 


Scarytown, 


17 


Barboursville, 


18 


Romney, 


11 


Grafton, 


Aug. 13 


Hanging Rock, 


23 


New Creek, 


17 


Hawk's Nest, 


20 


Romney, 


23 


Falling Waters, 


July 2 


Summerville, 


26 


ChapmanviUe, 


25 


Middle Creek Ford, 


6 


Cross Lanes, 


26 


Greenbrier, 


Oct. 3 


Buckhannon, 


6 


AVayne C. H. 


27 


Harper's Ferry, 


11 


Bealington, 


8 


Boone C. H. 


Sept. 1 


Romney, 


26 


Laurel Hill, 


8 


Worthington, 


2 


Guyaudotte, 


Nov. 10 


Rich Mountain, 


11 


Petersburg, 


7 


Gauley Bridge, 


10 


Barboursville, 


12 


Carnifex Ferry, 


10 


Wirt C. H. 


19 


Beverly, 


12 


Elkwater, 

1802 


11 

. (17) 


Big SeweU, 
Buffalo Mountain, 


Dec. 12 
13 


Dry Forks, 


Jan. 8 


Buckhannon, 


July 26 


Harper's Ferry, Sept. 12-15 


Grass Lick, 


April 28 


Beech Creek, 


Aug. 6 


Buffalo, 


27 


Clarke's Hollow, 


May 1 


Weston, 


31 


Shepherdstown, 


Oct. 1 


Princeton, 


15-18 


Fayetteville, 


Sept. 10 


Moorefield, 


Nov. 9 


Charkstown, 


28 


Cotton Hill, 


11 


Fayetteville, 


16 


Harper's Ferry, 


28 


Charlestown, 


12 







Moorefield, Jan. 3 

Romney, Feb. 16 

Hurricane Bridge, March 28 
Point Pleasant, 30 

Beverly, April 24 

Greenland Gap, 25 



18 03. (18) 

Fairmont, April 29 

Beverly, July 2 

Shady Springs, 14 

Shepherdstown, 16 

Jeffersonville, 17 
East Mountain, 

18 4. (17) 



Wytheville, July 18 

Moorefield, Sept. 5, 6, 11 
Charlestown, Oct. 8, 18 

Mill Point, Nov. 5 

Walker's Ford, Dec, 2 

Meadow Bluff, 12 



Petersburg, 


Jan. 8 


Princeton, 




May 6 


New Creek, 


Aug. 4 


Hardy County, 


30 


Wytheville, 




10 


Moorefield, 


7 


Patterson's Creek, 


Feb. 3 


Panther Gap, 




June 3 


Shepherdstown, 


25 


Springfield, 


3 


Buffalo Gap, 




6 


Beverly, 


Oct. 29 


Moorefield, 


4 


Lexington, 




10,11 


New Creek, 


Nov. 28 


Rock House, 


12 


Charlestown, 

180 


5, 


27 
(1) 







Beverly, 



Jan. 11 



z> 



